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January 2013
Tree Care for the New Year All the knowledge you need to help your trees flourish in 2013.
Casey Trees News in Brief
Fall 2012 Community Tree Planting season filled with highlights This fall, nearly 700 adult and youth volunteers planted 363 trees — bringing the total number of trees planted through the Community Tree Planting program in 2012 to 1,188 — at 24 planting events across the District. Approximately 150 students from grades K-12 added 150 trees to 21 school campuses. The fall season also saw the first official plantings in Maryland and Virginia. The National Cherry Blossom Festival sponsored cherry trees at six sites this spring, including five schools and Fort Myer in Arlington, Va. Additional CTP sponsors this spring included The Charitable Foundation of the Energy Bar Association and Young Lawyers Committee (Dakota Park), TD Bank (TD Tree Day at Takoma Recreation Center), CoStar Group (Friends of Takoma Recreation Center) and The U.S. Green Building Council (Collegiate Public Charter School).
Casey Trees News Casey Trees seeks Citizen FOresters for volunteer social committee | Casey Trees is searching for social, enthusiastic volunteers for the new Citizen Forester (CF) Social Committee. A group of CFs is being formed to help plan and coordinate Branch Out events, a series of monthly social happy hours and other networking events. There will be an interest meeting on Jan. 29 at 6:30 p.m. at Casey Trees’s Brookland headquarters and following the meeting participants will go to Menomale, Brookland’s own happy hour hot spot. For more information or to RSVP to the interest meeting, contact Volunteer Coordinator Liz Ball by email or at 202.349.1907. Extensive PRuning begins at casey tree farm | Casey Trees staff will prune 2,000 juvenile trees at the Casey Tree Farm in January. Staff will examine trees in the six-acre nursery and make structural pruning cuts. Casey Trees includes the trees from the nursery in Community
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Tree Planting and RiverSmart Homes plantings. Casey Trees Director to present at arborist conference | Dr. Jessica Sanders, Director of Technical Services and Research, will present at the International Society of Arboriculture (ISA) Annual Conference in Toronto in August. Dr. Sanders will present her study on apparent available soil access and its effect on tree growth. Register to attend the conference and listen to Dr. Sanders’ presentation.
Urban Forestry News Scientists attempt to discover the mechanisms of tree mortality | Researchers at a Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico are monitoring a group of trees to learn more about the complexities of a tree’s death process, something that is still fairly ambiguous. Much like an intensive care unit at a hospital, 32 pinyon and juniper trees are hooked up to an assortment of machines that document metabolism and the movement of water and
January 2013 | theleaflet
nutrients up and down the trunk. The remaining trees represent the control group that are subject to the elements of a natural environment. Using environmental conditions associated with climate change, such as warmer temperatures and less water, scientists will hasten the death of some of the trees while obtaining a detailed biological record that gives foresters more insight into how trees die and why some parts of a forest remain intact.
thousands of trees along the East Coast from Superstorm Sandy to the study that showed the importance of tree canopy in mitigating the effects of climate change. The most alarming story — and the one featured at the top of ACTrees’ list — discussed the decline of America’s urban forests, at the rate of 4 million trees per year. February’s study showcased the importance of canopy revitalization efforts, especially here in the D.C. area.
