Stable Ground_thesis 2013

STABLE GROUND

Caroline Wineburg

Temple University | Tyler School of Art | Architecture ARCH 4699_Architectural Thesis

SPRING 2013 Thesis Advisor: Sneha Patel 3

contents

PART 01: THESIS POSITION

PART 02: THESIS PROPOSAL

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ABSTRACT

21

PRODUCING DESIGN

10

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

22

SITE

14

ENGAGING THE PRODUCTIVE SURFACE

30

PROGRAM

31

USERS

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TERMS OF CRITICISM + METHODS OF INQUIRY

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CONCEPT MODEL

34

DESIGN METHODOLOGIES

36

KEY TERMS

38

CASE STUDIES

4

PART 03: DESIGN

PART 04: CREDITS

42

LAYERING PROCESS

84

ENDNOTES

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EXPERIMENTAL LANDSCAPE

86

BIBLIOGRAPHY

48

FIELD + DATUM

88

IMAGE REFERENCES

50

FIELD

56

DATUM

62

NODE + EDGE

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NODE

68

EDGE

73

ZONE

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MODELING PROCESS

81

REFLECTION UPON REVIEW

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6

PART 01: THESIS POSITION

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01| Logan Triangle. Grass has overtaken a former neighborhood where 17 blocks of houses once stood.

02 | A4 Energy Forest. Doepel Strijkers Architects CPUL concept for The Hague, NL.

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stable ground.

Philadelphia is home to more than 40,000 vacant and abandoned lots; the highest per capita vacancy rate in the country. While these sites remain neglected, they can ‘obstruct community development plans and even threaten neighborhood stability and growth.’1 According to the U.S. census data, areas with higher rates of vacant land parcels also experience higher concentrations of poverty, higher evidence of hunger2 , and higher rates of obesity and diabetes. 3 In 2011 the leading anti-hunger nonprofit Food Research Action Center (FRAC) surveyed Pennsylvania’s first congressional district, which includes parts of North and South Philadelphia, the Kensington neighborhood, and the city of Chester, and named it the second hungriest district in the entire nation.4 What is the architect’s role in addressing vacant land parcels, poverty, hunger and waste? While there is immense potential for revitalization, how can we provide innovative design solutions to better utilize wasted space in our cities by employing food as a driver to build more resilient communities?

Using food and land initiatives, like Terra Madre, with urban agricultural projects, such as Continuous Productive Urban Landscapes (CPULs), as well as landscape strategies, like Mathur/Da Cunha and Tom Leader Studio’s Dynamic Coalition, as precedents, this thesis could provide the necessary framework to address issues of vacant land usage and access to food as an impetus for urban reimagination. By investigating the integration of urban agriculture into urban design, this thesis seeks to rediscover a forgotten site with renewed usefulness as a hybrid agricultural landscape which confronts neighborhood food insecurity and spatial inequality, increases nutrition awareness and ecological health, and catalyzes vacant land development throughout Philadelphia.

Urban agriculture needs to be considered as essential infrastructure in the future of urban design because it is inherent to the economic, ecological, and spatial order of the city. The vacant lots in Philadelphia provide an opportunity to initiate ‘vital landscapes that will grow gradually and opportunistically, infiltrating and gathering in the process of inventing new grounds for production and habitation.’5 Vacant parcels of land can be turned into a community asset that addresses the aforementioned pressing needs.

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food for thought

Vacant Land

Secure Food

“An empty lot is usually a dream gone bad and another unfulfilled. It is nothing and anything.” – Plan Philly: The Vacant Land Issue6

Sustainability suggests balance within a system’s inputs and outputs; it ‘creates and maintains the conditions under which humans and nature can exist in productive harmony.’11 This balance or harmony has yet to be addressed in the current food system as it is ‘wildly unsustainable’, under this definition, spending considerable time, money, and resources transporting food from country to city. As landscape designer Ellen Burke argued the ‘dualism that separates city and country’ in American consumerist culture has resisted the idea that food ‘be produced where it is consumed.’ Our society envisions ‘a pure countryside as the appropriate location for growing food and cannot imagine farms in metropolitan centers of culture, commerce, and consumption.’12 According to the Centre for Studies in Food Security, there are five components of food security, known as the Five A's: (1) Availability: sufficient food for all people at all times; (2) Accessibility: physical and economic access to food, including access to information; (3) Adequacy: access to food that is nutritious, safe, and sustainable; (4) Acceptability: access to culturally acceptable food production and distribution that do not create conflict with people's dignity or human rights; and (5) Agency: policies and processes that help achieve food security.13 While clean air and water have been central issues of sustainable design, design professionals have typically not focused on food security. How can architects and other design professionals take a

Post-industrial cities can simultaneously experience contraction and expansion as populations grow and spread outward of the city center. Philadelphia, despite being the sixth largest city in the US, is a ‘shrinking city; deindustrialization has prompted urban abandonment at the same time as the growth of urban sprawl.’7 As stated earlier, Philadelphia has the highest per capita vacancy rate in the US, with over 40,000 abandoned lots (roughly 30,000 residential and 10,000 commercial).

Higher rates of vacant land parcels ensue higher concentrations of poverty, higher evidence of hunger8, and higher rates of obesity and diabetes.9 How does a city respond to such crisis? Gary Bergdoll writes in the intro of Small Scale, Big Change: New Architectures of Social Engagement, “Situations are improved not by eradicating what already exists but through implantation of a different set of possibilities.”10 Urban abandonment has left us with a blank framework from which we can implant new infrastructure to support our current needs.

As several Philadelphia neighborhoods were named the second hungriest district in the nation and home to a disproportionate amount of the city’s land vacancies, it deems necessary to integrate urban agriculture into the urban design of abandoned sites to benefit them, and Philadelphia as a whole, socially, ecologically, and economically.

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the sphere in which farming occurs’14, making it an integral component of future “sustainable” design?

