SUSTAINABLE DESIGN YI-HAN WANG (1316438)
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OUTLINE INVENTORY INTRODUCTION FLOW MODEL CES ECO AUDIT SIMAPRO ANALYSIS HUMAN NEEDS MET SUGGESTED ECO IMPROVEMENTS REDESIGN PROPOSAL NEW INVENTORY NEW SIMAPRO ANALYSIS IMPROVEMENTS AND CONCLUSION REFERENCE
Power connect to switch
Switch connect to fan
Fan assembly
MATERIAL
WEIGHT
MANUFACTURE
1
Front Cover
ABS (heat resistant)
0.09 kg
Injection molding
2
Switch Cover
ABS
0.002 kg
Injection molding
3
Back Cover
ABS (heat resistant)
0.025 kg
Injection molding
4
Capacitance
Capacitor (Ceramics)
0.002 kg
Assembly
5
Switch
PP
0.0008 kg
Injection molding
6
Wire
PVC + Copper
0.0012 kg
Extrusion + Wire drawing
7
Screw
Carbon steel, AISI 1050,annealed
0.003 kg
Steel turning
8
Fan
PP (copolymer, clarified/nucleated)
0.005 kg
Injection molding
9
Fan cover
ABS (heat resistant)
0.01 kg
Injection molding
Magnet + Steel + copper
0.064 kg
Casting + Drawing + Wire drawing
INVENTORY
10 Fan motor MATERIAL
WEIGHT
MANUFACTURE
Carbon steel, AISI 1040,annealed
0.003 kg
Impact of extrusion
11
Wind cover
Dolomite
0.015 kg
Injection molding
12
Mica
ABS
0.0004 kg
Injection molding
13
Holder
PA (type 66)
0.005 kg
Injection molding
14
Power cable holder
PVC + Alloy + Copper
0.1kg
Extrusion + Wire drawing
15
Power cable with plug
ABS (heat resistant) 0.02 kg
Injection molding
16
Wind shield
PA (type 66, flame 0.003 kg retarded)
Extrusion
17
Wire protector
Iron -Ni-Cr
Wire drawing
18
Heating spring
0.007 kg
INTRODUCTION Overall, in this sustainable design course the most important process is to understand the impact and effect on the environment, including the details from the beginning of each part of the materials used to produce the final product disssembly and treatment . In the entire way the middle processes of the selection includes manufacturing methods, assembly, sale distribution of transportation , and also includes the energy use of electronic products that will involve the impact and influence on the environment as well.Hence, it will be analyzed by the system CES Edupack and Simapro set the details of the process to understand how the impact on the environment as a whole, and further to use design to improve. The hair dryer that I chose as the object is the eletric product ,that the main function combined the heating elements and fan assembly to make the warm air blowing. This product assembles by the 18 main parts , including 5 functional parts and 13 fixings. Two steps of temperature and the amount of air could be control to match the human behaviour in this product. According to the report, the average 5-10 minutes for female , 1-3 minutes for male to dry the hair per day just depend on the hair style and area size. Dryers contain a safety mechanism that prevents the temperature of the drier from exceeding 60째C to harm the human scalp ,and the 6 - inch distance between hair and machine is the best parameter to keep the scalp healthy. This report will aim three main aspects that einvornment , human health and resource to explore.And the process of use showed as below :
FLOW MODEL Metal
Plastic
MATERIAL
MANUFACTURE
Synthetic resin (0.1474kg)
Injection molding
Polymer (0.044kg)
Pure or Unalloy (0.0866kg)
Extrusion
Alloy (0.0604kg)
Others Mineral (0.015kg)
Caremics (0.002kg)
Injection molding
Assembly
Impact of extrusion Wire drawing Steel turning Casting Drawing
TRANSPORT
Assembly
Transport Aircraft China ( 7500km)
USE
END OF LIFE
Discussion:
The product flow is set by the design Road (Argos store) parameters from the network (25km) research and product itself . The first identification is for the selection of materials, the plastic material is via the internal structure, some (Electronic) Energy use of the traces left by the mold can 3 minutes per day determine the use of materials and 3 year use more support from the supplier Input (1200 W) research from internet and further to recognize the manufacture process ,such as a heating coil manufacturing method using a hair dryer is basically like using NILandfill and recycling CR alloy and wire drawing method. Moreover, ARGOS itself on website can understand some of the basic specifications and the place of manufactor .So, it will be arranged the overall process list.
CES AUDIT Energy and CO2 Footprint Summary:
OVERVIEW / DETAIL ANALYSIS FOR LCA As the report data shown , the hightest impact is the use stage by the electronic use, it is 471 MJ on this condition which is 1200W input to use 3 year and one people uses 3 minute in one day as the general functional unit. Hence, the CO2 footprint is also the highest data which is 29.3kg . This result of energy use is actually normal,such as the toaster. Some electrical functions that need to exchange to heat and be achieved the using temperature immediately are required by the high-power converted. Thus, the high power requirement of products that normally would be more consuming power by time. Generally, the household appliances in the UK is 220V low voltage output that is better than 110V , because the high voltage transmission power consumption can reduce the current, pressure drop, line loss, and energy consumption.This will connect to the environment indirectly as well. Second, the same transmission power, the use of small cross-sectional area doubled wire, 220V wire cost saving than 110V, so the material use can reduce as well. Third, 220V appliances can reduce the work load of the transformer, the transformer has more security guarantees. Finally, the reduction of fire is as the above formula, 220V wire only takes half the current of 110V. When the current increases, the wire (copper) impedance will bring out more heat , it is easy to damage to human health if the wire is burning. However , Using hair dryers are at many places , such as home or stadium...etc., use of time is different, so the time and the input and output power would be a good starting point for the redesign. The second highest data is the material use that are 65MJ for the energy use and 3.19 kg for CO2 emission. In this section , there are a lot of environmental impact that come from the electronic components . However, there are some reasons to cause the high result that one is for function and another one is for assembly and weight . For detail analysis ,to compare the material use that the plastic use is more harmful to environment than metal use, and the synthetic resin and polymer are similar in this project. Hence, the weight and type of material should be considered for redesign. In the transport section that is 29.5MJ for the energy use and 1.96 kg for CO2 released , this is just around 6 % in the whole system. However , the cost expectation that the aircraft use is more harmful than truck and is 15 time of value. Furthermore, in the manufacture phase statistic appreal the tiny impact in environment that just 3.96 MJ for energy use and 290 g for CO2 released.Finally, the disposal process is the lowest value that will not bring the impact considerably and the tiny opportunity redesign in manufacture and disposal section. .
THE RESULT OF MATERIAL AND MANUFACTURE PHRASE Material
Manufacture
DETAIL ANALYSIS FOR LCA
Transport
Use
Disposal
As all tables shown ,the strenth aspect in CES package is speedly to analyze the each part using condition and detail output ,and summarize the result of the LCA process which section is most harmful the environment . In the material section the ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene plastic) is most used materials in the whole product , it should be the hightest impact. However, to compare the power assembly which is the electronic part, that are the similar weight of material but the energy use and CO2 emission of power assembly appeal higher than whole ABS material. Hence, this CES package can not know the impact detail of part, which is the weakness aspect. In the Hairdryer project , the heat resistant is the most important factor, so the material choose will have some limitation. However, the plastic use include the synthetic resin and polymer and the result is similar , but LCA connect the detail of the envornment , human health and resource. Hence, the material redesign will be difficult to have the decision.
SIMAPRO ANALYSIS Single score per impact category
This analysis is the "Level3 - Eco-design " in the simapro 8. The report statistics appeal the overall is quite similar with the CES package analysis , but it is more detail of environment impact .The highest value of electricity use that is over 3.4 Pt, including the over half quantity of Fossel fuels that will bring the huge resource depletion and around 1 Pt about human health damaged by the respiratory inorganic and carcinogens. Furthermore, the ecological damage is around 0.35 Pt by the main factor of climate change. In the material and manufacture section the most harmful impact in human health damaged is the carcinogens generated and the respiratory system will be hurt by organics and inorganics as well, the value which is 1 Pt , 0.2Pt ,and 0.1Pt respectively. Finally, the organic place of production is far away at china,so the aircraft use bring the enormous value in Fossel fuels that is 0.35 Pt. In addition, the tiny influence and design opportunity is in the disposal section.
OVERVIEW / DETAIL ANALYSIS FOR LCA Characterisation
Weighting per impact category
The flexible sorting data and arrangement in the Simapro is quite conveneint for the data review. As the two approach of diagram shown , the rate of each emissions demonstrates clearly with five process in characterisation diagram and the weighting diagram can recognzise rapidly which emission is the most influential.
THE RESULT FOR COMPONENTS Components normalisation per impact category
Components single score per impact category
What is the most useful data for redesign in simapro that is the single component analysis. Because the impact distribution happened in each part is a good challenge and opportunity to learn the material how to impact on the environment. Obviously, the eletronic components is the main key ,especially the power supply unit is the most harmful part .Even the material use can know clearly which material will bring the hurt in which aspect, in this project , the human health damaged will be the most affected.
INDENTIFING THE IMAPCT OF COMPONENTS Network
Zoom in
This is the quick review by network and others for the whole detail process. The three main parts are the most affected which the rank are the power cable unit , fan motor part, and then the front cover. The most harmful emission is the carcinogens. and the others approaching quantities of impact are the ecotoxicity , respiratory , and minerals use. Hence, This three main parts will be developed to redesign possibility. Finally, to compare and comparison with the CES package can find the different analysis aspect. In the Simapro package the powerful data is more clear impact relationship shown with the processes and components than the CES package . However, the weakness aspect is the unit problem and the material and manufacture conbination. There is the Pt as the diagram's unit without any comparison, so it will be not the reality in life. Furthermore, the present combination of materials and manufacturing can not understand which are generated during toxicological impact on the environment
HUMAN NEEDS MET There are many types of hair dryer in the life as the figure shown below (Argos): A hair dryer is an essential tool, whether you’re simply looking to blow dry your hair as fast as possible, or wanting to style as you dry. Whatever you’re looking for, These have a dryer that will suit the needs. The Maslow's hierarchy of needs will apply in this project and help to recognize clearly what the human needs met : Self-actualiziton : Creativity - Follow the basic criteria to generate various design for connection with human desire.
Esteem :
Respect of others - This involving is connect the different culture and material use. The appearance performance will bring the high quality sense.
Love / belonging:
Usability - The use efficiency birng the freindship between the people. The time is quite improtant in public condition , this will be relavant the social interaction.
Safety: Reliablity - Most models use coils of wire that have a high electric resistivity and heat rapidly with an electric current.This requirement involves the security directly.
Physiological: Fucntionality - Allow to accelerate the evaporation of water particles and dry the hair , and to better control the shape and style of hair
SUGGESTED ECO IMPROVEMENTS Social and technology chagne Increasing the friendship and cater the technology change This Hairdryer design is one for the user who hold on the hand as the organic performance, the sharing guildance will bring in the concept .The main body sets on the wall with plug in back and via the air pipe to share each one. Strength : One advantage is reduce the material use and save energy ,another one is increasing the association between people. Weakness : It will be more reliable on the technology,such as the Dyson fan.
Design for behaviour change Design for increasing the security This report descirbe the best distance is 6 inch between scalp and hair dryer. the obvious warning mark or the soft probe will provide for warning people use. Strength : Keep the scalp healthy. Weakness: The people still follow the previous habit to use ,its easy to skip.
Toxicity reduction
Selecting non toxic/harmful materials In this project analysis result shown the high respiratory inorganic and carcinogens in the material and manufacture, and the copper use is really harmful to people health, the reduction of copper will be essentially to reduce the impact .However, there are some limitation for the power cable use by some eletronic association clause. The reduction of power cable use or reuse the fan motor will a good solution. Strength : Effectively reduce harm to the environment on many levels Weakness : Reuse old products may reduce the quality assurance, and reduction of the cable will use inconveneint.
Reduction of energy use Changing the energy input distribution The Fan motor and the Heating element is the main energy use parts in the hair dryer, and the heating element is the main depletion source because the electricity to thermal performance rely on the materal use and circuit control. However ,the fan motor is unecessay to use high power.The final goal is drying the people hair, the quantities of wind will be considered in redesign. Strength : Can make a substantial reduction in energy consumption by reducing the electron energy Weakness : The final results can not achieve the desired effect
Reduction of material use Main body + Wind pipe All warm air generated and control function conbine in the main body .Reduction of material use and add the optional use of air pipe for more human. To merge the switch in the main body and reduced 3 times of material. Strength : In the process where the material can really reduce the use of materials to decline environmental impact. Weakness : The overall strength of the product structure will fall more than previous one.
Design for reliability Reduce overall number of components(simplify assembly) This will relate to the material scale reduction. original assembly consist the some extra parts for assisting wind direction. To become the optional wind pipes with main body. These will completely reduce the material because the one machine for more people is better than one for one people. Strength : Accelerate manufacturing processes to reduce the time wasted Weakness : This part of the production parameters may also question the strength of the product itself, and functionality may be affected
Reduction of the scale Changing the organic form to provide higher efficiency In current hair dryer , keeping on the hand to use is the main function. The handhold section is the extra section , it just for direction control and power control. This will be the opportunity to change and reduce the whole scale possibility. Strength : Reduce wasteful use of space. Weakness : It may indirectly affect output efficiency.
Emotionally durable design
For happiness ! Sometime the family or the couple take the shower at the same time. The husband helps the wife to dry the hair , or the paranet help the child to dry the hair. This is always the sweet movement.In the public condition, This could improve the friendship to be closer between people. Strength : The new product allows users to bring different feelings. Weakness : This design will have occasion to use restrictions, such as single.
Reduction of transport distance Selecting non toxic/harmful materials The business involving in ths section , how to promote and have the benefit in the business that the company have been considerd. Creating a new type of hair dryer and high quality performance in the UK are possible to implement. The toilet facilities should be more hygiene sense.Hence, the local production can reduce the impact from the transport aspect. Strength : Reduce the waste of natural energy Weakness : Manufacturing and labor costs may increase
REDESIGN PROPOSAL Overview After a series of analysis and discussion, the data of this product can recognize entirely how to affect in the LCA process .The whole process of the product will eventually focus on the energy and materials stage as the redesign starting.
The use phase
In this part of energy use will aim to save energy , improve the efficiency and reduce the use of time-based, because from the report that, for the most impact on energy use part of the environmental impact. Furthermore, the condition will set 4 people to use the original hair dryer at the same moment.
The material and manufacture section
According to the analysis report , that statistic appeals the copper content in the part and the high weight of plastic use will have a huge impact on the environment. Hence, the power cable section and main body section will be redesign.
Design for increasing the security This warning mark remind people should be carefully to bring the attention for the distance between hair and hair dryer.
6"
Redesign the main body The design will change the whole shape to match new concept , the PP material use will substitute the ABS use as the main body because the better heating resistance property and low impact that is same with ABS. However , the cost is cheaper than ABS as well. In addition, the carbon steel will install in the main body as well.
Redesign the switch function This design will use the contact manner by two conductive elements between the air pipe and main body, when the pipe pull out and use, the product will work.
Redesign the power supply mode The socket design on main body and remove the cable use will implement in the design, reducing the use of wire will significantly reduce the impact on the environment.
Function re-defination This design will increase the quantity of air for 4 people use by increasing the fan size and power use.
New elements added - the air pipe The 4 pieces of maximun will install in the system .However,This is optional purchase by the buyer.
FUTURE PIONEERS
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MATERIAL
WEIGHT
MANUFACTURE
1
Front Cover
PP(heat resistant)
0.392kg
Injection molding
2
Back Cover
PP(heat resistant)
0.301 kg
Injection molding
3
Capacitance
Capacitor (Ceramics)
0.002 kg
Assembly
4
Wire
PVC + Copper
0.0012 kg
Extrusion + Wire drawing
5
Screw
Carbon steel, AISI 1050,annealed
0.003 kg
Steel turning
6
Fan
PP (copolymer, clarified/nucleated)
0.01 kg
Injection molding
7
Fan cover
PP (heat resistant)
0.02 kg
Injection molding
8
Fan motor
Magnet + Steel + copper
0.064 kg
Casting + Drawing + Wire drawing
9
Mica
Dolomite
0.015 kg
Injection molding
10 Plug
Steel
0.037kg
Extrusion + Wire drawing
11 Wire protector
PA (type 66, flame retarded)
0.003 kg
Extrusion
12 Heating spring
Iron -Ni-Cr
0.007 kg
Wire drawing
13 Air pipe -Front
PP
0.03 kg
Injection molding
14 Air pipe -Back
Carbon steel
0.02 kg
Casting
15 Folding Pipe
PVC
0.02 kg
Extrusion
16 Conductive ring
Carbon steel
0.008 kg
Impact of extrusion
NEW INVENTORY
USAGE SITUATION
4 TIMES MATERIAL AND ENERGY USE
4 PEOPLE COULD USE AT THE SAME TIME
THE MOBILITY ON DEMAND
THE LENGTH OF PIPES IS 50 CM
ONE PEOPLE JUST USE ONE HAIR DRYER AT THE SAME TIME
ONE PEOPLE CAN USE MORE PIPE TO DRY HAIR QUICKLY
The original use condition
The new design use condition
CES ANALYSIS (Substantial decline)
(NEW DESIGN) (4 PEOPLE USE ORIGINAL ONE)
(Substantial decline)
(NEW DESIGN) (4 PEOPLE USE ORIGINAL ONE)
This is the compare and comparison review , the green one is the original product , the yellow one is the new design , and the red one is the 4 people use the original product at the same time.Why I set this parameter to compare because this new design can provide 4 people use on the same moment.Hence,obviously, the diagram show the red one use is the highest impact on the enviroment and the new design just rise around 25% to compare with the original one at the single people condition. Actually , this design aim the public and family condition , so the many people use is really can reduce the impact on the environment that decline approximately 2.65 times difference .
