Anatomy And Physiologyan Integrative Approach 2nd Edition by McKinley – Test Bank

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Sample Test Chapter 03 Energy, Chemical Reactions, and Cellular Respiration

True / False Questions 1. Stored energy is described as potential energy.

TRUE

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember Learning Objective: 03.01.01 Describe the two states of energy.

Section: 03.01 Topic: Cellular respiration

Fill in the Blank Questions 2. The energy of motion is known as _________ energy. kinetic

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember Learning Objective: 03.01.01 Describe the two states of energy.

Section: 03.01 Topic: Cellular respiration

Multiple Choice Questions

3.

The sodium level inside and outside of a resting cell is an example of the 1. kinetic energy of sodium rushing out of a cell down its concentration gradient.

B. kinetic energy of the large difference in sodium concentration on the inside versus the outside of the cell.

C. potential energy of a concentration gradient, because sodium is more abundant outside the cell.

1. potential energy of an electron transport chain, because sodium has an extra electron to donate.

1. conversion of potential energy to kinetic energy, because sodium can never move across the cell membrane and must move across its surface.

Bloom’s Level: 3. Apply HAPS Objective: C08.01c With respect to the following membrane transport processes – simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, & filtration: Discuss the energy requirements and, if applicable, the sources of energy for each process.

HAPS Topic: Module C08 Mechanisms for movement of materials across cell membranes.

Learning Objective: 03.01.01 Describe the two states of energy.

Section: 03.01 Topic: Cellular respiration

True / False Questions 4. The energy stored in a molecule’s chemical bonds is a form of kinetic energy.

FALSE

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand Learning Objective: 03.01.02 Describe chemical energy (one form of potential energy) and the various forms of kinetic energy.

Section: 03.01 Topic: Cellular respiration

Multiple Choice Questions

5.

As a runner sprints down a track, her movement is an example of

1. potential energy.

B. mechanical energy.

C. heat.

D. radiant energy.

E. chemical energy.

Bloom’s Level: 3. Apply Learning Objective: 03.01.02 Describe chemical energy (one form of potential energy) and the various forms of kinetic energy.

Section: 03.01 Topic: Cellular respiration

Fill in the Blank Questions 6. __________ is a monomer that is stored as the polymer glycogen within the liver and muscle.

Glucose

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C04.04a With respect to carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids: Identify the monomers and polymers.

HAPS Topic: Module C04 Organic compounds.

Learning Objective: 03.01.03 List the three important molecules that function primarily in chemical energy Section: 03.01 Topic: Cellular respiration

Essay Questions

7. Compare and contrast chemical energy and radiant energy. Into which broad category of energy (kinetic or potential) does each fit? What are two examples of each type of energy that relate to human physiology?

Chemical energy is potential energy and radiant energy is kinetic energy.

Two examples of chemical energy are triglycerides and complex carbohydrates such as glycogen. Two examples of radiant energy are UV light (a DNA mutagen) and visible light (sensed by the visual system).

Bloom’s Level: 4. Analyze Learning Objective: 03.01.02 Describe chemical energy (one form of potential energy) and the various forms of kinetic energy.

Section: 03.01 Topic: Cellular respiration

Multiple Choice Questions 8.

Three molecules that are important energy storage locations in the body are 1. DNA, tRNA, and rRNA. B. glucose, glucagon, and glycogen.

C. ATP, glycogen, and triglyceride.

D. ADP, DNA, and mRNA. E. glucagon, insulin, and protein.

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C04.04e With respect to carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids: Discuss physiological and structural roles in the human body.

HAPS Topic: Module C04 Organic compounds.

Learning Objective: 03.01.03 List the three important molecules that function primarily in chemical energy Section: 03.01 Topic: Cellular respiration

True / False Questions

9. The propagation of an impulse along the axon of a neuron is considered electrical energy, a form of kinetic energy.

TRUE

Bloom’s Level: 3. Apply Learning Objective: 03.01.02 Describe chemical energy (one form of potential energy) and the various forms of kinetic energy.

Section: 03.01 Topic: Cellular respiration

Fill in the Blank Questions 10.

The form of kinetic energy that refers to the movement of electromagnetic waves is _________ energy. radiant

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand Learning Objective: 03.01.02 Describe chemical energy (one form of potential energy) and the various forms of kinetic energy.

Section: 03.01 Topic: Cellular respiration

Multiple Choice Questions 11.

Which is a form of energy that is generally unavailable to do any work?

A. Heat B. Kinetic energy C. Radiant energy D. Sound energy E. Mechanical energy

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand Learning Objective: 03.01.02 Describe chemical energy (one form of potential energy) and the various forms of kinetic energy.

Section: 03.01 Topic: Cellular respiration

True / False Questions

12.

The first law of thermodynamics states that once energy is consumed, it can no longer be converted to any other form of energy.

FALSE

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand Learning Objective: 03.01.04 State the first law and second law of thermodynamics.

Section: 03.01 Topic: Cellular respiration

Multiple Choice Questions 13.

According to the second law of thermodynamics, when energy is transformed from one kind to another 1. some of it is converted to heat.

B. some energy is destroyed.

C. new energy is created.

D. homeostasis is maintained.

E. chemical bonds must be broken.

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember Learning Objective: 03.01.04 State the first law and second law of thermodynamics.

Section: 03.01 Topic: Cellular respiration 14.

When we shiver on a cold day, the heat produced by muscle tissue is a demonstration of 1. radiant potential energy.

B. the first law of thermodynamics.

C. the second law of thermodynamics.

D. the creation of energy.

Bloom’s Level: 3. Apply Learning Objective: 03.01.05 Explain why energy conversion is always less than 100 Section: 03.01 Topic: Cellular respiration

True / False Questions 15.

When a car burns gasoline, the majority of the gasoline’s chemical energy is transformed to sound and heat.

TRUE

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember Learning Objective: 03.01.05 Explain why energy conversion is always less than 100

Section: 03.01 Topic: Cellular respiration

Multiple Choice Questions 16.

When our inner ears convert sound energy into neural impulses or our retinas convert light into neural impulses, 1. no heat is generated, and so it is an exception to the first law of thermodynamics.

B. it is an exception to both laws of thermodynamics, because no usable energy is lost.

1. it is consistent with the second law of thermodynamics, but an exception to the first.

D.the conversion is consistent with both laws of thermodynamics.

Bloom’s Level: 3. Apply Learning Objective: 03.01.04 State the first law and second law of thermodynamics.

Section: 03.01 Topic: Cellular respiration

True / False Questions

17.

Typically, synthesis reactions are endergonic.

TRUE

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand HAPS Objective: O02.01 Define metabolism, anabolism and catabolism.

HAPS Topic: Module O02 Introduction to metabolism.

Learning Objective: 03.02.03 Describe the three classifications of chemical reactions.

Section: 03.02 Topic: Cellular respiration

Fill in the Blank Questions 18.

Chemical reactions that release energy are called __________ reactions. exergonic

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember HAPS Objective: O02.01 Define metabolism, anabolism and catabolism.

HAPS Topic: Module O02 Introduction to metabolism.

Learning Objective: 03.02.03 Describe the three classifications of chemical reactions.

Section: 03.02 Topic: Cellular respiration

Multiple Choice Questions

19.

The reaction in which water and carbon dioxide combine to form carbonic acid is 1. irreversible, as carbonic acid rapidly causes a drop in pH. B. reversible, and can proceed in either direction depending on the concentrations of the molecules.

C. exergonic, and is an important energy source within the body.

D. an exchange reaction in which protons are transferred between atoms.

E. a catabolic reaction in which the formation of a larger molecule can lead to an increase in cell size.

Bloom’s Level: 3. Apply HAPS Objective: C03.04 Define the terms pH, acid, base, and buffer and give examples of physiological significance.

HAPS Topic: Module C03 Inorganic compounds and solutions.

Learning Objective: 03.02.03 Describe the three classifications of chemical reactions.

Section: 03.02 Topic: Cellular respiration 20.

The building of complex molecules from simpler ones is described as 1. anabolism.

B. catabolism.

C. exergonic.

D. irreversible.

E. reversible.

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember HAPS Objective: O02.01 Define metabolism, anabolism and catabolism.

HAPS Topic: Module O02 Introduction to metabolism.

Learning Objective: 03.02.04 Distinguish between catabolism and anabolism.

Section: 03.03 Topic: Cellular respiration

21.

When the body’s digestive system breaks down starch, a complex carbohydrate, into simpler carbohydrates, the reaction is

1. anabolic and endergonic.

B. anabolic and exergonic.

C. catabolic and exergonic.

D. catabolic and endergonic.

Bloom’s Level: 3. Apply HAPS Objective: O02.02 Provide examples of anabolic and catabolic reactions.

HAPS Topic: Module O02 Introduction to metabolism.

Learning Objective: 03.02.04 Distinguish between catabolism and anabolism.

Section: 03.02 Topic: Cellular respiration 22.

Which one of the following choices includes three descriptions that are consistent with each other (that is, that describe the same type of chemical reaction)?

A. Anabolic, dehydration, endergonic B. Exchange, hydrolysis, endergonic C. Catabolic, dehydration, irreversible D. Metabolic, synthesis, exergonic E. Anabolic, catabolic, dehydration

Bloom’s Level: 3. Apply HAPS Objective: O02.01 Define metabolism, anabolism and catabolism.

HAPS Topic: Module O02 Introduction to metabolism.

Learning Objective: 03.02.03 Describe the three classifications of chemical reactions.

Section: 03.02 Topic: Cellular respiration

True / False Questions

23.

The exchange of a phosphate group between creatine phosphate and adenosine diphosphate is categorized as a catabolic (rather than

anabolic) reaction.

FALSE

Bloom’s Level: 3. Apply HAPS Objective: O02.02 Provide examples of anabolic and catabolic reactions.

HAPS Topic: Module O02 Introduction to metabolism.

Learning Objective: 03.02.04 Distinguish between catabolism and anabolism.

Section: 03.02 Topic: Cellular respiration

Multiple Choice Questions 24.

The term “metabolism” refers to 1. reactions involving the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones.

B. reactions involving the breakdown of complex molecules or the exchange of atoms between similarly sized reactants.

C. all the chemical reactions in the body.

D. reactions involving the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones.

E. digestive system reactions that are either catabolic or exchange reactions.

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand HAPS Objective: O02.01 Define metabolism, anabolism and catabolism.

HAPS Topic: Module O02 Introduction to metabolism.

Learning Objective: 03.02.04 Distinguish between catabolism and anabolism.

Section: 03.02 Topic: Cellular respiration

25.

When NAD+ becomes NADH, it is being 1. reduced and gaining chemical energy.

B. reduced and releasing chemical energy.

C. oxidized and gaining chemical energy.

D. oxidized and releasing chemical energy.

Bloom’s Level: 3. Apply HAPS Objective: O02.04 Explain the roles of coenzyme A, NAD, and FAD in metabolism.

HAPS Topic: Module O02 Introduction to metabolism.

Learning Objective: 03.02.05 Discuss the exchange that takes place in an oxidation­reduction reaction.

Section: 03.03 Topic: Cellular respiration 26.

In a chemical reaction where an electron is exchanged from one reactant to another, the structure that loses an electron is 1. analyzed.

B. catalyzed.

C. oxidized.

D. reduced.

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand HAPS Objective: O02.05 Describe the processes of oxidation, reduction, decarboxylation, and phosphorylation.

HAPS Topic: Module O02 Introduction to metabolism.

Learning Objective: 03.02.05 Discuss the exchange that takes place in an oxidation­reduction reaction.

Section: 03.02 Topic: Cellular respiration

27.

In a redox reaction, when one reactant is oxidized, the other 1. is reduced.

B. is also oxidized.

C. is hydrolyzed into a smaller molecule.

D. releases chemical energy in the form of ATP. E. becomes a larger, more complex molecule.

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand HAPS Objective: O02.05 Describe the processes of oxidation, reduction, decarboxylation, and phosphorylation.

HAPS Topic: Module O02 Introduction to metabolism.

Learning Objective: 03.02.05 Discuss the exchange that takes place in an oxidation­reduction reaction.

Section: 03.02 Topic: Cellular respiration 28.

Generally, a cell stores enough ATP to meet the energy requirements of a few 1. seconds.

B. minutes.

C. hours.

D. days.

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C05.01 Describe the generalized reversible reaction for release of energy from ATP and explain the role of ATP in the cell.

HAPS Topic: Module C05 Energy transfer using ATP. Learning Objective: 03.02.06 Explain ATP cycling.

Section: 03.02 Topic: Cellular respiration

29.

ATP formation 1. is endergonic and liberates energy for cellular processes that require energy.

B. is endergonic and requires the presence of fuel molecules such as glucose.

C. is exergonic and liberates energy for cellular processes that require energy.

D. is exergonic and requires the presence of fuel molecules such as glucose.

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand HAPS Objective: C11.02 With respect to glycolysis, the Krebs (citric acid or TCA) cycle, and the electron transport chain: compare and contrast energy input, efficiency of energy production, oxygen use, by­products and cellular location.

HAPS Topic: Module C11 Cellular respiration.

Learning Objective: 03.02.06 Explain ATP cycling.

Section: 03.02 Topic: Energy transfer using ATP 30.

In a lab setting, heating a vessel full of reactants will generally 1. increase the kinetic energy of the molecules and increase the reaction rate.

B. raise the activation energy and catalyze the reaction.

C. lower the activation energy and the kinetic energy of the reactants.

D. convert products to reactants by increasing the energy requirements.

E. lower the reaction rate due to the change in structure of the reactants.

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand HAPS Objective: C04.06 Demonstrate factors that affect enzyme activity, including denaturation, and interpret graphs showing the effects of various factors on the rate of enzyme­ catalyzed reactions.

HAPS Topic: Module C04 Organic compounds.

Learning Objective: 03.02.07 Define chemical reaction rate.

Section: 03.02 Topic: Cellular respiration

Fill in the Blank Questions

31.

In order for a reaction to occur, energy is needed to break the bonds that already exist in the reactant molecules; that energy is called the _________ energy. activation

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C04.06 Demonstrate factors that affect enzyme activity, including denaturation, and interpret graphs showing the effects of various factors on the rate of enzyme­ catalyzed reactions.

HAPS Topic: Module C04 Organic compounds.

Learning Objective: 03.02.08 Explain activation energy.

Section: 03.02 Topic: Cellular respiration

Short Answer Questions 32.

Explain the relationship between activation energy and reaction rate. For example, how would an increase in activation energy affect

reaction rate? How do biological systems differ from lab settings when considering these chemical variables?

Bloom’s Level: 4. Analyze HAPS Objective: C04.06 Demonstrate factors that affect enzyme activity, including denaturation, and interpret graphs showing the effects of various factors on the rate of enzyme­ catalyzed reactions.

HAPS Topic: Module C04 Organic compounds.

Learning Objective: 03.02.08 Explain activation energy.

Section: 03.02 Topic: Cellular respiration

Multiple Choice Questions

33.

The term “activation energy” refers to the amount of energy 1. released by an exergonic reaction.

1. released by an endergonic reaction.

1. released by a catabolic reaction.

1. required to initiate any chemical reaction.

1. required to initiate only catabolic reactions.

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand HAPS Objective: C04.06 Demonstrate factors that affect enzyme activity, including denaturation, and interpret graphs showing the effects of various factors on the rate of enzyme­ catalyzed reactions.

HAPS Topic: Module C04 Organic compounds.

Learning Objective: 03.02.08 Explain activation energy.

Section: 03.02 Topic: Cellular respiration

True / False Questions

34.

A reaction with a very high activation energy should have a very high reaction rate.

FALSE

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand HAPS Objective: C04.06 Demonstrate factors that affect enzyme activity, including denaturation, and interpret graphs showing the effects of various factors on the rate of enzyme­ catalyzed reactions.

HAPS Topic: Module C04 Organic compounds.

Learning Objective: 03.02.08 Explain activation energy.

Section: 03.02 Topic: Cellular respiration

Multiple Choice Questions 35.

The presence of an enzyme within a chemical system

1. increases activation energy.

B. decreases activation energy.

C. increases potential energy.

D. does not affect either activation energy or potential energy.

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand HAPS Objective: C04.06 Demonstrate factors that affect enzyme activity, including denaturation, and interpret graphs showing the effects of various factors on the rate of enzyme­ catalyzed reactions.

HAPS Topic: Module C04 Organic compounds.

Learning Objective: 03.03.01 Describe the general function of enzymes.

Section: 03.03 Topic: Cellular respiration

True / False Questions 36.

Enzymes are biological catalysts that are crucial for normal human metabolism.

TRUE

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand HAPS Objective: C04.06 Demonstrate factors that affect enzyme activity, including denaturation, and interpret graphs showing the effects of various factors on the rate of enzyme­ catalyzed reactions.

HAPS Topic: Module C04 Organic compounds.

Learning Objective: 03.03.01 Describe the general function of enzymes.

Section: 03.03 Topic: Cellular respiration

37.

Exergonic reactions do not require activation energy.

FALSE

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand HAPS Objective: C04.06 Demonstrate factors that affect enzyme activity, including denaturation, and interpret graphs showing the effects of various factors on the rate of enzyme­ catalyzed reactions.

HAPS Topic: Module C04 Organic compounds.

Learning Objective: 03.03.01 Describe the general function of enzymes.

Section: 03.03 Topic: Cellular respiration 38.

In the absence of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase, the combination of water and carbon dioxide to form carbonic acid does not occur.

FALSE

Bloom’s Level: 3. Apply HAPS Objective: C04.06 Demonstrate factors that affect enzyme activity, including denaturation, and interpret graphs showing the effects of various factors on the rate of enzyme­ catalyzed reactions.

HAPS Topic: Module C04 Organic compounds.

Learning Objective: 03.03.01 Describe the general function of enzymes.

Section: 03.03 Topic: Cellular respiration

Multiple Choice Questions

39.

Structurally, enzymes are generally 1. globular proteins.

B. fibrous proteins.

C. spherical carbohydrates.

D. elongated carbohydrates.

E.

four­ring steroids.

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C04.05 Describe the four levels of protein structure and discuss the importance of protein shape for protein function.

HAPS Topic: Module C04 Organic compounds.

Learning Objective: 03.03.02 Describe the key structural components of enzymes.

Section: 03.03 Topic: Cellular respiration 40.

The region of an enzyme into which the substrate fits is a 1. one­size­fits­all active site.

1. highly specific active site.

C.highly specific antibody.

D. one­size­fits­all antibody.

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C04.06 Demonstrate factors that affect enzyme activity, including denaturation, and interpret graphs showing the effects of various factors on the rate of enzyme­ catalyzed reactions.

HAPS Topic: Module C04 Organic compounds.

Learning Objective: 03.03.02 Describe the key structural components of enzymes.

Section: 03.03 Topic: Cellular respiration

41.

The enzyme­substrate complex is 1. another name for the active site.

B. the reactants whose chemical reaction the enzyme catalyzes.

C. the chemical structure formed when the substrate binds to the active site.

D. a pocket on the substrate that the enzyme recognizes.

Bloom’s Level: 4. Analyze HAPS Objective: C04.06 Demonstrate factors that affect enzyme activity, including denaturation, and interpret graphs showing the effects of various factors on the rate of enzyme­ catalyzed reactions.

HAPS Topic: Module C04 Organic compounds.

Learning Objective: 03.03.02 Describe the key structural components of enzymes.

Section: 03.03 Topic: Cellular respiration 42.

Pancreatic amylase serves its function when it is located in the 1. mouth.

B. blood.

C. liver.

D. stomach.

E. small intestine.

Bloom’s Level: 3. Apply HAPS Objective: C04.06 Demonstrate factors that affect enzyme activity, including denaturation, and interpret graphs showing the effects of various factors on the rate of enzyme­ catalyzed reactions.

HAPS Topic: Module C04 Organic compounds.

Learning Objective: 03.03.03 Identify places in the body where enzymes may be found.

Section: 03.03 Topic: Cellular respiration

43.

Lactose intolerance is caused by the lack of the enzyme lactase, which is normally found in the 1. lumen of the stomach.

B. inside of cells of the liver and gall bladder.

C. membranes of cells in the small intestine.

D. inside of cells in the large intestine.

E. endothelium of capillaries in the large intestine.

Bloom’s Level: 3. Apply HAPS Objective: C04.06 Demonstrate factors that affect enzyme activity, including denaturation, and interpret graphs showing the effects of various factors on the rate of enzyme­ catalyzed reactions.

HAPS Topic: Module C04 Organic compounds.

Learning Objective: 03.03.03 Identify places in the body where enzymes may be found.

Section: 03.03 Topic: Cellular respiration

44.

The enzyme DNA polymerase is synthesized 1.

at a ribosome, and it remains within the cell.

1. at the rough endoplasmic reticulum, and it is secreted from the cell.

1. at the Golgi apparatus, and it is embedded in the cell membrane.

1. in the nucleus, and it is converted to RNA for export outside the cell.

Bloom’s Level: 3. Apply HAPS Objective: C04.06 Demonstrate factors that affect enzyme activity, including denaturation, and interpret graphs showing the effects of various factors on the rate of enzyme­ catalyzed reactions.

HAPS Topic: Module C04 Organic compounds.

Learning Objective: 03.03.03 Identify places in the body where enzymes may be found.

Section: 03.03 Topic: Cellular respiration

45.

Which answer lists the steps of enzyme action in correct order?

A. Formation of enzyme­substrate complex, induced fit, formation or breakage of chemical bonds, release of product B. Induced fit, formation of enzyme­substrate complex, formation or breakage of chemical bonds, release of product C. Formation or breakage of chemical bonds, induced fit, formation of enzyme­substrate complex, release of substrate D. Induced fit, formation or breakage of chemical bonds, formation of enzyme­substrate complex, release of product

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C04.06 Demonstrate factors that affect enzyme activity, including denaturation, and interpret graphs showing the effects of various factors on the rate of enzyme­ catalyzed reactions.

HAPS Topic: Module C04 Organic compounds.

Learning Objective: 03.03.04 Explain the steps by which an enzyme catalyzes a reaction.

Section: 03.03 Topic: Cellular respiration

Fill in the Blank Questions 46.

When an enzyme’s conformational change results in the enzyme hugging the substrate in its active site, the action is referred to as the __________ model of enzyme function. induced­fit or induced fit

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C04.06 Demonstrate factors that affect enzyme activity, including denaturation, and interpret graphs showing the effects of various factors on the rate of enzyme­ catalyzed reactions.

HAPS Topic: Module C04 Organic compounds.

Learning Objective: 03.03.04 Explain the steps by which an enzyme catalyzes a reaction.

Section: 03.03 Topic: Cellular respiration

Multiple Choice Questions

47.

When an enzyme catalyzing a catabolic reaction changes conformation to an induced fit with the substrate, 1. it strengthens the chemical bonds in the enzyme so that it remains perpetually active.

B. it stresses chemical bonds in the substrate, making it easier to break them.

C. it strengthens chemical bonds in the substrate so that cofactors can act on it.

D. it stresses chemical bonds in the enzyme so that the enzyme breaks into two catalytic subunits.

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand HAPS Objective: C04.06 Demonstrate factors that affect enzyme activity, including denaturation, and interpret graphs showing the effects of various factors on the rate of enzyme­ catalyzed reactions.

HAPS Topic: Module C04 Organic compounds.

Learning Objective: 03.03.04 Explain the steps by which an enzyme catalyzes a reaction.

Section: 03.03 Topic: Cellular respiration 48.

In the final step of enzymatic catalysis, 1. the substrate is released and the enzyme is inactivated.

B. the product is completed and the enzyme is inactivated.

C. the products are released and the enzyme is free to bind other substrates.

D. the enzyme and substrate form chemical bonds with each other resulting in a new product.

E. equilibrium is obtained so that the enzyme does not catalyze further reactions.

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C04.06 Demonstrate factors that affect enzyme activity, including denaturation, and interpret graphs showing the effects of various factors on the rate of enzyme­ catalyzed reactions.

HAPS Topic: Module C04 Organic compounds.

Learning Objective: 03.03.04 Explain the steps by which an enzyme catalyzes a reaction.

Section: 03.03 Topic: Cellular respiration

True / False Questions

49.

Cofactors are generally proteins.

FALSE

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember HAPS Objective: O02.03 Compare and contrast the roles of enzymes and coenzymes in metabolism.

HAPS Topic: Module O02 Introduction to metabolism.

Learning Objective: 03.03.05 Describe cofactors and their role in reactions.

Section: 03.03 Topic: Cellular respiration

Fill in the Blank Questions 50.

Organic cofactors are referred to as _________. coenzymes

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember HAPS Objective: O02.03 Compare and contrast the roles of enzymes and coenzymes in metabolism.

HAPS Topic: Module O02 Introduction to metabolism.

Learning Objective: 03.03.05 Describe cofactors and their role in reactions.

Section: 03.03 Topic: Cellular respiration

Multiple Choice Questions

51.

In performing its enzymatic function, carbonic anhydrase 1. requires the inorganic coenzyme zinc.

B. requires the organic coenzyme carbon dioxide.

C. is facilitated by the inorganic coenzyme NAD+.

1. is facilitated by the organic coenzyme zinc.

E.requires the inorganic coenzyme NADPH.

Bloom’s Level: 4. Analyze HAPS Objective: O02.03 Compare and contrast the roles of enzymes and coenzymes in metabolism.

HAPS Topic: Module O02 Introduction to metabolism.

Learning Objective: 03.03.05 Describe cofactors and their role in reactions.

Section: 03.03 Topic: Cellular respiration 52.

Which enzyme class splits a chemical bond in the absence of water?

A. Ligase B. Oxidoreductase C. Lyase D. Hydrolase E. Dehydrogenase

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C04.06 Demonstrate factors that affect enzyme activity, including denaturation, and interpret graphs showing the effects of various factors on the rate of enzyme­ catalyzed reactions.

HAPS Topic: Module C04 Organic compounds.

Learning Objective: 03.03.06 Identify the six major classes of enzymes and the general functions of enzymes in each class.

Section: 03.03 Topic: Cellular respiration

53.

Which enzyme class transfers electrons from one substance to another?

A. Oxidoreductase B. Transferase C. Isomerase D. Ligase E. Electin

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember Learning Objective: 03.03.06 Identify the six major classes of enzymes and the general functions of enzymes in each class.

Section: 03.03 Topic: Cellular respiration 54.

An enzyme that is described as a protein kinase is a 1. hydrolase that removes an amino acid from a protein.

B. transferase that transfers a phosphate group to a protein substrate.

C. ligase that adds an amino acid to a protein.

D. isomerase that changes one protein into another.

E. protease that transfers electrons from one protein to another.

Bloom’s Level: 3. Apply Learning Objective: 03.03.06 Identify the six major classes of enzymes and the general functions of enzymes in each class.

Section: 03.03 Topic: Energy transfer using ATP

True / False Questions 55.

Lactase is an enzyme that digests lactose.

TRUE

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember Learning Objective: 03.03.07 Describe the naming conventions for enzymes.

Section: 03.03 Topic: Cellular respiration

Short Answer Questions

56.

Briefly describe how enzymes are named. What is generally used for the root of the name, and what is generally used as the suffix?

Provide one example.

The root is usually the substrate (or product) and the suffix is generally “­ase”.

An example is lactase, which digests lactose.

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand Learning Objective: 03.03.07 Describe the naming conventions for enzymes.

Section: 03.03 Topic: Cellular respiration

True / False Questions

57.

An isomerase bonds two similar molecules together to form a larger one.

FALSE

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand Learning Objective: 03.03.06 Identify the six major classes of enzymes and the general functions of enzymes in each class.

Section: 03.03 Topic: Cellular respiration 58.

Both pepsin and trypsin are proteins that digest proteins.

TRUE

Bloom’s Level: 3. Apply Learning Objective: 03.03.07 Describe the naming conventions for enzymes.

Section: 03.03 Topic: Cellular respiration

Multiple Choice Questions

59.

Which statement accurately describes the effects of substrate and enzyme concentrations on reaction rate?

A. An increase in either substrate or enzyme concentration will increase the reaction rate.

B. An increase in either substrate or enzyme concentration will decrease the reaction rate.

C. An increase in substrate concentration increases the reaction rate, but enzyme concentration has no effect.

D. A decrease in substrate concentration or an increase in enzyme concentration increases the reaction rate.

E. An increase in substrate concentration or a decrease in enzyme concentration will increase the reaction rate.

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand HAPS Objective: C04.06 Demonstrate factors that affect enzyme activity, including denaturation, and interpret graphs showing the effects of various factors on the rate of enzyme­ catalyzed reactions.

HAPS Topic: Module C04 Organic compounds.

Learning Objective: 03.03.08 Define how enzyme and substrate concentration affect reaction rates.

Section: 03.03 Topic: Cellular respiration 60.

Saturation occurs when 1. there is so much enzyme present that the reaction rate decreases if more is added.

B. all enzymes are busy and further increases in substrate concentration will not increase reaction rate.

C. enzymes become fatigued and can no longer catalyze changes in the substrate.

D. intramolecular interactions are disrupted in the enzyme, decreasing its efficiency and decreasing reaction rate.

E. the substrate is denatured and the enzyme cannot catalyze any changes in its structure.

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand HAPS Objective: C04.06 Demonstrate factors that affect enzyme activity, including denaturation, and interpret graphs showing the effects of various factors on the rate of enzyme­ catalyzed reactions.

HAPS Topic: Module C04 Organic compounds.

Learning Objective: 03.03.08 Define how enzyme and substrate concentration affect reaction rates.

Section: 03.03 Topic: Cellular respiration

True / False Questions

61.

Generally, a decrease in substrate concentration leads to an increase in reaction rate.

FALSE

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand HAPS Objective: C04.06 Demonstrate factors that affect enzyme activity, including denaturation, and interpret graphs showing the effects of various factors on the rate of enzyme­ catalyzed reactions.

HAPS Topic: Module C04 Organic compounds.

Learning Objective: 03.03.08 Define how enzyme and substrate concentration affect reaction rates.

Section: 03.03 Topic: Cellular respiration 62.

Enzyme saturation occurs when substrate levels are so high that all enzyme molecules are actively engaged in the chemical reaction, and so further increases in substrate concentration do not increase reaction rate.

TRUE

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand HAPS Objective: C04.06 Demonstrate factors that affect enzyme activity, including denaturation, and interpret graphs showing the effects of various factors on the rate of enzyme­ catalyzed reactions.

HAPS Topic: Module C04 Organic compounds.

Learning Objective: 03.03.08 Define how enzyme and substrate concentration affect reaction rates.

Section: 03.03 Topic: Cellular respiration

Multiple Choice Questions

63.

At temperatures above 40°C (104°F) in the human body, 1. enzymatic reactions with substrates are more quickly catalyzed.

1. enzymes denature and reaction rates decrease.

