UK Sea Fisheries Statistics

BRIEFING PAPER Number 2788, 21 January 2016

UK Sea Fisheries Statistics

By Alex Bate

Inside: 1. Landings 2. Employment and Fleet Size 3. Overseas Trade 4. Sustainability 5. International Comparisons

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Number 2788, 21 January 2016

Contents Summary

3

1.

Landings

4

2.

2.1 2.2

Employment and Fleet Size Employment Fishing Fleet

9 9 11

3.

Overseas Trade

13

4.

Sustainability

15

5.

5.1 5.2

International Comparisons Landings Fleet

17 17 17

Cover page image copyright: P8310001 by r4vi. Licensed by CC BY-NC-SA 2.0 / image cropped.

2

3

UK Sea Fisheries Statistics

Summary This briefing paper examines trends in the UK sea fishing industry, including landings, employment, fleet size, trade, and comparisons with other EU countries.

UK vessels land around 400,000 tonnes of fish each year in the UK, as well as between 200,000 and 300,000 tonnes abroad.

Landings by the UK fleet were up markedly in 2014, although total landings are down 14% since 1994. Reduced landings in demersal fish account for much of this fall. The value of landings by the UK fleet has increased in recent years, but is still 3% lower in real terms than in 1994.

The total number of fishermen is around 12,000, down from around 20,000 in the mid1990s. The number of fishing vessels in the UK fleet has fallen by 26% since 1996.

The UK is a net importer of fish, with net imports of around 220,000 tonnes in 2014, worth ÂŁ1.2bn.

The UK fleet has the second-largest total catch (in terms of landed weight) and has the second-largest fleet size (in gross tonnage terms) in the EU, second only to Spain on both measures.

Number 2788, 21 January 2016

1. Landings Chart 1 and Table 1 show long-term trends in the tonnage of fish landed in Britain/ UK by the home fishing fleet. Despite the breaks in the series, a pattern can be discerned.

The tonnage of fish landed increased sharply from 553,000 tonnes in 1887 to 1,199 in 1913. Following the disruption of the First World War, landings did not recover to their earlier levels, varying between 0.9 and 1.1 million tonnes in the period to 1938. Landings stayed around this level after 1945.

By the early 1960s, however, landings had declined to below 0.8 million tonnes. They subsequently increased to peak at 1.0 million tonnes in 1973. Since then, landings have been in steady decline. Landings have stabilised at around 0.4 million tonnes since 2009; the lowest levels of any years outside the two world wars.

Total landings for 2014 were 46,000 tonnes higher than total landings in 2013, an increase of 11%

Chart 1: Landings of fish in Great Britain/UK (thousand tonnes), 1887-2014

Sources: B R Mitchell, British Historical Statistics; OPCS, Annual abstract of statistics (various years); Defra, United Kingdom Sea Fisheries Statistics 2004, Table 3.3; Marine Management Organisation, UK Sea Fisheries Statistics (various years)

4

5

UK Sea Fisheries Statistics

Table 1: Landings of fish in Great Britain/ UK, 1890-2014 Quantity (000 tonnes) 1890 1895 1900 1905 1910 1915 1920 1925 1930 1935 1940 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 Note: Sources:

598 669 698 958 1,081 405 1,046 963 1,094 993 314 492 883 953 823 902 948

Quantity (000 tonnes) 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

842 747.6 762 622 726 465 492

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

417 440 409 393 408 400 394 405 451

Data before 1958 excludes shellfish.

Data before 1988 is for British vessels in British ports.

B R Mitchell, British Historical Statistics OPCS, Annual abstract of statistics , various years Defra, United Kingdom Sea Fisheries Statistics 2004 , Table 3.3 Marine Management Organisation, UK Sea Fisheries Statistics (various years)

Chart 2 and the accompanying Table 2 give more detail for recent trends in landings by broad type of fish 1 and include fish landed abroad.

It shows that shellfish catches have risen by 32% over the period between 1994 and 2004, up to 151,000 tonnes.

The major decline since 1998 has been in demersal fish. Demersal landings fell by 63% from 457,000 tonnes to 168,000 tonnes in 2014, although this is up from a low of 149,000 tonnes in 2007. Within this group of fish, catches of whiting, haddock and cod have declined the most.

