TRANSITION WORDS CATEGORY Similarity Exception / Contrast Sequence / Order Time
EXAM PLE S also, in the same way, just as … so too, likewise, similarly but, however, in spite of, on the one hand … on the other hand, nevertheless, nonetheless, notwithstanding, in contrast, on the contrary, still, yet first, second, third, … next, then, finally after, afterward, at last, before, currently, during, earlier, immediately, later, meanwhile, now, recently, simultaneously,
Example
for example, for instance, namely, specifically, to illustrate
Emphasis
even, indeed, in fact, of course, truly
Place/Position
above, adjacent, below, beyond, here, in front, in back, nearby, there
Cause & Effect
accordingly, consequently,, so, therefore, thus
Additional Support or Evidence
additionally, again, also, and, as well, besides, equally important, further, furthermore, in addition, moreover, then
Conclusion / Summary
finally, in a word, in brief, briefly, in conclusion, in the end, in the final analysis, on the whole, thus, to conclude, to summarize, in sum, to sum up, in summary
WELCOME!
Intensive Reading Study Resources
Mrs. Vivian Conners
TO INFORM:
-Literary non-fiction / Biographies -Step by step instructions / How to’s -News / Emergency procedures -Academic / Research -Legal documents How the character/s deal with the aftermath of the climax.
TO ENTERTAIN: -Literature / Fiction -Poetry -Song Lyrics -Plays -Scripts / Screenwrting
PARTS
AUTHOR’S PURPOSE
of a
STORY TO PERSUADE: -Advertising -Campaigns -Reviews & Critiques (books, film, food, art, etc.) -Propaganda -Editorial / Opinion -Blogs / Social Media
ELEMENTS OF A STORY
1 SETTING Setting is where your story takes place.
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STYLE
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3
PLOT Plot is what happens in the story, the series of events.
CHARACTER/S These are the beings who inhabit our stories. Sometimes they are actual people but, can also be animals, dragons, faeries, or even inanimate objects
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THEME Idea, belief, moral, lesson or insight. It’s the central argument that the author is trying to make the reader understand. The theme is the “why” of the story.
This is how things are said. The different tools used by a writer to tell a story. Word choices, sentence structure, dialogue, metaphor, simile, hyperbole.
TYPES OF
CHARACTERS
Point of view, or POV, refers to two things in writing:
POINT of VIEW
A character can either be…
Protagonist or Antagonist Dynamic or Static Round or Flat Protagonist : The main character in a story
• A point of view in a discussion, an argument, or nonfiction writing is an opinion, the way you think about a subject. • In a story, the point of view is the narrator’s position in the description of events.
Antagonist : The character that stands against the protagonist. Dynamic : A character who undergoes important inner change Static : A character that does not chan significantly.
First person point of view
Round : A well-developed, lifelike character with realistic
First person is when “I” am telling the story. The character is in the story, relating his or her experiences directly.
Flat : An one-dimensional character that does not display
Second person point of view
emotions, conflicting feelings, and multiple traits.
emotional depth and has a single set of traits.
The story is told to “you.” This POV is not common in fiction, but it’s still good to know (it is common in nonfiction).
Third person point of view, limited
What is
RHETORIC ?
Rhetoric is the art of speaking or writing effectively as a means of communication or persuasion. There are three main forms of rhetoric: Ethos, Pathos and Logos.
ETHOS
PATHOS
Ethos is appeal based on the character of the speaker. An ethos-driven document relies on the reputation of the author.
Pathos is appeal based on emotion. Advertisements tend to be pathos-driven.
LOGOS Logos is appeal based on logic or reason. Documents containing data and research are logos-driven
The story is about “he” or “she.” This is the most common point of view in commercial fiction. The narrator is outside of the story and relating the experiences of a character.
Third person point of view, omniscient The story is still about “he” or “she,” but the narrator has full access to the thoughts and experiences of all characters in the story.
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five types of writing styles
Nar r at i ve Wr it ing is basically storytelling. You wil find it in Biographies, Fiction, and Personal writing E xp o s i t o r y Wr it in g is where the author intends to inform, explain, describe or define their subject to you. This is the most common type of writing you will find in text books and online. It is based on facts & figures, not opinion based. An example are "How-to" articles. D e s c r i p t ive Wr it ing uses a lot of great visual words
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to help you see the person, place or thing they are writing about. The writer shows rather than tells. Metaphors, similes and symbols are often used in descriptive writing It is used in Written Advertisement, Reporting on an Event, and Describing a Person/Object..
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Pe r su asive Wr it in g is opinion based and biased since the writer is trying to convince you of something. Always make sure you do background research when reading this type of material, as every story has two sides! It is used in Editorials, Advertisement, Campaigns, etc. C r e at i v e Wr it in g is perhaps the most fun type of
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writing. It is often thought provokin g, entertaining and more interesting to read because of its freedomto storytell. Short stories, poetry, novels and plays often fall into the creative writing category.
