Post Covid Housing Journal 2

RECLAIMING THE WALL

STUDIO B: HILLTOWN SEMESTER 2 JOURNAL HEMANT GINDA

RECLAIMING THE MILL

As a Continuation from Journal 1 that perdominantly focused on the develpment of the Hilltown Park (Phase 1), intend to investigate further into the housing aspect of the brief in the Caldrum Works (Phase 2). By delving deeper into the existing conditions of the caldrum works will look specifically at what is listed, entry points and more importantly the structure of the building, in doing so this will give me a better understanding of the site and how can implement a more effective and improved quality of housing and living for potential residents.

CASE STUDIES

In order develop a more in depth understanding and to offer a solution to the overcrowding, as well as the socio-political and economic issues identified in Hilltown, a variety of contemporary precedents have been examined which seek out to create a unique form housing. Although the pre-existing conditions differ between each project, the underlying issue is the same: How can we create a new unique form of Post Covid housing that reinstalls a sense of Collective Living? A style of living which is fundamental to the success of the community.

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

At this phase in the journal, developed my design, by using a series of massing models at 1:500, sketch drawings/diagrams and examples It gave me a clearer insight of the existing site and the surrounding urban context, through a series of trail and error it allowed me to evolve and create a clear visual narrative of my design process.

THE PROPOSAL

Through a combination of precedent analysis and model/sketch exploration have reached the stage of applying what have learned into my own proposal.

Through repairing and reclaiming of the site, propose a strategic intervention in the form of a Residential housing project that introduces improved living techniques, greenhouse gardens, internal courtyards, liveable work hybrid spaces and many more. This chapter will explore the key design decisions made in order to achieve an improved way of living in the post covid era.

ENVIROMENTAL

With the ambition to achieve simplicity within the spaces og my design, I had to maintain a high level of detail in the conditions that occur within each House type. This chapter explores the methods and techniques I adopted in order to achieve a simple continuity throughout my design. As well as details of structural conditions, have explored the conditions that occur at an urban scale. Showing my own illustrations of the street conditions formed

To conclude this chapter will discuss my findings and what conculsions have drawn from this whole project in relation to the question of “How can we create a new form of Post Covid Housing that connects its residents an area comprised of high social deprivation and large ethnic segregation?”.

CONTENTS

Further continuing from the first volume, this journal will examine the Caldrum Works Mill which is the site of the development of phase 2, this phase will be looking at the housing aspect of the project.

PREFACE

As well as the urban scale, I will also examine the tectonic scale in the form of a piece of architecture based on ideas and theories set by myself through the design process. There will be many factors which I will debate that add to the current overcrowding and social-economic issues within Hilltown and ultimately answering the question:

“How can we create a new form of Post Covid Housing that connects its residents an area comprised of high social deprivation and large ethnic segregation?”

In order to illustrate my findings, I have procured this Journal to provide evidence to back up my Hypothesis.

RECLAIMING THE MILL 1.

As a Continuation from Journal 1 that predominantly focused on the development of the Hilltown Park (Phase 1), I intend to investigate further into the housing aspect of the brief in the Caldrum Works (Phase 2). By delving deeper into the existing conditions of the caldrum works I will look specifically at what is listed, entry points and more importantly the structure of the building, in doing so this will give me a better understanding of the site and how I can implement a more effective and improved quality of housing and living for potential residents.

The last of Dundee’s textile factories still in operation, Caldrum Works is a historic jute mill located on St. Salvador Street in Hilltown, a half-mile (1 km) north of the city centre. The building comprises a two-storey milk-chocolate sandstone facade in front of extensive single-storey mill sheds, lit through partially-glazed piended slate roofs. Dating from 1872 and designed by local mill engineers Robertson & Orchar for jute spinners Harry Walker & Sons, this was said to be the first fully integrated, single-storey jute works, which grew to become the second largest jute mill in Britain in the 1920s (Cox’s Camperdown Works was the largest). The facade was added 1912, including a board room on the first floor. By this time the works had been extended to cover an area of 3.2 ha (8 acres) with 9500 spindles, powered by overhead line shafts. The original engine house was replaced by a larger one in 1900, although its lofty chimney stack is now gone. Caldrum Works were integrated, whereby raw jute entered in the east of the plant and was spun, woven and finished under one roof, emerging as finished cloth.

John C. Low and George Bonar formed a partnership in 1903 and adopted the wise policy of retaining profits to see their firm through difficult times. While the First World War brought a boom in jute production with the need for sacking for sand-bags, webbing and backpacks, the downturn that followed proved problematic for the industry. In 1920, they took over Jute Industries Ltd., the world’s largest jute producer, which had absorbed Harry Walker & Sons Ltd. In 1924, they acquired another Dundee giant, Baxter Brothers. The Second World War brought more orders, with jute, cotton, flax and hemp being used to produce canvas, sacking, webbing and bags.

After the independence of India in 1947, protections for the British industry were lost and jute was being spun and woven close to its source, in the areas around the Ganges Delta. By the 1950s the industry in Dundee was in terminal decline and Low & Bonar began to diversify. By the 1960s, the mill began extruding polypropylene yarn for carpet-making and later to make astroturf. Subsidiary companies once based in Africa and Canada were replaced with offices, warehouses and factories in Abu Dhabi, the USA and Belgium. The last member of the Bonar family to be involved with the company retired in 1990. Now headquartered in London, Low & Bonar Group still produce polypropylene yarn for carpet backing at Caldrum Works, having sold their Abu Dhabi-based artificial grass yarns business in 2016.

The buildings are now B-listed, but their most prominent feature is the stainless-steel polypropylene silos built in the 1980s on the site of the former starch-house. The easternmost section of the plant has been demolished and replaced with housing.

fig 1.1 Workers leaving Caldrum Works (1900) fig 1.2 Ariel view of Caldrum Works (1945) fig 1.3 Looking down St Salvador Street (1972)

fig 1.4 Women weavers at their looms (1908) fig 1.5 Looking up North Ellen Street (1972) fig 1.6 Looking down Glamis Street (1977)

1.2 THE SITE 1.3 PHASING THE SITE

Phase 1: Redevelopment of the Hilltown Park to allow more activity within it by adding an array of tennis, basketball, football courts. with the addition of a water feature.

Phase 2: Affordable Multi-generational housing for families, potential apartment flat, with community garden all with adequate parking facilities.

Phase 3: Development of high quality retail areas with and a Community Centre for the residents to allow community activities and access to various amenities.

Phase 2

Phase 3

Phase 1

1.4 EXISTING BUILDING HEIGHTS

1.5 EXISTING ELEVATIONS

Existing South Elevation

Existing East Elevation

Existing West Elevation

Existing North Elevation

1.6 THE WALL

As stated in the LDP for Dundee any adaption to the existing fabric of a listed building must be undertaken carefully and sensitively and have minimum impact on the architectural and historic interest, character and setting of the building. Any alterations of the listed building will only be acceptable where the proposals have regard to the preservation or enhancement of the building or its setting or any features of special architectural or historic interest which it possesses. Alterations will not be permitted where the works would diminish the architectural integrity of the building or its historic interest. (LDP 2019)

Upon my investigation into the site, the listed items within the Caldrum Works are the walls that run along Main Street and Glamis Street and St Salvador Street elevations, this excludes the East mill and the warehouses. (Listed ref)

When altering the Caldrum Works Mill into new housing there will be sculptural demolition of within the listed areas, in accordance with Historic Environments Policy Statement the demolition of the building is essential to delivering significant benefits to economic growth or the wider community.

fig 1.9 Glamis Street Wall Elevation

fig 1.10 Main Street Wall Elevation fig 1.8 Internal Buildings inside Caldrum works

fig 1.7 St Salvador Street Elevation

1.7 THE STRUCTURE

As well as having a listed buildings and walls, the Caldrum Works site also has to the rear a warehouse held up by channels of dual pitched steel portal frames. There is a potential to utilise this structure in the creation of the housing aspect of the brief. Due to the initial height of the warehouses from the ground up is 4.2 meters it there is only room for one floor, but by manipulating the portal frame by using a vaulted ceiling or column splicing a second floor can be achieved. Some of the channels in the warehouse are also of varying sizes, this can also be utilised in terms of multi-generational living certain channels will be able to house families of a greater number.

Section AA of existing structure 1:500

Section BB of existing structure 1:500

Exploded Axonometric of existing structure

These are internal images of inside the Warehouse, I was fortunate enough to be given a tour of the Mill which is currently in operation as a factory that deals with polypropylene, creating a variety of plastic consumer products such as sacks, astroturf, carpets, rope etc. By being able to go and view inside the factory I gained a greater understanding of how the structure stands on the site and was able to measure the structure with a greater accuracy.