Pelagic stocks had been steadily declining from 1994 to 2004, followed by a significant 42% annual increase in 2005. This was followed by further steady decline, until 2014, when an even larger annual increase of 49% occurred. This took total pelagic landings from 292,000 tonnes to 437,000 tonnes, the highest pelagic figure over the past two decades.

Landings of mackerel and horse mackerel were up 63% compared to 2014. 88% (127,000 tonnes) of the total annual pelagic increase was landed by Scottish vessels.

1

The main groups given are: demersal, pelagic and shellfish. Demersal fish cover species living on or near the sea bed (including cod, plaice and haddock). Pelagic covers fish found mainly in coastal waters in shoals near the surface of the sea (including herring and mackerel).

Number 2788, 21 January 2016

Chart 2: UK fleet landings into the UK and abroad by type of fish (thousand tonnes), 1994-2014

Sources: Defra, United Kingdom Sea Fisheries Statistics 2004, Table 3.1a; Marine Management Organisation, UK Sea Fisheries Statistics (various years)

While the volume of the pelagic catch rose by 10% between 1994 and 2014, the value of the catch almost tripled in real terms. 2 The total value of landings by the UK fleet (at home and abroad) was ÂŁ861 million in 2014. This is a real-terms rise of 33% since 2004, but a real-terms fall of 3% since 1994. This trend is shown in Chart 3.

Chart 3: Value of landings into the UK and abroad by the UK fleet (ÂŁmillion, 2014 prices), 1994-2014

2

Defra, United Kingdom Sea Fisheries Statistics, 1998 & 2003, Table 3.1a; Marine Management Organisation, UK Sea Fisheries Statistics 2014, Table 3.2

6

7

UK Sea Fisheries Statistics

Table 2: Fish landings by the UK fleet into the UK and abroad, by department of administration, 1994-2014 1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