E R U T C U R T S T X E T
Description Describes details about characteristics, actions, etc. EXAMPLE
GRAPHIC ORGANIZER
Goose bumps make me shiver. I get little bumps on my skin. They look like sesame seeds.
Prob lem / S o lut ion Sets up a problem and its solutions. EXAMPLE
GRAPHIC ORGANIZER
Goose bumps make me shiver. But they disappear as soon as I cover up with a jacket or sweater.
Time / Chronological Order Gives information in order of occurrence EXAMPLE
GRAPHIC ORGANIZER
Goose bumps make me shiver. First I get cold. Then I shake all over.
Text structure refers to ho w the in fo rm a tio n w ithin a text is o rg a n iz ed. This help s to un dersta n d a m a in idea a n d deta ils.
Looking at two or more items to establish similarities / differences EXAMPLE
GRAPHIC ORGANIZER
Some people get goose bumps from fear. Others get goose bumps when they are touched emotionally.
Cause & Effect Give reason/explanation for happening EXAMPLE
GRAPHIC ORGANIZER
Goose bumps make me shiver. When the temperature drops below 45 degrees, my skin crinkles into goose bumps.
Ar g u m e n t / S u p p or t States a position & supports it with data, emotional appeals, expertise, credibility, honesty, and urgency EXAMPLE If goose bumps occur only in mammals, then the term "goose bumps" is misleading because a plucked goose technically does not qualify. Maybe they should be called “Chill Bumps”!
GRAPHIC ORGANIZER
E R U T C U R T S
Compare & Contrast
T X E T
g text R e c o g n iz in a n h e lp s c structure n. m p r e h e n s io o c g in d a e r
Source: Pediaa, https://pediaa.com/difference-between-theme-and-main-idea/
A figure of speech is a word or phrase using figurative language —language that has other meaning than its normal definition. In other words, figures of speeches rely on implied or suggested meaning, rather than a dictionary definition. We express and develop them through hundreds of different rhetorical techniques, from specific types like metaphors and similes, to more general forms like sarcasm and slang.
Metaphor is a figure of speech that compares one
FIGURES OF SPEECH
Rhetorical Question is a question that is asked not expecting an answer in return. It’s just posed to make a point. Sometimes a rhetorical question will just be left open, but other times the speaker will immediately go on to answer it. In either case, no answer from the audience is expected. Ex.:“How many roads must a man walk down before you call him a man?”
Oxymoron is a figure of speech that puts together opposite elements. Ex.: “And in the naked light I saw Ten thousand people, maybe more. People talking without speaking, People hearing without listening,”
Alliteration words that begin with the same sound are placed close together. Although alliteration often involves repetition of letters, most importantly, it is a repetition of sounds. Ex.:“Sally sells seashells by the seashore.”
Climax is the highest point of tension or drama in a plot.
Often, climax is also when the main problem of the story is faced and solved by the main character or protagonist.
Antithesis is usually the opposite of a statement, concept,
or idea. In literary analysis, an antithesis is a pair of statements or images in which the one reverses the other. The pair is written with similar grammatical structures to show more contrast. Ex.:“To err is human; to forgive, divine.”
thing to another unrelated thing. Unlike similes, metaphors do not use words such as “like” or “as”. Ex.: “All the world’s a stage.” “Conscience is a man’s compass.”
Simile is a literary term where you use “like” or
“as” to compare two different things and show a common quality between them. Ex.: “Shake it like a Polaroid picture!” “Her cheeks are red like a rose.”
Personification When we talk about non-human things as if they were human, we personify them. Personification is a kind of metaphor in which you describe an inanimate object, abstract thing, or non-human animal in human terms. Ex.: “The tired old car coughed and weezed and crawled down the street.” “That piece of chocolate cake is calling my name.”
Onomatopoeia Boom! Pow! Whoosh! Wham! All of these words are onomatopoeias, or words that sound like what they describe. Hyperbole when an author or speaker purposely
and obviously exaggerates to an extreme. It is used for emphasis or as a way of making a description more creative and humorous. It is important to note that hyperbole is not meant to be taken literally; the audience knows it’s an exaggeration Ex.: “She’s going to die of embarrassment..” “I had to wait in the station for ten days– an eternity.”
Anaphora is when a certain word or
phrase s repeated at the beginning of clauses or sentences that follow each other. Ex.: “I’m sick and tired of you letting me down. I’m sick and tired of you making me mad. And I’m sick and tired of you doing such silly things!.”
Reference
Metaphor Simile Synecdoche Metonymy Personification
Wordplay & Puns Antanaclasis Paronomasia Syllepsis Onomatopoeia
Overstatement/ Understatement Hyperbole Auxesis Litotes Meiosis
Inversions
Rhetorical Question Irony Oxymoron Paradox
Balance
Parallelism Antithesis Climax
Word Order Anastrophe Parenthesis Apposition
Repetition
Alliteration Assonance Polyptoton Antanaclasis Anaphora Epistrophe Epanalepsis Anadiplosis Climax Antimetabole Chiasmus: