Classification of the Salvage Elements from Castle Market
High
・Abandoned Chair
・Industrial Style Clock ・Lighting
・Hard Wood Handrail
・Memorial Decoration on the footbridge
・CCTV
・Used Timber
・Retractable Shop Gates
・Brick
・glass curtain wall
・Memorial Signs ・Window ・Glass Block
Small
Large
・1960 Marketʼs Skylight Roof
Scale
・Spirl Stair
・Tiles
・Used Electrical Wire ・Castle Market Logo fitting into the wall
・Concrete Slab
・Tower & Spirl Stair
・Glass Block Skylight Roof
Low Potentiality of Disassembling
Demolition with the Multi-Methods & Speed Down the Process
Management Report
SPOLIA Institution Hung-Tsung, (Casper,) Lin
Electric Screwdriver
Circular Saw
Hammer Drill
High Reach Arm
Implosion
“The modern concept of ‘spolia’ refers to the reused parts of architectural constructions that taken from a demolish building - a building, therefore, to remain with the hunter’s terminology, stripped of its hide.” ~ from: Beat Brenk, 1987, “Spolia from Constantine to Charlemagne: Aesthetics versus Ideology”
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Management Report
Management Report
SPOLIA Institution Hung-Tsung, (Casper,) Lin
INDEX Brief p, 5 Site - Castle Market p. 7 Scenario p. 8 Stakeholder p. 12 Procurement p. 14 Strategies for Developing and Funding p. 17 Health & Safety p. 18 Risk p. 18 Cost p. 20 Conclusion p. 22 Reference p. 25
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What would be happening if architects get involed before the decmoltion takes place?
]
Management Report
Brief The responsibility of an architect is to design a construction object which provides a shelter for living. Through the contemporary architecture eduction, we learn how to design and build. Moreover, we haven’t been taught how to demolish a construction object because the duty of deconstruction is belong to civil engineering engineers. However, if we are thinking about the whole life cycle of an architecture, demolition is taking a part in itself. If we are having regeneration projects, deconstruction even plays an role in the whole process. Therefore, this thesis project: SPOLIA Institution, is beginning with demolishing stage. What could be changed if architects start to do design before the demolition starts. As we know, there is always a possibility for reusing the existing architecture. Architects have the ability to design and work with another buildings. Furthermore, in the past, ancient Roma, they even salvage the architecture elements from another building for constructing a new one. The roman even created a new term: SPOLIA, for describing this
action. Of course, several reasons could be identified for grounding this concept in the past, such as the limited construction materials, the efficiency of building a new facility, etc. Even though spolia is an ancient word, it still has its value for applying on the modern architecture. Naturally, the meaning of spolia would be adjusted and changed to meet the current situation. In this thesis project, spolia is the main concept to drive the project developing. From salvaging the reusable architecture elements from Castle Market and reusing the deconstruction site waste for building upcoming facilities, this thesis project focuses on reusing and recycling the the materials and designing for deconstruction architecture. Therefore, SPOLIA Institution was born. The aims of SPOLIA Institution are researching & recording the architecture elements, such as stairs, fireplaces, sky light windows, etc., spolia factory which offers the whole piece architecture elements for forming another architectures, and holding a variety of events for wider public engaging with.