This active role has begun to be taken on by writings like Terra Madre: Forging a New Global Network of Sustainable Food Communities by Carlo Petrini and [On Farming] the first issue of Bracket, a scholarly journal edited by Mason White and Maya Przybylski, as they begin to suggest the social and spatial implications of agriculture. Although described through different professional lenses, humanitarian/ anthropologist versus design professionals, both writings value the ability of agriculture as stimulus, sustenance, and development. Terra Madre directs the reader to a new food system and a way of life, pioneering food justice and good food, small business versus large, for quality is a right for everyone, no matter economic status. The global movement that Petrini advocates puts into practice ‘glocalism’: “a set of actions carried out on a local scale to generate major repercussions on a global scale. It embodies a new approach to the production, processing, distribution, and consumption of food, drawing liberally on the history of the world’s populations, but also looking ahead.”15 This progressive attitude is shared in [On Farming] as editors Mason White and Maya Przybylski describe how farming emerges as a collective behavior across mediums: “Farming harnesses the efficiency of collectivity and community…reveals the interdependencies of a globalized world…

03 | Greensgrow Farms. Growing in the raised beds.

represents the local gesture, the productive landscape, and the alternative economy. The processes of farming are mutable, parametric, and efficient... beyond its most common agricultural understanding is the modification of infrastructure, urbanisms, architectures, and landscapes toward a privileging of production.”16

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This ‘privileging of production’ has been applied to rural, peri-urban, and urban areas. Renewable or sustainable agricultural practices, ‘associated with local food production, reduced carbon footprint, increased public health...biodiversity and ecological health’17 have been sought out through agricultural production, public policy, and food culture, this thesis asks what are the ‘potentially profound implications of these transformations on the shape and structure of the city itself?’18 The investigation of urban agriculture as it relates to underused space, due to urban abandonment from deindustrialization, has been sought after by a variety of city initiatives. Greensgrow Farms in the Kensington neighborhood of Philadelphia sits on a one acre site of a former steel galvanizing plant. Through the use of hydroponics, raised beds, and greenhouses, they were able to stabilize the site and close pathways of contamination so as to be economically productive to the community.19 Today, instead of steel products, the site produces agricultural products and provides training and employment opportunities for the neighborhood residents.

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Productive Surface The productive surface is ‘a constructed terrain that has the ability to...yield something...and is premised on an intimate understanding of context, climate, and natural processes.’20 Because of its networks and scalable logic, the productive surface may operate at the scale of a building, a region, or scales between.

Architects and design professionals’ roles are opportune because the productive surface generates new economies, programs, typologies, and public realms.

As the productive surface generates the aforementioned possibilities, how can architects determine or foresee such outcomes, and design for them? Does a master plan limit such possibilities to a predicted, definitive end-product? Dynamic Coalition, one of six finalist proposals selected in the Fresh Kills competition, was developed by Mathur/ da Cunha and Tom Leader Studio. In their project they explored the role of the designer as the creator of starting points or seeds, ‘of anchors for the staging of social and ecological processes over time’21: event surface, experimental field, material datum, and tectonic zone. Each seed leads to an emphasis on certain types of interventions and programs, developing a strategy which engaged ‘various publics on multiple initiatives’. Their focus was on ‘where and how a design initiative begins and on how it might evolve and extend in time’. 22 Cumulatively,

04 | Dynamic Coalition. Conceptual model

these five seeds aim to create a set of processes which will eventually produce a dynamic park, functioning in the ecological, political, and social landscape of the metropolitan region. The project proposes effects and community engagement that extend well beyond the property lines of the site.

Continuity and productivity are ‘intrinsic qualities’ of landscapes, which metropolitan regions can reestablish within vacant land. Continuous Productive Urban Landscape (CPUL) is a design concept advocating the coherent introduction of interlinked productive landscapes into cities as an essential element of sustainable urban infrastructure.23 Bohn and Viljoen Architects developed a vision of CPULs for London by proposing ‘the creation of city-traversing networks of productive open space, integrating urban agriculture fields and gardens’24 that complement and support the built environment. By weaving such landscapes back into the urban fabric of the inner city through underused lots, their coherent network gained significance and meaning as an urban landscape turned productive surface.

05 | The Urban Farming Project. Bohn and Viljoen CPUL concept.

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engaging the productive surface

Logan Triangle The Logan section of North Philadelphia currently consists of a crumbling grid of streets running through 37 acres of empty lots. In the early 1900’s in conjunction with the Roosevelt Boulevard development, the Logan Neighborhood was erected atop ash fill over the Wingohocking Creek. By 1950, 1,000 homes were cracked and sinking into the unstable ground. After a gas main explosion in 1986, city officials deemed the area uninhabitable and began the compensation and relocation of the neighborhood’s 5,000 residents.

The current 17 block site, where 957 row houses once stood, is known as the Logan Triangle.25 By engaging the productive surface, the Logan Triangle can be brought back from abandonment, becoming a dynamic, responsive, occupiable, and tangible surface.

Successional Seeds “Disasters produce a kind of anarchy — of matter, of process — that challenges the neat categories of practice, forcing us to recalibrate our engagement with place, with the processes and materials of landscape.” – Anuradha Mathur and Dilip da Cunha, Preparing Ground: An interview with Anuradha Mathur + Dilip da Cunha 26 By framing the design speculation around a similar process developed in Dynamic Coalition, successional seeds will be developed as points of departure to recalibrate our engagement with the Logan Triangle

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into a transformative project. As several RFPs (requests for proposals) for this site have been denied due to economic reasons, what is the potential for this site? The productive surface generates new economies, programs, typologies, and public realms and creates a potential set of processes not yet imagined for the site.

Mathur/da Cunha and Tom Leader Studio began with identifying the various publics from which the ‘anchors for the staging of social and ecological processes’27 evolved and extended from. At the Logan site, how can this historically blighted, disaster stricken area develop a public face to the community? What is the identity of the Logan community? The various publics of the Logan Triangle include but extend well beyond the adjacent neighborhood, into the city and regional networks of Philadelphia. They are diverse groups, including neighborhood residents, educators, students, farmers, ecologists, food enthusiasts, community activists, artists, city authorities, etc.

