Rough Cut 3D - City in the Sky

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Sto ry b o a r d i n g & Ke y f r a m i n g i n d az stu d i o

City in the Sky

A e rody n a mic s & L e v i tat ion ISSUE

#3

Cit y

y k S e in t h

Aerodynamics is important in a number of applications other than aerospace engineering.

It is a significant factor in any type of vehicle design, including automobiles. It is important in the prediction of forces and moments in sailing. It is used in the design of mechanical components such as hard drive heads.

Structural engineers also use aerodynamics, and particularly aeroelasticity, to calculate wind loads in the design of large buildings and bridges. Urban aerodynamics seeks to help town planners and designers improve comfort in outdoor spaces, create urban microclimates and reduce the effects of urban pollution.

Aerodynamics, is a branch of dynamics concerned with studying the motion of air, particularly when it interacts with a solid object. Aerodynamics is a subfield of fluid dynamics and gas dynamics.

Aerodynamic problems can also be classified according to whether the flow speed is below, near or above the speed of sound

The speed of sound is the distance travelled during a unit of time by a sound wave

Supersonic speed is a rate of travel of an object that exceeds the speed of sound

Aerostatics is the study of gases that are not in motion. The corresponding study of gases in motion is called aerodynamics

Humans have been harn essing aerodynamic forc es for thousands of years with sailboats and windmill s. Images and stories of flight ha ve appeared throughout recorded history, such as the legendary Ancie nt Greek story of Icarus and Da edalus.

aerodynamics ??

Although observations of some aerodynamic effects such as wind resistance were recorded by Aristotle, Leonardo da Vinci and Galileo Galilei, very little effort was made to develop a rigorous quantitative theory of air flow prior to the 17th century.

In 1505, Leonardo da Vinci wrote the Codex on the Flight of Birds, one of the earliest treatises on aerodynamics. He notes for the first time that the center of gravity of a flying bird does not coincide with its center of pressure, and he describes the construction of an ornithopter, with flapping wings similar to a bird’s.

In the respo human figh ns t fight was m e in prehis or flight toric anife comba times sted i tive b , n agg e h r manif avior e s s i v ested e, and f light by fle threa w e ing po a tenin tentia s g situ bein c lly ati In cur onfronted ons, such as rent t by a p redat imes, these o pers respo r. respo ist, but fig nses nses h h ave as t and fligh t su range med a wide For ex r of beh ample a , v t i h o e r fight s. may b e man respo i nse argum fested in angry entat , ive be and t h a h v e i o fl r, may b e man ight respo nse ife social netwo sted throu gh rk subst ance a withdrawa buse, l, and e telev ven ision viewin g.

Animals respond to threats in many complex ways. Rats, for instance, try to escape when threatened, but will fight when cornered. Some species of fish change color swiftly, to camouflage themselves. Other stand perfectly still so that predators will not see them. Many animals freeze or play dead when touched in the hope that the predator will lose interest.

A number of different techniques have been developed to levitate matter, including the magnetic, acoustic, electromagnetic, aerodynamic, gas film, and optical levitation methods.

Levitation is the process by which an object is suspended by a physical force against gravity, in a stable position without solid physical contact

Magnetic levitation, or magnetic suspension is a method by which an object is suspended with no support other than magnetic fields. Magnetic pressure is used to counteract the effects of the gravitational and any other acceleration factors.

Newton's law of universal gravitation states that every point mass in the universe attracts every other point mass with a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. large spherically symmetrical masses attract and are attracted as if all their mass were concentrated at their centers.

gravitational acceleration is the acceleration on an object caused by gravity.

Neglecting friction such as air resistance, all small bodies accelerate in a gravitational field at the same rate relative to the center of mass.

The electro e−) is a suba ticle with a elementary charge

There is no known theoretical limit to what acoustic levitation can lift given enough vibratory sound. Acoustic levitators are used mostly in industry and for researchers of anti-gravity effects such as NASA, however some are commercially available to the public.