CASE STUDIES 2.

In order develop a more in depth understanding and to offer a solution to the overcrowding, as well as the sociopolitical and economic issues identified in Hilltown, a variety of contemporary precedents have been examined which seek out to create a unique form housing. Although the pre-existing conditions differ between each project, the underlying issue is the same: How can we create a new unique form of Post Covid housing that reinstalls a sense of Collective Living? A style of living which is fundamental to the success of the community.

STUDY: GLASGOW, SCOTLAND

Near the Gallowgate in eastern Glasgow are the remains of the former Meat Market. Our site consists of the former Market Hotel where traders lodged attached to a surviving impressive market archway. The building was totally derelict but B Listed with the centre section in danger of collapse. We were asked to provide flats for Molendinar Park Housing Association and we elected to replace the original central block with a new 3 storey structure set back from the original building line. The two wings to the north and south of the central block were reconstructed to retain their frontages to Graham Square. This arrangement creates a private courtyard with the entrance from Graham Square through the old hotel entrance now remodelled as a gate in the partially demolished front wall of the old central block.

Guallart Architects housing project (post covid)- These self-sufficient housings’ conceptual narrative focuses on dealing with the current Post Covid crisis by providing the residents with resources to grow their own food in the event of another lockdown. The addition, the greenhouses further connects each community by allowing residents to grow their own food and interact within this shared space. The creation of micro-communities embellished with a new sustainable ecosystem within these communities will be connected through a high-quality public realm. Different apartment layouts would be able to accommodate couples with or without children, as well as multigenerational families, elderly couples, or young single people wishing to share common facilities.

Tato architects housing project (internal courtyard) – A recent housing project in Kobe, an interior courtyard plays a key role, as it is used to create a direct relationship between the building and the urban context. At the centre of the home, the covered courtyard acts as an “inner garden”, while outside, an “outer courtyard” has been sandwiched between the new house and its neighbours. The structure surrounds the courtyard, and each of the rooms has views to it. The courtyard acts as an internal garden filled with foliage. This furthers the idea of introducing Winy Mass’s vision of the Green Dip. Additionally, the house is designed to merge with the interior; this is also another concept of post covid housing. If there were another total lockdown, the resident would have access to nature indoors.

Called ReGen Villages, the project imagines a community of buildings that produce all their own food and energy – a model that aims to tackle a wide spectrum of global issues, from the food and water crises to the rise of CO2 emissions. With ReGen Villages, residents become part of a shared local eco-system, so different families can take on different roles in the community. As well as fostering a sense of camaraderie, this also helps to lift burdens on struggling municipal governments. Each village would include a series of public squares, integrated with technologies like electric car charging points. Individual homes would integrate photovoltaic solar panels to generate power and heat water. They would also feature passive heating and cooling systems, as well as natural ventilation, helping to keep electrical demand low.

At this phase in the journal, I developed my design, by using a series of massing models at 1:500, sketch drawings/ diagrams and examples It gave me a clearer insight of the existing site and the surrounding urban context, through a series of trail and error it allowed me to evolve and create a clear visual narrative of my design process.

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

3.

ARRANGEMENT 1

I initially began the arrangement of the massing model with 2 internal courtyards like the tenement arrangement. This idea allowed for a greater understanding of the site and the problems that would occur with this arrangement which I found to be lack of diversity and individuality as the courtyard space would be shared. this can in turn be beneficial to the user as a shared space can bridge a gap between neighbours, but I was also looking for a space in which families can take pride in ownership as well as having a collective space.

ARRANGEMENT 2

This arrangement is an improvement from the initial arrangement, by mimicking the existing buildings by creating rows of horizontal and vertical terraced housing on the site it solves the problems in arrangement 1 as it allows for the creation of individual spaces for users as well as a collective space for families to engage. This arrangement also allows for blending in with the existing fabric.

I decided to simplify the arrangement of housing by making it only horizontal terraces, this was done to allow the benefits of the natural south light into all the houses on the site, the individual spaces are also maintained whilst the collective space has the potential to be used to grow crops etc. I then furthered the arrangement by staggering the homes, this broke up the continuous monotonous row of terraced housing and it gives each individual building a sense of individuality.

