Re - Invented Toilet A posture involvement to improve people who use urinal in the public toilet
Module Director : Stephen Green YiHan WANG , 1316438 DM 5534 Professional Design Studio
CONTENT Introduction Part One Research Project Context Designer Profile Summary Of Team Research Summary Of Individual Brief
Part Two
Initial Test People Feedback Wood Modeling For Varification New Revision For Whole Configuration Material And Manufacture Analysis Structure Analysis - Finite Elements Analysis Ergonomic Analysis - Jack Package User Task Simulation - Jack Package Aesthetic Definition Cost Estimation
Concepts Concept One Concept Two Concept Three Concept Evaluation
Part Four
Part Three
Final Scenario Delivery
Development Schedule Arrangement Initial Layout / Dimension Decision Initial Modeling
The Future Improvement &Summary
Deliverables CAD Rendering The New Design Instructions
Part Five References Appendices DM 5534 Professional Design Studio
Introduction
From the project brief "Re-design the toilet using a people-centred design philosophy that considers longterm sanitation issues and what will improve people’s lives" will be concentrated for exploration.
THE FACT Project Context What 's the fact currently ? Why toilet always have the issue ? How can we improve? Nowadays , there are "approximately 2.5 billion people live without improved sanitation, of which almost 1 billion people continue to defecate in the open". These will extend the serious problem about death and diseases."Diarrhoeal diseases are the second leading cause of child deaths in the world. Every year 0.85 million children die from diarrhoea. 88% of these deaths are caused by poor sanitation and unimproved water". Hence, the sanitation should be focused on and studied them to improve. All of the involvement should be considered to make any improvement possiblities, such as the country resource , condition , investment , human behaviour... etc.
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As an engineer background, after learning this lesson absorbed through that the process of the product itself is more understanding. However, The currently fact is what my interest for creative ideas for product design .So, according to engineering background to give ideas and provide the opinion for product feasibility issue for as advice provider .This project aim the re-design toilet ,and it will be the design opportunity that challenge in sustainable design and an innovative design to improve long term in the toilet have been happened.
Designer Profile DM 5534 Professional Design Studio
Discovery
4 factors Hygeine (Basic) - dirtiness - health - environment - sustainability
Positioning - developed european - sense of cleaniness - public - contact
- be friendly - get consent - explain process - record video - analyse data - toilet stimulation - group interview - 1:1 interview - questionnaire
itio fin
4 factors contributing to toilet hygiene. Furthermore, the positioning is within this area, which is the battlefield to tackle the toilet enemy in.
Basic and supported method will be stronger to all research.
De
- Airport Toilets - Luggage Problem - Hospital Toilets - High usage and germs - Sustainability/ Rainwater
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To brainstorm every single related topic that wanted to cover a wide range. The entire team makes it more efficient and the chances of success higher. And this is my area...
Key finding - washing hands - dirty reduction - minimise touching - thinking/ knowing - not touching seat
Contact decision from F- diagram will be focused on and caused by two factors which are the emotional and physical.
Summary Of Team Research DM 5534 Professional Design Studio
Previously Through the research, each team member have each found different aspects that they consider the main problem to toilets. We cover emotional and physical design focus, the main aim for all of the individual pursuits is human-centered.
Why posture is the improtant factor in toilet whatever in the hygiene aspect or in the comfortability that is always thought negative for the public toilet use , and according to the report the wrong posture will bring the unhealthy on bladder .Hence, through the posture modification will be a good challenge for design opportunity.
Insight of toilet posture involvement What posture involvement have been the annoying issues in the public toilet design .There are some universal designs must be considered, such as when the different age from the baby to old man use the urinal, especially the disable people use...etc, the different condition of body posture will make someone comfortable or not. Currently, two main types of urinal are implemented in the public toilet , which are the sitting and squatting type. The posture has became a improtant evaluation for the user’s health , dirtiness and the toilet sustainability.
Summary Of Individual Brief
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Male
Female
The Network
Kid
Pant
Dress
Elder
Short pant /pantyhose
Disability
Long dress
The use condition in the public toilet involves the several connection of p ro b l e m . T h i s n e t w o rk c a n m o re q u i ckl y i d e n t i f y t h e p ro bl e m w i t h current design, and it can be developed direction possibly from among the problem list. Seat type
Summary Of Individual Brief
Squatting type
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The process for concept decision RESEARCH THE INSIGHT
COLLECTED THE CRITERIA
FOUND THE EXISTING
FEEDBACK CONSIDERATION
Thinking All Of The Possible Solution
Sort Out The Requirement And Constraints/ Interview With People For Changing Posture possibilities
Concept Generation The Evaluation Of Each Concept
FINAL CONCEPT
Summary Of Individual Brief
The process has been arranged with the time schedule , this benefit will finish the work on time, and the time control can adjust the varing tasks and even the tutorial feedback affect the whole process. Four fundational data support the concept generation, and via the people verification enhance the concpet decision. Because the new toilet design should be more close with human and and choose the new urinal design will be a good design challenge .However, the final concept decision is quite important that need to consider whole subsequent development.
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Secondary research
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Before starting the design the invention of toilet appi c ati ons have been followed the res earch criteria which is the anthropometry. the size of the design which has been studied and sort out a series parameter that could be following in order to make easily for everone using toilet. All figures provide the useful parameter, such as the foot cleanance and the distance of support area.
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The position and distance of body construction of male and female
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The pressure developed in sitting
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The pressure developed in sitting when the people sit different area and posture
Summary Of Individual Brief
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Secondary research
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1 The male urine situation in public toilet 2 The male urine angle and the relationship between stream
and containing surface
In the current urinal design the seat type is more better than squatting type with regard of splashing problem because the short distance between urinal and human body and the splashing range/ type . Furthermore, the another splashing problem almost happened when the male are urining. Hence the crteria provide the design guide that could be followed. DM 5534 Professional Design Studio
Secondary research
This research also provided the different posture possibilities and how the posture to affect the defecation process. However , the 35 degree principle should be followed for human healthy. This content reminds the importance among the comfortability ,health and posture.
Summary Of Individual Brief
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Final insight collection
Final Brief
- Both of the squatting and sitting type have the splashing problem - Appropriateness issue for the condition of human body's size gender age - Squatting type is easy to get dirty on the clothes - According to the report appealed that the squatting type is better than sitting type at defecation process - Currently some cases are happened about the sexual infection because of the contact area problem
A posture involvement to improve people who use the public toilet. Public toilets should be for everyone use ,and that should be used by postural changes to improve the comfort and health problems as well, so I will re-invent sitting type of urinal because the basic squatting type of urinal cannt be easy to use for everyone. However, the Squatting type will be the inspirated benchmark becuase of the body angle.The design direction will almost focus on ergonomic design. So, the Human body construction will be as a design criteria .To consider a range of design principles which are fittable with each condition of human body ,avoid the splashing problem on body and clothes, used because of the oldman and women consideration,consider the conveneince of disrobing the clothes to narrow the using time,reduce the contact possibility to avoid sexually transmitted diseases. Finally, the objective will increase comfortability by the product and this design could really change the toilet hygiene.
Objective - To increase comfortability by the product - To improve toilet hygiene issue
Summary Of Individual Brief
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Make the flexible
Make the appropriate distance
Bring more comfortable
Urinal design will be fittable with each condition of human body
Urinal design will be designed to avoid the splashing problem on body and clothes
Sitting type of the urinal will be used because of the oldman and women consideration
The principle Effective use
Reduce the infection
Urinal design will consider the conveneince to disrobe the clothes for narrowing the time use
Aim to reduce the less contact possibility to avoid sexually transmitted diseases
Summary Of Individual Brief
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The Existing Design Research There are four modern designs that show their potential performance. 1
A combination design : The combination design of urine and defecation bring the possibility in multi-function
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Save energy : It aim the sustainable design to reduce the material energy consumption
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New posture challenge : The posture changed may bring the new experience , but it should re-evaluate all the principle
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For healty life : The squatting type with 35 angle between the tight and canon is the best angle for defecation process.The assistant design will help this.
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Summary Of Individual Brief
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The Initial idea generation almost design challenge the different posture. The posture involvement should find out the best posture and also solve the insight problem. Hence, I try to f ind some comfortable posture from the different angle of body as the first.