The biggest tree-related stories of 2012 | Casey Trees partner Alliance for Community Trees (ACTrees) organized a list of 2012’s most important stories about trees. Among the top stories was the conversation about tree maintenance after the loss of tens of
In this issue... Giving: Thank you to those who supported casey trees in 2012..................................... 4-5 Casey Trees’ tree-care experts offer sound pruning advice.......................................... 6-7 Debunking Tree misconceptions: trees and sidewalks.......................................................... 8 Winter Class Schedule includes citizen forester-qualifying courses......................... 9 Special Trees in D.C.: How to Protect the District’s canopy........................................ 10-11 Casey Trees’ Winter 2013 Event schedule.............................................................................. 12-13 Arbor Kids: Winter forest floor I-Spy........................................................................................ 14
theleaflet | January 2013
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Giving Thanks to all of you who supported our work in 2012 Abigail Steiner
Brittny Newton
Dee Atwell
Heather Mattern
Justin Schor
Alex Hirtle
Candace Rollins
Dennis Chestnut
Henry Ravenel
Karen Kelly
Alison Lewis
Caren Madsen
Derek Hills
Ian Milne
Karen Meyer
Alison Sant-Johnson
Carl Wallin
Diana Zentay
Iris Miller
Karen Murray
Amanda Bregman
Carol Herwig
Donna Green
James Anderson
Karl Warnke
Amber Lefstead
Carole Spalding
Doris Celarier
James Lewis
Katherine Dawes
Amy Kardon
Carrie Biggs-Adams
Dorothy Jackson
James Sherald
Kathleen Adib-Samiy
Andrea Moreland
Catherine Cozzarelli
Drew Gower
James Tarrant
Kathleen Davis
Andrew Brooks
Catherine Livingston
EdnaJane Truax
Jane Galvin
Katie Lannon
Andrew Neilson
Cathy Connor
Edward Hurwitz
Janet Walker Chirlin
Kevin Barry
Andy Luse
Cathy Feehan
Edward Oaksford
Jason Kopp
Kevin Kelso
Angela Kordyak
Cecile Warnock
Edwin Liu
Jeff Furr
Kirsten Martin
Anita Randall
Cene Ketcham
Elanor Starmer
Jeffrey Little
Laura Oldanie
Ann Pierce
Charles and Lane Flickinger
Elizabeth Agnew
Jeffrey Nussbaum
Laurie Davis
Ann Rollins
Cheryl Dixon
Elizabeth and Dale Meers
Jessica Call
Lee Lockwood
Anna Burger
Christina Fleps
Ellen McMahon
Joan Shifrin
Lianna King
Anna Mcdonagh
Christine Monahan
Ellen Siesel
Joanna London
Lina Cortas
Anne Dougherty
Christopher Zubowicz
Eric Price
John and Valerie Wheeler
Lindsay Hardesty
Anne Hedman
Christy Kwan
Eric Schultz
John Fitzwater
Lisa Burley
Anne O'Connor
Claudine Lebeau
Erica Bollerud
John Lapiana
Lisa Hair
April Pearson
Colin Bills
Erika Kretzmer
John Madigan
Lisa Pearlman
Arlene Bruhn
Corbin Harwood
Erin Thompson
John Salatti
Lloyd Leonard and Elizabeth Wiener
Barbara Brereton
Craig Langford
Evan Farber
Jon Brandt
Loren Scherbak
Barbara Cunningham
Cynthia Thompson
Felix Lapinski
Jonathan Psotka
Lorna Grenadier
Barbara Franklin
Dan Donovan
Frederick Turner
Jorge Silva
Lucian Martinez
Barbara Minnis
Daniel Barry
Frederik and Bobbie Hansen
Joseph Francis
Ludwig Sabillon
Barbara Shea
Daniel McGlynn
Gabriela Luta
Judith Claire
Margaret Gill
Bevan Shimizu
David Leavitt
Gail Henry
Judith Jacobs
Maria Teresa Martinez
Bill Iverson
David Loiter
Gary McNeil
Judith Neibrief
Maribeth Armenio
Bill Ross
David Porter
Georgiana Bloom
Judy Brynildsen
Mark Seastrom
Brady Phillips
Deborah Bell
Ginger Tissier
Julie Holman
Martin Dempsey
Brian Chamowitz
Deborah Richard
Gretchen Ellsworth
Julie Jacobson
Martin Frye
Brian Collins
Debra Fried Levin
Harry Gates
Julie Robinson
Mary Blakeslee
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January 2013 | theleaflet
Mary Evans
Ricardo Espitia
Thierry Rosenheck and Jill Macneice
Sponsors
Mary Gersema
Robbin Phelps
Thomas Andrews
AARP
Mary Sper
Robert and Diana Day
Thomas Boisvert
Advisory Neighborhood Commission 1A
Matt Courtad
Robert Beisner
Tim Rodriguez
Alliance for Community Trees
Matthew Gallagher
Robert Meisnere
Timothy Burr
Army Officer's Wives Club Greater Washington Area
Matthew Klenk
Robert Tarasovich
Todd Crawford and Krista Fogleman
The Aslan Group
Maxine Levin
Rocky Piaggione
Todd Trafford
Baltimore Community Foundation
Meg Staines
Roxane Sismanidis
Tom and Gretchen Toles
Bank of America Charitable Foundation
Michael Hash
Royelen Boykie
Tori Key
Bingham McCutchen LLP
Michael Svetlik
Ruth Zolock
Tove Anderson
Capitol Hill Community Foundation
Michael Young
Sally Winthrop
Ulrich Hewer
Charitable Foundation of the Energy Bar Association
Mikel Witte
Samuel Sandler
Vincent Verweij
Clean Currents
Milton Grossman
Sandra Juchs
Vivian Wang
The Community Foundation for the National Capital Region
Mira Courpas
Sarah Stowell Shapley
W. Thomas Lavash
CoStar Group
Mitchell Dolin
Scarlett Sinclair
Walker Williams
DC Sports & Recreation Association
Nancy Khan
Scott Buga
William L. Swanson
District Department of the Environment
Neil Hurwitz
Sean Cahill
William Panici
District Department of Transportation
Nicholas Chamberlain
Shannon Downey
Winfield Crigler
EJF Real Estate Services
Olivia Krueger
Shippen Howe
George Washington University
Patricia Mahoney
Signe Linscott
Odd Fellows, Grand Lodge of the District of Colombia
Patricia Tuohy
Stephanie Pankiewicz
National Fish and Wildlife Foundation
Patsy Evans
Stephen Whitney
The Nebraska Society of Washington D.C.
