BRIEFING PAPER Number 2788, 21 January 2016
UK Sea Fisheries Statistics
By Alex Bate
Inside: 1. Landings 2. Employment and Fleet Size 3. Overseas Trade 4. Sustainability 5. International Comparisons
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Number 2788, 21 January 2016
Contents Summary
3
1.
Landings
4
2. 2.1 2.2
Employment and Fleet Size Employment Fishing Fleet
9 9 11
3.
Overseas Trade
13
4.
Sustainability
15
5. 5.1 5.2
International Comparisons Landings Fleet
17 17 17
Cover page image copyright: P8310001 by r4vi. Licensed by CC BY-NC-SA 2.0 / image cropped.
2
3
UK Sea Fisheries Statistics
Summary This briefing paper examines trends in the UK sea fishing industry, including landings, employment, fleet size, trade, and comparisons with other EU countries. UK vessels land around 400,000 tonnes of fish each year in the UK, as well as between 200,000 and 300,000 tonnes abroad. Landings by the UK fleet were up markedly in 2014, although total landings are down 14% since 1994. Reduced landings in demersal fish account for much of this fall. The value of landings by the UK fleet has increased in recent years, but is still 3% lower in real terms than in 1994. The total number of fishermen is around 12,000, down from around 20,000 in the mid1990s. The number of fishing vessels in the UK fleet has fallen by 26% since 1996. The UK is a net importer of fish, with net imports of around 220,000 tonnes in 2014, worth ÂŁ1.2bn. The UK fleet has the second-largest total catch (in terms of landed weight) and has the second-largest fleet size (in gross tonnage terms) in the EU, second only to Spain on both measures.
Number 2788, 21 January 2016
1. Landings Chart 1 and Table 1 show long-term trends in the tonnage of fish landed in Britain/ UK by the home fishing fleet. Despite the breaks in the series, a pattern can be discerned. The tonnage of fish landed increased sharply from 553,000 tonnes in 1887 to 1,199 in 1913. Following the disruption of the First World War, landings did not recover to their earlier levels, varying between 0.9 and 1.1 million tonnes in the period to 1938. Landings stayed around this level after 1945. By the early 1960s, however, landings had declined to below 0.8 million tonnes. They subsequently increased to peak at 1.0 million tonnes in 1973. Since then, landings have been in steady decline. Landings have stabilised at around 0.4 million tonnes since 2009; the lowest levels of any years outside the two world wars. Total landings for 2014 were 46,000 tonnes higher than total landings in 2013, an increase of 11%
Chart 1: Landings of fish in Great Britain/UK (thousand tonnes), 1887-2014
Sources: B R Mitchell, British Historical Statistics; OPCS, Annual abstract of statistics (various years); Defra, United Kingdom Sea Fisheries Statistics 2004, Table 3.3; Marine Management Organisation, UK Sea Fisheries Statistics (various years)
4
5
UK Sea Fisheries Statistics
Table 1: Landings of fish in Great Britain/ UK, 1890-2014 Quantity (000 tonnes) 1890 1895 1900 1905 1910 1915 1920 1925 1930 1935 1940 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 Note: Sources:
598 669 698 958 1,081 405 1,046 963 1,094 993 314 492 883 953 823 902 948
Quantity (000 tonnes) 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
842 747.6 762 622 726 465 492
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
417 440 409 393 408 400 394 405 451
Data before 1958 excludes shellfish. Data before 1988 is for British vessels in British ports. B R Mitchell, British Historical Statistics OPCS, Annual abstract of statistics , various years Defra, United Kingdom Sea Fisheries Statistics 2004 , Table 3.3 Marine Management Organisation, UK Sea Fisheries Statistics (various years)
Chart 2 and the accompanying Table 2 give more detail for recent trends in landings by broad type of fish 1 and include fish landed abroad. It shows that shellfish catches have risen by 32% over the period between 1994 and 2004, up to 151,000 tonnes. The major decline since 1998 has been in demersal fish. Demersal landings fell by 63% from 457,000 tonnes to 168,000 tonnes in 2014, although this is up from a low of 149,000 tonnes in 2007. Within this group of fish, catches of whiting, haddock and cod have declined the most. Pelagic stocks had been steadily declining from 1994 to 2004, followed by a significant 42% annual increase in 2005. This was followed by further steady decline, until 2014, when an even larger annual increase of 49% occurred. This took total pelagic landings from 292,000 tonnes to 437,000 tonnes, the highest pelagic figure over the past two decades. Landings of mackerel and horse mackerel were up 63% compared to 2014. 88% (127,000 tonnes) of the total annual pelagic increase was landed by Scottish vessels.
