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Sample Test Chapter 03 Method and Theory in Cultural Anthropology Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which of the following research methods is a distinctive strategy within anthropology? A.its practice of crosscultural comparison B. the biological perspective C. ethnography D. the evolutionary perspective E. working with skilled respondents Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Ethnography: anthropology’s distinctive strategy
2. All of the following are characteristic field techniques of the ethnographer EXCEPT A.detailed work with key consultants. B. direct, firsthand observation of behavior, including participant observation. C. indepth interviewing, often leading to the collection of life histories. D. problemoriented research. E. longitudinal analysis of data sets gathered from statesponsored statistical agencies. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Ethnography: anthropology’s distinctive strategy 3. An anthropologist has just arrived at a new field site and feels overwhelmed with a creepy, profound feeling of alienation, of being without some of the most ordinary, trivial (and therefore basic) cues of his culture of origin. What term best describes what he is experiencing? A.culture shock B. diachrony C. synchrony D. configurationalism E. agency paralysis Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Ethnography: anthropology’s distinctive strategy 4. Which of the following is NOT an example of participant observation? A.administering interviews according to an interview schedule over the phone B. helping out at harvest time C. dancing at a ceremony D. buying a shroud for a village ancestor E. engaging in informal chitchat
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Ethnography: anthropology’s distinctive strategy 5. What did Bronislaw Malinowski mean when he referred to everyday cultural patterns as “the imponderabilia of native life and of typical behavior?” A.Features of culture such as distinctive smells, noises people make, how they cover their mouths when they eat, and how they gaze at each other are so fundamental that natives take them for granted but are there for the ethnographer to describe and make sense of. B. Everyday cultural patterns are full of senseless cultural “noise,” and it is the anthropologist’s job to get at the truly valuable behaviors that distinguish one culture from another. C. Everyday cultural patterns of native life can best be studied by asking key informants to explain them. D. Features of everyday culture are, at first, imponderable, but as the ethnographer builds rapport, their logic and functional value in society become clear. E. Everyday cultural patterns are important but so numerous that their detailed description should not be included in the main body of an ethnographic study. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Ethnography: anthropology’s distinctive strategy 6. In the field, ethnographers strive to establish rapport: a good, friendly working relationship based on personal contact A.that is necessary in conducting any valuable research in the social sciences, not just anthropology. B. that, if done properly, ensures the ethnographer’s ability to conduct detached, unbiased research. C. achieved in large part by engaging in participant observation. D. and if that fails, the next option is to pay people so they will talk about their culture. E. as well as on payment, based on local standards, for people’s time spent with the researcher.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Ethnography: anthropology’s distinctive strategy 7. The research technique that uses diagrams and symbols to record kin connections is called A.kinbased interviewing. B. genealogical participant observation. C. interpretive anthropology. D. DNA testing. E. the genealogical method. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Ethnographic techniques 8. What is the term for an expert on a particular aspect of native life? A.representative sample B. etic informant C. key cultural consultant D. biased informant E. lifehistory approach specialist Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Ethnographic techniques 9. Ethnographers typically combine emic and etic research strategies in their fieldwork. This means they are interested in applying both A.local and scientistoriented research approaches. B. local and bifocal research approaches. C. reflexive and salvage approaches. D. personal and impersonal research approaches. E. the genealogical and survey methods.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Ethnographic techniques 10. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic field technique of the ethnographer? A.structured interviewing B. life histories C. random sampling D. working with informants E. the genealogical method Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Ethnographic techniques 11. Traditional ethnographic research focused on the single community or culture, which was treated as more or less isolated and unique in time and space; however, A.all such single communities have already been studied, so anthropologists have very limited project choices. B. there has been a shift within the discipline toward a recognition of ongoing and inescapable flows of people, technology, images, and information. C. the American Anthropological Association still requires its members to strive toward research focused on one single community. D. this is no longer true, nor has it ever really been true, a fact that renders classic ethnographies historical curiosities and not serious academic works. E. there has been a shift within the discipline against the concept of culture and toward the individual as the only true, reliable unit of analysis. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Ethnographic techniques
12. The relatively recent creation of virtual worlds has attracted contemporary ethnographers to venture into online communities. Of the various techniques used to study these virtual worlds, which has been most important? A.participant observation B. interviews C. genealogical method D. key consultants E. life histories Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Survey research 13. Reflecting today’s world in which people, images, and information move about as never before, fieldwork must be more flexible and done on a larger scale. The result of such fieldwork is often an ethnography that A.challenges anthropologists concerned with salvaging isolated and untouched cultures around the world. B. becomes less useful and valuable to understanding culture. C. is increasingly multisited and multitimed, integrating analyses of external organizations and forces to understand local phenomena. D. is more traditional, negating anthropologists’ concerns about defending their field’s roots. E. requires researchers to stay at the same site for more than three years. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Ethnographic techniques 14. In survey research, what is sampling? A.the collection of a study group from a larger population B. the interviewing of a small number of key cultural consultants C. a form of participant observation
D. the collection of life histories of every member in a community E. a collection reflecting the emic perspective Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Survey research 15. In survey research, a sample should A.include the entire population in question. B. include anyone who will be interviewed by the ethnographer. C. target only one social, cultural, or environmental factor that influences behavior. D. be constituted so as to allow inferences about the larger population. E. be invariant. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Survey research 16. In survey research, what term is used to refer to the attributes that vary among the members of a population? A.unknowns B. questionnaires C. interviews D. variables E. random samples Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Survey research 17. Despite the variety of research techniques the ethnographer may utilize in the field, in the best studies the hallmark of ethnography remains A.collaborating with the community to construct a cohesive image of local culture.
B. entering the community and getting to know its people. C. gathering large quantities of data on a limited budget. D. defining the local culture in such a way as to highlight what makes the particular culture so unlike any other. E. providing detailed descriptions of “the imponderabilia of native life and of typical behavior.” Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Survey research 18. This chapter’s survey of the major theoretical perspectives that have characterized anthropology highlights all of the following EXCEPT A.a continuous concern with how to define and study culture. B. the theoretical and methodological shift from complexity to models that simplify human diversity. C. a continuous concern with scientific fundamentals and whether or not anthropology’s research subject is best studied scientifically. D. attention to whether or not anthropological data ought to be comparative across time and space. E. the discipline’s profound commitment to understanding human diversity. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Theory in anthropology over time 19. Lewis Henry Morgan is well known for his work The League of the Iroquois, considered anthropology’s earliest ethnography. This and others of his works illustrate his view of unilinear evolutionism, which is that A.cultural diversity was actually a sign of the slowing down of cultural evolution. B. only the better and more civilized societies could survive. C. all societies are on some path toward civilization, but the exact paths vary.
D. natural selection acts simultaneously on the biological and cultural aspects of human life. E. there is one line or path through which all societies have to evolve, and this path involves specific stages that cannot be skipped, ending at the final stage of civilization. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Theory in anthropology over time 20. Franz Boas is the undisputed father of fourfield U.S. anthropology. One of his most important and enduring contributions to anthropology was A.the field’s earliest example of multitimed and multisited ethnography. B. providing evidence that both biology and culture are susceptible to evolutionary forces, thus providing a framework for the comparative method. C. stressing the relevance of independent invention in human cultural history. D. showing that human biology is plastic, and that biology (including race) does not determine culture. E. expanding the local ethnographic focus to include a regional perspective. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Theory in anthropology over time 21. The view that each element of culture, such as the culture trait or trait complex, has its own distinctive history, and that social forms (such as totemism in different societies) that might look similar are not comparable because of their different histories, is known as A.historical particularism. B. cultural generalism. C. the Boasian approach. D. structural functionalism. E. comparative functionalism.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Theory in anthropology over time 22. As investigators who illustrated the functionalist approach in anthropology, both Malinowski and RadcliffeBrown performed ethnographic research focused on A.myth and ritual and the ways these aspects of culture created social cohesion. B. the evolutionary history of presentday cultural patterns. C. the role of cultural traits and practices in contemporary society. D. the symbolic value that cultural traits and practices held with members of contemporary society. E. the role of cultural traits and practices aimed at conflict resolution. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Theory in anthropology over time 23. RadcliffeBrown advocated social anthropology as a synchronic rather than a diachronic science—that is, a study A.of culture in motion (synchronic) rather than as a static entity (diachronic). B. that compares cultural traits within the same society and not across societies. C. of societies across time (synchronic) rather than across space (diachronic). D. of societies as they exist today (synchronic, one at a time) rather than across time (diachronic). E. of societies as made up of individuals, not as a sum greater than its parts. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Theory in anthropology over time
24. Which of the following terms refers to the theoretical paradigm that holds that customs (social practices) function to preserve the social structure? A.the Manchester school B. synchronic functionalism C. configurationalism, as illustrated in the works of Benedict and Mead D. Panglossian structuralism E. structural functionalism, as illustrated in the work of RadcliffeBrown and EvansPritchard Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Theory in anthropology over time 25. The work of which of the following anthropologists illustrated a renewed interest in cultural change and even evolution (although of a very different sort than Tylor and Morgan had in mind)? A.Ruth Benedict B. Max Gluckman C. Victor Turner D. Julian Steward E. Margaret Mead Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Theory in anthropology over time 26. Despite the differences among theoretical paradigms of practitioners as varied as Harris (cultural materialism), White (neoevolutionism), Steward (cultural ecology), and Mead (configurationalism), all of them have what in common? A.a strong sense of determinism, leaving very little (if any) room for the exercise of individual human agency B. a wellfounded suspicion of the claims of science C. an embrace of reflexive anthropology D. a sense of moral duty to help the people they studied to accelerate
their path to civilization E. a strong concern for the future of anthropological education Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Theory in anthropology over time 27. Émile Durkheim’s focus on social facts illustrates what assumption shared by many anthropologists? A.Social fact, just like any other fact, can be studied objectively. B. Culture is more of an idea in people’s heads than a social reality. C. Culture is primarily a psychological and individual phenomenon. D. Social phenomena studied by anthropologists require study methods that are different from those used by other social scientists. E. Psychologists study individuals, but anthropologists study individuals as representative of something more: a collective phenomenon that is more than the sum of its parts. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Theory in anthropology over time 28. Interpretive anthropologists such as Clifford Geertz approach the study of culture as A.a diachronic phenomenon. B. functional puzzles. C. a system of meaning. D. underlying sets of rules that must be deciphered through the analysis of cultural patterns. E. distinct from human psychology. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Theory in anthropology over time
29. Which is the key assumption in Claude LéviStrauss’s structuralism? A.All myths can be classified as either good or evil. B. The human propensity to classify phenomena in certain ways is acquired through enculturation. C. There is a very specific role for human agency in culture, and the structure of cultural patterns determines that role. D. Cultural patterns determine the human propensity to classify things in certain ways. E. Human minds have certain universal characteristics that originate in common features of the Homo sapiens brain and lead people everywhere to think similarly regardless of their society or cultural background. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Theory in anthropology over time 30. The actions individuals take, both alone and in groups, in forming and transforming cultural identities are referred to as A.psychological individualism. B. dynamic structuralism. C. free will. D. agency. E. volition. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Theory in anthropology over time 31. Practice theory A.focuses on how individuals, through their actions and practices, influence and transform the world they live in. B. was popularized by Margaret Mead in the 1940s. C. is the only theoretical paradigm to effectively solve the “culture individual” problem.