The engagement of the productive surface is not conceived as simply physically productive but also conceptually productive, lending to a project independent of conventional master planning, one based on temporality and evolution. The richly layered landscape of the Logan Triangle generates five variations of The Productive Surface:

+1: The Yielding Field +2: The Educational Interface +3: The Event Node +4: The Remedial Datum +5: The Continuous Zone Each variation leads to an emphasis on certain types of interventions and program, some agricultural, educational, social, ecological, political, cultural, and/or economical. Each variation exists on its own trajectory but it’s development is contingent on the others, as some surfaces can be addressed immediately, the yielding surface, in several months, the educational surface and the event surface, and in several years, the remedial surface and the continuous surface.

development. The methodologies of this project will be investigative and imaginative, like Mathur and Da Cunha suggest, and dependent on the historical background of the of the site. By researching vacancy and food insecurity, urban vacant land typologies, vacant land policy, and local farming metrics of the Philadelphia region as well as a concentrated knowledge on the site’s historical topography and its neighborhood, this thesis can begin to push against preconceived ideas of urban agriculture and “sustainable” design and their social and spatial implications. Stable Ground will engage the productive surface; connecting production and consumption, enhancing the food security system of the Philadelphia community, and bringing stability, both physical and psychological, to one of the city’s most overlooked blighted areas.

Stable Ground “Here our position is not merely critical; rather it is tentative, investigative and imaginative. We are interested in how the flux, the infinite nature of landscapes, can allow for new appropriations, new identities, and new projects, projects that work with negotiated boundaries rather than enforced limits, and that emphasize adaptation not control.” - Anuradha Mathur and Dilip da Cunha, Preparing Ground: An interview with Anuradha Mathur + Dilip da Cunha 28 The utilization of a hybrid agricultural landscape 29 allows for new appropriations, new identities, and new projects as the public is the main generator for

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terms of criticism + methods of inquiry

+ Q1: What is the architect’s role in addressing vacant land parcels, poverty, hunger and waste? + Q2: How can we provide innovative design solutions to better utilize wasted space in our cities by employing food as a driver to build more resilient communities? + Q3: What is the relationship between the architect’s role and that of a policy-maker? + Q4: What is the vacant land policy in Philadelphia? + Q5: How can architects and other design professionals take a ‘more active role in shaping the sphere in which farming occurs’30, making it an integral component of future “sustainable” design? + Q6: How does the productive landscape set up a framework to address land vacancy, food insecurity and the issues associated with them and accommodate change in the future? + Q7: How can architects determine or foresee the future possibilities generated from the productive surface, and design for them? + Q8: Does a master plan limit such possibilities to a predicted, definitive end-product? + Q9: How can the historically blighted site of the Logan Triangle develop a public face to the community? + Q10: What exactly is the community here? + Q11: How does the ground network of Philadelphia’s neighborhoods support, maintain, and manage the production and distribution of this system?

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+MoI1: Citywide mapping of vacancy and food insecurity in Philadelphia, historical and current +MoI2: Network analysis of the potential integration of productive landscapes across the city and region of Philadelphia +MoI3: Typology research and analysis into urban vacant lands, local urban farms, brownfield remediation, food education programs, community gardens, and community action plans +MoI4: Material studies of ground stabilization and farming techniques +MoI5: Catalogue of local plant/vegetable species for seed library, catalogue of users +MoI6: Matrix of programmatic development +MoI7: Visualizations of the productive landscapes +MoI8: Scale Comparisons of site in relation to production farm or campus +MoI9: Community Surveys/ engagement exercises

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“For architects, the time has come to recognize, finally, that contemporary urbanism is better rethought around conceptions of progress and potential — via design strategies for unfolding the future — rather than another utopian horizon…

Rather than assuming stability and explaining change, this means that architects must learn to assume change and explain stability… Those environments must be strategized not just in terms of how they are intended to work today, but also how else they might work at another time or under different circumstances.” – Roger Sherman, “Counting on Change”, The Infrastructural City 31

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PART 02: THESIS PROPOSAL

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“This is not a landscape proposal. This is a development strategy.”– REX and Michel Desvigne Paysagistes, Governor’s Island, New York, NY, 200733

06 | Governor’s Island REX and Michel Desvigne’s Development Strategy

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producing design

Stable Ground recognizes the limitations of a definitive master plan as the product of design and proposes a more investigative approach. The end result is not a comprehensive plan but several scenarios from which the programmatic starting points may evolve into. Social relevance and ecological integrity are sought after by challenging architectural conventions of closure and control.

The real challenge is to design a strategy; ‘one so malleable that is can elegantly accommodate myriad, plausible development scenarios.’32 These development scenarios must also reflect the multiple timelines from which they operate in: in relation to larger urban networks and different local moments. Successional growth is represented throughout timeline as different local moments extend out and connect into larger urban networks, fostering cohesion across fragmented urban sites.

The hybrid agricultural landscape utilizes urban agriculture as a spatial generator and identity creator for the forgotten site of the Logan Triangle.

This thesis hypothesizes that food has the capacity to build community; to activate spaces over shared needs and cultural interests. Social as well as physical stability will be brought back to the site as the productive surface restratifies the thickness of the ground.

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site

Logan Palimpsest

The Creek

In order to develop a design strategy with social relevance and ecological integrity, an analysis of the Logan Triangle’s historical layers will uncover the reasons for its current state of disregard and restore legibility to the landscape. Landscape is the ‘sedimentation of collective acts, the witness of usages that have often disappeared, the memory of a world that had sometimes lost its sense for those who inhabited it.’ As ‘an active palimpsest accruing new properties, qualities, and potentials in time,’35 Stable Ground can be anchored through moments of resilience as the existing buildings and community have endured the aftereffects of an entire neighborhood’s displacement.