Quantity (thousand tonnes) 874.9 United Kingdom

911.8

892.3

881.9

923.8

836.2

748.1

737.8

685.5

639.7

653.7

715.7

619.6

613.9

588.2

582.9

605.3

596.0

628.0

626.7

756.0

Demersal

371.6

386.0

407.7

426.1

456.7

398.6

301.0

270.3

242.5

202.7

231.1

165.2

156.0

148.8

151.8

160.5

169.1

159.9

162.4

179.4

168.2

Pelagic

388.9

396.3

343.9

323.2

334.4

313.8

311.8

323.7

305.3

292.9

290.9

410.6

322.1

317.4

286.0

286.5

285.6

282.0

302.1

292.1

436.6

Shellfish

114.4

129.5

140.6

132.6

132.7

123.9

135.4

143.8

137.6

144.0

131.7

139.8

141.5

147.7

150.4

135.9

150.6

154.0

163.5

155.2

151.3

248.3

245.9

261.3

243.1

218.2

196.0

191.8

213.6

202.9

207.1

189.6

195.2

202.8

201.8

184.4

177.3

197.7

182.1

203.6

202.8

212.3

115.7

117.2

118.5

120.7

106.5

89.6

82.7

79.9

72.8

64.2

64.5

61.5

58.9

56.3

48.9

54.0

60.5

63.0

64.7

74.8

77.5

Pelagic

72.0

59.3

61.3

51.9

42.0

41.4

37.1

54.8

55.5

60.8

58.2

58.7

74.7

80.3

66.9

72.4

77.3

61.8

71.1

59.8

66.2

Shellfish

60.6

69.4

81.5

70.5

69.7

65.0

72.0

78.8

74.6

82.0

66.9

74.9

69.2

65.2

68.6

50.9

59.9

57.3

67.7

68.2

68.6 480.7

England and Wales Demersal

596.6

635.2

598.5

604.3

659.3

596.3

521.5

488.2

445.8

394.9

427.3

483.3

379.8

370.4

371.6

378.4

367.7

359.1

365.0

367.0

Demersal

242.9

257.0

276.6

293.0

332.6

291.8

208.7

180.4

159.0

129.8

159.7

99.8

94.2

89.3

99.7

103.6

106.0

94.8

95.8

102.1

88.7

Pelagic

308.9

327.5

271.7

258.3

273.3

255.6

260.7

254.3

234.6

212.2

212.8

328.3

226.0

214.2

206.9

205.4

189.2

192.3

199.7

202.6

330.4

44.8

50.7

50.2

53.0

53.5

48.9

52.1

53.6

52.1

52.9

54.8

55.3

59.6

66.9

65.0

69.4

72.5

72.1

69.5

62.3

61.5

27.4

27.9

30.0

32.3

43.4

40.6

30.4

32.0

33.5

35.0

34.1

35.3

35.5

39.6

30.0

24.9

37.7

47.1

51.6

49.4

57.3

12.1

10.9

11.7

11.5

16.6

16.5

8.8

9.4

9.9

8.2

6.3

3.6

2.7

2.9

3.0

2.7

2.4

1.9

1.7

2.3

1.8

8.0

9.6

11.0

12.9

19.1

16.8

14.0

14.5

15.2

19.9

20.0

23.6

21.4

22.9

12.1

8.7

19.1

27.9

31.2

29.8

40.0

7.3

7.5

7.4

7.9

7.6

7.3

7.6

8.1

8.3

6.9

7.9

8.2

11.5

13.8

14.9

13.5

16.2

17.2

18.7

17.3

15.5

2.6

2.8

2.5

2.1

2.9

3.3

4.5

4.0

3.2

2.7

2.7

1.9

1.5

2.2

2.1

2.3

2.2

7.7

7.7

7.5

5.8

0.9

0.9

1.0

0.9

1.0

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.8

0.5

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.3

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.1

0.1

0.1

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

1.7

1.9

1.5

1.2

1.9

2.6

3.7

3.3

2.5

2.2

2.1

1.5

1.3

1.9

1.9

2.1

1.9

7.5

7.6

7.4

5.7

Scotland

Shellfish Northern Ireland Demersal Pelagic Shellfish Islands Demersal Pelagic Shellfish

Islands refers to Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man

Number 2788, 21 January 2016

Chart 4 shows the volume of landings at UK ports by the UK fleet in 2004 and 2014. Landings at Lerwick have fallen in volume by 43%, and at Fraserburgh by 36% over the period, while landings at Peterhead have risen by 40%. The UK-wide figure is a 2% increase between 2004 and 2014.

Chart 4: Landings by UK port (thousand tonnes), UK vessels 2004 Peterhead

2014 113.7

159.3

Lerw ick

85.5

48.7

Fraserburgh

41.7

26.4

Scrabster

12.7

16.2

Brixham

10.8

11.6

New lyn

7.6

11.3

Plymouth

9.0

11.1

Ardglass

5.0

6.9

Kinlochbervie

6.0

6.6

There is a substantial volume of landings by UK vessels outside of the UK, with Egersund (Norway), Ijmuiden (Netherlands) and Alesund (Norway) each recording a greater volume of UK landings than Fraserburgh.

8

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UK Sea Fisheries Statistics

2. Employment and Fleet Size 2.1 Employment Chart 5 and Table 3 show total (both full time and part time) employment in the industry in various years since 1938. The total number of employed fishermen has fallen from just under 50,000 in 1938 to 11,845 in 2014. The fastest period of decline, in terms of absolute numbers, was 1948 to 1970, when there was a fall of 26,000, or 55%. There was relatively little change in numbers between 1970 and 1995, but the downward trend subsequently resumed and the number of fishermen fell by around 43% between 1994 and 2014, and by around 12% in the ten years to 2014.

In 2014, 45% of UK sea fishermen were based in England, 41% in Scotland, and 7% in both Wales and Northern Ireland. 3

Chart 5: Number of fishermen in the UK, 1938-2014

Source: Marine Management Organisation, UK Sea Fisheries Statistics (various years) From 2010, revised guidance w as issued to ports in England and Wales on the classification of regular and part-time fishermen leading to improved recording of fishermen numbers.

