SUMMARY OF THE DOCTORAL THESIS
COUNTERING TRANSBORDER ORGANIZED CRIME
Lecturer Colonel Emil HEDEŞIU
Coordinator Brigadier General, Professor, Ph. D., GHEORGHE TOMA 2005 1
THE CONTENTS OF THE DOCTORAL THESIS
Contents…………...……………………………………………………………….....2 Introduction………………………………………………………………………….5 Chapter 1. Conceptual delimitation. Moments of development……………...…...9 1.1. Definition of some concepts and syntagms……………………………….…………..….....9 1.2. Elements of a Historical Approach of Organized Crime Issue…………………….……...20 1.2.1 General characteristics………………………………..……………………………….....21 1.2.2 Europe…………………………………………………………..………………………...…24 1.2.3 Balkan Peninsula………………………………………..…………………………….…...24 1.2.4 Italian Mafia……………………………………………………………………………......28 1.2.5 USA…………………………………………………………………………………..….......36 1.2.6 South America……………………………………………………………………………...41 1.2.7 South-East Asia………………………………………………………………………….....41 1.2.8 Australia…………………………………………………………………….………………42 1.2.9 Present development and future prospects………………………..………………….….42 1.3. Transborder organized crime forms of manifestation………………………….………..…48 1.3.1 Drug trafficking……..………………………………………………….……...……….......49 1.3.2 Migration of population and the illegal traffic of persons……….………...………...53 1.3.3 Transborder cyber organized crime…………………………………..……...…...……...57 1.3.4 Money laundering…………………………………………………………..…………….....58
Chapter 2 Transborder Organized Crime Networks…………………………..63 2.1. Specific features of transborder organized crime network………………….……………....64 2.2. Examples of international networks…………………………………………….……...…...67 2.2.1 Italian Mafia……………………………………………………………………………........68 2.2.2 Mafia in U.S.A……………………………………………………………….……………....71 2.2.3 Colombian Cartels…………………………………………………...…………………..….71 2.2.4 Russian organized crime……………………………………………..………………..…...74 2.2.5 Chinese organized crime……………………………………………..…………………….79 2.2.6 Japanese Yakuza..………………………………………………………………………..….80 2.3. The stellar matrix diagram (SMD) of an organized crime network..…………………….....83
Chapter 3 The characteristics of globalization and its impact on the development of transborder organized crime………………...……………………………….………………….94 3.1. Conceptual delimitations of the globalization process………………………..…..…………94 3.2.Globalization: definition, factors, fields of manifestation…………………..……………….97 3.2.1 Globalization: Definition and characteristics……………………………………………….97 3.2.2 Globalization: its factors and actors………………………….………………………….….103 3.2.3 Globalization: fields of manifestation and structure………………………………………127 3.3. Globalization and anti-globalization…………………………………………………….....140 3.4.The impact of the globalization’s acceleration on transborder organized crime………………………………………………………..……………………………..……150 3.4.1 Transborder organized crime and corruption………………………………..……......155 3.4.2 Transborder organized crime and drug trafficking ………………………………......158 3.4.3 Transborder organized crime and the illegal migration……………………..……....169 3.4.4 Transborder organized crime and money laundering………………………………...175 2
3.4.5 Possible developments of organized crime……………………….………………….....180 3.5. Interferences of transborder organized crime in the context of globalization……………..180 3.5.1 Transborder organized crime and subterranean economy overlapping……….……...183 3.5.2 Transborder organized crime and international terrorism………………….……….….187
Chapter 4. The legal framework characteristics of the fight against organized crime……………………………………………………………………………….194 4.1. Aspects referring to the domestic legal framework in relation to transborder organized crime combat…………...………………………………………………………….….…...197 4.1.1 The period between 1900-2000………………………………….…………………....….197 4.1.2 After 2000-2004……………………………………………………………………………197 4.2. Aspects referring to the international legal framework to combat transborder organized crime combat…………...…………..…………….……………………………….…………...…205 4.2.1 UNO……………………………………………………………….……………....………...206 4.2.2 Other international structures……………………………………………………...…....209
Chapter 5 Co-operation in combating transborder organized crime…….….211 5.1. 5.2. 5.3. 5.4.