1
The main groups given are: demersal, pelagic and shellfish. Demersal fish cover species living on or near the sea bed (including cod, plaice and haddock). Pelagic covers fish found mainly in coastal waters in shoals near the surface of the sea (including herring and mackerel).
Number 2788, 21 January 2016
Chart 2: UK fleet landings into the UK and abroad by type of fish (thousand tonnes), 1994-2014
Sources: Defra, United Kingdom Sea Fisheries Statistics 2004, Table 3.1a; Marine Management Organisation, UK Sea Fisheries Statistics (various years)
While the volume of the pelagic catch rose by 10% between 1994 and 2014, the value of the catch almost tripled in real terms. 2 The total value of landings by the UK fleet (at home and abroad) was ÂŁ861 million in 2014. This is a real-terms rise of 33% since 2004, but a real-terms fall of 3% since 1994. This trend is shown in Chart 3.
Chart 3: Value of landings into the UK and abroad by the UK fleet (ÂŁmillion, 2014 prices), 1994-2014
2
Defra, United Kingdom Sea Fisheries Statistics, 1998 & 2003, Table 3.1a; Marine Management Organisation, UK Sea Fisheries Statistics 2014, Table 3.2
6
7
UK Sea Fisheries Statistics
Table 2: Fish landings by the UK fleet into the UK and abroad, by department of administration, 1994-2014 1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Quantity (thousand tonnes) 874.9 United Kingdom
911.8
892.3
881.9
923.8
836.2
748.1
737.8
685.5
639.7
653.7
715.7
619.6
613.9
588.2
582.9
605.3
596.0
628.0
626.7
756.0
Demersal
371.6
386.0
407.7
426.1
456.7
398.6
301.0
270.3
242.5
202.7
231.1
165.2
156.0
148.8
151.8
160.5
169.1
159.9
162.4
179.4
168.2
Pelagic
388.9
396.3
343.9
323.2
334.4
313.8
311.8
323.7
305.3
292.9
290.9
410.6
322.1
317.4
286.0
286.5
285.6
282.0
302.1
292.1
436.6
Shellfish
114.4
129.5
140.6
132.6
132.7
123.9
135.4
143.8
137.6
144.0
131.7
139.8
141.5
147.7
150.4
135.9
150.6
154.0
163.5
155.2
151.3
248.3
245.9
261.3
243.1
218.2
196.0
191.8
213.6
202.9
207.1
189.6
195.2
202.8
201.8
184.4
177.3
197.7
182.1
203.6
202.8
212.3
115.7
117.2
118.5
120.7
106.5
89.6
82.7
79.9
72.8
64.2
64.5
61.5
58.9
56.3
48.9
54.0
60.5
63.0
64.7
74.8
77.5
Pelagic
72.0
59.3
61.3
51.9
42.0
41.4
37.1
54.8
55.5
60.8
58.2
58.7
74.7
80.3
66.9
72.4
77.3
61.8
71.1
59.8
66.2
