A Collection of Collection by Carlotta Bernardi

COLLECTION OF

COLLECTIONS

Copyright ÂŠ2017 by Carlotta Bernardi First published in 2017 In Qatar All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical reviews and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.

COLLECTION OF

COLLECTIONS

â&#x20AC;&#x153;

I guess this is a collection with a purpose.

CONTENTS

101

A COLLECTION OF COLLECTIONS

THE PSYCHOLOGY OF COLLECTING BY MARK B. MCKINLEY

C O L L E C T I O N O F C L O C KS

Everybody Is a Collector

Everybody collects something! Whether it

be photographs of a person ’s vacation, ticket stubs from ballgames, souvenirs of trips, pictures of one ’s children, athletes ’ trophies,

An archtophilist collects teddy bears, a

kids report cards, and those who collect “junk”

deltiologist collects postcards, a numismatist

(pack-rats) and dispose of it in garage sales.

collects coins, a vecturist collects subway

The Evolution of Collecting

On the more formal side of “collecting,” it

tokens, and a clock collector is a horologist.

Horologists are Special

does seem that growing up as “kids,” we all

A note on being a horologist, it ’s tough.

collected something we made into a hobby.

Compared with the collectibles noted prior,

It could have begun with baseball cards,

collecting clocks requires that consideration

marbles, or stamps. Then it moved on: to

be given not to just what is seen, but what is

antique books, Longaberger baskets, state

also on the inside, the mechanical stuff, and

quarters, or Atmos clocks. For others it was

whether or not it “works!” As a case in point, the

collecting the really unusual that worked best

Hiller Talking Clock (circa 1911), to work needs

for them. People actually collect: bad poetry,

a celluloid tape. Of the known Hiller clocks only

barbed wire, knock-knock jokes, wax paper

one has the accompanying tape. Indeed, even

liners out of cereal boxes, swizzle sticks, string,

the two Hillers in the NAWCC Museum, nor the

mouse pads, phone books, type fonts, clothing

two Hillers in the authors collection, “run.”

of famous people, or Mersenne primes (prime

The author, who collects talking clocks, not

numbers). Indeed, some collectors even collect

only deals with the passive display of time, but

collecting guides!

the clock has to “tell” the time, and in many

And, speaking of the unusual, what about the names for the people who collect things?

instances, the container the clock came in is a valued addition to one ’s collection.

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Supreme Consumers

special rooms (“cabinets of curiosities”) for

apex of consumerism. While many persons

’s power and wealth. It was these collectors who

see “shopping” as a chore, something to be

established the first museums in Europe, and

endured, many collectors are just the opposite.

to a lesser extent in America. Such aristocratic

Spending the weekend combing garage sales,

collectors included Thomas Jefferson,

antique stores, and “marts” provides an escape

Benjamin Franklin, Francesco I de Medici,

into another world that is both exciting and

Archduke Ferdinand, and Emperor Rudolf II

pleasurable - it gets the adrenaline flowing when

(Kunsthistorisches Museum of Vienna).

Surely, people who collect “things” are at the

a “find” is made. Today, with the advent of the

The collected artifacts were then kept in safekeeping and private viewing. A “cabinet” was, in part, a symbolic display of the collector

Today, institutions have supplanted the

Internet, one can pursue collectibles from the

individual aristocratic collectors of the past, and

world over and do it from the comfort of home.

the focus of collecting has broadened greatly,

Acquisitive pastimes characterize not just ordinary folks but include the “rich and famous.” Sharon Stone has collected vintage cashmere sweaters, Jane Seymore collects tea pots; Jenna Elfman collects Indian and Tibetan rugs; Kelsey Grammer has a passion for first edition, rare books; and Tom Hanks has a collection of old typewriters. Possibly Noah was the most famous collector of all. After all, he collected two of every living animal and housed them in one place! Beyond the merely “rich and famous,” during the 1700s and 1800s there were aristocratic collectors, the landed gentry, who roamed the world in search of fossils, shells, zoological specimens, works of art, and books.

from the dinosaurs to rocks from distant planets .

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The Motivations to Collect

have successfully petitioned the courts (under

toys, manhole covers, clocks?

religious items, and even human remains. Not

Why do we collect things, e.g., Cracker Jack Some people collect for investment, yet one

As has been widely noted, Native Americans the 1990 Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act) for the return of ancient unrelated, medical scientists, anthropologists

must wonder how a penny can become worth

collected human remains for the purpose

thousands of dollars. Some collect for pure

of study. Yet, here too the courts have been

enjoyment; as noted above, it ’s fun! Some

called into the fray as to who is the proper

collect to expand their social lives, attending

“owner” of the past, e.g., the Kennewick Man -

swap meets and exchanging information

archaeologists legally fight to study the bones,

with like- minded souls. Some folks collect to

whereas, Native Americans legally fight to

preserve the past, but there can be risk here.

bury them. Some collect to learn and preserve

In some cases historic artifacts collected are

history. Such is the case with James Toman

perceived as “stolen” and courts are invoked to

who writes about the history of Cleveland, Ohio.

return them to their “rightful owners.”

To do this he collects postcards. The postcards preserve historical, pictorial glimpses of a city that may otherwise be lost. For some people collecting is simply the quest, in some cases, a life-long pursuit that is never complete. Additional collector motivations include psychological security, filling a void in a sense of self. Or, it could be to claim a means to distinction, much as uniforms make the “man.” Collections could be a means to immortality or fame vis a vis Dr. Louis Leakey.

COLLECTION OF RADIOS

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For some people, the satisfaction comes from experimenting with arranging, re-arranging, and classifying parts of a-big-world-out-there, which can serve as a means of control to elicit

Collecting Versus Hoarding Sigmund Freud didn ’t see collecting as

a comfort zone in one ’s life, e.g., calming fears,

stemming from these kinds of motivations.

erasing insecurity. The motives are not mutually

He postulated that all collecting ties back

exclusive, certainly many motives can combine

to the time of toilet training, of course.

to create a collector - one does not eat just because of hunger! Do collections create happy collectors? It is

Freud suggested that the loss of control and what went down the toilet was a traumatic occurrence and that , therefore, the collector

no surprise the researchers haven’t agreed on

is trying to gain back not only control but

whether people who have hobbies are happier

“possessions” that were lost so many years ago.

and more balanced because or they collect

Well that ’ s Freud. While Freud may clearly

things because they’re already happier and

have overstated the issue, his explanation

more balanced. Either way, collecting, from the

serves as a nice seaway into the dark-side

self assessment standpoint of the collector, is

of “collecting,” the psychopathological form

nearly always seen as a positive in his/her life.

described as hoarding. The “abnormality” of hoarder shows up in those instances where the

COLLECTION OF SCISSORS

aberrant behavior interferes with an otherwise “reasonable life.” This can sometimes even include gross interference with the lives of others, even leading to enforcement issues. Some theorists suggest that the behavior associated with hoarding can be an extreme variation on compulsive buying. Compulsive buying, in turn, is closely related to major depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and in particular, compulsive hoarding. According to a study by Kyrios, Frost and Steketee, compulsive buying is thought to be influenced by a range of cognitive domains

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including deficits in decision-making, emotional

house, and he followed shortly thereafter. Dr. Phil

attachments to objects, and erroneous beliefs

interpreted Mr. Mishak ’s problem as “compulsive

about possessions, and other maladaptive

hoarding” that served as a coping mechanism

beliefs. Some “experts” have described the

for managing anxiety and fear of losing control.

psychopathology of hoarding as “Repetitive

Indeed, Mr. Mishak ’s self diagnosis was: “If I

Acquisition Syndrome.”

throw it away, it just seems like some part of me

A Case Study

Probably the extreme illustration of this is the

person who harms others in his/her passion for „collecting.” Such extreme pathology is referenced by “animal or people hoarders.” The former is the person who we read about in the local paper with a headline that reads: “Local Woman Found with 100s of Filthy, Diseased, Malnourished Cats.” On the other hand, there are those collectors who collect people, as in serial killers. Movies such as “The Collector,” and “The Bone Collector,” “Kiss the Girls” portray such persons in a context of a thrilling mystery brought to the entertainment of movie goers. In extreme instances of aberrant collecting what is one to do? A recent case involves a respected former councilman of Amherst, Ohio. “Dr. Phil,” The TV mental health guru Philip McGraw, came to Mr. Mishaks home in Amherst to see for himself, a 10-year accumulation of junk that ranged from old clothing, windows, and toothpaste tubes, to dead cats. The situation became so bad, and left so little room, Mr. Mishak ’s wife moved out of their