Aspects referring to domestic co-operation………..………………………..……………..213 Aspects referring to international co-operation…………..…………………..………...….215 Measures for co-operation…..……………………………………………..……………....217 Intelligence exchange in combating organized crime………………………..……………223 5.4.1 Considerations on intelligence in combating organized crime………………….......224 5.4.2 Considerations on how to make intelligence efficient in combating organized crime…………………………………………..…………………………………………….228
Final conclusions……………………………………………………………..……236 Bibliography………………………………………………………………...……..241 Annexes………………………………………………………………………….…248 Annex 1 Mafia in Italy and USA – List of events……………………………...248 Annex 2 American Mafia’s bosses………………………………………………252 Annex 3 Opium in history……………………………………….……………….258 Annex 4 The Internet: organized crime………………………………………...265 Annex 5 Globalization: + α- ………………………………………………..……267 Annex 6 Transborder organized crime in globalized countries…………….....270 Annex 7 Legal documents used in combating organized crime, issued in 2000….……………………………………………………..…274 Annex 8 International legal documents used in combating organized crime………………………………………………………………….…277 Annex 9 Significant events in combating organized crime…………………….280 Annex 10 Security Intelligence – terms and definitions………….……………..286 Index………………………………………………….……………………………291
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Key words (For the Internet) - Europol; - antidrug; - Gheorghe - Camorra; Toma; - cannabis; - Globalizatio - cocaine; n; - cooperation; - glocalization - corruption; ; - Cosa Nostra; - Golden - crimes; Horn; - doctoral - HedeĹ&#x;iu thesis; Emil; - drug - heroin; trafficking; - human - drugs; trafficking; - ecstasy; - illegal - emigrant; migration; - Emil - Internet; HedeĹ&#x;iu;
- Interpol; - legal framework; - Mafia; - money laundering; - National Defence University; - national defence; - organized crime network; - organized crime; - risk factor;
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- smuggling; - Stellar Matrix Print; - subterranean economy; - Toma Gheorghe; - trafficking of people; - transborder organized crime; - transborder; - transnational ; - triad; - Yakuza.
Introduction The illegal activities of organized crime represent one of the main global threats to democracy and fundamental human rights. Certain circumstances, such as illegal markets, that provide services and goods prohibited by law or moral conduct, breed organized crime and its clients often become its victims. The restrictions of a certain historical age is exploited by the organised crime networks to their advantage in order to get maximum profit which, later, is to become legal property that confers power, and especially respect, to any criminal who tries to acquire it either legally or illegally. The recurrence of the legal cycle and the corruption used as the main means of action lead to the consolidation of the criminal organization and the increase of its social, economic and decision-making power and influence. The perpetuation of some flawed decision-making and economic structures, the deepening differences among people, groups or communities, the intensification of the conflicts, the social and ethnic tensions can become some of the main causes of the resurgence, of violence and transborder organized crime. The transsborder organized crime is one of the residues of the globalization process whose actions become more complex and dangerous as, globalization accelerates. Drug trafficking, the illegal migration, money laundering, crimes, frauds and corruptionare the main activities of organized crime and they are recurrent and cyclical features. The transborder organized crime overlapping with the international terrorism will lead to the so-called global criminality. More and more states are concerned with the transborder organized crime combat. The measures taken are efficient if the main features of organized crime are known and if the causes, which breed and stimulate this situation until it becomes an international threat to the democratic state and the fundamental human rights, are understood.