Paul Joice
Steve Andreadis
Noodles & Company
Penni St. Hilaire
Steve Hagedorn
Pearl and Ivy Educational Foundation
Peter Forbes
Steve Ma
Potbelly Sandwich Shop
Phil Toomajian
Steve McKindley-Ward
Recoup
Phillip McClain
Steven And Melinda Kania
Restore Mass Ave
Polly Thibodeau
Susan Auerhan
Rumford Foundation
Randy Rosenfeld
Susan Headden
Share Fund
Rebecca Davis
Susan Parry
Tower Companies
Rebecca Heagy
Susan T. Conti
Tregaron Conservancy
Rebecca Higgins
Terri Holtz
U.S. Green Building Council
Renee Dunham
Theresa Buppert
theleaflet | January 2013
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Tree Care Best pruning practices for the new year By Sara Turner, Urban Forestry Manager, Casey Trees | The winter landscape can be bleak. For deciduous trees, dormancy begins with the onslaught of colder weather and fewer daylight hours. Most deciduous trees drop their leaves for the duration of winter, only to begin growth again in the spring. When leaves are off trees, it is easy for tree owners to evaluate a their tree’s framework and prune for good structure, which is great in extending the longevity of the tree.
and to pick up a pair of pruners. Below is a brief list of pruning best practices to get you started.
Tools Always use clean, sharp tools and sanitize them with anti-bacterial gel in between pruning different trees to prevent spreading infection between them.
Cutting • Avoid unplanned pruning. Always • Always cut branches to a bud, lateral branch or main trunk. • Do not leave stubs.
Nature has its own way of keeping woody When pruning, the right tools are as important as proper technique. plants in check, but in urban and built environments, caretakers such as homeowners or municipal arborists often must assume the role of nature and prune trees in order to achieve safety, promote good health by removing dead or damaged wood, limit growth or alter shape and encourage flowering or fruiting. Though the list of reasons for pruning is long, one should always first know why you are making a cut before doing so. There are several opportunities in the early part of the new year to learn about best pruning practices
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• Use the three-cut method for large limbs that are more than two inches in diameter. • When pruning back to a main stem or another branch, do not make a flush cut. Instead make a cut outside the raised branch collar — the point at which a branch meets with the trunk. The collar contains chemicals that are a barrier against pathogens and help the tree form woundwood, the tough, woody tissue that grows around a cut. • Do not remove more than one-quarter of the living crown of a tree at one time. If it is necessary to remove more, do it over multiple years.
January 2013 | theleaflet
Timing • Now is the best time to remove broken, diseased or damaged wood. • Structural pruning is best done in the dormant season. • For trees that flower in early spring, pruning is best after flowering. Other flowering species should be pruned in the dormant season to reduce the chance of transmitting disease.