D. actually shares the same deterministic assumptions of earlier theoretical paradigms. E. explains social phenomena only in nonindustrial societies. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Theory in anthropology over time 32. This chapter mentions the work of Wolf and Mintz, both students of Julian Steward, as illustrations of approaches that A.put human agency at the center of cultural analysis. B. focus on the study of cultures as closed systems, untouched by regional and even global dynamics. C. ignore the role of history in shaping culture as we know it. D. consider the relevance of worldsystem theory and political economy to anthropology. E. are just as deterministic as the old evolutionary models, but for different reasons. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Theory in anthropology over time 33. More recent approaches in historical anthropology, while sharing an interest in power with worldsystem theorists, have focused more on A.the structural causes of colonialism. B. how anthropological theory can aid NGOs in writing an alternate history of oppressed peoples. C. the role of colonial bureaucracies in shaping international culture. D. local agency, the transformative actions of individuals and groups within colonized societies. E. the state’s role in denying some of its citizens a place in history. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Theory in anthropology over time
34. “What right do ethnographers have to represent a people or culture to which they don’t belong?” This question illustrates A.anthropology’s crisis in representation—questions about the role of the ethnographer and the nature of ethnographic authority. B. the threat that the World Wide Web poses to anthropologists who are less and less needed to write about and publish accounts of cultural diversity. C. the fact that anthropologists are, after all, colonial agents of the industrialized West. D. a lack of leadership in the American Anthropological Association. E. the problem inherent in anthropology’s overspecialization. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Anthropology today 35. An agreement to take part in research after having the nature, procedures, and possible impacts of the research explained is known as A.a research protocol briefing. B. the do no harm directive. C. informed consent. D. etic and emic protocols. E. implied consent. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Doing anthropology right and wrong: ethical issues 36. The Human Terrain System has sought to embed anthropologists and other social scientists within military teams in Iraq and Afghanistan. Which of the following is NOT a reason anthropologists and the AAA Executive Board object to the use of anthropologists in the military? A.Anthropologists in war zones have an ethical dilemma where their responsibilities to their military units may conflict with their obligations to the local people they study. B. It is difficult to give informed consent in an active war zone without
feeling coerced, thereby compromising “voluntary informed consent” in the AAA Code of Ethics. C. Anthropologists may not be able to identify themselves as anthropologists, distinct from military personnel. D. Anthropologists, by the nature of their discipline, are not permitted to interact with any military personnel. E. The Human Terrain System conflicts with the ethical responsibility of anthropologists to disclose who they are. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Doing anthropology right and wrong: ethical issues True / False Questions 37. The characteristic field techniques of the ethnographer are participant observation, the genealogical method, and indepth interviewing. TRUE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Ethnography: anthropology’s distinctive strategy 38. Traditionally, ethnographers have tried to understand the whole of a particular culture. TRUE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Ethnography: anthropology’s distinctive strategy 39. When an ethnographer uses an interview schedule to gather information from the field, the researcher’s capacity to ask and answer
truly relevant questions is inevitably limited. FALSE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Ethnographic techniques 40. Really good key cultural consultants will actually end up recording most of the data needed to write an ethnography. FALSE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Ethnographic techniques 41. The emic perspective focuses on local explanations of criteria and significance. TRUE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Ethnographic techniques 42. The etic perspective refers to a nonscientific perspective. FALSE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Ethnographic techniques 43. Because there are so many anthropologists in the United States, the distinction between emic and etic does not apply to American culture. FALSE
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Ethnographic techniques 44. Longitudinal research is the longterm study of a community, region, society, culture, or other unit, usually based on repeated visits. TRUE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Ethnographic techniques 45. Despite the increasing popularity of team research among anthropologists, the best ethnographies are always the product of individual work. FALSE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Ethnographic techniques 46. Ethnography is increasingly multitimed and multisited, the result of a shift toward a recognition of the ongoing and inescapable flows of people, technology, images, and information that characterizes much of the world today. TRUE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Ethnographic techniques 47. Given the realities of the contemporary world, anthropologists need to apply methods that protect their analyses from biases caused by external forces. FALSE
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Ethnographic techniques 48. The American Anthropological Association Code of Ethics prohibits anthropologists from working with governments on matters of national security. FALSE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Doing anthropology right and wrong: ethical issues 49. Survey research studies a small sample of a larger population. TRUE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Ethnographic techniques 50. Survey research is usually conducted through intensive personal contact with the study subjects. FALSE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Ethnographic techniques 51. This chapter’s overview of the history of anthropological theory suggests that the discipline has made no important contributions to social theory in general. FALSE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Theory in anthropology over time