Concept - Initial Idea generation DM 5534 Professional Design Studio
Concept Brief This concept inspired from the possibility for girls standing when they are using the toilet.Hence, This can solve the problem for
The potential design can ajust different height of people , so the slope can be a good reference
female queuing the public toilets. However, the interview from the female they provide the against opinion that is difficult to urine when they are standing. When the concept generated that provide the successful point ,which can adjust the different heights of user. Furthermore, The fact can reduce the skin contact area essentially because of the slope angle
The simulation is for woman standing when using toilet.
Concept1 - Slope design concept DM 5534 Professional Design Studio
Enable to fit the various height range of people
Less Skin Contact
The dimension should be designed from the lowest to highest by the people criteria.Hence, the angle will make the decision.
The gap between the tight and product could be controled by the angle.
Slope section
Sink section Long distance between sink and body The sink depth could be designed for avoid the splashing out issue.
Pedals section Appropriate angle adjustment The pedal design assist the body angle flexible to make comfortable posture.
Concept1 - Slope design concept DM 5534 Professional Design Studio
What the data should be refered? In this desin conept the G and H of parameters will be refered to design because the range of seat depth and Popliteal height can be calculated for the product size and the slope angle decision.
Concept1 - Slope design concept There are some standard parameters to be used in this design
The design dimension should be assessed by the criteria. What the concept need to concern for the basic size for the development , the dimension of a ,b,c,d,e are the most important section in order to match the design purpose.
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The slope design scenrio
How it work for male
The task simulation is the important assumption for user use. This urinal design will aim the universal design .Hence, the concept should be used by male and female.
Open the cover
Urine process
Defecation process
How it work for female
Urine and defecation process
Pedal use assist the Urine and defecation process for male and female
Concept1 - Slope design concept DM 5534 Professional Design Studio
Concept Brief An ideal design concept will pratically help everyone feel convenience and comfortable. Before I just think all of the people have the different condition with their body.How to match them is quite difficult.Hence, the customization is the solution, the Modular system design has this potential element and will be able to meet these needs. However, this project will focus on the objective.
Concept2 - Modular system concept DM 5534 Professional Design Studio
Idetification design (future) Automatic identification can show personal profile and match people requirement quickly.
Main Function
Design for stuffs storage flexibility
Extra Function
Flexible placing design
Armrest design To help people standing from the seat ,especially this benefit could bring to disable people.
Seat back design The cubic on the back could be changed to make the people comfortale when they are laying back .
Seat design The height modification will be able to fit people posture.
Concept2 - Modular system concept DM 5534 Professional Design Studio
The scenario simulation, a pair of mother and daughter are going to the Public toilet... 1. The mother and daughter identify the profile by machine
2. This machine automatically provide the suitable position for the mother and daughter
3. Previously, the mother has set a good place to put her bag
Concept 2 - Modular system concept A systemic scope 4. The mother feel her walking long time, she want to get the break
5. When the mothrer wants to stand up and find the end of her going wrong. So, the system provide the handhold service as the assistant.
6. Finally, after her and her daughter left, the machine automatically returns to its original state and self-cleaning
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Concept Brief The different posture challenge as the
inspiration previously. People lean back or forward something that should be more relax. To imagine the toilet that can be more comfortable when you use it , it will improve the original image of toilet .Some assistants provided will be a good design opportunity.Hence, this design concept will proveide the assistant for comfortability and healthy.
Concept 3 - Make more relaxation DM 5534 Professional Design Studio
Product introduction
Adjustable rotating function Hanging on stuffs
Body lean forward for rest and change body angle
The height modification is for fitting different height of people
People simulation
This design concept aim the people to lean forward object for improving the comfortability, even this concept provide the extra function for stuff storage.
Concept 3 - Make more relaxation DM 5534 Professional Design Studio
Feasibility
Inclusivity
Acceptability
Sustainability
Concept1 (+3)
Concept1 (+3)
Concept2 (+3)
Concept1 (+3)
Concept3 (+2)
Concept2 (+2)
Concept1 (+2)
Concept3 (+2)
Concept2 (+1)
Concept3 (+1)
Concept3 (+1)
Concept2 (+1)
Result : Concept1 : (+3) + (+3) + (+2) + (+3) = +11 Concept2 : (+1) + (+2) + (+3) + (+1) = +7 Concept3 : (+2) + (+1) + (+1) + (+2) = +6 The result reveals the highest score that is the concept1. Regardless of any aspect is almost met the original requirement, however, the detail section should rely the subsequent development and analysis to achieve the end product possibilities.
These concepts focus on the several aspects for universal and hygeine. All the inspirations are based on design research and the ideas could potentially solve the problems and affect on human behaviour with further developments.Before starting the project development ,the four aspect will judge which idea is the most suitable and close the objective.The feasibility ,inclusivity , acceptability , sustainability will cover all of the research and direction.The +3 to +1 of marks are as the score that will be the development decision from the result.
Concept - Evaluation DM 5534 Professional Design Studio
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C D utb eg o re ar e d Te Slo Mo p de st W e lin g ith O Pe f2 op 5 le Fe ed ba ck A Re nd C -D Re om e vi s f ir ig si m n on ed Fu B nc y ti M M on o an A Fa d ua nd ct el or An lW D A al oo ou nd ys d ble Fe is B M M od an a y uf el H um ac tu an ri ng A es A nd th et C os ic s tA D ef na in ly iti si on s
FEASIBILITY
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Development - Schedule Arrangement
TIME SCHEDULE
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120-160
Development - Initial Layout / Dimension Decision
Main body design
The concept development should started the dimension design because to involoe the human-centered design always should follow the criteria or law as the basic.This dimension decision consider the human body condition and the force / pressure distribution.The 25 degree design made by lowest and highest decided for main body and pedal angle.
Pedal design
Assembly design
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Development - Initial Modeling
The modeling commence from the cutboard use that one reason is for function performance and another one is for saving cost when the product is at uncertain phase. Before the model start , the process should be considered which test will implement. Hence, In this modeling the base just build the height for satisfying the function and the pedal is not connect with main body.
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Development - Initial Test What items should be test?
Whole System Test
Two Pedals Test
Test for dimension and function confirmed ,and human behaviour In the model building that is in order to closer the real environment and some issues maybe will appear from the real test. In this project the real test will focus on the whole system simulation with people and pedal function. Furthermore , this test will confirm the dimension that is correct or not, and the human task simulation can discover which design section is not suitable.
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Development - People Feedback Main issues : 1. It is not really comfortable because the middle gap is too bigger and the support area has been changed from the basic urinal design. 2. It can not to know the good position directly because they said some position is suitable or not 3. It is easy to slide down because of the slope and the model surface factor. 4. The pedals function should be considered how it work 5. It will maybe appear the splash out problem when you urine
Normal Female
Taller Female
What points should make the further improvement? 1.To make extra research for anti-slip pads application. 2. It will modify the dimension(middle gap from 160mm to 120mm) to make sure people comfortable. 3. To analyze the human factor and F.E.A. by Jack and solidworks package for correct posture and sitting position. 4. To reduce the hand touch possible to think about pedal function. 5. Adding the function for front cover moving to prevent the splashing problem.
Shorter Female
Normal Male
Taller Male
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Development - Wood Model Made For Verification When the wood model made, some design have been modified that are the middle gap fixed at 120mm and the slide cover use for test. This is the soild and stable model, so it will more reliable. The result gets the ajustable seat for people sitting and the slide cover should pevent the splashing out problem because the vertical urine stream for man and from the female interview the cover can be used or not. Futhermore, the pedals use help people to relief the legs compression.
This opinions from the female said when they urine have two phenomena. One is the direction toward in front of body when they open their legs and it can not control the stream. Another one straightly stream down and could be controled when their legs closed.These are the useful suggestion provide to have the decision for the slide cover.
Test and verification by designer
Female Interview
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Development - New Revision For Whole Configuration
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Slide function
190 180 170 160 150 140
Marks
New Revision
This revision have some decision from the user feedback and some insignt that can be further improved. Firstly , the slide cover design can be moved, and according to the urine reseach that the best position is at 1/3 of thigh when people use. The pedal function use sliding function and kicking out by ankle, and they will stop in the end of the stoke. Furthermore, The sitting and feet treading area have been increased the thickness for stronger the structure ,and the middle gap have been narrowed the gap by 40mm.Finally, the anti-ship pads with the mark provided the strong friction and direct people sitting position. DM 5534 Professional Design Studio
Development - The Assembly introduction Left anti-ship pad Slide Cover the part is for preventing splash out issue.
the part is for preventing that people slide down issue and marked for people sit correct position.
Right anti-ship pad the part is just for preventing that people slide down issue.
Main body (urinal) the part provide the high range of people height to sit.