The Wingohocking creek was once a tributary of the Frankford Creek and runs below the site. In the early 1900s, along with many of the city’s smaller streams, the creek was piped and diverted into a combined sewer. (Mapping 1)

LOGAN

CITY HALL

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THE CREEK 1808 1843 1855 1862

1902

wingohoc king  cree k

1926

1952

23

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

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The Fill With the development of the Roosevelt Boulevard and trolley lines, government contracts ordered to bring the land of the triangle up to grade. As a cheap fill alternative, coal ash was carted from factories downtown and dumped over the land, reaching forty feet at its deepest point and covering the streambed of the Wingohocking Creek. (Mapping 2)

THE FILL

CHELTENHA M

1903 1907 1928

1933

LD LFIE BE

FRONT

FIFTH

RUSCOM B

RIS ING SU

N

BROAD

OLN EY

ULE LT BO SEVE

VARD

WH ITA KE R

OLD YORK

ROO

HUNTING PARK

N HU

AR G P TIN

K

ERIE

ALLEGHENY

1933 Louden St

9 7th St

11th St

10

e ev os Ro

lt B

lev ou

ard

67

8 9 10 11 12

5

4 & 2 $ / $ 6 + ) , / / ' ( 3 7 +

0’

13

Wingohocking St

10’

1

3

2

14

20’

30’

(ft) 40’

1” = 150’

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THE BUILD 1931 1942 1950 1962 1

1986 2

1950 3

4

1953

1

1955 2

3

1959

4

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The Build When the land was brought up to grade, the Logan Redevelopment Authority built up the neighborhood with dense row homes. Concerns for the improper fill were ignored until the 1980’s when the consequences of its inadequacy became fully apparent. In 1986, a gas main explosion in the Logan Triangle, resulting from foundations cracking and sinking as the ash landfill shifted from saturation from the underground creek and ruptured utility lines, demolished one house and damaged others. City official declared Logan disaster area. (Mapping 3)

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THE WITHDRAWAL 1986 1992

Olney Plaza Shopping Center

1999 2005 Ed’s Pizza House

1

2012

1992

Kim’s Grocery

Zion Assemblies of God Church 2

Franco Grocery

Courtland Street Medical

3

Harold O Davis Christian School

1999 4

1

2000 2

3

Cousin’s Supermarket 4

2005

2012

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"If you wipe the slate clean, you erase centuries of human labor. These landscapes are living, breathing things, not negative detritus. You need to distinguish between real problems that need to be cleaned up and what should be saved because of the history embedded in it." – Julie Bargmann, D.I.R.T. Studio 39

The Withdrawal

City Hall

Farmer’s Markets, Community Gardens, and Urban Farms

2.5

5 Miles

high

0

>

low

Density of Population Under Poverty

N

Logan

City Hall Community Food Insecurity

0

2.5

5 Miles

high

Density of Population Under Poverty low

By constructing the physical and social lineage of the triangle, this thesis will reframe the site’s challenges as design opportunities to revitalize the Logan neighborhood and redefine a sense of place. Unlike the distinct boundaries that have clearly defined the triangle, Stable Ground will not delineate limits but work with negotiated boundaries between the site and the surrounding neighborhood and region.

Logan

>

Boundaries were drawn around the “most affected” regions, 957 homes were listed as condemned and the relocation and compensation of the nearly 5,000 residents commenced. After nearly twenty years, all but a handful of properties were razed creating what we now refer to as the Logan Triangle. A once vital 17-block neighborhood is now ‘an inner-city prairie dotted with skeletal buildings and a score of lingering residents of Logan's last stand.’36 The site is seen by the community as a physical and psychological scar37 ; a reminder of the purgatory which once trapped residents in their cracking homes as they waited for relocation assistance from the city. The residual effects of the fill have caused residents to move out of the neighborhood and reluctance from City Planning Commission to redevelop the site due to extensive land remediation. The Logan neighborhood is also part of Pennsylvania’s first congressional district, recently named the nation’s second hungriest district by the leading anti-hunger nonprofit Food Research Action Center (FRAC).38 (Mapping 4)

N

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program

Hybrid Agricultural Landscape Due to the Logan community’s need for access to healthy food and their large swath of vacant land, this thesis proposes a hybrid agricultural landscape to connect agriculture with other landscape programs to foster partnerships within the diverse communities of the Logan neighborhood and the Philadelphia region. This creates a new architectural typology for multifunctional programs which reject the typical rigid space planning typically associated with agricultural production. By redefining the community garden typology, one of historical ignorance and democratic design, Stable Ground will restratify the layers of the site, acknowledging the importance of a site’s history and its community as instigators of a participatory design process.

Framing this thesis in terms of temporality and evolution offers the potential to produce ‘emergent social and natural landscapes’ that can support and benefit from ‘the intersection of cultural and ecological timeframes.’40 Each variation of the program (The Yielding Field, the Educational Interface, the Event Node, the Remedial Datum, and the Continuous Zone) has distinctive spatial operations, spatial properties, performative properties, and formal qualities. Once deployed on site, multiple timelines will represent the starting points (successional seeds) of how these distinctions generate architectural variations, according to scale, collectivity, seasonality, productivity, stability, etc., as well as their possible evolutions. Literally the materialization of a community action plan, the development of the project depends on the colonization of the program and the networks which connect them to each other and to their surrounding environment.

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+01: The Yielding Field Spatial Operations: insertive, additive Spatial Properties: agricultural fields, greenhouses, community gardens Performative Properties: seeding, growing, rotating, fertilizing, composting, producing Formal Qualities: soft, flexible +02: The Educational Interface Spatial Operation: transformative Spatial Properties: outdoor classrooms, botanical gardens Performative Properties: nutritional learning, farming/ culinary/entrepreneurial training, testing, producing Formal Qualities: semi-enclosed, responsive +03: The Event Node Spatial Operation: temporal Spatial Properties: farmer’s markets, Eat-Ins, public parks, plazas Performative Properties: selling, buying, producing Formal Qualities: hard, porous +04: The Remedial Datum Spatial Operations: transferable, subtractive Spatial Properties: remedial fields, Performative Properties: phytoremediating, converting, producing Formal Qualities: heavy, malleable +05: The Continuous Zone Spatial Operation: successional Spatial Properties: CPULs, public thoroughfare: roads, bike way, light rail, pedestrian walkway Performative Properties: connecting, distributing, transporting, mobilizing, producing Formal Qualities: linear, expansive

users

In order for the succession of the project, various diverse publics must be engaged. These groups include but extend well beyond the adjacent neighborhood, into the city and regional networks of Philadelphia. The users all contribute to the productivity of the landscape, physical and conceptual, and are highly influential in all stages of development.

Catalog of Users: + neighborhood residents + educators + students + farmers + ecologists + food enthusiasts + community activists + artists + city authorities

“We contribute to the formation of a common territory. We transform landscapes produced by society. We draw inspiration and sustenance in the traces of society’s activities. Above all, we aim to help this society envision other ways of occupying and constituting an area.” – Michel Desvigne, Intermediate Natures 42

USER MONTAGES

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concept model

Existing buildings on site act as armatures of resilience to stabilize the historical ground and connect through to the new programmatic layers. These layers are represented as successional environments which, once seeded, grow in unforeseen ways. The programs overlap and merge to create hybrid environments congruent to a wide range of users.

Through the combination of different mediums, the qualitative effect of the marks on the surface and the processes from which they were made, allow for manipulation and variation. Results, however, are conditional to the chemical properties of the materials as they collide or resist each other. Unpredictability plays an active role in the process of making.

Materials: Acetone, Acrylic paint, Acrylic Sheet, Alcohol, Ink, Water, Steel Rods, Cardboard, Metal Mesh, Plaster

Conceptual Model Successional Layers

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Conceptual Model Hybrid Environment

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design methodologies

Landscape refers to a conceptual field which examines how humans affect space and to real, occupiable places.

It has both analytical and experiential connotations.

Landscapes are formed by and consist of a layering of natural, artificial, and cultural forces. The work produced for this thesis must represent the landscape simultaneously through analytical and experiential means as external forces act upon it.

Landscape as Medium Landscape can be the ‘content of a representation wherein it travels through a medium, it can also itself be a medium which carries social, geological, historical messages or it can be considered a medium of exchange and social practice expressing visual appropriation, identity and power.’43 This thesis investigates landscape as a medium for the restratification of the physical and conceptual ground of the Logan Triangle. +01: Spatial Operations Analog Models, Composite Drawings, Performance Diagrams, Material Studies, Experiential Montages The spatial operations associated with the productive surface (insertive field, transformative interface, temporal node, transferable datum, and successional zone) will be explored as a tool for determining the spatial and phenomenological conditions of Stable Ground. Their performative qualities will dictate the scale and multitude of their introduction.

07 | Michel Desvigne Density Studies for Walker Art Center, Minneapolis

+02: Landscape Visualizations Representational Experimentation How is a temporality represented? Ephemerality?

Stability? Through experimentation with mixed media, a graphic technique will be developed to represent the transient qualities of the landscape.

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Landscape as Agent Landscape as agent implies that an intervention can be a catalyst for greater deveÂŹlopment beyond a particular site. Such interventions ‘require agility on the part of the designers to operate at different scales within a project, moving back and forth between detailed interpretation and development of local elements, and the layering of systems (of elements) that make up larger networks.’44 The indeterminacy of the productive surface creates myriad possibilities for its evolution. Accepting this reality, this thesis proposes starting points or successional seeds from which development is contingent on user colonization. +03: Successional Studies Collages, Composite Drawings, Growth Matrix, Material Studies, Successional Timeline As catalysts for further development, the starting points are conceptualized and represented according to multiple timeframes privileging opportunities for change over time.

08 | Untitled Student Work

+04: Development Scenarios Axonometric Drawings, Catalogue of Users, Connection Diagrams, Experiential Montages, Gradient Studies By proposing several plausible scenarios for the development of Stable Ground, local elements will be designed and employed across and beyond the site.

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key terms AGENT: an active cause COLONIZE: to establish a territory inhabited by multiple users with a common agenda CONTINUOUS: an uninterrupted extension of space or time CPULs: Continuous Productive Urban Landscapes is a design concept advocating the coherent introduction of interlinked productive landscapes into cities as an essential element of sustainable urban infrastructure. 45 DATUM: a surface, line, or point used as a reference in measuring or altering elevations DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY: a design approach which focuses on where and how a design initiative begins and on how it might evolve and extend in time where designer emphasizes adaptation and accommodates change EDUCATIONAL: providing knowledge; instructive or informative EPHEMERAL: momentary; passing EVENT: an occurrence that is localized at a single point in space during a particular interval of time EVOLUTION: a process of gradual, progressive change or development FIELD: an area of land marked by the presence of particular objects or features EVOLUTION: a process of gradual, progressive change or development FIELD: an area of land marked by the presence of particular objects or features FRAMEWORK: a basic conceptual structure; a skeletal infrastructure GROUND: the surface of the earth; a basis for belief, action, or argument HYBRID AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPE: a programmatic strategy which connects agriculture with other landscape programs to foster partnerships within diverse communities INSERTIVE: placing into action INTERFACE: a surface forming a common boundary of two bodies, spaces, or phases MASTER PLAN: a comprehensive proposal with defined boundaries, where designer exercises complete control over end-product

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MEDIUM: an intervening substance for transmitting or producing an effect; vehicle; a means for communicating or diffusing information to the public NETWORK: a complex, interconnected group or system NODE: an interconnection point within an open network PALIMPSEST: something having diverse layers or aspects apparent beneath the surface PHYTOREMEDIATION: the use of plants and trees to remove or neutralize contaminants in polluted soil or water PRODUCTIVE SURFACE: a constructed terrain that has the ability to yield product; it has a tangible, positive byproduct; it is premised on an intimate understanding of context, climate, and natural processes; it may operate at the scale of a building, a region, or scales between because of its networked and scalable logic46 REMEDIAL: improving or restoring to health RESILIENT: marked by the ability to adjust to changing processes or circumstances while resisting extreme fluctuation; stable RESTRATIFY: to form new strata or layers SEED: the source, beginning, or germ of an idea or concept; any propagative part of a plant STABLE: marked by the ability to adjust to changing processes or circumstances while resisting extreme fluctuation; resilient SUCCESSIONAL: the act or process of following in order or sequence SUSTAINABILITY: balance within a system’s inputs and outputs; it ‘creates and maintains the conditions under which humans and nature can exist in productive harmony.’47 TEMPORAL: lasting for a relatively short time; temporary TRANSFERABLE: to displace from one location to another TRANSFORMATIVE: changing from one form, appearance, or structure to another YIELDING: productive; bearing ZONE: a region, area, or section characterized by some distinctive feature or quality