is gone. I ’ll never get it back.” In the end, Mr. Mishak agreed to accept help from Dr. Phil, who replied, “If you think you can handle it, we ’ll back the truck up (to the house).” 5 A few weeks later a “convoy of six rigs showed up with 16 workers” and a Dr. Phil TV crew. “Mishak stood in the front yard looking ill at ease and refused to speak to reporters before retreating inside.” Since researchers have not agreed on the accountabilities for the pathology of collecting, therapies have had limited success with such persons. We do not yet know the full outcome of Dr. Phil ’s “therapy.”

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A Lesson Learned The readers of this article surely should

not confuse “collecting” with “hoarding, as collecting is a good-thing. On a personal note, my quest for Talking Clocks was nearly a train wreck, as I became rather obsessively overzealous in amassing over 400 unique pieces. Fortunately, it was a “physician heal thyself ” moment and I am moderating my acquisitions (“I do not have to have every type of talking clock ever manufactured,” was insightful advice). I am learning that smart collecting, while very pleasurable, is also information based, limited in scope, and supported by adequate resources.

HIND’S

HIND ’S

PHOTO ALBUMS

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“

Its always nice to open them and look back at memories. I forget about things that happened in my life and when I go through the pages it’s like a flashback...

...I have older siblings and I love to see their photos. It’s the only way I will know what it was like before I was born.

HIND’S PHOTO ALBUMS

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LOUISE’S

LOUISE ’S

MANEKI-NEKO

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L O U I S E ’ S M A N E K E I - N E KO

“

LOUISE’S

The gold ones are for wealth and prosperity, the white ones are for happiness and positivity. I need a black one in my collection, it’s to keep evil spirits away.

ALICE’S

ALICE ’S

SILICA GEL PACKETS

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A L I C E â&#x20AC;&#x2122; S S I L I C A G E L PA C K E T S

ALICEâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S

â&#x20AC;&#x153;

I used to think they were so useless and annoying, but now I use them all the time. You should try! Plus, they are such cute little bags.

ELZARA’S

ELZARA ’S

POLAROIDS

“

I love Polaroids, they are much more precious than digital photos and I love the effect they create. Photography is my passion and when I shoot with Polaroids each photo seems so unique. I collect even the bad ones, I couldn’t possibly throw any of them.

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ELZARA’S

ELZARA’S POLAROIDS

CHARLIE’S

CHARLIE ’S

PACKAGING

C H A R L I E ’ S PA C K A G I N G

“

I really can not throw away good packaging, it’s like throwing away a piece of art. I feel like people don’t really undertand the work that is behind it. I wish people could appreciate these things more.

CHARLIE’S

KELTHAM’S

KELTHAM ’S

FILMS

K E LT H A M ’ S F I L M S

“

This is just a project for university. It’s called Metamorphosis.

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KELTHAMâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S

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K E LT H A M ’ S F I L M S

KELTHAM’S

“

My purpose is to show how technology is developing in the field of movies. I have placed cassettes at the bottom, then movies in DVD, then tv series, blu ray and finally the Apple TV on top.

ELENA’S

ELENA ’S

SHELLS & STONES

“

ELENA’S SHELLS AND STONES

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It doesn’t really matter what the season is, I love going for long walks on the beach alone, especially in the evening when it’s silent. I always go back home with my pockets full of these little treasures. They are just so beautiful! Look at this one, it has a hole. I could turn it into a necklace.

MAHA’S

MAHA ’S

SKULLS

MAHAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S SKULLS

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MAHAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S

â&#x20AC;&#x153;

I like creepy things and I usually collect my skulls from different country so each of them is from a different place, for example I got my first one from Paris and my last one from Germany.