Pedals two parts provide the flexible angle opportunity and relief the force concentration for people
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Development - Material And Manufacture Analysis Main body Material choose: The ceramics choose is command for toilet use because the white colour can make a hygiene sense and the material properties can use durable and this is for sustainable design. However, the procedure need to consider the design characters ,such as the round corner use. Texture application: In this section, all of the surface just polish in the mold and make a good quality criteria for the surface roughness in order to make the hygiene sense and reduce the bacteria remain on the surface Decal use: This design just makes the logo on the front surface , and just use screen printing technology because this is a
Anti-ship pads Pedals Material choose: In this design , the Acrylic material will bring the high transparent appearance and medium-high impact property Texture application: In order to increase the friction for the foot treading, in the top surface will apply the texture.
Slide cover Material choose: This material choose is same with main body. There are two reasons, one is for whole appearance and another one is sustainability Texture application: In this section, its also same process with main body.
Material choose: This material choose will follow the photo shown , and this material is one type of rubber which can anti-ship. Texture application: The texture on the surface will appear the line pattern with the dimension . Decal use: It can use for number marks or just make the sink on the mold . This can evaluate which process can rise the defect-free rate.
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Development - Structure Analysis - Finite Elements Analysis Test parameters : Material : Ceramics
Introduction : In this stage of development the structure analysis can make sure the product feasible and reliable. Furthermore ,the structure analysis can also recognize your design which section is the redundant design and where should be more stronger because the use frequency. In this design will use the solidworks package to implement this analysis.
1 The fixed type : the bottom geometry 2 The Load detail : Entities :4 (faces)
the planes and rounds Type : Apply normal face Value : 1000 N
Material : Acrylic 1
The fixed type : the bottom geometry
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The Load detail : Entities :1(face) the planes Type : Apply normal face Value : 100 N (because of the calculation for the slide force is 132.35N (1000N * sin 25) when the people who is 100 KG sit on this design. So the foots need to support this force and will force on the pedal. Two pedals can distribute the force.) DM 5534 Professional Design Studio
Development - Structure Analysis - Finite Elements Analysis
In some basic research for material : In the solidworks, the material list has the ceramic that I will use in the main body and the slide cover . However, there are not the Yield strength provided in the list because the ceramics belong the brittleness material . So, they do not have the Yield point , and it can not analyze in soildworks for the Factor of Safety. Hence, I assume the Alloy steel as the main body analysis, and apply the formula that the Factor of Safety is (FOS = Yield strength / von mise stress) . (The ceramics Yield strength = Max tensile strength=172340000 N/m^2)
IN CONCLUSION : This design shape can secure the safety because the displacement is really tiny when the people whose weight are 100 kg or even heavier sit on the seat. And, the Factor of safety of main body and pedal have shown the high value which are the 46.1 and 281.7. They will not be broken easily. Furthermore, These material choose are command in the market, perhaps there are more good properties and low cost could be used.
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Development - Ergonomic Analysis - Jack Package What is the main analysis : The human-centered design should be prove and improvement by some analysis, the jack package can assist and assess the comfortability, low back and force contribution analysis ,that will aim the objective to put the several level parameter. In addition, the task simulation can evaluate the use process which stage will be uncomfortable or not easy to implement. Finally, This analysis can assist and be a evidence for the instruction. 1
Comfortability The analysis of compression in muscle system and the comfort rate
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Test parameters :
This parameter set for analyzing the people foot support situation in the different condition , which is with and without pedals. 1
This decision is from the design concept to design the different height from 140mm to 190mm 2
3 The sitting pos-
ture limitation analyze when people go back with and without pedals.
Low back analysis The analysis of compression and ap shear in L4/L5
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Force solver The analysis of ergonomic can find out the distribution of force in human body
The sitting posture limitation analyze when people go forward with and without pedals. 4
The position limitation analyze when people sit with and without pedals. 5
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Development - Ergonomic Analysis - Jack Package The result of the low back analysis : The result is similar between pedals and non-pedals use when the people go back and forward, and the value shows the best posture is all 90 degree between the each joint of body. However , they will not be a important factor to make the negative effect because all result show green as the normal representation and the caparison parameter. 1
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The result includes the maximum compression value of 730N when the people go forward with pedals use , and minimum is 201N in normal posture with pedals.