SIMAPRO ANALYSIS
This result can really demostrate how change in this design in detail LCA . The same situation show with before that the electricity depletion is existing as well. However, the toxic emission that will be harmful to the human health have been declined obviously. The data is from 2.5 Pt to 0.4 Pt for the Carcinogens and 1 Pt to 0.8 Pt for Resp. inorganics.
INDENTIFING THE IMAPCT OF COMPONENTS This single components analysis can recongize all of the components that are almost will not damage to the human health.However, The diagram show the highest is the fossel fuels use that will damage the resource , but according to the design direction , to compare the 4 people to use the original product at the same time, the result will be the terrible issues that is the strong hurt at human health and the resource aspect. Finally, as the network shown , the best solution will bethe reduction of the main body material use.
IMPROVEMENT CONCLUSION The "real" use situation This new design renew will be clearly know what the advantage in this design , however , this is the analysis that will be some difference between real world performance. This is why I will concern in this design. The sharing situation is really need to get the test to prove how to promote the friendship and association. In the function evaluation will be necessay to implement on the human that will get the result.
The volume decision This new design just design for everything inside, but the air flow will be the most important factor to have the decision for the main body volume.That need to analyze the quantity and the distribution for each air pipe. In addition , the pipe length is also that should be considerd. How to improve the subsquent design that will depend on the final analysis result.
The manufacturability This section will involving the shape design , currrently , I design the shape it does not consider the manufacture, some detail design is necessary to follow the material properties. Furthermore, the best approach to make the new parts are just the assumption , so the final decision may need to get some evaluation and the cost cosideration.
The use limitation This is the potential section that I have considered before. The usage of plug will be limited by the socket. Hence, the location set of socket will be the key point. It can not use the lower place.
Conclusion In this whole process of analysis, a complete understanding of the LCA assesment by the CES and SIMAPRO analysis, The best single part compare and the detail impact in three aspect are the best advantage in the SIMAPRO package, and the rapidly overview how to impact on the environment is the CES pack benefit. Hence, how to apply flexibly in your design will improve the design completely for sustainability. This task has improved the impact on the environment completely. The most toxic emissions on the human health damaged have been removed as well. However , there are some potential factor have excluded from the design, such as the eletronic components use. Hence, the energy use will have another opportunity to decline by the eletricity control and provide more efficiency as well.
REFERENCE 1.http://www.argos.co.uk/static/Product/partNumber/4436151.htm 2.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Dyson 3.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blowdryer 4.http://nehrc.nhri.org.tw/toxic/toxfaq_detail.php?id=51 5.http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/engineering-systems-division/esd-123j-systemsperspectives-on-industrial-ecology-spring-2006/lecture-notes/lec17.pdf 6.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maslow%27s_hierarchy_of_needs 7.http://www.shangyuh.com.tw/cht/equi.php 8.http://www.chaostec.com/220v.htm 9.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mains_electricity_by_country 10.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic 11.http://www.egcg.com.tw/greentea-shop-products/greentea-images/plastic_1. pdf 12.http://www.madehow.com/Volume-7/Hair-Dryer.html 13.http://danlockton.com/dwi/Download_the_cards 14.http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/sectors/chemicals/files/sustdev/pvc-final_report_ lca_en.pdf