Common Misconceptions Dress the wound. Petroleum-based dressings can damage the formation of woundwood and trap pests and fungus. When removing a branch from a tree, the final cut should be flush with the stem to optimize healing. Actually, trees don’t “heal”, they seal by compartmentalizing wounds, generating woundwood over the wounded area. Flush cutting removes the branch collar. This creates a larger wound than if the branch were removed outside the collar. The spread of decay inside the tree is greater with flush cuts. Tree topping is good for a tree. Tree topping is the most detrimental form of
theleaflet | January 2013
Barry Stahl, a U.S. National Park Service horticulturist and manager of the American elm nursery at Daingerfield Island in Alexandria, Va., will lead a pruning workshop on Jan. 26 at the nursery.
pruning. Topping a tree creates large wounds that allow rot and fungal decay to enter the tree. Topped trees are more likely to break apart in storms than trees that retain their natural shape. For a hands-on lesson, register for one of the pruning workshops in January. Also, continue to monitor the Casey Trees website for a new pruning how-to video to come later this month.
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Technology & Research Debunking tree misconceptions By Dr. Jessica Sanders, Director of Technical Services and Research, Casey Trees | Trees provide significant benefits to individuals living in urban environments: improved air quality, energy conservation, noise reduction and other social, physiological and economic benefits. Despite the staggering number of benefits — many necessary for human survival — some people have a strong aversion to trees because of persistent misconceptions. To successfully each the city’s 40 percent tree canopy goal, Casey Trees prioritizes educating the public about the benefits of trees and debunking myths. Casey Trees is hopeful that by addressing Older sidewalks — more than 20 years old — in need of such misconceptions — replacement are prone to buckling from pressure of tree roots. most of which are simple Other factors, such as soil volume and tree species, play a role in misunderstandings — we sidewalk issues. Photo courtesy of Sean Wieland. can turn tree-averse residents into true tree champions and prepare you — as a tree ally — for how to respond to, and avoid reinforcing, innacurate statements. In the first of several articles on invalidating tree misconceptions, we will focus on the myth the trees will almost always crack the sidewalk it is alongside.
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Sidewalks are designed to last 20 to 25 years so they begin to deteriorate with or without trees. Several variables such as poorly backfilled utilities and issues related to the sub-base supporting the sidewalk can shorten that lifespan. Trees can contribute to a sidewalk’s cracking or lifting when the tree species is too large for the space, is a fastgrowing tree or if there is insufficient soil volume or shallow top soil. Using Right Tree, Right Place guidelines is the best way to avoid street tree and sidewalk conflicts and allow trees to reach their full growth potential. Determine how much growing space a tree species needs before planting and use innovative technologies such as structural soils or Silva Cells to provide greater space for root systems and reduce sidewalk intrusions. While most street trees and sidewalks are installed by municipalities, you can advocate that they implement best practices for planting trees and installing sidewalks. Doing so will help communities save money, protect its infrastructure, safeguard its citizenry and promote a healthy, large canopy. Learn more about designing smart growing spaces for trees in our “Principles of Sustainable Design: Soils Below Pavements” class on Feb. 13. Space is limited and registration is required. This is the first installment of Casey Trees’ new series on tree misconceptions. Follow additional topics in The Leaflet and on Casey Trees’ blog, Tree Speak.
January 2013 | theleaflet
Education Citizen Forester training begins in January By Liz Ball, Volunteer Coordinator, and Stephanie Juchs, Community Education Coordinator, Casey Trees | Liz: Stephanie, did you know we had 25 Citizen Planter graduates this past season? Stephanie: That is awesome! How does someone become a Citizen Planter? L: Well, they first have to attend the Tree Planting Workshop, which is taking place at Catholic University on March 2, and then they have to volunteer at two or more plantings in that same planting season. After that, they receive their coveted red vest! S: Nice! Aside from the vest, what are the other perks of being a Citizen Planter? L: In addition to the lifelong satisfaction of knowing you planted trees that help increase D.C.’s tree canopy, there are social events for Citizen Foresters (CF)! In fact, the next Branch Out, Casey Trees’ monthly CF happy hour, is on Jan. 8 at the Board Room in Dupont Circle from 6:00 to 8:00 p.m. Drink specials abound! It is a great way to network and make new friends. In fact, we’ve have two marriages between Casey Trees volunteers, so if you are single…
201 is the week after on Jan. 12, and the advocacy class, Stand Up for Trees, is on Feb. 9. Flip to pages 12 and 13 to read about each class and register. L: These classes sound ideal for this spring’s Community Tree Planting project organizers (PO). Having some basic knowledge about how trees function and the challenges they face in the urban environment will help the POs know how to keep their trees healthy and happy long after planting day. What other opportunities are occurring before the spring 2013 planting season begins?