C.protein flexibility is optimum and reaction rates increase.

D. protein shape is rigid and reaction rates are constant.

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand HAPS Objective: C04.06 Demonstrate factors that affect enzyme activity, including denaturation, and interpret graphs showing the effects of various factors on the rate of enzyme­ catalyzed reactions.

HAPS Topic: Module C04 Organic compounds.

Learning Objective: 03.03.09 Explain the effect of temperature on enzymes.

Section: 03.03 Topic: Cellular respiration 64.

A fever of 101°F causes most enzymes in the human body 1. to denature.

B. to become more rigid.

C. to be more flexible and efficient.

D. to saturate.

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C04.06 Demonstrate factors that affect enzyme activity, including denaturation, and interpret graphs showing the effects of various factors on the rate of enzyme­ catalyzed reactions.

HAPS Topic: Module C04 Organic compounds.

Learning Objective: 03.03.09 Explain the effect of temperature on enzymes.

Section: 03.03 Topic: Cellular respiration

Fill in the Blank Questions

65.

Extremely high temperatures break intramolecular interactions and _________ an enzyme, resulting in a loss of its function. denature or denatures

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C04.06 Demonstrate factors that affect enzyme activity, including denaturation, and interpret graphs showing the effects of various factors on the rate of enzyme­ catalyzed reactions.

HAPS Topic: Module C04 Organic compounds.

Learning Objective: 03.03.09 Explain the effect of temperature on enzymes.

Section: 03.03 Topic: Cellular respiration

True / False Questions 66.

Cold temperatures (below 36°C) denature proteins, which is why biochemistry labs never freeze enzymes.

FALSE

Bloom’s Level: 3. Apply HAPS Objective: C04.06 Demonstrate factors that affect enzyme activity, including denaturation, and interpret graphs showing the effects of various factors on the rate of enzyme­ catalyzed reactions.

HAPS Topic: Module C04 Organic compounds.

Learning Objective: 03.03.09 Explain the effect of temperature on enzymes.

Section: 03.03 Topic: Cellular respiration

Multiple Choice Questions

67.

The optimal pH range for most human enzymes is 1.

1­2.

1.

4­6.

1.

6­8.

1.

8­10.

1.

13­14.

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C04.06 Demonstrate factors that affect enzyme activity, including denaturation, and interpret graphs showing the effects of various factors on the rate of enzyme­ catalyzed reactions.

HAPS Topic: Module C04 Organic compounds.

Learning Objective: 03.03.10 Describe how pH changes affect enzymes.

Section: 03.03 Topic: Cellular respiration

68.

The optimal pH range for the stomach enzyme pepsin is 1.

2­4.

1.

6­8.

1.

7.3­7.4.

1.

10­12.

1.

12.0­13.5.

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C04.06 Demonstrate factors that affect enzyme activity, including denaturation, and interpret graphs showing the effects of various factors on the rate of enzyme­ catalyzed reactions.

HAPS Topic: Module C04 Organic compounds.

Learning Objective: 03.03.10 Describe how pH changes affect enzymes.

Section: 03.03 Topic: Cellular respiration

True / False Questions

69.

The less acidic (more basic) the environment is, the more efficient an enzyme will be.

FALSE

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand HAPS Objective: C04.06 Demonstrate factors that affect enzyme activity, including denaturation, and interpret graphs showing the effects of various factors on the rate of enzyme­ catalyzed reactions.

HAPS Topic: Module C04 Organic compounds.

Learning Objective: 03.03.10 Describe how pH changes affect enzymes.

Section: 03.03 Topic: Cellular respiration 70.

A large decrease in pH results in increased H+ binding to an enzyme, which can disrupt electrostatic interactions within the molecule.

TRUE

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C04.06 Demonstrate factors that affect enzyme activity, including denaturation, and interpret graphs showing the effects of various factors on the rate of enzyme­ catalyzed reactions.

HAPS Topic: Module C04 Organic compounds.

Learning Objective: 03.03.10 Describe how pH changes affect enzymes.

Section: 03.03 Topic: Cellular respiration

Fill in the Blank Questions

71.

A substance that binds to the active site of an enzyme and turns it off is called a _________ inhibitor. competitive

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C04.06 Demonstrate factors that affect enzyme activity, including denaturation, and interpret graphs showing the effects of various factors on the rate of enzyme­ catalyzed reactions.

HAPS Topic: Module C04 Organic compounds.

Learning Objective: 03.03.11 Describe how competitive and noncompetitive inhibitors control enzyme action.

Section: 03.03 Topic: Cellular respiration

Multiple Choice Questions

72.

Noncompetitive inhibition of an enzyme occurs when the inhibitor binds to the 1. allosteric site, and its effectiveness is not influenced by substrate concentration.

B. allosteric site, and its effectiveness depends on substrate concentration.

C. active site, and its effectiveness is not influenced by substrate concentration.

D. active site, and its effectiveness depends on substrate concentration.

E. substrate, and its effectiveness depends on product concentration.

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand HAPS Objective: C04.06 Demonstrate factors that affect enzyme activity, including denaturation, and interpret graphs showing the effects of various factors on the rate of enzyme­ catalyzed reactions.

HAPS Topic: Module C04 Organic compounds.

Learning Objective: 03.03.11 Describe how competitive and noncompetitive inhibitors control enzyme action.

Section: 03.03 Topic: Cellular respiration

True / False Questions 73.

Allosteric inhibitors are also called noncompetitive inhibitors.

TRUE

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C04.06 Demonstrate factors that affect enzyme activity, including denaturation, and interpret graphs showing the effects of various factors on the rate of enzyme­ catalyzed reactions.

HAPS Topic: Module C04 Organic compounds.

Learning Objective: 03.03.11 Describe how competitive and noncompetitive inhibitors control enzyme action.

Section: 03.03 Topic: Cellular respiration 74.

When multiple enzymes are organized in a metabolic pathway, each enzyme catalyzes one reaction and then releases the product.

TRUE

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C04.06 Demonstrate factors that affect enzyme activity, including denaturation, and interpret graphs showing the effects of various factors on the rate of enzyme­ catalyzed reactions.

HAPS Topic: Module C04 Organic compounds.

Learning Objective: 03.03.12 Distinguish between a metabolic pathway and a multienzyme complex.

Section: 03.03 Topic: Cellular respiration

Multiple Choice Questions 75.

A group of enzymes that are physically attached to one another is referred to as a(n) 1. allosteric pathway.

B. metabolic pathway.

C. multienzyme complex.

D. phosphate complex.

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C04.06 Demonstrate factors that affect enzyme activity, including denaturation, and interpret graphs showing the effects of various factors on the rate of enzyme­ catalyzed reactions.

HAPS Topic: Module C04 Organic compounds.

Learning Objective: 03.03.12 Distinguish between a metabolic pathway and a multienzyme complex.

Section: 03.03 Topic: Cellular respiration 76.

Which enzyme system allows for regulation at a single site and also diminishes the chance that a needed substrate will diffuse away from a catalyst?

A. Metabolic pathway B. Multienzyme complex

Bloom’s Level: 4. Analyze HAPS Objective: C04.06 Demonstrate factors that affect enzyme activity, including denaturation, and interpret graphs showing the effects of various factors on the rate of enzyme­ catalyzed reactions.

HAPS Topic: Module C04 Organic compounds.

Learning Objective: 03.03.12 Distinguish between a metabolic pathway and a multienzyme complex.

Section: 03.03 Topic: Cellular respiration

77.

To prevent depletion of a substrate, the product of a metabolic pathway will 1. turn off an enzyme early in the pathway.

B. catalyze its own production.

C. increase enzyme activity through positive feedback.

D. occupy the active site of an enzyme early in the pathway.

Bloom’s Level: 3. Apply HAPS Objective: C04.06 Demonstrate factors that affect enzyme activity, including denaturation, and interpret graphs showing the effects of various factors on the rate of enzyme­ catalyzed reactions.

HAPS Topic: Module C04 Organic compounds.

Learning Objective: 03.03.13 Explain the role of negative feedback in enzyme regulation.

Section: 03.03 Topic: Cellular respiration

True / False Questions 78.

In the regulation of enzymes, negative feedback ensures that a lot of product can be made from only a little bit of substrate.

FALSE

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand HAPS Objective: C04.06 Demonstrate factors that affect enzyme activity, including denaturation, and interpret graphs showing the effects of various factors on the rate of enzyme­ catalyzed reactions.

HAPS Topic: Module C04 Organic compounds.

Learning Objective: 03.03.13 Explain the role of negative feedback in enzyme regulation.

Section: 03.03 Topic: Cellular respiration

Fill in the Blank Questions

79.

Enzymes that remove phosphate groups from their substrates are called __________. phosphatasesor phosphatase

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember Learning Objective: 03.03.14 Identify and explain the processes involving phosphate that commonly are used to regulate enzymes.

Section: 03.03 Topic: Energy transfer using ATP

Multiple Choice Questions 80.

Enzyme regulation by negative feedback involves 1. allosteric inhibition of an enzyme by a product of its metabolic pathway.

B. allosteric facilitation of an enzyme by a substrate of its metabolic pathway.

C. allosteric modification of a substrate by an enzyme of an alternate metabolic pathway.

D. occupation of the active site of an enzyme so that it catalyzes less efficiently.

E. enhancement of the active site by a negatively charged substrate.

Bloom’s Level: 3. Apply HAPS Objective: C04.06 Demonstrate factors that affect enzyme activity, including denaturation, and interpret graphs showing the effects of various factors on the rate of enzyme­ catalyzed reactions.

HAPS Topic: Module C04 Organic compounds.

Learning Objective: 03.03.13 Explain the role of negative feedback in enzyme regulation.

Section: 03.03 Topic: Cellular respiration

True / False Questions 81.

A protein kinase is an enzyme that adds a phosphate to its substrate.

TRUE

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember Learning Objective: 03.03.14 Identify and explain the processes involving phosphate that commonly are used to regulate enzymes.

Section: 03.03 Topic: Energy transfer using ATP

Multiple Choice Questions 82.

Phosphorylation is carried out by a

1. kinase, and it results in the negative feedback inhibition of an enzyme.

B. kinase, and it may activate some enzymes and inhibit others.

C. phosphatase, and it results in the negative feedback inhibition of an enzyme.

D. phosphatase, and it may activate some enzymes and inhibit others.

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C04.06 Demonstrate factors that affect enzyme activity, including denaturation, and interpret graphs showing the effects of various factors on the rate of enzyme­ catalyzed reactions.

HAPS Topic: Module C04 Organic compounds.

Learning Objective: 03.03.14 Identify and explain the processes involving phosphate that commonly are used to regulate enzymes.

Section: 03.03 Topic: Energy transfer using ATP

Essay Questions 83.

Imagine that you discovered an enzyme in the human stomach that turned the substrate “ABC” into the product “XYZ”. Name this enzyme (using the standard convention) and describe its chemical characteristics. Under what conditions would it be an effective catalyst?

How might its activity be regulated?

The enzyme “ABCase” would work best at or near human body temperature and at the acidic pH of the stomach. The enzyme is a globular protein that acts as a catalyst. Its activity might be regulated in a variety of fashions described in section 3.3 of the book.

Bloom’s Level: 5. Evaluate HAPS Objective: C04.06 Demonstrate factors that affect enzyme activity, including denaturation, and interpret graphs showing the effects of various factors on the rate of enzyme­ catalyzed reactions.

HAPS Topic: Module C04 Organic compounds.

Learning Objective: 03.03.14 Identify and explain the processes involving

phosphate that commonly are used to regulate enzymes.

Section: 03.03 Topic: Cellular respiration

Multiple Choice Questions

84.

When one glucose molecule is fully oxidized, how many molecules of CO2 result?

A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 6

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C11.02 With respect to glycolysis, the Krebs (citric acid or TCA) cycle, and the electron transport chain: compare and contrast energy input, efficiency of energy production, oxygen use, by­products and cellular location.

HAPS Topic: Module C11 Cellular respiration.

Learning Objective: 03.04.01 Write the overall formula for glucose oxidation.

Section: 03.04 Topic: Cellular respiration

Fill in the Blank Questions 85.

During cellular respiration, when glucose is fully disassembled to carbon dioxide and water, the other reactant (with glucose) in the chemical equation is ___________. oxygenor O2

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand HAPS Objective: C11.02 With respect to glycolysis, the Krebs (citric acid or

TCA) cycle, and the electron transport chain: compare and contrast energy input, efficiency of energy production, oxygen use, by­products and cellular location.

HAPS Topic: Module C11 Cellular respiration.

Learning Objective: 03.04.01 Write the overall formula for glucose oxidation.

Section: 03.04 Topic: Cellular respiration

True / False Questions 86.

Glucose oxidation is exergonic.

TRUE

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand HAPS Objective: C11.02 With respect to glycolysis, the Krebs (citric acid or TCA) cycle, and the electron transport chain: compare and contrast energy input, efficiency of energy production, oxygen use, by­products and cellular location.

HAPS Topic: Module C11 Cellular respiration.

Learning Objective: 03.04.01 Write the overall formula for glucose oxidation.

Section: 03.04 Topic: Cellular respiration

87.

In substrate­level phosphorylation, energy is first released to coenzymes and then transferred to form ATP. FALSE

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C11.02 With respect to glycolysis, the Krebs (citric acid or TCA) cycle, and the electron transport chain: compare and contrast energy input, efficiency of energy production, oxygen use, by­products and cellular location.

HAPS Topic: Module C11 Cellular respiration.

Learning Objective: 03.04.02 Name the two pathways that generate ATP. Section: 03.04 Topic: Cellular respiration

Fill in the Blank Questions 88.

The indirect method of ATP production involves coenzymes such as FAD and is referred to as _________ phosphorylation. oxidative

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C11.02 With respect to glycolysis, the Krebs (citric acid or TCA) cycle, and the electron transport chain: compare and contrast energy input, efficiency of energy production, oxygen use, by­products and cellular location.

HAPS Topic: Module C11 Cellular respiration.

Learning Objective: 03.04.02 Name the two pathways that generate ATP. Section: 03.04 Topic: Cellular respiration

Multiple Choice Questions

89.

The more common way that ATP is produced in cells is 1. the indirect pathway known as oxidative phosphorylation.

B. the indirect pathway known as substrate­level phosphorylation.

C. the direct pathway known as oxidative phosphorylation.

D. the direct pathway known as substrate­level phosphorylation.

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand HAPS Objective: C11.02 With respect to glycolysis, the Krebs (citric acid or

TCA) cycle, and the electron transport chain: compare and contrast energy input, efficiency of energy production, oxygen use, by­products and cellular location.

HAPS Topic: Module C11 Cellular respiration.

Learning Objective: 03.04.02 Name the two pathways that generate ATP. Section: 03.04 Topic: Cellular respiration 90.

Which of the following choices lists the order of stages of cellular respiration in proper order?

A. Glycolysis, intermediate stage, citric acid cycle, and the electron transport system B. Citric acid cycle, glycolysis, intermediate stage, and the electron transport system C. Glycolysis, citric acid cycle, intermediate stage, and the electron transport system D. Glycolysis, intermediate stage, electron transport system, and the citric acid cycle E. Citric acid cycle, electron transport chain, intermediate stage, and glycolysis

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C11.02 With respect to glycolysis, the Krebs (citric acid or TCA) cycle, and the electron transport chain: compare and contrast energy input, efficiency of energy production, oxygen use, by­products and cellular location.

HAPS Topic: Module C11 Cellular respiration.

Learning Objective: 03.04.03 List the four stages of glucose oxidation and where each stage occurs within a cell.