09 | Kim Brickley Kidney (Detail)

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case studies

Dynamic Coalition Mathur/da Cunha and Tom Leader Studio New York, New York Fresh Kills Landfill Competition 2001

Shenyang Architectural University Campus Turenscape Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, China 2004

By engaging various publics on multiple initiatives, the “seeds� of program create set of processes which will eventually produce a dynamic park. Each seed leads to an emphasis on certain types of interventions and programs, developing a design strategy which will affect the ecological, political, and social landscape of New York City.48

By the introduction of rice paddies, students and administrators are able to engage with a productive landscape while it also serves the function of a college campus.

This project demonstrates how an agricultural landscape can become part of an urban environment and how cultural identity can be created through a productive landscape. 49

38

Governor’s Island REX and Michel Desvigne New York, New York 2006

Post-Industrial Groundwork D.I.R.T. Studio Boston, Massachusetts 2007

Governor’s island is a development strategy to activate the periphery of the site by pulling activities to the island’s edge, allowing programmatic collisions to release unexpected potentials. By parceling the island into a Jeffersonian grid, the organization remains flexible to accommodate unknown development.50

By exploring alternative means for demolition, a salvaging strategy was used to reuse excavated soils and demolition materials for the construction of a new campus. An investigation of subsurface materials for amending degraded urban fill was also explored.51

39

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PART 03: DESIGN

The way we experience the landscape is through a series of moments. Landscape representation as we know it is commonly misrepresented by a final master plan and limited by the removed, aerial vantage point.

By embracing landscape as an emerging system, our experiences will have varying interpretation dependent on the seasonal, social, or physical changes of the landscape.This thesis is a development strategy of starting points or moments which manipulate site boundaries over time while revealing the inherent layered and messy nature of landscape systems.

41

layering process Following the creation of the conceptual model, the layering process of the material agents (acrylic paint, acetone, alcohol, ink, water) was further explored.

In order to understand the controls of the process, a set of variable plates was created. By applying the agents to a flat plate of acrylic, compressing another plate on top of it, then removing that plate, the agents create a branch-like structure similar to that of a plant’s roots.

While the agents were isolated on each of the black acrylic variable plates, the process underwent further exploration as layers were built up on clear acrylic plates, dealing with new ideas of transparency and direction. The conditions created by this layering process (origin, accumulating, blur, channel, infiltrate, and reject) revealed the inherent nature of the material agents and their reactions created a set of unexpected possibilities. As the layering process balances controls and contingencies, landscape systems can be reimagined with suggestive programmatic boundaries which are able to shift and evolve through time.

10 | Variable Plates

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A NNEL BLUR

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experimental landscape The Logan Triangle is the testing ground for this development strategy as the history embedded within its layers informs the scale and location of the starting moments. They acquire dynamism through how they engage with the layers below ground and with each other. By developing a graphic language, the transient qualities and spatial patterns of the landscape can be understood through the active terms of a layering process and inform how the boundaries of the program may operate: with preference to users, agriculture, or remediation.

14 | Current Site Plate

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Vacant land provides a great opportunity for an experimental, productive landscape as it generates new programs, economies, typologies, and grounds for habitation. Framing this thesis in terms of temporality and evolution offers the potential to produce emergent natural and social landscapes which develop on different timeframes, influenced by fluctuating conditions of ecology, economy, user engagement, and the literal stabilization of the ground.

15 | FORBIDDEN Wooden signs scattered across the site remind civilians of the site’s condemnation.

47

field + datum The field and datum conditions emerge in the first year of development. The starting locations of these conditions are based on the areas of the little to no coal ash fill (ie. field) and areas with high concentrations of fill (ie. datum). A new ground morphology is created as the reactions of agriculture and remediation begin to change the physical surface of the site.

M02 SECTION 7 1” = 16’

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P01 + P02 TOP ETCH 1:600 5

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field

P01 agricultural fields | phytoremediation fields | wetlands

_insertive (additive) _soft_flexible

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seeding | growing | producing | irrigating | harvesting | phytoremediating

MOMENT 01 F-­03 SPROUTING

F-­02 IRRIGATING

F-­01 SEEDING

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F+03

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F-­01 FILL + CREEK

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MOMENT 03 F+03 HARVESTING

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F

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datum _transferable (subtractive) _heavy_malleable

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P02

land remediation | land stabilization digging | transplanting | stabilizing

MOMENT 02 D-­04 CHANNELING

D-­03 DIGGING

D-­02 DIGGING

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D+03

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22 | Datum Moment Section

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F D

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node + edge The node and edge conditions emerge once the field and datum conditions have been established. The starting locations of these conditions are based on adjacencies to the surrounding neighborhood and major roads, creating a new public realm where the creek once flowed. More socially driven then the former conditions, their development is contingent upon user engagement as the site restores the community once extracted from it.

P03 TOP ETCH 1:600 5

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P03 farmer’s markets | Eat-­Ins

selling | buying | socializing | gathering

MOMENT 05 + 06 N+04 GATHERING

N+03 GROWING

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F D N

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edge

P04 outdoor classrooms | botanical gardens | community gardens | seed archive learning | training | testing | growing | collecting

_transformative _ semi-­enclosed_responsive

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MOMENT 07 E+04 TESTING

E+03 GROWING

E+02 CHANNELING

E+01 STABILIZING

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F D N E

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zone

P05 TOP ETCH 1:600 5

The zone condition emerges much further along in time when the other conditions have established permanence in many locations across the site. This location is based on established networks of circulation through and beyond the site. The zone condition is the final component of the development strategy and allows its boundaries to extend into the surrounding neighborhood and region, catalyzing vacant land development throughout the Philadelphia region and establishing experimental, productive landscapes as a vital landscape system.