Shellfish
60.6
69.4
81.5
70.5
69.7
65.0
72.0
78.8
74.6
82.0
66.9
74.9
69.2
65.2
68.6
50.9
59.9
57.3
67.7
68.2
68.6 480.7
England and Wales Demersal
596.6
635.2
598.5
604.3
659.3
596.3
521.5
488.2
445.8
394.9
427.3
483.3
379.8
370.4
371.6
378.4
367.7
359.1
365.0
367.0
Demersal
242.9
257.0
276.6
293.0
332.6
291.8
208.7
180.4
159.0
129.8
159.7
99.8
94.2
89.3
99.7
103.6
106.0
94.8
95.8
102.1
88.7
Pelagic
308.9
327.5
271.7
258.3
273.3
255.6
260.7
254.3
234.6
212.2
212.8
328.3
226.0
214.2
206.9
205.4
189.2
192.3
199.7
202.6
330.4
44.8
50.7
50.2
53.0
53.5
48.9
52.1
53.6
52.1
52.9
54.8
55.3
59.6
66.9
65.0
69.4
72.5
72.1
69.5
62.3
61.5
27.4
27.9
30.0
32.3
43.4
40.6
30.4
32.0
33.5
35.0
34.1
35.3
35.5
39.6
30.0
24.9
37.7
47.1
51.6
49.4
57.3
12.1
10.9
11.7
11.5
16.6
16.5
8.8
9.4
9.9
8.2
6.3
3.6
2.7
2.9
3.0
2.7
2.4
1.9
1.7
2.3
1.8
8.0
9.6
11.0
12.9
19.1
16.8
14.0
14.5
15.2
19.9
20.0
23.6
21.4
22.9
12.1
8.7
19.1
27.9
31.2
29.8
40.0
7.3
7.5
7.4
7.9
7.6
7.3
7.6
8.1
8.3
6.9
7.9
8.2
11.5
13.8
14.9
13.5
16.2
17.2
18.7
17.3
15.5
2.6
2.8
2.5
2.1
2.9
3.3
4.5
4.0
3.2
2.7
2.7
1.9
1.5
2.2
2.1
2.3
2.2
7.7
7.7
7.5
5.8
0.9
0.9
1.0
0.9
1.0
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.8
0.5
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
1.7
1.9
1.5
1.2
1.9
2.6
3.7
3.3
2.5
2.2
2.1
1.5
1.3
1.9
1.9
2.1
1.9
7.5
7.6
7.4
5.7
Scotland
Shellfish Northern Ireland Demersal Pelagic Shellfish Islands Demersal Pelagic Shellfish
Islands refers to Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man
Number 2788, 21 January 2016
Chart 4 shows the volume of landings at UK ports by the UK fleet in 2004 and 2014. Landings at Lerwick have fallen in volume by 43%, and at Fraserburgh by 36% over the period, while landings at Peterhead have risen by 40%. The UK-wide figure is a 2% increase between 2004 and 2014.
Chart 4: Landings by UK port (thousand tonnes), UK vessels 2004 Peterhead
2014 113.7
159.3
Lerw ick
85.5
48.7
Fraserburgh
41.7
26.4
Scrabster
12.7
16.2
Brixham
10.8
11.6
New lyn
7.6
11.3
Plymouth
9.0
11.1
Ardglass
5.0
6.9
Kinlochbervie
6.0
6.6
There is a substantial volume of landings by UK vessels outside of the UK, with Egersund (Norway), Ijmuiden (Netherlands) and Alesund (Norway) each recording a greater volume of UK landings than Fraserburgh.