There has been an increase in the number of fishermen in Northern Ireland due to the figures for tw o areas now including local coastal activity (mainly pot fishing)

3

Marine Management Organisation, UK Sea Fisheries Statistics 2014, Table 2.6a

Number 2788, 21 January 2016 10

Table 3: Number of fishermen in the UK, 1938-2014 Regular

Part-time

Total

1938

39,380

8,444

47,824

1948

38,826

8,821

47,647

1960

22,007

6,247

28,254

1965

19,601

6,273

25,874

1970

17,480

3,963

21,443

1975 1976 1977 1978 1979

17,061 16,830 16,337 16,467 16,590

5,073 5,740 6,143 6,418 6,069

22,134 22,570 22,480 22,885 22,659

1980 1981 1982 1983 1984

16,796 16,601 16,346 16,006 16,104

6,513 7,389 6,665 6,581 5,765

23,309 23,990 23,011 22,587 21,869

1985 1986 1987 1988

15,962 16,906 17,153 17,095

6,262 5,728 5,271 5,225

22,224 22,634 22,424 22,320

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998

15,640 16,062 15,371 14,832 14,436

5,063 3,924 3,673 3,772 3,453

20,703 19,986 19,044 18,604 17,889

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

13,864 12,399 12,145 11,442 10,204

3,032 3,250 2,813 2,763 2,918

16,896 15,649 14,958 14,205 13,122

2004 2005 2006 2007

11,023 10,492 10,358 10,305

2,430 2,339 2,576 2,566

13,453 12,831 12,934 12,871

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

10,028 10,129 10,172 10,040 10,283 10,245 9,772

2,586 2,083 2,531 2,365 2,162 1,990 2,073

12,614 12,212 12,703 12,405 12,445 12,235 11,845

Note: Source:

(a) No data is available betw een 1989 and 1993 because of absence of data for England & Wales.

Marine Management Organisation, UK Sea Fisheries Statistics (various years)

11 UK Sea Fisheries Statistics

2.2 Fishing Fleet The decline in fishing manpower has also been reflected in the size of the fleet. Chart 6 and Table 4 show trends in the fishing fleet since 1996. At the end of 2014, the number of registered vessels stood at 6,383, a 9% fall since 2004. Vessel tonnage has declined by 12% over the same period. At the end of 1948 the number of fishing vessels in Great Britain stood at 13,300. Although not directly comparable, this is around double the present number. 4

Chart 6: UK fishing vessels, 1996-2014 10,000 9,000 8,000

Number of vessels

7,000 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 0 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 300,000 250,000

Gross Tonnage

200,000 150,000 100,000 50,000 0 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Source: Marine Management Organisation, UK Sea Fisheries Statistics (various years)

4

Maff, Sea fishing statistical tables 1948

Number 2788, 21 January 2016 12

Table 4: UK fishing fleet size, 1996-2014 At year end:

GrossTonnage

Num ber

Gross Tonnage

1996

8,667

274,532

1997

8,458

272,421

1998

8,271

270,644

1999

8,039

264,453

2000

7,818

262,406

2001

7,721

263,040

2002

7,578

240,898

2003

7,096

227,449

2004

7,022

222,529

2005

6,716

217,617

2006

6,752

214,181

2007

6,763

212,816

2008

6,573

207,423

2009

6,500

208,025

2010

6,477

207,424

2011

6,444

202,048

2012

6,406

200,697

2013

6,399

197,283

2014

6,383

195,121

Source: Marine Management Organisation, UK Sea Fisheries Statistics (various years)

13 UK Sea Fisheries Statistics

3. Overseas Trade Chart 7 shows trends in imports and exports of fish since 1983. The UK was a net exporter in 1983, but has been a net importer since 1984.

The main reason for this was the increase in imports during this period.

In 2014, 721,000 tonnes of fish were imported; over double the total in 1983. Both imports and exports have experienced year-on-year variation, but there has been an overall upward trend in imports which has not been matched by exports.

Chart 7: Imports and exports of fish, 1983-2014 (thousand tonnes)

Sources: Maff, Sea Fisheries Statistical Tables, various years; Defra, United Kingdom, Sea Fisheries Statistics 2004; Marine Management Organisation, UK Sea Fisheries Statistics (various years)

Number 2788, 21 January 2016 14

The UK has spent more on imports than it has received for exports throughout the period shown in Table 5. This was even true in 1983 when the UK was a net exporter in quantity terms. In 2014, the value of net imports was £1.2bn.