LELAND’S

LELAND ’S

ACTION FIGURES

LELANDâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S ACTION FIGURES

â&#x20AC;&#x153;

Action figures well, anything to do with comic books, science fiction and fantasy has stayed with me since I was young. I suppose you could blame it on Star Wars, Flash Gordon and Saturday morning cartoons. I love it all. And since I don't see any reason to grow up anytime soon, it will stick with me until the end.

LELANDâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S

NOOR’S

NOOR ’S

LIPSTICKS

â&#x20AC;&#x153;

I love how they all look good together. I barely use any of them. I just buy them, thinking I will wear them but I never do.

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N O O R ’ S L I P S T I C KS

NOOR’S

ANONYMOUS’

ANONYMOUS ’

MAGNETS

ANONYMOUS’S MAGNETS

“

Magnets... all I can say is I have a bad habit with collecting things and I probably need some counseling help.

LELAND’S

LELAND ’ S

WOODTYPE

â&#x20AC;&#x153;

Wood type has been a thing for me since high school when I did some workshops at our local university. When I was in undergrad, I was involved and taking some classes in printmaking and liked the use of the letter forms. Finally during my masters program, some of my friends and I started working on organizing all of this wood and metal type we found in university. Since all of that I have enjoyed finding old unique pieces of type at flea markets, garage sales and antique stores... basically anywhere.

LELAND’S

LELAND’S WOODTYPE

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COLLECTIONS AND HOBBIES BY ENCYCLOPEDIA OF CHILDREN AND CHILDHOOD IN HISTORY AND SOCIETY

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Collections and Hobbies

In almost all cultures and societies, children have collected a broad spectrum of items. Al-

though the activity seems to be universal, very little has been written on this subject. And even though collecting has played an important part in many individuals’ lives, it is seldom described in memoirs or autobiographies. This may be because many collections are suddenly abandoned when the collector grows up. Many of these collections are split up and disappear unless parents understand the fascinating world of the small collector and pay special attention to saving them. Some collections, however, continue into adult life, becoming lifelong passionate occupations; this is especially likely with collections that have some kind of economic value or present the adult with challenges or opportunities for further study. The pleasure of founding and creating collections may lead children, as they grow, to collect a new category of items that are more acceptable to their age. The spirit of the collector once established never leaves the individual but is turned in new directions. Grand collections may end up in professional institutions, such as museums, which seems to be the dream of collectors, who do not want their passionate investments to disappear with them. But most collections are scattered by the years and do not survive their owners.

The Functions of Collections

Collecting serves a wide range of purposes and functions. Collecting trains the eye, creates a

sense of order, and develops aesthetic appreciation. But collectors can primarily be characterized by their joyful dedication to their project. The world of collectors may be lonely, but can also be social when collectors share their pleasure with each other. The collector often participates in a community, whose connections may range from informal gatherings to organized networks. These give collectors the pride of showing and the pleasure of seeing others’ collections, as well as an opportunity to exchange experience, advice, and actual items. Many collectors know that individuals outside the collectors’ world consider them members of a special subculture that pays too much attention to an eccentric and limited sphere of interest. Children’s collections tend to be looked at with more tolerance, however strange or fantastical they may seem to the adult world.

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They form a space where childhood fantasy and imagination can be indulged. Contemporary tendencies reveal a change in the differences between the collections of children and adults. Many children start collections of valuable items that are marketed directly to them by the mass media and commercial powers. At the same time, adults show an increasing interest in collecting items that once belonged only to childhood or that possess a significance that may be regarded as infantile. Male and female toy collectors all over the Western world collect valuable antique matchbox cars, tin soldiers dolls, and doll houses, as well as more recent miscellaneous objects that were once strictly children’s toys. They seem to represent a dream of never-ending childhood, which never requires giving up the fascination with toys but supplies it with the new, playful ambition of the economically independent adult collector. Sheer entertainment may be the purpose of one of the contemporary world’s greatest collectors, Michael Jackson. His collections consist of amusement park attractions, a zoo, and numerous kinds of toys, although he has a special devotion to toy animals. To some people he may represent the disappearance of well-defined borders between the ages in postmodern life: the boy who never grew up and the grownup who never adapted to his new role and responsibility. Jackson may exemplify the collector’s true identity, which confuses work with play, leisure with learning, childhood with adulthood, and creating new openings for possible and impossible identities.