52. Morgan and Tylor, both considered among the fathers of anthropology, worked within the paradigm of unilinear evolution. TRUE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Theory in anthropology over time 53. Franz Boas’s famous biological studies of European immigrants to the United States revealed and measured phenotypical plasticity, showing that the environment and cultural forces could change human biology. TRUE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Theory in anthropology over time 54. Boas and his students were strong proponents of crosscultural comparisons, without which they could not validate their findings. FALSE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Theory in anthropology over time 55. Manchester anthropologists Max Gluckman and Victor Turner made conflict an important part of their analysis, distancing themselves somewhat from Panglossian functionalism, the tendency to see things as functioning not just to maintain the system but to do so in the most optimal way possible. TRUE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Theory in anthropology over time
56. Beyond Morgan’s and Tylor’s early anthropological work, no major theoretical paradigm in anthropology has embraced the role of evolution in cultural change. FALSE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Theory in anthropology over time 57. Much of the history of anthropology has been about the roles and relative prominence of culture and the individual. TRUE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Theory in anthropology over time 58. Among the classic works of processual approaches to culture is Edmund Leach’s Political Systems of Highland Burma. This study made a tremendously important point by taking a regional rather than a local perspective. TRUE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Theory in anthropology over time 59. The overall trend in anthropological theory has been from theories that put human agency at the center of cultural dynamics to paradigms that see evolution as the main force behind cultural change. FALSE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Theory in anthropology over time
Essay Questions 60. Briefly describe the nine characteristic field techniques of the ethnographer. How do they compare with the research techniques you have learned about in courses or readings in other academic disciplines? Answers will vary Topic: Ethnographic techniques 61. What is the genealogical method, and why did it develop in anthropology? Answers will vary Topic: Ethnographic techniques 62. What advantages do you see in ethnographic research techniques? What are the advantages for survey techniques? Which one would you choose, and what would that choice depend upon? Answers will vary Topic: Ethnographic techniques 63. What advantages might a project that combines both quantitative and qualitative techniques have over one that utilizes only one or the other? What research situation might be best suited to such a combined strategy? Answers will vary
Topic: Ethnographic techniques 64. In today’s world in which people, images, and information move as never before, people simultaneously experience the local and the global. Explain what this means and consider its implications for methods in cultural anthropology. Answers will vary Topic: Ethnographic techniques 65. Anthropologist Clyde Kluckhohn (1944) saw a key public service role for anthropology. In his words, it could provide a “scientific basis for dealing with the crucial dilemma of the world today: how can peoples of different appearance, mutually unintelligible languages, and dissimilar ways of life get along peaceably together.” Anthropologists also have made and continue to make a dramatic impact on people’s welfare as they cope with crises such as the January 2010 Haiti earthquake. What are some examples of this? Answers will vary Topic: Doing anthropology right and wrong: ethical issues 66. What is Project Minerva? What about the Human Terrain System? What concerns have these Pentagon programs raised among anthropologists? In your view, what role (if any) should academics play in national security? Answers will vary Topic: Doing anthropology right and wrong: ethical issues 67. Provide a brief account of the history of theory in the discipline. Does this account support the view that much of the history of
anthropology has been about the roles and relative prominence of culture? Answers will vary Topic: Theory in anthropology over time 68. Recalling Chapter 2, on culture, and after reading this brief historical account of anthropological theory, what do you think is the relationship between individuals and culture? Answers will vary Topic: Theory in anthropology over time 69. How have anthropologists tried to bring evolution into the study of human culture? Have these approaches succeeded, or failed? Why? Do you see any way in which evolution and culture could be united into a broad and effective explanatory paradigm? Answers will vary Topic: Theory in anthropology over time 70. What do you think is the relation between theory and methods in anthropology, if they relate at all? Answers will vary Topic: Theory in anthropology over time Chapter 05 Language and Communication
Multiple Choice Questions 1. A key feature of language that helps explain anthropologists’ continued interest in studying it is that it A.enables us to compare human and nonhuman primate linguistic grammars. B. tells us a lot about the present, although nothing about the past. C. is always changing. D. helps them distinguish between the more and less evolved human races. E. rarely changes, so it provides a good window into linguistic uses of the past. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: What is language? 2. Which of the following statements about chimpanzee call systems is NOT true? A.They consist of a limited number of sounds. B. Like language, they include displacement and cultural transmission. C. They consist of sounds that vary in intensity and duration. D. Calls cannot be combined when multiple stimuli are present. E. They are stimuli dependent. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Nonhuman primate communication 3. Research on the communication skills of nonhuman primates reveals their inability to refer to objects that are not immediately present in their environment, such as food and danger. The ability to describe things and events that are not present is called A.cultural transmission.