Section: 03.04 Topic: Cellular respiration

91.

The first stage of cellular respiration is

1. electron transport, and it occurs in the cytosol.

B. electron transport, and it occurs in the mitochondria.

C. glycolysis, and it occurs in the cytosol.

D. glycolysis, and it occurs in the mitochondria.

E. the citric acid cycle, and it occurs at the mitochondria.

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C11.02 With respect to glycolysis, the Krebs (citric acid or TCA) cycle, and the electron transport chain: compare and contrast energy input, efficiency of energy production, oxygen use, by­products and cellular location.

HAPS Topic: Module C11 Cellular respiration.

Learning Objective: 03.04.03 List the four stages of glucose oxidation and where each stage occurs within a cell.

Section: 03.04 Topic: Cellular respiration

True / False Questions 92.

Glycolysis requires oxygen.

FALSE

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C11.02 With respect to glycolysis, the Krebs (citric acid or TCA) cycle, and the electron transport chain: compare and contrast energy input, efficiency of energy production, oxygen use, by­products and cellular location.

HAPS Topic: Module C11 Cellular respiration.

Learning Objective: 03.04.03 List the four stages of glucose oxidation and where each stage occurs within a cell.

Section: 03.04 Topic: Cellular respiration

Multiple Choice Questions

93.

The intermediate stage of cellular respiration 1. produces ATP and occurs in the cytosol.

1. produces carbon dioxide and occurs in the mitochondria.

1. requires Coenzyme A and occurs in the cytosol.

1. produces pyruvate and occurs in the mitochondria.

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand HAPS Objective: C11.02 With respect to glycolysis, the Krebs (citric acid or TCA) cycle, and the electron transport chain: compare and contrast energy input, efficiency of energy production, oxygen use, by­products and cellular location.

HAPS Topic: Module C11 Cellular respiration.

Learning Objective: 03.04.03 List the four stages of glucose oxidation and where each stage occurs within a cell.

Section: 03.04 Topic: Cellular respiration

94.

Hexokinase is an enzyme involved in cellular respiration and its substrate is glucose. Considering this information, hexokinase must be located 1. in the lumen of the stomach.

B. in the lumen of the small intestine.

C. inside the mitochondria of cells.

D. in the cytosol of cells.

Bloom’s Level: 4. Analyze HAPS Objective: C11.02 With respect to glycolysis, the Krebs (citric acid or TCA) cycle, and the electron transport chain: compare and contrast energy input, efficiency of energy production, oxygen use, by­products and cellular location.

HAPS Topic: Module C11 Cellular respiration.

Learning Objective: 03.04.03 List the four stages of glucose oxidation and where each stage occurs within a cell.

Section: 03.04 Topic: Cellular respiration 95.

In the process of glycolysis 1. one enzyme converts glucose into NADH. B. two enzymes are involved in breaking glucose down to ten pyruvate molecules.

C. ten enzymes are involved in breaking glucose down to two pyruvate molecules.

D. twelve enzymes split glucose into thirteen smaller molecules.

E. six enzymes use two ATP to split glucose in half.

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand HAPS Objective: O03.01b With respect to carbohydrate metabolism: Describe the processes of glycolysis, formation of acetyl CoA, the Kreb’s (TCA) cycle, and the electron transport chain, including the substrates and products of each, their locations within the cell and the energy yield of each process.

HAPS Topic: Module O03 Cellular respiration & the catabolism & anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, & proteins.

Learning Objective: 03.04.04 Summarize the metabolic pathway of glycolysis, including the molecules formed in the transfer of energy from glucose.

Section: 03.04 Topic: Cellular respiration

True / False Questions

96.

Glycolysis results in the breakdown of a glucose molecule and the net production of four ATP molecules.

FALSE

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember HAPS Objective: O03.01b With respect to carbohydrate metabolism: Describe the processes of glycolysis, formation of acetyl CoA, the Kreb’s (TCA) cycle, and the electron transport chain, including the substrates and products of each, their locations within the cell and the energy yield of each process.

HAPS Topic: Module O03 Cellular respiration & the catabolism & anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, & proteins.

Learning Objective: 03.04.04 Summarize the metabolic pathway of glycolysis, including the molecules formed in the transfer of energy from glucose.

Section: 03.04 Topic: Cellular respiration

Multiple Choice Questions 97.

During the early steps of glycolysis, glucose is converted to glucose 6­P, and then glucose 6­P is converted directly to 1. aldolase.

B. fructose 6­P.

C. isomerase.

D. pyruvate.

E. NADH.

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember HAPS Objective: O03.01b With respect to carbohydrate metabolism: Describe the processes of glycolysis, formation of acetyl CoA, the Kreb’s (TCA) cycle, and the electron transport chain, including the substrates and products of each, their locations within the cell and the energy yield of each process.

HAPS Topic: Module O03 Cellular respiration & the catabolism & anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, & proteins.

Learning Objective: 03.04.04 Summarize the metabolic pathway of glycolysis, including the molecules formed in the transfer of energy from glucose.

Section: 03.04 Topic: Cellular respiration

True / False Questions

98.

The binding of ATP to phosphofructokinase inhibits the glycolytic pathway.

TRUE

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand HAPS Objective: O03.01d With respect to carbohydrate metabolism: Describe the anaerobic process for generating ATP, including conditions under which it occurs and its products and their functions.

HAPS Topic: Module O03 Cellular respiration & the catabolism & anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, & proteins.

Learning Objective: 03.04.04 Summarize the metabolic pathway of glycolysis, including the molecules formed in the transfer of energy from glucose.

Section: 03.04 Topic: Cellular respiration

Fill in the Blank Questions 99.

If insufficient oxygen is available for the anaerobic breakdown of pyruvate, it is converted to _________. lactateor lactic acid

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C11.02 With respect to glycolysis, the Krebs (citric acid or TCA) cycle, and the electron transport chain: compare and contrast energy input, efficiency of energy production, oxygen use, by­products and cellular location.

HAPS Topic: Module C11 Cellular respiration.

Learning Objective: 03.04.04 Summarize the metabolic pathway of glycolysis, including the molecules formed in the transfer of energy from glucose.

Section: 03.04 Topic: Cellular respiration

Multiple Choice Questions

100.

Pyruvate dehydrogenase is located in the 1. cytosol.

B. cell membrane.

C. outer compartment of the mitochondrion.

D. middle of the crista.

E. matrix of the mitochondrion.

Bloom’s Level: 3. Apply HAPS Objective: O03.01b With respect to carbohydrate metabolism: Describe the processes of glycolysis, formation of acetyl CoA, the Kreb’s (TCA) cycle, and the electron transport chain, including the substrates and products of

each, their locations within the cell and the energy yield of each process.

HAPS Topic: Module O03 Cellular respiration & the catabolism & anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, & proteins.

Learning Objective: 03.04.05 Explain the enzymatic reaction involving pyruvate dehydrogenase in the intermediate stage.

Section: 03.04 Topic: Cellular respiration 101.

Which stage of cellular respiration is catalyzed by pyruvate dehydrogenase?

A. Electron transport system B. Intermediate stage C. Citric acid cycle D. Glycolysis E. Fermentation to lactate

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember HAPS Objective: O03.01b With respect to carbohydrate metabolism: Describe the processes of glycolysis, formation of acetyl CoA, the Kreb’s (TCA) cycle, and the electron transport chain, including the substrates and products of each, their locations within the cell and the energy yield of each process.

HAPS Topic: Module O03 Cellular respiration & the catabolism & anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, & proteins.

Learning Objective: 03.04.05 Explain the enzymatic reaction involving pyruvate dehydrogenase in the intermediate stage.

Section: 03.04 Topic: Cellular respiration

True / False Questions

102.