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Subsistence Economies

In subsistence economies, nature is a never-ending source of objects for infant collectors.

Stones, shells, bones, twigs, leaves, flowers, feathers, teeth, and hair have been collected and appreciated by adults and children in most tribal cultures, although anthropologists have seldom described this activity within the specific context of childhood studies. They tend to study it in the context of the magical, religious, or festive. The basic instinct to behave like the parental group or other care givers may have been the origin of these childhood collections, whose durability and existence depended on the mobility and social stratification of the population. Gender and division of labor may have been decisive factors shaping and structuring childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s collections. Depending on the integration of childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s work in subsistence economies, time for play and leisure varied. Hunter, nomad, and pre-agricultural societies generally offered less domestic space and thus less place for objects and collections that were not mobile.

Peasant Societies

Children in peasant societies worked, but they lived a much more settled, domestic life than did

children in subsistence economies. This allowed for the possibility of more consistent collecting. Even though toys were seldom bought, they could be made, and depending on how much time was available for play, collections could be started. Sticks could be made into bows or used as throwing instruments. They could be carved in patterns or exchanged for other objects. In American immigrant milieus, it was easy to turn corn husks into dolls, and many girls had lots of them. No clear line exists between the possession of homemade toys and collecting. In peasant cultures, children often reused objects from the adult world. It was common to collect pieces of glass or colored pieces of broken pottery. Yarn from worn-out knitwear could be sewn into balls in many patterns.

C O L L E C T I O N O F P L AT E S

COLLECTION OF TIN BOXES

The loose winter hair from cattle could be shaped and rolled with spit to make balls that bounced well. Braiding straw and flowers was often popular among girls. Paper could be folded or cut into more or less spontaneous patterns. Paper pierced with needles could provide children a great deal of joy. Children often collected beach stones with holes so they could put a string through the holes and pull them like cows. Exchanging such objects or using them for a lottery was common. Turnips, beets, and pumpkins could be hollowed and turned into lanterns, as is still done for Halloween. Clay could be shaped into small figurines or made into beads and then into bracelets or necklaces. Leaves, straw, shells, and many other objects could be fixed on the surface of any kind of box to create a home for oneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s treasures. Collecting in peasant cultures was generally a moneyless, outdoor activity, which appealed to both fantasy and social play. In the 1800s and 1900s, these collections were far more ephemeral than collections in the bourgeois culture and industrial society that developed alongside peasant culture.

Industrial Society

The bourgeois culture that began to develop at the end of the 1700s stressed consumption

and domestic life. Even family life changed radically. Bourgeois children were given more physical space; training and education became more focused; and new intellectual borders between ages were established. More and more, the ideal domestic life excluded production and favored intimacy, reproductive activities, and leisure. Children began to have their own rooms in the home and were looked after by a differentiated staff, made up mostly of female servants. Education and schools played a still more important part in the childâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s life. Care and control developed side by side. Childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s collections changed and were directed toward new aims. The economic subordination of women and children in the reproductive and consumer spheres created new conditions for the small collector. Items became far more prearranged, dependent on money and the booming practice of giving gifts. During the 1800s, Christmas changed, becoming less of a social, religious feast and embracing the private, emotional,

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cocooning elements typical of the modern celebration. Parental love was increasingly connected with giving children gifts at Christmas and birthdays and in other specific situations. The new collections often started and developed via such gifts. Children began making lists of items they wanted, which could be bought in shops and markets. However, homemade gifts were still usual and were often regarded as more personal. In the 1800s, Germany took a leading position in the production of toys. But the German paper industry developed innovations for children, including printed games, paper dolls, cards, sheets, and colored paper scraps. Fascinating collections, however, could still be started without special expense. The birth of a consumer society meant large-scale production of luxury paper for packaging. Products were marketed in attractive paper wrappings, which children often saved. Food, sweets, cosmetics, tobacco, and many other goods were presented in new ways to the customers and their children. Mail-service companies started the printing of stamps, which initiated many young philatelists. Railway tickets and other items from the expanding world of transport and communication represented new collectorsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; items, enlarging the world of childhood.