Table 5: UK fishing, GDP and overseas trade, 1991-2014 GDP for Fishing¹ Gross value added (£million) Imports² quantity (000s tonnes) value (£ million)

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

375.0

429.0

447.0

487.0

467.0

473.0

542.0

466.0

438.0

454.0

426.0

703.8 720.2 754.5 2,254.7 2,558.6 2,570.0

739.4 2,757.0

720.6 2,736.3

671.3 720.4 753.3 747.9 781.7 720.6 1,474.0 1,696.0 1,920.6 1,993.9 2,210.1 2,177.2

Exports quantity (000s tonnes) value (£ million)

477.8 886.0

461.4 939.0

415.6 942.2

466.9 415.8 479.7 982.0 1,009.4 1,166.1

516.7 436.1 465.9 1,345.7 1,463.9 1,343.9

452.1 1,460.3

499.1 1,560.3

Net imports² quantity (000s tonnes) value (£ million)

193.5 588.0

259.0 757.0

337.7 281.0 365.9 241.0 978.5 1,011.9 1,200.6 1,011.0

187.1 284.1 288.6 909.0 1,094.7 1,226.1

287.2 1,296.7

221.5 1,176.0

1

GDP for fishing includes landings abroad

2

Imports are valued at cost, including insurance and freight terms, whereas exports are

valued at free on board terms Sources: Maff, Sea Fisheries Statistical Tables, various years; Defra, United Kingdom, Sea Fisheries Statistics 2004; Marine Management Organisation, UK Sea Fisheries Statistics (various years)

15 UK Sea Fisheries Statistics

4. Sustainability Each year the EU Council of Ministers sets a Total Allowable Catch for each fish stock and fishing area based on guidance from the Advisory Committee (ACOM) of the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES). This is then allocated as quotas to Member States in accordance with fixed percentages based on historic fishing rights.

Chart 8 summarises the annual ACOM assessments of the state of the stocks according to ICES definitions.

Chart 8: ICES assessments of main UK fish stocks, 2005-2014 2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

Cod North Sea Cod West of Scotland Cod Celtic Sea Cod Irish Sea Cod Haddock North Sea Haddock West of Scotland Haddock North Sea, Skagerrak & W Scotland Plaice North Sea Plaice Irish Sea Plaice Sole North Sea Sole Irish Sea Sole Eastern Channel Sole Western Channel Sole Herring North Sea Herring Mackerel NE Atlantic Mackerel Assessment description Indicates fish stocks: suffering reduced reproductive capacity at risk of suffering reduced reproductive capacity at full reproductive capacity but are either at risk of, or are, being harvested unsustainably at full reproductive capacity and are being harvested sustainably status unknown

Source: Marine Management Organisation, UK Sea Fisheries Statistics 2014, Chapter 5 Note: North Sea Haddock and West of Scotland Haddock have been removed as categories for 2014 and replaced with North Sea, Skagerrak and West of Scotland category. Old categories are included for indicative purposes.

•

Most cod stocks have been assessed as suffering reduced reproductive capacity, in most cases for each of the past ten years.

•

Haddock stocks have been assessed as a single category for the first time, which is at full reproductive capacity and being harvested sustainably.

2014

Number 2788, 21 January 2016 16

•

•

Sole assessments have varied widely. o

Irish Sea sole have moved from those stocks being at full reproductive capacity in 2004 to suffering reduced reproductive capacity since 2007.

o

Eastern Channel sole stock was assessed at full reproductive capacity for 2006 and 2007, but is now at risk of being harvested unsustainably.

o

Western Channel sole was at risk of suffering reduced reproductive capacity in 2008. Its current status is unknown.

o

North Sea sole has recovered from suffering reduced reproductive capacity in 2007 and 2008, to be assessed as at full reproductive capacity since 2011.

The assessments for plaice, herring and mackerel shows they are at full reproductive capacity and being harvested sustainably (where status is known).