Acoustic levitation is a method for suspending matter in a medium by using acoustic radiation pressure from intense sound waves in the medium. Acoustic levitation is possible because of the non-linear effects of intense sound waves

on (symbol: atomic para negative electric

d to electric fiel n a g in s u f ss o is the proce n y. io t a it v e l ic ts of gravit t c e a f t f s e o e r h t t c t e c El tera ct and coun je b o d e g r a h c

An electric

field surro

unds electr

ically char

ged particl

es.

levitate a

Electric ch arge is a ph ysical prop force when erty of mat near other ter that cau electrically ses it to exp charged ma erience a tter.

The electron is a subatomic particle with a negative elementary electric charge

The proton is a subatomic particle with the symbol p or p+ and a positive electric charge

Aerodynamic levitation

is the use of gas pressure to levitate materials so that they are no longer in physical contact with any container.

The term aerodynamic levitation could be applied to many objects that use gas pressure to counter the force of gravity, and allow stable levitation.

Helicopters are good examples of objects that are aerodynamically levitated.

With enough thrust very large objects can be levitated using this method.

Gases at high pressure can have a density exceeding that of some solids. Thus they can be used to levitate solid objects through buoyancy.

Optical levitation

is a method where a material is levitated against the downward force of gravity by an upward force stemming from photon momentum transfer. Typically photon radiation pressure of a vertical upwardly directed and focused laser beam of enough intensity counters the downward force of gravity to allow for a stable optical trap capable of holding small particles in suspension.

A photon is an elementary particle, the quantum of light and all other forms of electromagnetic radiation, and the force carrier for the electro magnetic force

For levitation on Earth, first, a force is required directed vertically upwards and equal to the gravitational force, second, for any small displacement of the levitating object, a returning force should appear to stabilize it. The stable levitation can be naturally achieved by, for example, magnetic or aerodynamic forces.

beam me up scotty !

Visible light (commonly referred to simply as light) is electromagnetic radiation that is visible to the human eye, and is responsible for the sense of sight.Visible light has a wavelength in the range of about 380 nanometres to about 740 nm – between the invisible infrared, with longer wavelengths and the invisible ultraviolet, with shorter wavelengths.

A

lucid dream is any dream in which one is aware that one is dreaming.

In a lucid dream, the dreamer can exert some degree of control over their

In the next issue ...

Lucid Dreaming and Imagination

participation within the dream or be able to manipulate their imaginary experiences in the dream environment, lucid dreams can be realistic and vivid. Lucid dreaming has been researched scientifically, and its existence is well established.

During most dreams, sleepers are not aware that they are dreaming, no matter how absurd or eccentric the dream is.

The reason for this has not been determined, and does not appear to have an obvious answer.

Dreams or hallucinatory images triggered by the brain stem are considered to be real, even if fantasy.

The impulse to accept the

experience as real is so strong the dreamer will often invent a memory or a story to cover up an incongruous or unrealistic event in the dream.

An out-of-body experience is an experience that typically involves a sensation of

It has been suggested that sufferers of

floating outside of one’s body and, in

nightmares could benefit from the ability

some cases, perceiving one’s physical

to be aware they are indeed dreaming.

work by neurologists suggests that such

A study examined whether lucid dreams contained four “corollaries” of lucidity: knowing that one dreams, that objects will disappear after waking, that physical laws need not apply, and having clear memory of the waking world. It found

experiences are generated by the same brain

that less than a quarter of lucidity

body from a place outside one’s body

(autoscopy). About one in ten people think they have had an out-of-body experience at some time in their lives. Scientists are learning about the phenomenon. Some

mechanisms that cause lucid dreams.

accounts exhibited all four.

Some experienced lucid dreamers have

In early Buddhism it was a common

learned to remember specific practical

practice among people in the monastic

goals such as artists looking for

community.

inspiration or computer programmers

A lucid dreamer described his own ability to lucid dream: “Yet in one dream I can compose a whole Comedy, behold the ation,

looking for a screen with their desired code.

apprehend the jests and laugh my self

Even though it has only come to the

awake at the conceits, then realize that

attention of the general public in the

I’m not awake, but that it was only a dream.�

last few decades, lucid dreaming is not a modern discovery.

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