COLLECTION OF GLASS DOOR KNOBS

AAQIFA’S

AAQIFA ’ S

PEBBLES

A A Q I FA â&#x20AC;&#x2122; S P E B B L E S

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AAQIFA’S

“

There was a time when i used to make a lot of craft work so I would collect these pebbles to add to my necklaces, bracelets, rings...

...Some of them are part of a necklace a friend gave me, when the necklace broke I couldn’t throw the pieces. Some are from a old hair band. These other ones are from a piece of jewelery they gave me at a dance night. I don’t remember why I have the cats ones. I actually collected them hoping that one day I will use them to make something beautiful.

MEERA’S

MEERA ’ S

SHOPKINS

MEERAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S SHOPKINS

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â&#x20AC;&#x153;

They are just so colorful and tiny, and cute. I want to collect them all!

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CHRISTIAN’S

CHRISTIAN ’ S

PENS

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CHRISTIANâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S PENS

CHRISTIANâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S

â&#x20AC;&#x153;

When did I start collecting pens? Oh, a long time ago. 1985! I was a high school junior. These are just a few, the rest are in my old house somewhere. Now that you are making me think about it, I had a huge collection of fountain pens. Oh my God! (referring to his wife) Do you remember? I had so many of them! Some were copies but they were such beauties. I need to go back home and find them one day, then you can photograph those too...

... Wow, this is bringing back a lot of memories.

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MATTHEW’S

MATTHEW ’ S

SLIPPERS

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“

I travel a lot and I can’t resist the slippers. I always put them in my bag and bring them back home, otherwise they would throw them away, you know? I give them a second life. My wife hates having to store all of them, but when guests come over I know she loves to hand them out. Honestly that’s the only time we use them.

M AT T H E W ’ S S L I P P E R S

MATTHEW’S

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MEGGHI’S

MEGGHI’ S

COINS

MEGGHI’S COINS

“

I don’t really follow a logic like many collectors do, I just check that I don’t have the same one already and I add it in the box. I don’t really remember where all of these are from...

...My dad just gives them to me when he comes back from his travels.

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ANNE’S

ANNE’ S

TAPE

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A N N E â&#x20AC;&#x2122; S TA P E

ANNE’S

“

I buy so many of these but I am always too scared to use them because I don’t want to waste them. The rarest times I use them I always hold my breath. I consider it an addiction. I would pay any price for a nice tape roll.

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ANONYMOUS’

ONE RIYAL NOTE

ANONYMOUS’

A N O N Y M O U S ’ O N E R I YA L S N O T E S

“

Each pack is 50 Riyals. I almost reached 500 but its not so much if you consider I started a year ago. I simply put any one Riyal note I find around the house, in my pockets, bag, wallet. Most of the times I forget though...

...When I leave Qatar I will give it to Honey (her maid), no matter how much is inside.

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100

PATRIZIA’S

PATRIZIA’ S

FABRIC

101

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P AT R I Z I A â&#x20AC;&#x2122; S F A B R I C S

102

PATRIZIA’S

“

103

There isn’t an exciting story about these fabrics, I used them to create my dolls. I guess this is a collection with a purpose. The thing I like the most about my fabric collection is that they come from different places and times and they are so different in style and materials. My grandmother was a tailor and when she passed away I went in her attic and I found some beautiful vintage fabrics... but I don’t use those ones for the dolls I sell, they are way too precious.

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REFERENCES THE PSYCHOLOGY OF COLLECTING BY MARK B. MCKINLEY «THE PSYCHOLOGY OF COLLECTING.» MARK B. MCKINLEY. TALKINGCLOCKS.NET 2005 <HTTP://WWW.TALKINGCLOCKS.NET/COLLECTING.PDF>

COLLECTIONS AND HOBBIES BY ENCYCLOPEDIA OF CHILDREN AND CHILDHOOD IN HISTORY AND SOCIETY. «COLLECTIONS AND HOBBIES.» ENCYCLOPEDIA OF CHILDREN AND CHILDHOOD IN HISTORY AND SOCIETY. ENCYCLOPEDIA.COM. 12 APR. 2017 <HTTP://WWW.ENCYCLOPEDIA.COM>

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COLLECTION OF

COLLECTIONS

â&#x20AC;&#x153;

This is just a project for university