Thinking on the terms of post covid housing the world was in isolation and unfortunately stuck indoors with no means of access to the outdoors or nature for some time, to combat this isolation I devised the idea of bringing the outdoors and nature into the home, by introducing the idea of an internal courtyard into the centre of the house it not only gives the user the benefit of bringing natural light and ventilation into the whole house but it also allows the user to have a better quality of life by having nature indoors.

Again thinking on the terms of post covid housing, as people were on the verge of isolating there were shops which ran out of produce as people were panic buying, to tackle this problem i suggested that the communal courtyard space that i created can be used as a greenhouse to promote users to grow their own food, whilst also being a communal bubble which neighbours form other households can interact and engage.

3.7 INITIAL SKETCHES

Housing Arrangement

Housing on site

Market Place

Carving the wall

THE PROPOSAL 4.

Through a combination of precedent analysis and model/sketch exploration I have reached the stage of applying what have learned into my own proposal.

Through repairing and reclaiming of the site, I propose a strategic intervention in the form of a Residential housing project that introduces improved living techniques, greenhouse gardens, internal courtyards, liveable work hybrid spaces and many more. This chapter will explore the key design decisions made in order to achieve an improved way of living in the post covid era.

4.1 SITE MASTERPLAN

Although the three phases within the site are working in symbiosis, as part of my strategy of repair and reclaim I had to select a specific area in Hilltown where I could implement my strategy at a fully resolved level of detail with the intention that the same strategy can be implemented in various other locations or that The Hilltown Park (Phase 1) can be extended and used by adjacent developments due to the areas socio-economic and political issues. As highlighted in the plan opposite, I have picked several other open spaces currently not being utilised and where my strategy can easily be implemented.

4.2 SITE LOCATION

Site Masterplan

Site Location

The Hilltown area fails to provide adequate living standards, overcrowding is rampant, along with dilapidated dwellings and a disconnect to the centre of Dundee, there is no collective style of living. Not to mention the addition of Pandemic which has further isolated people from loved ones or their neighbours. In an attempt to repair and create a new style of living post pandemic, I have proposed a Sub-Enclave. Using the existing structure of the old mill this sub-enclave will be a glazed bubble where users can grow crops, gardening or even interact with their neighbours, this idea will be repeated throughout the site in order to create this sense collective style and normality.

As evident in the plan of Hilltown, there is a severe lack of open green space especially during the pandemic the need for nature has never been needed more, studies have shown that nature can have a positive effect on someone’s wellbeing. The adjacent Hilltown Park will therefore be extended and spilled onto the site in the form of a ‘green dip’, where the site will have an abundance of foliage.

Hilltown has also seen many closures of local businesses due to the Wellgate shopping centre cutting the local residents off from the city centre. Phase 3 of the development would introduce a series of amenities that can be used and accessed by not only the residents of that Sub-Enclave but residents from elsewhere in Hilltown. These include retail lots that can be rented by local trades people to provide them with the opportunity to set up a business’s SME (Small/Medium enterprise), where they can effectively set up and maintain a steady income. Each retail lot is set up perpendicular to the main public route through the site and adjacent to the Hilltown Park.

Consisting of 33 properties, each sub enclave can provide housing between 48-60 people. With the dense arrangement, the height of the existing structure, was able to limit the height of each Sub-Enclave to no more than 3 storeys to maintain a level of collective living that, in my opinion, would otherwise be lost if I exceeded a height of 10 meters.

Ground Floor: The ground floor arrangement consists of 2 main housing types and an apartment complex. With the living spaces orientated towards a central courtyard, both property types can take full advantage of a shared space. These courtyards not only provide adequate ventilation and natural light into the property but also brings nature indoors as the pandemic prevented us from visiting nature.

First Floor: Where, on the Ground Floor, I introduced collective spaces through courtyards, I adopt a similar technique on the First Floor. However, it was crucial that maintained a sense of permeability on the vertical axis to allow for enough sun light and to provide a visual connection between the floors. I achieved this connection through the use of the Void. As an architectural device, the void provides a sense of openness as well as forming a visual relationship between the residents on either side. The first floor is also equipped with a workspace as again the pandemic has confined people to work from home.