17 UK Sea Fisheries Statistics

5. International Comparisons 5.1 Landings Chart 9 shows the total catches of the fishing fleets of EU and other selected countries in 2014 with a comparison to 2004.

The UK fleet had the fourth-largest catch of EU countries in 2004 (652,000 tonnes), but had the second-largest catch in 2014 (752,000 tonnes), second only to Spain. However, non-EU states Iceland and Norway have had markedly larger catches over the period.

Many European states have experienced declines over the period shown. Of the countries shown below, only the UK, Spain, Poland and Finland registered an increase in landings between 2004 and 2014.

Chart 9: Total catch (thousand tonnes), 2004 and 2014, EU and other selected countries 2004

2014

Norway Spain

2,524 715

2,135 1,109

Iceland United Kingdom Denmark France Netherlands

1,749 652 1,090 661 520

1,080 752 745 544 375

Ireland Turkey Germany

280 505 239

277 266 216

Portugal Italy Sweden Poland Finland

221 274 269 163 99

177 177 172 170 154

Source: Eurostat, Catches in all fishing regions

5.2 Fleet At the end of December 2012 the number of vessels in the UK’s fishing fleet was the sixth largest in the EU after Greece, Italy, Spain, Portugal and France. It had the second largest in the EU in terms of gross tonnage. This latter measure is a better indicator of fishing capacity.

Charts 10 and 11 show both the number of vessels and gross tonnage in EU and other selected countries in 2004 and 2012. Since 2004 Norway’s fleet has fallen behind the UK’s in terms of the number of vessels, but remains almost twice as large in terms of gross tonnage.

Number 2788, 21 January 2016 18

Chart 10: Fleet size (number of vessels), 2004 and 2012, EU and other selected countries 2004

2012

Greece

18,545

16,249

Italy Spain

14,909 14,057

12,783 10,143

Portugal

10,068

8,291

France United Kingdom

7,884 7,035

7,148 6,406

Norway Finland

8,183 3,394

6,213 3,240

Denmark

3,406

2,747

1,436

2,352 2,239

Iceland Germany

1,828 2,163

1,691 1,559

Sweden

1,600

1,401

Estonia

1,051

1,357

Bulgaria Ireland

Not Available

Source: Eurostat, Fishing Fleet

Chart 11: Fleet size (thousand tonnes), 2004 and 2012, EU and other selected countries.

2004

2012

Spain Norway United Kingdom

491 395 223

388 379 201

France Italy Iceland Netherlands Portugal Greece Ireland Denmark Germany Latvia Poland Sweden

215 216 191 195 112 96 87 96 66 42 46 45

170 166 165 145 101 81 65 64 64 34 33 31

Source: Eurostat, Fishing Fleet

Greece’s position as the country with the most fishing vessels, but with a relatively small gross tonnage, indicates a fleet consisting of a large number of smaller boats. Chart 12 compares the average vessel weight for all EU and selected other countries for which data is available

19 UK Sea Fisheries Statistics

Chart 12: Average fishing vessel size (tonnes), 2012, EU and other selected countries Lithuania

184

Belgium

181

Netherlands

171

Iceland

98

Norway

61

Latvia

47

Poland

42

Germany

41

Spain

38

United Kingdom

31

Ireland

29

France

24

Denmark

23

Sweden

22

Italy

13

Portugal

12

Estonia

11

Malta

8

Finland

5

Greece

5

Cyprus

4

Slovenia

4

Bulgaria

3

Romania

2

EU average (27 countries)

20

Source: Eurostat, Fishing Fleet

Greece, along with countries like Cyprus, Slovenia, Bulgaria and Romania have a small average vessel weight, indicating a large proportion of small boats The largest average weights are for Lithuania, Belgium and the Netherlands. Lithuania and Belgium both have small fleets in terms of numbers (148 and 83 respectively), whilst the Netherlands has a larger fleet of 849 vessels.

Of the major fishing nations, Iceland and Norway have the largest average fishing vessel weight, whilst the UK’s figure of 31 tonnes is closer to the EU average of 20.

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BRIEFING PAPER

Number 2788, 21 January 2016

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