Landscape ecology - an evolutionary analysis of the design practice AUTHORS: Caroline Ferreira Fernandes e Luis Pedro de Melo Cesar
Graduation Project - University of Brasília
SÉC XXI
BACKGROUND The Landscape design joins ecology in order to reestablish the ecosystemic balance although it is not known for certain what are the project guidelines that should be considered in the development of a landscape desing. Most of the studies found in the literature treat their actions punctually and requires a global analysis of them. However, it is essential that holistic guidelines be established to guide the development of the project.This measure can contribute to the progress of the ecological design of the landscape and thus achieve greater efficiency in the restoration of the ecosystem balance. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to identify project indicators in the landscape ecology that stand out within the Environmentalist, Ecogenesis and Naturalism movements between the 19th and 21st centuries.
SÉC XX
SÉC XIX
METHOD
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION SANITARY REFORM
Based on a temporal cut that analyzes three important movements within landscape ecology, the Environmentalism, the Ecogenesis and the Naturalistic gardens, inserted between the 19th and 21st century, the study seeks to trace an evolutionary panorama of the design practice, starting from a general analysis of the historical and social context that encloses each movement and increasing for a regional and design analysis of three projects chosen according to their iconic importance and relevance in their specific time.
ENVIRONMENTALISM Frederick Law Olmsted STOCKHOLM 1972
ECOGENESIS
ENVIRONMENTALISM
Fernando Chacel
Fens and Riverway
ECO 92 (RIO 92)
SÉC XIX
RIO + 20
3 STUDY CASES
ECOGENESIS
Park Gleba E
PROJECT INDICATORS
ANALYSIS *Historical context
SÉC XX
ENVIRONMENTAL SCARCITY
*Regional context
NATURALISTIC PLANTING
*Design drawing
Lurie Garden
NATURALISTIC PLANTING
*Ecological design
Piet Oudolf
*Ecosystem approaches
SÉC XXI
ANALYSIS
CHRONOLOGICAL SCHEME
Fens and Riverway - 1878 e 1895
Park Gleba E - 1991
Lurie Garden - 2004
Frederick Law Olmsted
Fernando Chacel
Piet Oudolf
The landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted developed a project in the city of Boston, United States that seeks to remake free spaces that have undergone territorial expansion towards the water bodies, through cuts and landfills, becoming unhealthy and degraded areas. With a park complex project, the architect integrates the landscapes through an ecological green corridor, recovers and renaturalizes the banks of the main rivers of the region.
Fernando Chacel, in 1991, develops a landscape project for Park Gleba E, located in the neighborhood of Barra de Tijuca, Rio de Janeiro. The region underwent a drastic transformation in the mid-1970s, due to uncontrolled urbanization and verticalization, which ultimately compromised its entire ecosystem balance. Given this scenario, the architect implements in practice the ecology and the concept of the echogenesis in this project.
The Lurie Garden project, developed by the landscape designer Piet Oudoulf is located in Chicago, USA and was the result of a conservation movement, embedded in the urban landscape of a large city. This is a garden in the mold of the naturalist movement that seeks to create a natural habitat for fauna and flora through the use of prairie vegetation and an ecologically sensitive maintenance practice.
The project was divided into three intervention models, the first one with a recovery of the mangrove and restoration of the whole area of the basin, entitled Mangrove Model, the second model, seeks to recreate the landscape of the restinga vegetation and conform a space with characteristics of a natural garden and, finally, the third model called Model Park, made use of the vegetation in a very ornamental way, providing the conviviality and the passage of the visitors.
RESULTS
CONCLUSIONS
Historical context
Regional context
Industrial Revolution
Humid continental climate
Technological transformation
Industrial city
Liberal X Post-liberal cities
Territorial expansion
Design drawing
Ecological design
Ecosystem approaches
Watercourses that recover and restore riverbanks
Purpose of developing a project with ecological approaches
Indicators / project practices
Ol aw
de ric L
a
s en
nd
v
ms ted
Ri erw
y
a
Fre
F
Sanitary reform
Disappearance of water bodies with the channeling and landfill of water courses River pollution and lack of public leisure spaces
Inspired by the English naturalist gardens, however, adopting a more plastic composition with curves, seeking to imitate the natural design of the landscape
Changes in the hydrological regime
Requalification of watercourses
Use of riparian vegetation
Does not cover recrative use, only contemplative. It makes reference to walks by the internal ways to the corridor.
Connection of green spaces through an ecological corridor
Modernist influence and plastic compositions that conforms a vegetation mosaics inspired by the landscaping of Roberto Burle-Marx.
Recovery of mangrove and restinga vegetation
Connection between parks and green areas - ecological corridors
Measures taken to improve sanitation Flood control Environmental Conservation
ce ha
do C
Fe rn an
P
rk
a
l
aE
Gl
eb
Population movement to create green areas in the middle of the city and improve the quality of life Stockholm Conference 1972 and Rio 92 New demands for the city Housing verticalization (multiply in the free spaces)
New urban planning proposals Modern movement
Tropical climate Real Estate Boom Water quality deterioration and silting Loss of vegetation cover around basins Environmental guidelines for protected areas
Riparian vegetation recovery
Recovery of local biodiversity
Ecosystem Restoration
Reconstitution of original ecosystems
Use of native vegetation
Use of vegetation /seedlings from the site itself
Several ways of public space appropriation. From the contemplative to the educational
Landscape composition according to natural phytophysiognomies Biological control of communities Environmental monitoring
L
Pie
ur i
e
rd
tO ud olf
Ga
en
Sustainable development
Rio + 20
Temperate climate
Sustainable architecture
Densely populated city
The crisis of the intensive regime of accumulation
Civil society involvement in the recovery and protection of biological diversity
Environmental scarcity New urban challenges Systems thinking
Reconnecting people with nature
Break with English landscaping and adoption of the principles of wild gardens. Creation of communities of multiple species that develop in a natural way and have different sizes and colors throughout the seasons, proposing several experiences to users
Predominant use of grasses
Natural habitat creation
Low maintenance cost
Use of native prairie plants
Provide the minimum conditions for the natural ecosystem management
All seasons are clearly defined
Ecological support for wildlife reintroduction
Taxonomic diversity Communities of multiple species Use of perennial grasses Natural development and support for wildlife
In view of the Fens and Riverway, Park Gleba E and Lurie Garden projects and their connection with the landscape movements, it is understood that each one of them has a relevant and efficient approach to solve the central problem at that is proposed, within the inserted context. Therefore, it is believed that the combination of these approaches can provide a broader understanding of the criteria to be contemplated in the development of an landscape ecology design. Therefore, it is concluded that analyzing the movements and their different approaches, as well as their trajectory over the years, is relevant for the establishment of guidelines that aim the progress of the ecological design of the landscape. In this way, other studies will be necessary to support the global understanding of the project practice aiming at the ecosystemic balance.
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