M08

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M07

SECTION 5 1” = 16’

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zone

_successional _linear_expansive

32 | P05_zone

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PS5 Continuous Productive Urban Landscape (CPUL) | public thoroughfare: roads_bike way_light rail_pedestrian walkway connecting | distributing | transporting | mobilizing

MOMENT 08 Z+02 MOBILIZING

Z+01 CONNECTING

33 | P05_zone Detail

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F Z+02 Z+01

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D

N E Z

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modeling process

This thesis views stability not as resistance to change, but rather contingent upon change so as to grow gradually and gain resilience. This definition emphasizes adaptation, not control. To reinforce this concept, the model was built in layers as a representation of the re-stratification of the ground while a framework of city blocks supports it. The layers were documented throughout the modeling process to reveal their accumulation or subtraction as each fragment of the site gradually develops.

36 | Layering Process

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37 | Supportive Framework

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38 | Model Details

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reflections upon review...

This thesis investigates alternative ways of landscape representation for landscape systems inherently resilient to the fluctuating conditions of our current world.

What began as an interest in urban planning and food justice has developed into a longer set of questions.

The initial inquiry is still the same, how can we, architects and design professionals, provide innovative design solutions to better utilize wasted space in our cities by employing food as a driver to build more resilient communities? The solution, however, is not so straightforward.

My focus shifted from design solutions to new ways of landscape representation, one with adjustable boundaries and a messier, less picturesque approach more equivalent to real landscape systems. Once the graphic language was established, my process took over the project. The complexities of each plate will never be fully realized but herein lies the beauty of the process. The altered reading of the plates allows for shifting boundaries and alludes to many potential site strategies. This thesis is my first attempt at representing emergent landscapes and I look forward to continuing my investigation for many years to come.

Thank you Sneha for your guidance and continual motivation!

39 | Final Presentation

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PART 04: CREDITS

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endnotes "About Infill Philadelphia: Infill Philadelphia." Infill Philadelphia. http://infillphiladelphia.org/about-infill-philadelphia.php (accessed June 28, 2012).

2 Hoover, Brandon , and Mahbubur Meenar. "Food Insecurity and Spatial Inequality in Philadelphia's Lower-Income Neighborhoods: Analyzing the Role of Community Gardens." Center for Sustainable Communities. www.temple.edu/ambler/csc/ newcsc/research/projects/documents/Food_Insecurity_Oct2011.pdf (accessed June 7, 2012).

3 Shigley, Paul. "When Access Is the Issue." Planning 75, no. 8 (August 2009): 26-31. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed June 24, 2012) 4 Hoover and Meenar, 11.

5 Leob, Deenah. "Urban Voids: Grounds for Change Reimagining Philadelphia's Vacant Lands." Architectural Design 78, no. 1 (2008): 68-73.

6 Berry. "The Vacant Land Issue | PlanPhilly: Planning Philadelphia's Future." PlanPhilly: Planning Philadelphia's Future | Planning Philadelphia's Future. http://planphilly.com/vacant-land-issue (accessed August 2, 2012).

7 Leob, Deenah. "Urban Voids: Grounds for Change Reimagining Philadelphia's Vacant Lands." Architectural Design 78, no. 1 (2008): 68-73.

8 Hoover and Meenar, 10.

9 Shigley, 2.

10 Lepik, Andres. Small scale, big change: new architectures of social engagement. New York: Museum of Modern Art ;, 2010.

11 "Sustainability Basic Information." US Environmental Protection Agency. http://www.epa.gov/sustainability/basicinfo.htm (accessed September 3, 2012).

12 Burke, Ellen . "Farm Plus: Hybrid Agricultural Landscapes." On Farming 1 (2010): 88-91.

13 Hoover and Meenar, 14.

14 Burke, 88.

15 Petrini, Carlo. Terra Madre: forging a new global network of sustainable food communities. North American ed. White River Junction, Vt.: Chelsea Green Pub., 2009.

16 White, Mason. On farming. Barcelona: Actar ;, 2010.

17 Waldheim, Charles . "Notes Towards a History of Agrarian Urbanism." On Farming 1 (2010): 18-24.

18 Waldheim, 18.

19 "Greensgrow Farm - Overview." Greensgrow Farm - Growers of food, flowers and neighborhoods. http://www.greensgrow. org/farm/overview/history.html (accessed September 5, 2012) 20 White, 99.

21 Pevsner, Nicholas , and Sanjukta Sen. "Preparing Ground: An Interview with Anuradha Mathur + Dilip da Cunha: Places: Design Observer." Places: Design Observer. http://places.designobserver.com/feature/preparing-ground-an-interview-with-anuradha-mathur-and-dilip-da-cunha/13858/ (accessed September 10, 2012).

22 Pevsner and Sanjukta.

23 Viljoen, André, Katrin Bohn, and J. Howe. Continuous productive urban landscapes: designing urban agriculture for sustainable cities. Oxford: Architectural Press, 2005.

24 Bohn and Viljoen Architects, 2009; and Carrot City: Creating Places for Urban Agriculture (Mark Gorgolewski, June Komisar, and Joe Naso, 2011) 25 Clines, Francis.. “THE 2000 CAMPAIGN: THE CONVENTION; Philadelphia Ends a Neighborhood’s Tale - New York Times.”

The New York Times - Breaking News, World News & Multimedia. http://www.nytimes.com/2000/07/24/us/the-2000-campaign-the-convention-philadelphia-ends-a-neighborhood-s-tale.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm (accessed June 30, 2012).

1

84

Pevsner and Sanjukta.

Pevsner and Sanjukta.