8
9
UK Sea Fisheries Statistics
2. Employment and Fleet Size 2.1 Employment Chart 5 and Table 3 show total (both full time and part time) employment in the industry in various years since 1938. The total number of employed fishermen has fallen from just under 50,000 in 1938 to 11,845 in 2014. The fastest period of decline, in terms of absolute numbers, was 1948 to 1970, when there was a fall of 26,000, or 55%. There was relatively little change in numbers between 1970 and 1995, but the downward trend subsequently resumed and the number of fishermen fell by around 43% between 1994 and 2014, and by around 12% in the ten years to 2014. In 2014, 45% of UK sea fishermen were based in England, 41% in Scotland, and 7% in both Wales and Northern Ireland. 3
Chart 5: Number of fishermen in the UK, 1938-2014
Source: Marine Management Organisation, UK Sea Fisheries Statistics (various years) From 2010, revised guidance w as issued to ports in England and Wales on the classification of regular and part-time fishermen leading to improved recording of fishermen numbers. There has been an increase in the number of fishermen in Northern Ireland due to the figures for tw o areas now including local coastal activity (mainly pot fishing)
3
Marine Management Organisation, UK Sea Fisheries Statistics 2014, Table 2.6a
Number 2788, 21 January 2016 10
Table 3: Number of fishermen in the UK, 1938-2014 Regular
Part-time
Total
1938
39,380
8,444
47,824
1948
38,826
8,821
47,647
1960
22,007
6,247
28,254
1965
19,601
6,273
25,874
1970
17,480
3,963
21,443
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
17,061 16,830 16,337 16,467 16,590
5,073 5,740 6,143 6,418 6,069
22,134 22,570 22,480 22,885 22,659
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
16,796 16,601 16,346 16,006 16,104
6,513 7,389 6,665 6,581 5,765
23,309 23,990 23,011 22,587 21,869
1985 1986 1987 1988
15,962 16,906 17,153 17,095
6,262 5,728 5,271 5,225
22,224 22,634 22,424 22,320
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
15,640 16,062 15,371 14,832 14,436
5,063 3,924 3,673 3,772 3,453
20,703 19,986 19,044 18,604 17,889
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
13,864 12,399 12,145 11,442 10,204
3,032 3,250 2,813 2,763 2,918
16,896 15,649 14,958 14,205 13,122
2004 2005 2006 2007
11,023 10,492 10,358 10,305
2,430 2,339 2,576 2,566
13,453 12,831 12,934 12,871
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
10,028 10,129 10,172 10,040 10,283 10,245 9,772
2,586 2,083 2,531 2,365 2,162 1,990 2,073
12,614 12,212 12,703 12,405 12,445 12,235 11,845
Note: Source:
(a) No data is available betw een 1989 and 1993 because of absence of data for England & Wales. Marine Management Organisation, UK Sea Fisheries Statistics (various years)
11 UK Sea Fisheries Statistics
2.2 Fishing Fleet The decline in fishing manpower has also been reflected in the size of the fleet. Chart 6 and Table 4 show trends in the fishing fleet since 1996. At the end of 2014, the number of registered vessels stood at 6,383, a 9% fall since 2004. Vessel tonnage has declined by 12% over the same period. At the end of 1948 the number of fishing vessels in Great Britain stood at 13,300. Although not directly comparable, this is around double the present number. 4
Chart 6: UK fishing vessels, 1996-2014 10,000 9,000 8,000
Number of vessels
7,000 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 0 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 300,000 250,000
Gross Tonnage
200,000 150,000 100,000 50,000 0 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Source: Marine Management Organisation, UK Sea Fisheries Statistics (various years)
4
Maff, Sea fishing statistical tables 1948
Number 2788, 21 January 2016 12
Table 4: UK fishing fleet size, 1996-2014 At year end:
GrossTonnage
Num ber
Gross Tonnage
1996
8,667
274,532
1997
8,458
272,421
1998
8,271
270,644
1999
8,039
264,453
2000
7,818
262,406
2001
7,721
263,040
2002
7,578
240,898
2003
7,096
227,449
2004
7,022
222,529
2005
6,716
217,617
2006
6,752
214,181
2007
6,763
212,816
2008
6,573
207,423
2009
6,500
208,025
2010
6,477
207,424
2011
6,444
202,048
2012
6,406
200,697
2013
6,399
197,283
2014
6,383
195,121
Source: Marine Management Organisation, UK Sea Fisheries Statistics (various years)
13 UK Sea Fisheries Statistics
3. Overseas Trade Chart 7 shows trends in imports and exports of fish since 1983. The UK was a net exporter in 1983, but has been a net importer since 1984. The main reason for this was the increase in imports during this period. In 2014, 721,000 tonnes of fish were imported; over double the total in 1983. Both imports and exports have experienced year-on-year variation, but there has been an overall upward trend in imports which has not been matched by exports.
Chart 7: Imports and exports of fish, 1983-2014 (thousand tonnes)
Sources: Maff, Sea Fisheries Statistical Tables, various years; Defra, United Kingdom, Sea Fisheries Statistics 2004; Marine Management Organisation, UK Sea Fisheries Statistics (various years)
Number 2788, 21 January 2016 14
The UK has spent more on imports than it has received for exports throughout the period shown in Table 5. This was even true in 1983 when the UK was a net exporter in quantity terms. In 2014, the value of net imports was £1.2bn.