B. displacement. C. linguistic imagination. D. phonology. E. productivity. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Nonhuman primate communication 4. What is the term for the ability to create new expressions by combining other expressions? A.displacement B. diglossia C. productivity D. morphemic utility E. phonemic utility Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Nonhuman primate communication 5. Recent research on the origins of language suggests that a key mutation might have something to do with it. Comparing chimp and human genomes, it appears that A.chimps lack the tonguerolling gene that all humans have, which might explain why they struggle to achieve clear speech. B. chimps share with humans all the genetic propensities for language but lack the languageactivation mutation. C. a speechfriendly mutation occurred among Neandertals in Europe and spread to other human populations through gene flow. D. the speechfriendly form of FOXP2 took hold in humans some 150,000 years ago, thus conferring selective advantages (linguistic and cultural abilities) that allowed those who had it to spread it, at the expense of those who did not. E. the speech mutation occurred even before the hominin line split from the rest of the hominids.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Nonhuman primate communication 6. Language and communication involve much more than just verbal speech. The study of communication through body movements, stances, gestures, and facial expressions is known as A.linguistic physiology. B. biosemantics. C. kinesics. D. protolinguistics. E. diglossia. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Nonverbal communication 7. Linguistic anthropologists also are interested in investigating the structure of language and how it varies across time and space. What is the study of the forms in which sounds combine to form words? A.phonology B. syntax C. morphology D. lexicon E. grammar Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: The structure of language 8. The lexicon of a language is A.a dictionary containing all of its morphemes and their meanings. B. its degree of complexity. C. the set of rules that govern the written but not spoken language. D. its symbolic and poetic value. E. the range of speech sounds.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: The structure of language 9. What term refers to the arrangement and order of words into sentences? A.syntax B. lexicon C. grammar D. phonology E. morphology Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: The structure of language 10. What are phonemes? A.the rules by which deep structure is translated into surface structure B. regional differences in dialect C. syntactical structures that distinguish passive constructions from active ones D. the minimal sound contrasts that distinguish meaning in a language E. electromagnetic signals that carry messages between speakers in a telephone conversation Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: The structure of language 11. What is the study of the sounds used in speech? A.phones B. phonemes C. phonology D. phonetics E. phonemics
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: The structure of language 12. Which of the following was studied by Sapir and Whorf? A.the interaction of thought and surface structure B. the influence of language on thought C. the influence of deep structure on surface structure D. the influence of deep structure on semantic domains E. the influence of culture on language Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Language, thought, and culture 13. Just as in other areas of anthropology, the study of language involves investigating what is or isn’t shared across human populations and why these differences or similarities exist. The linguist Noam Chomsky has argued that the human brain contains a limited set of rules for organizing language, so that all languages have a common structural basis. He calls this set of rules A.the evolutionary linguistic imprint. B. linguistic structuralism. C. generalities. D. a global mental map. E. the universal grammar. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Language, thought, and culture 14. Sapir and Whorf argued that the grammatical categories of different languages lead their speakers to think about things in particular ways. However, studies on the differences between female and male Americans with regard to the color terms they use suggest that A.changes in the U.S. economy, society, and culture have had no impact on the use of color terms, or on any other terms for that matter.