The result of the force solver analysis : In this section , there are some available data could be referred . Firstly , the result show the pedal use can relieve the knee and ankle because the high rate of capable, and the L4/ L5 compression show in this test also proof the pedal use is better. However , another parameter is about the height difference , the results showed that shorter people is more easy to use in this design , and 140 cm of people use this that is not difference between the pedal and the non-pedal. 1
90o of the best angle in knee and ankle
pedals use are more relax for knee and ankle
shorter people is more easy to use with this design
The resulta of the comfortability analysis : 1 The final data show the people sit on the correct posture
and position will be more comfortable in each condition.
* All data will as the appendix DM 5534 Professional Design Studio
Development - User Task Simulation - Jack Package
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Going into the toilet
3 Disdrobing your pant 5 Kicking the pedal by heel 7 Kincking antoher one of
pedal
2 Standing in front of the
urinal 4
Sitting on the urinal
This task simulation can arrange the motion tasks for the people using this design as the operation reference. There are 9.5 sec in this animation and it does not have 8 Another foot steps on the the mistake in the process and all motions run in normal value with three types of analysis. pedal as well 6 Treading on the pedal
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Development - Aesthetic Definition
Geometry thinking
White and soft Appearance outline: White colour use keep the clean sense and combine with round corner provide the soft sense as comfortability delivery.
Slide cover : This part feature is necessary to consider the human use , so the design shape will be limited .
Various level of shape Comtemperary art Pedals :Transparent design could generate various level of shape.
Prescision sense Anti-ship pads : The mark design will influence the whole feeling, the simple line will bring the art sense as well
Assembly : The modern building tend to new atmosphere and stable sense.
Design communication: Focusing on the design position , the main direction that we aim the Europe public toilet, what mean? The hygiene and higher investment will implement in the toilet design. So, the white colour and contemporary art can be closer the direction. This overall design concept apply the modern architectural design concept ,and the flexible use of different geometric shapes find out a beautiful effect and solid feeling with the originally designed requirements.
Solid and simple Main Body : Design is for solid sense and the triangle can keep it simple as the important parameter.
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Development - Cost Estimation - Ceramics (30kg) - Acrylic (20kg)
- Injection molding - Die casting - Polishing - Texture - Assembling - painting
Material
200 Manufacture
3500
- Anti-Ship Pads * 2 piece - Slide * 4 piece (*outsourcing)
Accessories
This stage of development can make the decision before starting production. Some processes should be considered and avoided to reduce the unnecessary waste .In this product will spend approximately 4000 pound for beginning.
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- Human resource - Timing - Transport - Marketing
Others
100
BASIC COST ESTIMATING DM 5534 Professional Design Studio
Deliverables - CAD rendering
The rendering of material performance will be the effective communication to demonstrate your idea completely. The sense of safety , healthy and clean will delivery in this stage. DM 5534 Professional Design Studio
Deliverables - The new design instruction Urine
The body and knee angle recommendation is 90 degree for long time sitting that will be more relax
The slide cover use when you sit on the urinal already. The position should put on the 1/3 of thigh as the recommendation.
3 This is the ready posture that could start process.
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See the correct number of mark when you sit.
Defecation
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If you do the defecation process , the pedal will be necessary to kick out by your ankle for comfortability.
The flexible moving to make the 35 degree is the particular service for helping defecation and healthy.
The new design innovation should provides the guide for people use correctly. What is the most important guide line should be provided? How direction to people sit correct position? How direction to people sit with the correct posture? The new design instructions will help user effectively. DM 5534 Professional Design Studio
Deliverables - Final scenario delivery
The final scenario delivery simulate the real world situation with people . This is the whole design communication method to delivery my idea completely.
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The future improvement and Summary Future Imrpovement This design consists a lot of potential human-centered design. However, This development excluded the user experience consideration. How to attract people to accept the new design that will be the further development. Furthermore ,how the anti-ship pads work that have not made the test for people. Nevertheless , the result should tend to be useful because the friction will contribute and counteract certain force. Finally, the real world will be unpredictable, so the real process should be run with people before the production.
Summary In the professional design studio course the five design stage have been run completely . The convergent and divergent design thinking has been used as a guiding principle as well and this make the significant contribution to the project from group to individual work. The whole value was added entirely by a wide range design research methodologies.