Table 5: UK fishing, GDP and overseas trade, 1991-2014 GDP for Fishing¹ Gross value added (£million) Imports² quantity (000s tonnes) value (£ million)
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
375.0
429.0
447.0
487.0
467.0
473.0
542.0
466.0
438.0
454.0
426.0
703.8 720.2 754.5 2,254.7 2,558.6 2,570.0
739.4 2,757.0
720.6 2,736.3
671.3 720.4 753.3 747.9 781.7 720.6 1,474.0 1,696.0 1,920.6 1,993.9 2,210.1 2,177.2
Exports quantity (000s tonnes) value (£ million)
477.8 886.0
461.4 939.0
415.6 942.2
466.9 415.8 479.7 982.0 1,009.4 1,166.1
516.7 436.1 465.9 1,345.7 1,463.9 1,343.9
452.1 1,460.3
499.1 1,560.3
Net imports² quantity (000s tonnes) value (£ million)
193.5 588.0
259.0 757.0
337.7 281.0 365.9 241.0 978.5 1,011.9 1,200.6 1,011.0
187.1 284.1 288.6 909.0 1,094.7 1,226.1
287.2 1,296.7
221.5 1,176.0
1
GDP for fishing includes landings abroad
2
Imports are valued at cost, including insurance and freight terms, whereas exports are
valued at free on board terms Sources: Maff, Sea Fisheries Statistical Tables, various years; Defra, United Kingdom, Sea Fisheries Statistics 2004; Marine Management Organisation, UK Sea Fisheries Statistics (various years)
15 UK Sea Fisheries Statistics
4. Sustainability Each year the EU Council of Ministers sets a Total Allowable Catch for each fish stock and fishing area based on guidance from the Advisory Committee (ACOM) of the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES). This is then allocated as quotas to Member States in accordance with fixed percentages based on historic fishing rights. Chart 8 summarises the annual ACOM assessments of the state of the stocks according to ICES definitions.
Chart 8: ICES assessments of main UK fish stocks, 2005-2014 2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Cod North Sea Cod West of Scotland Cod Celtic Sea Cod Irish Sea Cod Haddock North Sea Haddock West of Scotland Haddock North Sea, Skagerrak & W Scotland Plaice North Sea Plaice Irish Sea Plaice Sole North Sea Sole Irish Sea Sole Eastern Channel Sole Western Channel Sole Herring North Sea Herring Mackerel NE Atlantic Mackerel Assessment description Indicates fish stocks: suffering reduced reproductive capacity at risk of suffering reduced reproductive capacity at full reproductive capacity but are either at risk of, or are, being harvested unsustainably at full reproductive capacity and are being harvested sustainably status unknown
Source: Marine Management Organisation, UK Sea Fisheries Statistics 2014, Chapter 5 Note: North Sea Haddock and West of Scotland Haddock have been removed as categories for 2014 and replaced with North Sea, Skagerrak and West of Scotland category. Old categories are included for indicative purposes.
•
Most cod stocks have been assessed as suffering reduced reproductive capacity, in most cases for each of the past ten years.
•
Haddock stocks have been assessed as a single category for the first time, which is at full reproductive capacity and being harvested sustainably.
2014
Number 2788, 21 January 2016 16
•
•
Sole assessments have varied widely. o
Irish Sea sole have moved from those stocks being at full reproductive capacity in 2004 to suffering reduced reproductive capacity since 2007.
o
Eastern Channel sole stock was assessed at full reproductive capacity for 2006 and 2007, but is now at risk of being harvested unsustainably.
o
Western Channel sole was at risk of suffering reduced reproductive capacity in 2008. Its current status is unknown.
o
North Sea sole has recovered from suffering reduced reproductive capacity in 2007 and 2008, to be assessed as at full reproductive capacity since 2011.
The assessments for plaice, herring and mackerel shows they are at full reproductive capacity and being harvested sustainably (where status is known).