B. contrary to the SapirWhorf hypothesis, it might be more reasonable to say that changes in culture produce changes in language and thought, rather than the reverse. C. in support of the SapirWhorf hypothesis, different languages produce different ways of thinking. D. women and men are equally sensitive to the marketing tactics of the cosmetic industry. E. women spend more money on status goods than do men. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Language, thought, and culture 15. ________ refers to the specialized set of terms and distinctions that are particularly important to certain groups. A.Syntactical vocabulary B. Spatial vocabulary C. Focal vocabulary D. Vernacular vocabulary E. Temporal vocabulary Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Language, thought, and culture 16. A sociolinguist studies A.the interaction of history and sociology. B. crosscultural comparisons of phonemic distinctions. C. the universal grammar of language. D. linguistic competence. E. speech in its social context. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Sociolinguistics
17. Which of the following statements about sociolinguists is NOT true? A.They are concerned more with performance than with competence. B. They look at society and at language. C. They are concerned with linguistic change. D. They focus on surface structure. E. They are more interested in the rules that govern language than the actual use of language in everyday life. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Sociolinguistics 18. What is the term for variations in speech due to different contexts or situations? A.linguistic confusion B. situational syntax C. contextual phonetics D. Chomskian verbosity E. style shifting Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Sociolinguistics 19. Cultural—including linguistic—diversity is alive, well, and thriving in many countries. Local entrepreneurs and international companies such as Google, Yahoo, and Microsoft that capitalize on that diversity are positioned to succeed. Their success depends, however, in large part on A.their ability to creatively impose their product on others. B. their capacity to take a biocultural approach to marketing. C. external market forces that have little to do with people’s cultural, including linguistic, preferences. D. their ability to hire workers from the markets they hope to enter and teach them the values of their corporate culture.
E. their capacity to follow one of the main lessons of applied anthropology, that external inputs fit best when tailored properly to local settings. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Sociolinguistics 20. What term refers to the existence of “high” and “low” dialects within a single language? A.displacement B. diglossia C. semantics D. kinesics E. lexicon Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Sociolinguistics 21. What type of term is used to convey or imply a status difference between the speaker and the person being referred to or addressed? A.formal addresses, but sociolinguists rarely pay attention to them, because their use in a social situation is always a result of linguistic exploitation B. honorifics C. style shifts D. diglossia E. linguistic relational Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Sociolinguistics 22. What is an example of what Bourdieu calls symbolic domination in the context of language use?
A.in an egalitarian society, the promotion of linguistic diversity B. pride in one’s linguistic heritage, regardless of what the majority thinks C. the fact that in a stratified society, even people who do not speak the prestige dialect tend to accept it as standard or superior D. focal vocabulary contrasts among groups E. Chomsky’s insistence that the universal grammar defines all culture Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Sociolinguistics 23. When does copula deletion (absence of the verb “to be”) occur in AAVE? A.where SE has contractions B. randomly C. in the past tense D. in the future tense E. in SE, not AAVE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Sociolinguistics 24. What term refers to languages that have descended from the same ancestral language? A.F2 languages B. sibling languages C. daughter languages D. brother languages E. protolanguages Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Historical linguistics
25. What is pidgin? A.a partial language that results from primitive tribes’ attempts to learn the language of a modern industrialized state B. a mixed language that develops to ease communication between members of different cultures in contact, usually in situations of trade or colonial domination C. a rhythmic sublanguage present in any human language as the result of a universally shared mutation D. a set of languages believed to be most like the original human language, spoken by a small population of Indian Ocean islanders E. metalanguage, developed by computer programmers, that has yielded valuable insights into the workings of the human brain Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Language, thought, and culture 26. One aspect of linguistic history is language loss. When a language disappears, A.less strain is put on the educational system, because it has less language diversity to deal with. B. historical linguists have confirmation that language is also a victim of evolutionary forces. C. so does pride in one’s heritage. D. cultural diversity is reduced as well. E. humanity is that much closer to global integration. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Historical linguistics 27. Words that clearly descend from the same ancestral word are known as A.synonyms. B. subgroups. C. homonyms.
D. cognates. E. daughters. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Historical linguistics True / False Questions 28. Animal call systems exhibit linguistic productivity. FALSE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Nonhuman primate communication 29. Linguistic productivity refers to the fixed linguistic structures that prevent the creation of new expressions. FALSE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Nonhuman primate communication 30. Recent genetic research suggests that a speechfriendly mutation took hold in humans around 150,000 years ago, thus conferring selective advantages (linguistic and cultural abilities) that allowed those who had it to spread it, at the expense of those who did not. TRUE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: What is language?