L: That is right! When do those CF-quaifying classes occur and how do people sign up?
S: On top of the CF-qualifying classes, there are some special winter workshops. On Jan. 26, Barry Stahl, horticulturist at the National Park Service’s American Elm Nursery, will lead a pruning workshop. RiverSmart Homes and Tree Rebate recipients — or other individuals with young trees — who want to learn about the basics of caring for their young tree should register for the tree-care class on Feb. 2. It is a very exciting schedule!
S: We are actually getting ready to start our next round of CF classes. Trees 101 is on Jan. 5, Trees
Go online to learn more about opportunities available to Citizen Foresters and to register for classes and other events.
S: …it is a good place to mingle! I know I love a good happy hour! But the volunteers that help lead plantings are not the only Citizen Foresters. People that attend Trees 101, Trees 201, or Stand Up for Trees also qualify!
theleaflet | January 2013
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Advocacy Special Trees: What are they and how are they protected by the City’s Tree Bill? By Emily Oaksford, Planning Associate, Casey Trees | Trees larger than 55 inches in circumference in D.C. are protected as “Special Trees” under the Urban Forest Preservation Act (UFPA) of 2002. The UFPA’s primary purpose is to prevent tree canopy loss in the District. Since tree trunk width is correlated to canopy size, wider trees have a larger canopy and provide greater benefits to the environment. Trees with significant tree canopy, including “Special Trees,” help mitigate the urban heat island effect, reduce building
energy costs and improve air and water quality. According to the UFPA, “trees compromising the urban forest have significant aesthetic value, which enhances property values and the quality of life in neighborhoods throughout the District.” Tree that grow to reach 55 inches in circumference are well established and mature trees. Most pin oaks that reach 55 inches in circumference are more than 50 years in age, and some pine trees take as long as 88 years to reach that size. As it stands, some noteworthy trees in District neighborhoods will not get the protection they deserve with this current regulation parameter. How will there ever be “Special Trees” of tomorrow if we are only helping to protect trees older than 50 years? Along with the fact that the UFPA does not protect many of our urban trees, it is unfortunately quite easy to remove a tree, even if it is designated as a “Special Tree.” Currently, trees greater than 55 inches in circumference can be removed legally once property owners apply and are approved for a Special Tree Removal Permit — by proving that the tree poses a hazard, is an invasive species, or provides compensation through monies paid or additional trees planted.
Special Trees are identified in the Urban Forest Preservation Act of 2002 as being 55 inches or more in circumference.
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Casey Trees is actively working with elected officials to increase tree protections afforded by the UFPA, including lowering the designation
January 2013 | theleaflet
of a “Special Tree” to 29 inches in circumference (estimated age of a pin oak: 28 years, white pine: 47 years).
Casey Trees has suggested lowering the measurement of Special Trees from 55 inches to 29 inches in circumference. This would have an immediate impact on trees less than 50 years old.
Individuals interested in learning more about the District’s current regulations or how to get involved in advocating for trees and tree protection, should consider attending the Stand Up For Trees class on Feb. 9. Visit Casey Trees online to find out more on how to get involved in tree protection in the District.
What else measures up to a Special Tree? To better understand the size of “Special Trees” under the UFPA, Casey Trees staff measured everyday items relative to a circle 55 inches in circumference, or roughly an 18-inch diameter.
18-inch computer monitor.
17-inch diameter tire rims.
theleaflet | January 2013
17-inch messenger bag.
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Events Winter tree care and design series headline winter class schedule This winter features a variety of continuing education courses, most of which require advanced registration; space is limited.
Saturday, January 5
Saturday, January 12
Saturday, January 26
Class: Trees 101
Class: Trees 201
Class: Pruning Workshop
9:00 a.m. to 2:00 p.m. Casey Trees Headquarters 3030 12th Street NE
9:00 a.m. to 2:00 p.m. Casey Trees Headquarters 3030 12th Street NE
9:00 a.m. to 12:00 p.m. Daingerfield Island Tree Nursery 50 Marina Drive, Alexandria, Va.
Get a crash course on tree anatomy, winter tree identification and how trees function to provide the benefits we enjoy in the urban forest. Test new skills on a tree ID walk.
Trees 201 participants will learn more advanced tree identification skills and the Right Tree, Right Space guidelines. After learning about different species’ characteristics, limitations and tolerances to the urban environment, the class will test newly acquired skills in a field session.