Including the interviews, questionnaires,storyboards,time arrangement ,persona, modelling and test evaluation. The project aimed to include the normal range of user because of public toilet , comprising the different height, gender and age. The hygiene goal and comfortability involvement are the design principle direction. Although there are various aspects of the whole design is necessary to be better considered and developed, Sometimes the certain idea can be stronger the some goal ,but that can not cover another aspects. The best idea was chosen by the four aspects evaluation. The extra consideration why to choose the slope design that is the flexible body posture changed that can be more opportunities to develop. The project properties influence the development approach, the human-centred design should analyze and verify a series of motion task to obtain optimisation recommendation and avoid the mistake happened. The 90 degree of knee and ankle and pedals use will enhance the product use. What is main benefit from this idea that is not only solve the hygiene and groups problems but also can bring into the third world to use by cheap material and process because this design potential segment is the shape application. In addition, slope design is stronger the hygiene problem that provides a feeling of being the more healthy life by creating new experience. It also offers not only for people, but also for the medical preserving as well. DM 5534 Professional Design Studio
Reference 1. Average height around the world , WiKi [Online] (available at : en.wikipedia.org/wiki/human_height) 2. Alexander Kira ( January 1, 1976 ), “ The Bathroom” , Publisher: Penguin Books 3. Sebastian Anthony , “How to pee without splashback, or how fluid dynamics might save your marriage” [Online] (available at : http:// www.extremetech.com/extreme/170502-how-to-pee-without-splashback-or-how-fluid-dynamics-might-save-your-marriage) 4. Scott Openshaw , Erin Taylor (2006) “ Ergonomic and design a reference guide” Allsteel Inc. [Online] (available at : www.allsteeloffice.com/ergo) 5. The comparison table of height of child [Online] (available at : www.twllw.com/cwh_table.php) 6. 6 modern toilet design trend,innovative design idea , lushome.inc [Online] (available at : www.lushome.com) 7. A concept Toilet That Helps You Physically All The While (2009) [Online] (available at : www.designbuzz.com) 8. Dr. Mercola (2012) “For Best Toilet Health : Squat or sit ?” ,[Online] (available at : articles.mercola.com) 9. Human defecation posture , WIKI [Online] (available at :en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HUman_defecation_postures) 10. Toilet sizes and dimensions [Online] (available at : www.toilet-related-ailments.com/maximum-toilet-dimensions.html) 11. Sandun-Evaco Toilet Converter [Online](available at :available at : www.toilet-related-ailments.com/New-squatting-platform.html) 12. Dengchuan Cai , Manlai You (April, 1998)”An ergonomic approach to public squatting-type toilet design” Vol.29(2) , 147-153 13. M.H.palmer , A.Athanasopoulos , K.S.Lee,M.Takeda and J.J. Wyndaele (2012) “ Scociocultural and environmental influnces on blad der health” Clinical practice , Vol66 , issue 12 14. World Toilet Day: Get the facts! (2012) [Online] (available at : http://www.globalcitizen.org/Content/Content.aspx?id=9048f4d1-38044d08-a770-49476c830636 ) 15. We Ignore Squatting at our peril [Online] (available at : www.toilet-related-ailments.com / squatting.html ) 16. Nine Benefits of Squatting [Online] (available at : www.toilet-related-ailments.com/benefits-of-squatting.html) 17. Clara Greed (2003),Inclusive Urban Design : Public Toilets [Online] (available at : http://books.google.co.uk/ books?id=9sW3_7Zzn_4C&pg=PA104&lpg=PA104&dq=the+problem+of+sitting+urinal+in+public+toilet&source=bl&ots=9hf56Kus WG&sig=9lSYiTIazDSXozmPxAYBjHJg9mk&hl=en&sa=X&ei=tnXxUpf0HMud7gaVw4CwBg&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=the%20prob lem%20of%20sitting%20urinal%20in%20public%20toilet&f=false)
DM 5534 Professional Design Studio
Appendices Low back analysis - pedal and non-pedal
DM 5534 Professional Design Studio
Appendices
Comfortability + Force solver - change posture with non-pedal and 190 cm people
Comfortability + Force solver - change posture with non-pedal and 140 cm people
DM 5534 Professional Design Studio
Appendices
Comfortability + Force solver - change posture with pedal and 190 cm people
Comfortability + Force solver change posture with pedal and 140 cm people DM 5534 Professional Design Studio