31. Kinesics is the study of communication through body movements, stances, gestures, and facial expressions. TRUE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Nonverbal communication 32. All human nonverbal communication is instinctive, not influenced by cultural factors. FALSE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Nonverbal communication 33. Phonology is the study of speech sounds. TRUE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: The structure of language 34. Syntax refers to the rules that dictate the order of words in a language. TRUE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: The structure of language 35. Sapir and Whorf argued that all humans share a single set of universal grammatical categories. FALSE
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Language, thought, and culture 36. Focal vocabularies are found only in nonWestern societies like the Eskimo and the Nuer. FALSE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Language, thought, and culture 37. In this chapter, an alternative to the SapirWhorf hypothesis suggests that cultural changes lead to changes in language. TRUE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Language, thought, and culture 38. Ethnosemantics studies how different members of different linguistic groups organize, categorize, and classify their experiences and perceptions. TRUE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Language, thought, and culture 39. Sociolinguists study linguistic performance by categorizing speakers as inadequate, competent, or highly proficient. FALSE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Sociolinguistics
40. Diglossia refers to linguistic groups, like those in Papua New Guinea and Australia, that distinguish between only two colors: black and white or dark and light. FALSE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Sociolinguistics 41. According to the principle of linguistic relativity, all languages and dialects are equally effective as systems of communication. TRUE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Sociolinguistics 42. Bourdieu argues that languages with the highest symbolic capital are those that are better systems of communication. FALSE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Sociolinguistics 43. In all languages, the same honorifics have the same meaning, regardless of context. FALSE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Sociolinguistics 44. Sociolinguistics has demonstrated that men lack the linguistic capacity to distinguish between slight changes in color. FALSE
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Sociolinguistics 45. Studies investigating differences in the way men and women talk are examples of sociolinguistics. TRUE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Sociolinguistics 46. African American Vernacular English (AAVE) is an incomplete linguistic system that is able only to express thoughts and ideas related to life in innercity communities. FALSE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Sociolinguistics 47. The origins of AAVE are found mostly in West Africa, rather than in the dialects of the southern part of the United States. FALSE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Sociolinguistics 48. Creole languages are commonly found in regions where different linguistic groups come into contact with one another. TRUE
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Language, thought, and culture 49. Historical linguists use linguistic similarities and differences in the world today to study longterm changes in language. TRUE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Historical linguistics 50. The world’s linguistic diversity has been cut in half, as measured by the number of distinct languages extant, in the past 500 years; and half the remaining languages are predicted to disappear during this century. TRUE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Historical linguistics 51. Problems arise with contemporary means of communication, such as texting and online messaging, because much of what we communicate is a nonverbal reflection of emotional states. TRUE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Nonverbal communication 52. Linguistic stratification can occur between dialects when one is considered a prestige dialect, as is the case with High German and Low German, and with Standard English (SE) and African American Vernacular English (AAVE). TRUE
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Sociolinguistics Essay Questions 53. Compare and contrast the evolution of language and biological evolution. What role may mutations play in the origins of human language, if any? Answers will vary Topic: Nonhuman primate communication 54. Discuss factors that increase linguistic diversity among speakers of the same language. Answers will vary Topic: Sociolinguistics 55. What are honorifics? Why are sociolinguists interested in their use in context? In your everyday life, do you ever use honorifics? What does their use, or lack of use, imply about your relationships to others? Answers will vary Topic: Sociolinguistics 56. Discuss some common interests of linguistics and ethnography. Of what use can knowledge of linguistic techniques and principles be to the ethnographer? Answers will vary
Topic: Sociolinguistics 57. What is linguistic relativity? Illustrate how it applies to languages and to dialects of English. Answers will vary Topic: Sociolinguistics 58. What are some ways in which linguistics can aid archaeologists, biological anthropologists, and sociocultural anthropologists who are interested in history? Answers will vary Topic: Historical linguistics 59. How has technology influenced the way you communicate? Considering what you already know about anthropological theory and methods, what kinds of questions might an anthropologist pose about the role of technology in human culture, and particularly language? How might he or she go about answering those questions? Answers will vary Topic: Nonverbal communication 60. According to some estimates, the world’s linguistic diversity has been cut in half in the past 500 years, and half the remaining languages are predicted to disappear during this century. Why does this matter? Isn’t this just a natural result of globalization, something we should actually celebrate because it makes communication among diverse groups much easier?
Answers will vary Topic: Historical linguistics