Come learn the fundamentals of pruning young trees to encourage healthy structural development at the National Park Service’s American Elm Nursery. Participants will get classroom instruction and then head to the field to use manual tools to prune American elms at different stages of development.
Cost: Free *This is a Citizen Forester-qualifying course.
Cost: Free
Cost: Free *This is a Citizen Forester-qualifying course.
Thursday, January 10 Tree Talk Thursdays Online Chat: Winterizing Trees 12:00 p.m. to 1:00 p.m. Online
Winterizing your trees includes preparing them for cold weather and winter precipiation. Pruning best practices and seasonal tips will also be discussed. Cost: Free
Thursday, January 24 Tree Talk Thursdays Online Chat: American Elms 12:00 p.m. to 1:00 p.m. Online
Discuss the role of American elms in the history of the greater D.C. area and the difficulties they face, particularly Dutch elm disease, and how arborists are working to find solutions with elm experts Barry Stahl, Jim Sherald and Jim Woodworth. Cost: Free
Wednesday, January 30 Class: Principles of Sustainable Design Series 9:00 a.m. to 12:00 p.m. Casey Trees Headquarters 3030 12th Street NE
The first class in the four-part series will examine techniques to maximize tree size while limiting infrastructure conflicts like those between trees and pavement. Dr. Jason Grabosky of Rutgers University will discuss finding space for tree roots in cities with an emphasis on structural soils. Cost: $20; $50 for entire series
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January 2013 | theleaflet
Thursday, January 31
Saturday, February 9
Class: Structural Pruning
Class: Stand Up for Trees
8:00 a.m. to 12:00 p.m. Smithsonian Institution National Zoo 3001 Connecticut Avenue NW
9:00 a.m. to 2:00 p.m. Casey Trees Headquarters 3030 12th Street NE
Learn structural pruning techniques in the classroom and field from renowned pruning expert, Dr. Edward Gilman. Cost: Free
Wednesday, February 6 Class: Principles of Sustainable Design Series 9:00 a.m. to 12:00 p.m. Casey Trees Headquarters 3030 12th Street NE
In the second class in the four-part series, Danielle Pieranunzi, Director of the Sustainable Sites Initiative™, will provide an overview of the SITES program and lessons learned from the two-year pilot program. Cost: $20; $50 for entire series
Take action and advocate for trees in your community. Learn about issues affecting urban trees and the tools available through the District’s municipal services to increase the urban tree canopy. Non-D.C. residents can apply lessons learned to their own communities. Cost: Free *This is a Citizen Forester-qualifying course.
Wednesday, February 13 Class: Principles of Sustainable Design Series 9:00 a.m. to 12:00 p.m. Casey Trees Headquarters 3030 12th Street NE
Jim Urban will discuss various approaches to designing better tree spaces focusing specifically on Silva Cells and their implications and uses in practice and design. This is the third class of the four-part Sustainable Design Series. Cost: $20; $50 for entire series
Thursday, February 14 Tree Talk Thursdays Online Chat: For the Birds 12:00 p.m. to 1:00 p.m. Online
With winter in full force, but spring on the horizon, you can ready your trees for hosting birds. Guest experts will discuss tree-friendly ways to house and feed birds through the winter and spring. Cost: Free
Wednesday, February 20 Class: Principles of Sustainable Design Series 9:00 a.m. to 12:00 p.m. Casey Trees Headquarters 3030 12th Street NE
In the last class of series, a panel of experts in the field of sustainable design will share specific features and projects they have been involved with that include considerations for maintaining a healthy urban forest. Cost: $20; $50 for entire series
Thursday, February 28 Tree Talk Thursdays Online Chat: Sustainable Design 12:00 p.m. to 1:00 p.m. Online
Panelists will discuss sustainable design techniques being used in the District and elsewhere that promote larger, healthier tree spaces in urban areas. Cost: Free
theleaflet | January 2013
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Arbor Kids I Spy: Winter forest floor Tree leaves may have fallen long ago, but a tree is still a sight to see in winter — you just have to look down! Can you spot all the tree in the main photo below. Tuliptree seeds
Small tuliptree leaf
Red maple leaf
Tree roots
Pap paw leaf American beech leaf
Virginia pine needles 14
Cluster of oak leaves
Pine cone
Shagbark hickory leaf
Tuliptree leaf January 2013 | theleaflet