1. EXISTING

2. INFASTRUCTURE

3. DISPLACEMENT

4. IDENTITY

5. BIODIVERSITY

6. ENERGY

4.6 ELEVATIONS

4.7 SECTIONS

& RENDERS

Ariel View of Site

Carpark & Carved wall entrance

Row of terraced Houses

ENVIROMENTAL STRATEGY 5.

With the ambition to achieve simplicity within the spaces of my design, I had to maintain a high level of detail in the conditions that occur within each House type. This chapter explores the methods and techniques I adopted in order to achieve a simple continuity throughout my design. As well as details of structural conditions, I have explored the conditions that occur at an urban scale. Showing my own illustrations of the street conditions formed

5.1 STREET CONDITIONS

1. Community Garden

By orientating the houses towards one another a creating a sub enclave courtyard space in the form of a community garden, these spaces can be used as circulation only by the residents for them to grow crops.

2. Retail space

Continuing from the Hilltown Park and leading to the retail space, this new focal point in Hilltown acts as a buffer between the existing and the new proposed post covid housing. The retail space contains an array of shops, cafes, and sports hall, to keep residents active and where retailerss can sell fresh produce.

3. Community Parking

Using the Existing fabric, this wide road which is cut off from the main road is repurposed as a residential car park. This not only keeps the residents active as they have to walk to their car, but it also gives them a bigger front garden space.

4. Connectivity

By orientating the courtyard garden spaces towards one another, within each sub enclave have formed a semi-public place. This space can be used as a means of circulation through the site, the pavements are also widened due to social distancing.

5.2 FIRE CIRCULATION DIAGRAMS

5.3 ENVIROMENTAL DIAGRAMS

To conclude this chapter will discuss my findings and what conculsions i have drawn from this whole project in relation to the question of “How can we create a new form of Post Covid Housing that connects its residents an area comprised of high social deprivation and large ethnic segregation?”.

Since the COVID pandemic took hold in early 2020, people worldwide have been spending far more time in their homes than usual as a result not being able to experience nature or visit loved ones. The crisis has blurred the lines between living and workspace, and laid bare some longstanding issues with residential design, especially in cities, where space is at a premium. Turning to the Dundee’s Hilltown where this project is set, comprised of high social deprivation and large ethnic segregation within the area. I have proposed a strategy which I believe tackle the issues housing has presented with covid as well as the issues within the enclave of Hilltown.

By carefully analysing the area of Hilltown’s socio-economic and political issues, and having examined various case studies, I feel I gained sufficient knowledge to better enhance my knowledge on what strategies and methods created a suitable environment for collective living for a new post covid era. To begin with the site was divided into 3 phases as to tackle each issue individually, the first phase would deal with the social political aspect in the form of a new and improved Hilltown Park. The Park as existing was dilapidated and only used by dog walkers or as a shortcut to another area within, by creating an array of activities in the forum of sports pitches/courts, a larger kids play area, seating/foliage and a new water feature it will allow for an improved liveability by allowing social inclusion.

The second phase would deal with the Post covid housing and collective living. Having examined several case studies, I was able to apply similar strategies in my own Outline Design Development. It was vial I tested as many different arrangements as possible in order to produce an array of conditions that I could examine in further detail. Having come to a decision on the form of each house type using the existing structure of the old Mill, I could use their form to dictate the spatial organisation in the space between. To tackle the existing overcrowding in Hilltown, I focused on making the housing multigenerational. As the pandemic first hit there were supermarkets running out of produce as well as people being confined to their homes unable to be in touch with nature, to tackle this each house would have an internal courtyard allowing for better quality of life by having nature indoors. A glazed communal courtyard space was then implemented to be used as a greenhouse to promote users to grow their own food, whilst also being a shared bubble which neighbours from other families can socialise if there were another lockdown.

The third phase would focus on introducing a commercial aspect into the area. This can be used as a tool to create a new focal point within Hilltown, by introducing buildings in the form of shops, cafes and community hall, sports centre further gentrifying the area, it would allow residents and to shop locally in their area rather that must rely elsewhere and give the potential for employment for local residents.

I believe the conditions created in my design have allowed for the creation of a successful new form of post covid housing whilst also allowing the integration of collectively and privacy to successfully co-exist within a dense arrangement of public and private spaces.

“How can we create a new form of Post Covid Housing that connects its residents an area comprised of high social deprivation and large ethnic segregation?”

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