Pyruvate dehydrogenase is a multienzyme complex that brings together a molecule of pyruvate and a molecule of coenzyme A. TRUE

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember HAPS Objective: O03.01b With respect to carbohydrate metabolism: Describe the processes of glycolysis, formation of acetyl CoA, the Kreb’s (TCA) cycle, and the electron transport chain, including the substrates and products of each, their locations within the cell and the energy yield of each process.

HAPS Topic: Module O03 Cellular respiration & the catabolism & anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, & proteins.

Learning Objective: 03.04.05 Explain the enzymatic reaction involving pyruvate dehydrogenase in the intermediate stage.

Section: 03.04 Topic: Cellular respiration

Multiple Choice Questions 103.

During cellular respiration, decarboxylation occurs when 1. a carbon atom is removed from glucose.

B. a carbon dioxide molecule is removed from the cytosol.

C. a carboxyl group is released from pyruvate.

D. a carbon atom is removed from and an oxygen atom is added to fructose.

1. all carbon and oxygen atoms are released from a high­energy molecule.

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember HAPS Objective: O03.01b With respect to carbohydrate metabolism: Describe the processes of glycolysis, formation of acetyl CoA, the Kreb’s (TCA) cycle, and the electron transport chain, including the substrates and products of each, their locations within the cell and the energy yield of each process.

HAPS Topic: Module O03 Cellular respiration & the catabolism & anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, & proteins.

Learning Objective: 03.04.06 Define decarboxylation.

Section: 03.04 Topic: Cellular respiration

True / False Questions

104.

Decarboxylation occurs during the intermediate stage of aerobic cellular respiration.

TRUE

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember HAPS Objective: O03.01b With respect to carbohydrate metabolism: Describe the processes of glycolysis, formation of acetyl CoA, the Kreb’s (TCA) cycle, and the electron transport chain, including the substrates and products of each, their locations within the cell and the energy yield of each process.

HAPS Topic: Module O03 Cellular respiration & the catabolism & anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, & proteins.

Learning Objective: 03.04.06 Define decarboxylation.

Section: 03.04 Topic: Cellular respiration 105.

During decarboxylation, NAD+ is formed from NADH. FALSE

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand HAPS Objective: O02.04 Explain the roles of coenzyme A, NAD, and FAD in metabolism.

HAPS Topic: Module O02 Introduction to metabolism.

Learning Objective: 03.04.06 Define decarboxylation.

Section: 03.04 Topic: Cellular respiration

Multiple Choice Questions

106.

During the citric acid cycle, an acetyl CoA molecule produced in the intermediate stage combines with a molecule of 1. oxaloacetic acid.

B. pyruvate.

C. citrate.

D. succinate.

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember HAPS Objective: O03.01b With respect to carbohydrate metabolism: Describe the processes of glycolysis, formation of acetyl CoA, the Kreb’s (TCA) cycle, and the electron transport chain, including the substrates and products of each, their locations within the cell and the energy yield of each process.

HAPS Topic: Module O03 Cellular respiration & the catabolism & anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, & proteins.

Learning Objective: 03.04.07 Summarize the metabolic pathway of the citric acid cycle.

Section: 03.04 Topic: Cellular respiration

107.

The citric acid cycle involves 1. a multienzyme complex within the cytosol.

B. several enzymes within the matrix of the mitochondrion.

C. a multienzyme complex within the outer compartment of the mitochondrion.

D. several enzymes within the cytosol and the outer membrane of the mitochondrion.

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember HAPS Objective: O03.01b With respect to carbohydrate metabolism: Describe

the processes of glycolysis, formation of acetyl CoA, the Kreb’s (TCA) cycle, and the electron transport chain, including the substrates and products of each, their locations within the cell and the energy yield of each process.

HAPS Topic: Module O03 Cellular respiration & the catabolism & anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, & proteins.

Learning Objective: 03.04.07 Summarize the metabolic pathway of the citric acid cycle.

Section: 03.04 Topic: Cellular respiration 108.

One turn of the citric acid cycle results in the formation of 2. 1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2.

B. 2 pyruvates and 2 ATP. C. 2 ATP, 2 NADH+, and 3 FADH. D. 2 citrates, 4 ATP, and 3 FADH2.

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember HAPS Objective: O03.01b With respect to carbohydrate metabolism: Describe the processes of glycolysis, formation of acetyl CoA, the Kreb’s (TCA) cycle, and the electron transport chain, including the substrates and products of each, their locations within the cell and the energy yield of each process.

HAPS Topic: Module O03 Cellular respiration & the catabolism & anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, & proteins.

Learning Objective: 03.04.07 Summarize the metabolic pathway of the citric acid cycle.

Section: 03.04 Topic: Cellular respiration

True / False Questions

109.

Oxidative phosphorylation within the electron transport system accounts for a little less than half of the ATP synthesized from the

breakdown of glucose.

FALSE

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember HAPS Objective: O03.01b With respect to carbohydrate metabolism: Describe the processes of glycolysis, formation of acetyl CoA, the Kreb’s (TCA) cycle, and the electron transport chain, including the substrates and products of each, their locations within the cell and the energy yield of each process.

HAPS Topic: Module O03 Cellular respiration & the catabolism & anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, & proteins.

Learning Objective: 03.04.08 Describe the importance of NADH and FADH2 in energy transfer Section: 03.04 Topic: Cellular respiration

Multiple Choice Questions 110.

The coenzymes that will provide the electrons needed for the electron transport system are 2. NADH and FADH2.

B. NAD and FAD+.

C. acetyl CoA and citrate.

D. pyruvate and NADH. E. FAD and decarboxylase.

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand HAPS Objective: O02.04 Explain the roles of coenzyme A, NAD, and FAD in metabolism.

HAPS Topic: Module O02 Introduction to metabolism.

Learning Objective: 03.04.08 Describe the importance of NADH and FADH2 in energy transfer

Section: 03.04 Topic: Cellular respiration

111.

The electron transport chain 1. does not require oxygen, and involves proteins in the outer membrane of mitochondria.

1. does not require oxygen, and involves proteins in the cristae of mitochondria.

1. requires oxygen, and involves proteins in the outer membrane of mitochondria.

1. requires oxygen, and involves proteins in the cristae of mitochondria.

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C11.02 With respect to glycolysis, the Krebs (citric acid or TCA) cycle, and the electron transport chain: compare and contrast energy input, efficiency of energy production, oxygen use, by­products and cellular location.

HAPS Topic: Module C11 Cellular respiration.

Learning Objective: 03.04.09 Explain the actions that take place in the electron transport system.

Section: 03.04 Topic: Cellular respiration

112.

The proteins in the electron transport chain transport H+ 1. from the cytosol to the matrix.

B. from the matrix to the outer compartment.

C. from the outer compartment to the cytosol.

D. from the outer compartment to the matrix.

E. from the cristae to the matrix.

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand HAPS Objective: O03.01b With respect to carbohydrate metabolism: Describe the processes of glycolysis, formation of acetyl CoA, the Kreb’s (TCA) cycle, and the electron transport chain, including the substrates and products of each, their locations within the cell and the energy yield of each process.

HAPS Topic: Module O03 Cellular respiration & the catabolism & anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, & proteins.

Learning Objective: 03.04.09 Explain the actions that take place in the electron transport system.

Section: 03.04 Topic: Cellular respiration 113.

The enzyme that harnesses the energy of H+ diffusion down its concentration gradient within a mitochondrion to make high­energy molecules for the cell is 1. ATP phosphatase.

B. ATP synthetase.

C. pyruvate decarboxylase.

D. succinic dehydrogenase.

E. creatine phosphatase.

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember HAPS Objective: O03.01c With respect to carbohydrate metabolism: Describe the process of chemiosmosis and its role in ATP production.

HAPS Topic: Module O03 Cellular respiration & the catabolism & anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, & proteins.

Learning Objective: 03.04.09 Explain the actions that take place in the electron transport system.

Section: 03.04 Topic: Cellular respiration