28 Pevsner and Sanjukta.

29 Burke, 89.

30 Burke, 88.

31 “anchors in a mutable field” – mammoth // building nothing out of something." mammoth // building nothing out of something. http://m.ammoth.us/blog/2010/07/anchors-in-a-mutable-field/ (accessed October 2, 2012).

32 REX. 33 "REX – Architecture PC." REX – Architecture PC. http://www.rex-ny.com/ (accessed November 3, 2012).

34 Tiberghien, Gilles A., Michel Desvigne, and James Corner. Intermediate natures the landscapes of Michel Desvigne. Basel: Birkhäuser, 2009.

35 Tiberghien, Desvigne, and Corner, 9-10.

36 Clines.

37 "Logan Triangle Redevelopment | Welcome to Logan CDC." Welcome to Logan CDC | Dedicated to Improving the Quality of Life for the Logan Community of Philadelphia. http://logancdc.wordpress.com/key-projects/real-estate-development/logan-triangle/ (accessed June 30, 2012).

38 Hoover and Meenar, 11.

39 “Contemporary Landscapes: Reclaiming Terrain,” Lotus, Fall 2006, 22-31.

40 Pollak, Linda. "The Landscape for Urban Reclamation: Infrastructures for the everyday space that includes nature." Lotus International 128 (2006): 36-40.

41 REX. 42 Tiberghien, Desvigne, and Corner, 13.

43 Lorch, Benjamin. "landscape." Theories of Media. http://csmt.uchicago.edu/glossary2004/landscape.htm (accessed November 20, 2012).

44 Pollak, 38.

45 Viljoen, Bohn, and Howe.

46 White, 99.

47 "Sustainability Basic Information." US Environmental Protection Agency. http://www.epa.gov/sustainability/basicinfo.htm (accessed September 3, 2012).

48 “anchors in a mutable field” – mammoth // building nothing out of something." mammoth // building nothing out of something. http://m.ammoth.us/blog/2010/07/anchors-in-a-mutable-field/ (accessed October 2, 2012).

49 Yu, Kongjian, and Mary Padua. The art of survival: recovering landscape architecture. Mulgrave, Victoria: Images Publishing Group, 2006 50 REX. 26 27

51

"DIRT Studio." DIRT Studio. http://www.dirtstudio.com/ (accessed November 3, 2012).

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Berrizbeitia, Anita , William Braham, James Corner, Phu Hoang, Keith Kaseman, Cathrine Veikos, and Marion Weiss. "Surface InDepth: Between Landscape and Architecture." In Dirt. Philadelphia: viaBooks, 2012. 262-271.

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Gunders, Dana. "Wasted: How America is Losing 40 Percent From Farm to Fork to Landfill." Natural Resources Defense Council. www. nrdc.org/food/files/wasted-food-IP.pdf (accessed July 10, 2012).

Hoover, Brandon , and Mahbubur Meenar. "Food Insecurity and Spatial Inequality in Philadelphia's Lower-Income Neighborhoods: Analyzing the Role of Community Gardens." Center for Sustainable Communities. www.temple.edu/ambler/csc/newcsc/research/projects/documents/Food_Insecurity_Oct2011.pdf (accessed June 7, 2012).

Leob, Deenah. “Urban Voids: Grounds for Change Reimagining Philadelphia’s Vacant Lands.” Architectural Design 78, no. 1 (2008): 68-73.

86

Lepik, Andres. Small scale, big change: new architectures of social engagement. New York: Museum of Modern Art ;, 2010.

"Logan Triangle Redevelopment | Welcome to Logan CDC." Welcome to Logan CDC | Dedicated to Improving the Quality of Life for the Logan Community of Philadelphia. http://logancdc.wordpress.com/key-projects/real-estate-development/logan-triangle/ (accessed June 30, 2012).

Lorch, Benjamin. "landscape." Theories of Media. http://csmt.uchicago.edu/glossary2004/landscape.htm (accessed November 20, 2012).

Melamed, Samantha. "Sinking Feeling." Citypaper (Philadelphia), April 26, 2012. http://www.citypaper.net/cover_story/2012-04-26sinking-houses-north-philly-land.html?c=r (accessed August 28, 2012).

Pollak, Linda. "The Landscape for Urban Reclamation: Infrastructures for the everyday space that includes nature." Lotus, 128 (2006): 36-40.

Petrini, Carlo. Terra Madre: forging a new global network of sustainable food communities. North American ed. White River Junction, Vt.: Chelsea Green Pub., 2009.

Pevsner, Nicholas , and Sanjukta Sen. "Preparing Ground: An Interview with Anuradha Mathur + Dilip da Cunha: Places: Design Observer." Places: Design Observer. http://places.designobserver.com/feature/preparing-ground-an-interview-with-anuradha-mathurand-dilip-da-cunha/13858/ (accessed September 10, 2012).

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Tiberghien, Gilles A., Michel Desvigne, and James Corner. Intermediate natures the landscapes of Michel Desvigne. Basel: Birkhäuser, 2009.

Waldheim, Charles . "Notes Towards a History of Agrarian Urbanism." On Farming 1 (2010): 18-24.

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Wrigley N, Warm D, Margetts B, 2003, "Deprivation, diet, and food-retail access: findings from the Leeds 'food deserts' study" Environment and Planning A 35(1) 151 – 188 Viljoen, Andre and Katrin Bohn. "CONTINUOUS PRODUCTIVE URBAN LANDSCAPE (CPUL):Essential Infrastructure and Edible Ornament." Open House International 34, no. 2 (2009): 50-60, http://search.proquest.com/docview/865045854?accountid=14270 (accessed September 4, 2012) Viljoen, André, Katrin Bohn, and J. Howe. Continuous productive urban landscapes: designing urban agriculture for sustainable cities.

Oxford: Architectural Press, 2005.

Yu, Kongjian, and Mary Padua. The art of survival: recovering landscape architecture. Mulgrave, Victoria: Images Publishing Group, 2006.

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7:Unknown 8: Tiberghien, Gilles A., Michel Desvigne, and James Corner. Intermediate natures the landscapes of Michel Desvigne. Basel: Birkh채user, 2009.162.

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