17 UK Sea Fisheries Statistics
5. International Comparisons 5.1 Landings Chart 9 shows the total catches of the fishing fleets of EU and other selected countries in 2014 with a comparison to 2004. The UK fleet had the fourth-largest catch of EU countries in 2004 (652,000 tonnes), but had the second-largest catch in 2014 (752,000 tonnes), second only to Spain. However, non-EU states Iceland and Norway have had markedly larger catches over the period. Many European states have experienced declines over the period shown. Of the countries shown below, only the UK, Spain, Poland and Finland registered an increase in landings between 2004 and 2014.
Chart 9: Total catch (thousand tonnes), 2004 and 2014, EU and other selected countries 2004
2014
Norway Spain
2,524 715
2,135 1,109
Iceland United Kingdom Denmark France Netherlands
1,749 652 1,090 661 520
1,080 752 745 544 375
Ireland Turkey Germany
280 505 239
277 266 216
Portugal Italy Sweden Poland Finland
221 274 269 163 99
177 177 172 170 154
Source: Eurostat, Catches in all fishing regions
5.2 Fleet At the end of December 2012 the number of vessels in the UK’s fishing fleet was the sixth largest in the EU after Greece, Italy, Spain, Portugal and France. It had the second largest in the EU in terms of gross tonnage. This latter measure is a better indicator of fishing capacity. Charts 10 and 11 show both the number of vessels and gross tonnage in EU and other selected countries in 2004 and 2012. Since 2004 Norway’s fleet has fallen behind the UK’s in terms of the number of vessels, but remains almost twice as large in terms of gross tonnage.
Number 2788, 21 January 2016 18
Chart 10: Fleet size (number of vessels), 2004 and 2012, EU and other selected countries 2004
2012
Greece
18,545
16,249
Italy Spain
14,909 14,057
12,783 10,143
Portugal
10,068
8,291
France United Kingdom
7,884 7,035
7,148 6,406
Norway Finland
8,183 3,394
6,213 3,240
Denmark
3,406
2,747
1,436
2,352 2,239
Iceland Germany
1,828 2,163
1,691 1,559
Sweden
1,600
1,401
Estonia
1,051
1,357
Bulgaria Ireland
Not Available
Source: Eurostat, Fishing Fleet
Chart 11: Fleet size (thousand tonnes), 2004 and 2012, EU and other selected countries. 2004
2012
Spain Norway United Kingdom
491 395 223
388 379 201
France Italy Iceland Netherlands Portugal Greece Ireland Denmark Germany Latvia Poland Sweden
215 216 191 195 112 96 87 96 66 42 46 45
170 166 165 145 101 81 65 64 64 34 33 31
Source: Eurostat, Fishing Fleet
Greece’s position as the country with the most fishing vessels, but with a relatively small gross tonnage, indicates a fleet consisting of a large number of smaller boats. Chart 12 compares the average vessel weight for all EU and selected other countries for which data is available
19 UK Sea Fisheries Statistics
Chart 12: Average fishing vessel size (tonnes), 2012, EU and other selected countries Lithuania
184
Belgium
181
Netherlands
171
Iceland
98
Norway
61
Latvia
47
Poland
42
Germany
41
Spain
38
United Kingdom
31
Ireland
29
France
24
Denmark
23
Sweden
22
Italy
13
Portugal
12
Estonia
11
Malta
8
Finland
5
Greece
5
Cyprus
4
Slovenia
4
Bulgaria
3
Romania
2
EU average (27 countries)
20
Source: Eurostat, Fishing Fleet
Greece, along with countries like Cyprus, Slovenia, Bulgaria and Romania have a small average vessel weight, indicating a large proportion of small boats The largest average weights are for Lithuania, Belgium and the Netherlands. Lithuania and Belgium both have small fleets in terms of numbers (148 and 83 respectively), whilst the Netherlands has a larger fleet of 849 vessels. Of the major fishing nations, Iceland and Norway have the largest average fishing vessel weight, whilst the UK’s figure of 31 tonnes is closer to the EU average of 20.
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BRIEFING PAPER
Number 2788, 21 January 2016
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