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The present stage of knowledge The first two chapters of this work present on one hand, the main elements of a historical approach of the transborder organized crime and, on the other hand, the main forms of this global threat to the democratic states. In this part of the work, the main research on the transborder crime has in view: to define and redefine some concepts and syntagms; moments in its development; ways of manifestation (drug trafficking; population migration and illegal human trafficking, cybercrime; money laundering), specific characteristics of criminal networks. Personal contributions The research on transborder organized crime has enabled us to elaborate and advance a personal definition of the transborder organized crime, an original one, in accordance with the established aim, and, in the end of Chapter 2 to put forward an original contribution to the development of knowledge in this field, the Method of the Stellar matrix diagram (SMD) for transborder organized crime, a scientific method which is already in use in the specific field. Being directly involved in analysing and combating the transborder organized crime, in the next three chapters, especially towards the end of them, there have been put forward personal points of view regarding the features, factors and actors of globalization; the international environment in the context of globalization of anti-globalization; the impact of the accelerating globalization process on transborder organized crime; the overlap of transborder organized crime, subterranean economy and international terrorism; the harmonization of the domestic legal framework with the international one specific to countering organized crime; the importance of co-operation and the ways of achieving it for the structures involved in combating this situation; personal contribution regarding the exchange of intelligence specific to transborder organized crime. For all these there are suggested practical solutions in the ten annexes accompanying this work. 6
Final conclusions The work is an analysis and a general assessment of the organized crime and transborder organized crime in particular, in order to get some elements regarding both the characteristcs of this threat to international life and to a person’s fundamental rights and, at same time, the adjustment of the present measures but also the stage the democratic states are passing through – characterized by the ripening of their bilateral and multilateral relations and the acceptance of a multilevel co-operation in the fight against organized crime. This work is based on the scientific knowledge of the military science, the national and foreign intelligence and security strategies, the international and foreign legal framework meant to combat transborder organized crime, as well as the research work and studies issued by international bodies, as well as other scientific works.
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Bibliography It comprises representative works and references to laws, works by Romanian and foreign authors, works and studies issued by domestic or international research institutions, articles and other materials, as well as infobibliography. Among them, the following can be mentioned: 1. ***, Doctrina Naţională a Informaţiilor pentru Securitate, Bucureşti, 23.06.2004; (The National Doctrine of Security Intelligence, Bucharest, 23.06.2004) 2. ***, Office on drugs and Crime din Viena / UNO, Global Illicit Drug trends 2003, New York, 2003; 3. ***, Organised Crime / United Nation Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention, 2002; 4. ***, Rezultatele unui studiu pilot asupra 40 de grupuri criminale selectate din 16 ţări, Oficiul pentru Droguri şi infracţiuni al ONU, SUA, 2002(The results of a research on 40 countries, UNO office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention, USA, 2002); 5. ***, Strategia de Securitate Naţională a României – Monitorul oficial al României nr. 822, 2001(Romania’s National Security Startegy in „Monitorul Oficial al României”, N 822, 2001); 6. Balsamo W., Carpozi G. Jr., Mafia S.A. – Istoria secretă a crimei organizate americane: povestea primilor 100 de ani ai Mafiei, Editura ALFA, Bucureşti, 2001(The secret history of the American organized crime: the story of Mafia’s first 100 years, in Editura„ALFA”, Bucharest, 2001); 7. Bauman Zigmunt, Globalizarea şi efectele ei sociale, Editura ANTET, Bucureşti, 2003(The globalization and its social effects, in Editura „ANTET”, Bucharest, 2001); 8. Bădălan Eugen, gl.lt.dr., Forţe şi tendinţe în mediul de securitate european, Editura Academiei Forţelor Terestre, Sibiu, 2003 (Forces and trends in the European security environment, in Editura „Academiei Forţelor Terestre”, Sibiu, 2003); 9. Bidu Ioan, conf. Univ. dr. ing., coordonator, Meridiane de securitate, Editura „Academia Naţională de Informaţii” din cadrul serviciului Român de Informaţii, Bucureşti, 2004 (Meridians of security, Editura „Academia Naţională de Informaţii”, S.R.I., Bucharest, 2004); 10.David Aurel, Naţiunea. Între starea de securitate şi criza politico-militară, Editura „LICORNA”, Bucureşti, 2000(The nation: between the state of security and the political-military crisis, in Editura „LICORNA”, Bucharest, 2000); 11.Dinu Nicolae, dr., Economia subterană în România, Editura „Rom System”, Bucureşti, 2002 (Romania’s subterranean economy, in Editura „Rom System”, Bucharest, 2002); 8
12. Guillochon Bernard, Globalizarea, o singură planetă, proiecte divergente, mica enciclopedie LAROUSSE, Editura „Enciclopedia RAO”, Bucureşti, 2003(Globalization, one planet, divergent projects, Le Petit Larousse, in Editura „”Enciclopedia RAO”, Bucharest, 2003); 13.Gunde Richard, The Dark Side of Globalization: Trafficking & Transborder Crime to, through, and from Eastern Europe, A forum on trafficking of humans and human organs, USA, 2004; 14.Hedeşiu Emil, colonel lect. univ. drd., Puncte de vedere referitoare la caracteristicile părincipale ale crimei organizate transfrontaliere în contextul procesului de globalizare, publicată la Sesiunea internaţională de comunicări ştiinţifice organizată de Inspectoratul General al Poliţiei de Frontieră, cu tema Vectori ai ameninţărilor la adresa securităţii naţionale în noul context geopolitic şi geostrategic, 2004 (Points of view reffering to the main characterics of the transborder organized crime in the context of globalization, published in the collection of papers presented at the International Seminar organized by S.P.P. on „Vectors of the threats to national security in the new geopolitical and geostrategic context”, Bucharest, 2004; 15.Hedeşiu Emil, colonel lect. univ. drd, Amprenta Matriceală Stelară a unei reţele a crimei organizate, comunicare publicată la Sesiunea de comunicări ştiinţifice organizate de serviciul de protecţie şi Pază cu tema Vectori ai ameninţărilor la adresa securităţii naţionale în noul context geopolitic şi geostrategic, 2004 (The Stellar Matrix Diagram of an organized crime network, essay published in the collection of papers of the International seminar organized by S.P.P., on „ Vectors of the threats to national security in the new geopolitical and geostrategic context”, Bucharest, 2004); 16.Hedeşiu Emil, lt. Colonel, Crima organizată transfrontalieră – risc non-militar şi neconvenţional complex la adresa securităţii naţionale a României şi a celei internaţionale, lucrare de absolvire a Colegiului Naţional de Apărare, promoţia a IX-a, 2000 (Transborder organized crime – complex nonmilitary and nonconventional risk to Romania’s national security and to international security, graduation paper, Colegiul Naţional de Apărare, The IXth series of graduation, 2000); 17.Liteanu Traian, Securitate şi Instituţii, Editura „Academiei Naţionale de Informaţii”, Bucureşti, 2004 (Security and institutions, Editura „Academia Naţională de Informaţii”, Bucharest, 2004); 18.Lungu Grigoraşi-Paul, drd., Cooperarea poliţienească internaţională în domeniul crimei organizate, sub coordonarea prof. Univ. dr. Ion Suceavă, Academia de Poliţie „Alexandru Ioan Cuza”, Bucureşti, 2004 (The international police cooperation on organized crime, paper drawn up under the assistance of professor, Ph. D., Ion Suceavă, „Alexandru Ioan Cuza”, Police Academy, 2004);
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19.Makarenko Tamara, Conexiunile între terorism şi criminalitate, „Jane’s Intelligence Review”, Marea Britanie, 2004 (The connections between terrorism and criminality, „Jane’s Intelligence”, Great Britain, 2004); 20.Marin Ionel, Comunitatea de informaţii – soluţia problemelor de securitate, Editura „Academiei Naţionale de Informaţii”, Bucureşti, 2004 (în care subsemnatul este citat) (The Intelligence Community – the solution to security problems, in Editura „Academia Naţională de Informaţii”, Bucharest, 2002 – in which Hedeşiu Emil is quoted); 21.Gabriel Naghi, dr., Toma Gheorghe, dr., Ora care a schimbat lumea. Asimetria începutului de secol, Editura „Presa Naţională”, Bucureşti, 2004 (The hour that changed the world; the asymmetry of the beginning of the century, in „Presa Naţională”, Bucharest, 2004); 22.Pezzino Paolo, Mafiile, Seria secolul XX, Editura „All”, Bucureşti 2003 (Mafias, seria Secolul XX, in Editura „All”, Bucharest, 2003); 23.Suceavă Ion, dr. şi Coman Florian dr., Criminalitatea şi organizaţiile internaţionale, in Editura „ROMCARTEXIM”, Bucureşti, 1997 (Criminality and international organizations, in Editura „ ROMCARTEXIM”, Bucharest, 1997); 24.Timofte Alexandru-Radu, Lungul drum al serviciilor către democraţie, Editura „Academiei Naţionale de Informaţii”, Bucureşti, 2004 (Secret services’ long journey to democracy, in Editura „Academia Naţională de Informaţii”, Bucharest, 2004); 25.Toma Gheorghe, Conflictele sfârşitului de mileniu, in Editura „Timpolis”, Bucureşti, 1999 (The Conflicts at the end of the millenium, Editura „Timpolis”, Bucharest, 1999); 26.Toma Gheorghe, Managementul instabilităţii, Editura „AISM”, Bucureşti, 2003 (The Management of Instability, Editura „AISM”, Bucharest, 2003); 27.Toma Gheorghe, Managementul ordinii publice la început de secol şi mileniu, Editura „Bioterra”, 2001 (The Management of the public order at the beginning of the century and millenium, Editura „Bioterra”, Bucharest, 2001); 28.Troneci Vasile, INTERPOL fără frontiere, Editura „Tehnică”, Bucureşti, 2001 (Interpol without frontiers, in Editura „Tehnică”, Bucharest, 2001); 29.Zamfir Dumitru, Ilie Botoş, Şerbănescu Monica, Law&Crime Net, in Editura „Tritonic”, Bucureşti, 2003.
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Annex In order to explain and exemplify the main conclusions of each chapter, there have been added ten annexes referring, essentially, to: - the evolution and some historical landmarks in the development of transborder organized crime, Mafia and the drug scourge being the focus of interest; - the internal and international regulations specific to combating this situation; - the elements which characterize the overlap of the transborder organized crime and the globalization process; - a list of events that influenced the fight against transborder organized crime. As a representative annex there has been selected the one exemplifying the evaluation of a transborder organized crime network with the help of the Stellar Matrix Diagram (SMD). The SMD is a novelty in the field of research and can be used as tool when the transborder organized crime is analysed. This method SMD is an instrument used to evaluate an organized crime network. Here is an example: In 2003, the revelations made by Jose Ruben Zamora, from „The Guatemalan Daily”, triggered a major crisis at the highest level political echelons, even Guatemala’s president Alfonso Portillo, being involved. Investigations of corruption and murder cases were started. The scandal broke out after certain revelations which led to Guatemala’s highest political and administrative echelons. Resignations and investigations followed, even the president was suspended from his duties. There were brought accusations of murder, corruption, money laundering. Thirty members of the Guatemalan organized crime networks were put under arrest and the former president fled the country. The scandals dealt a blow at the country’s immage and affected the stability of Guatemala’s social life. The matrix evaluation: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.
Feature Ethnic identity of the Copola Structure The size of the network Criminal activities The transborder character of the activities The level of corruption The level of violence use The influence on decision making echelons The involvement in real economy Cooperation with other criminal structures The influence on the economic social, political climate of a territoriy Agreements with the bodies of a host state
Intensity Ethnicity Criminal network – without a leading body 20-100 members Max. 3 main activities Max. 2 countries Essential for the network Essential for the network Essential for the network, at the top To give respectability to leaders Only in the host country In the country, abroad Occasional, tacit
TOTAL SCORE
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Points 30 15 17 15 15 35 32 30 20 20 35 28 292
White paper
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