collecting from the wider neighborhood - raw / valuable materials - memorable architecture elements - decorative ornaments
- raw / valuable materials - memorable architecture elements
Spolia Institution
Salvage Yard
Archaeology Investigation
re-manufactured sold for reuse
landfill
Demolition Plan from Sheffield Council Proposed finished leve for Demolition by Council Sheffield Castle Ruin
New Propose basing on thesis project: Spolia Institution 1930’s Fish & Meat Market (Preservation) New Assemblable Spolia Institution Deconstructed Building Archaeology Investigation 5
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Management Report
1930’s Fish & Meat Market
Site - Castle Market The Castle Market was built on the ruin of Sheffield Castle which was built around 1270 with stones and demolished around 1644. According to trade record, while the demolition of Sheffield Castle, some of the decorative plasters were salvaged and relocated in other buildings around Sheffield. The most significant example is the plaster above the fireplace in Bishop’s House, Norton Lees, Sheffield. Sheffield has the rich history. In addition, Sheffield is built on the past and laying up through the developing. Therefore, the current development on Castle Market would continue to build up on the past. Therefore, every movement would leave some behind and carry on. In addition, the initial concept of SPOLIA Institution was starting with retaining a part of Castle Market: the 1930’s market, keeping the layered-up storied area, and removing some away: the 1960’s multi-stories office building, releasing the land for a visionary development.
The Castle Market is a complex building which built by the needs and through the time. The early construction of the Castle Market was starting with the 1930’s Fish & Meat market which is mainly formed by steel structure, glass and timber window on the roof; the later built build of Castle Market was the 1960’s multi-stories building constructed with the concrete frame and covered with glass curtain wall. Basing on the need of SPOLIA Institution, keeping the 1930’s Fish & Meat market and transforming it into a warehouse for storing the salvaged architecture elements and displaying those objects for exhibition and sale. Meanwhile, the demolition of 1960’s multi-stories building would be a typic example for representing the deconstruction of the modern architecture. Through this thesis project, it would be a good chance to set up a standard demolition plan of deconstructing the modern architecture.
1960’s Market 1960’s Castlegate Tower Office 1930’s Fish & Meat Market River Dan
7
Jan. 2017
Present 1930ʼs Fish & Meat Market
1930ʼs Fish & Meat Market Archaeology
19
Market Shop / Event Space Reconstruction
Ma
Footbridge / Spiral Ramp Market Shop / Event Space
1960ʼs Castle Market Archaeology
1960ʼs Castle Market
1960ʼs Castlegate Tower Office Deconstruction
1960ʼs Castlegate Tower Office
1960ʼs
Scenario for Demolitio
Scenario In order to gain more time for making a better demolition plan, which includes the period for involving art creation, public participation, architecture research, record and design, having a well running scenario is playing an important role in this project. In addition, the whole Castle Market would be divided into 5 components, which are (A.) 1930’s Fish & Meat Market, (B.) Footbridge / Spiral Ramp / Abandoned Building, (C.) Market Shop / Event Space, (D.) 1960’s Castle Market and (E.) 1960’s Castlegate Tower Office, by their construction types, locations and proposes. Each component has its own regeneration approach, the role in the whole development process and the direction in the future. Even the whole Castle Market be designed and divided into independent puzzle, during the regeneration period, they would through Refurbishment Clean take turn to go Research / Record the Reconstruction Archaeology Salvage main 4 periods of regenerating and support each Disassemble Regeneration Architecture Design other for (Upgradation) reconstructing. Deconstruction
2015 Jan.
Constructional Detail Design
2016 Apr.
1930ʼs Fish & Meat Market
Footbridge / Spiral Ramp
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Market Shop / Event Space
Jul.
Oct.
Jan.
Apr.
Jul.
Period I: Initial Architecture Design / Art Project / Public Participation The period I would be leaded by the city council. Three aims of the first period are (1.) bringing the public participation into the whole regeneration process with the temporary art project, (2.) opening to the architecture research & record for archiving and the initial archaeology investigation and (3.) working with the urban plan specialists for the whole area redevelopment and the architecture design company for well planning redevelopment plan. Period II: Salvage / Deconstruction / Architecture Design The period II would be taken in charge by the Temporary architects. Before the deconstruction takes the Museum (On-site) place, the architects Temporary Workshop / On-site Officewould need to identify and make finial decision about what architecture In Usethe (Temporary) Open to the Public elements need to be saved, what the outcomes are, such as keeping the architecture elements in the 2017 2018 whole piece or crashing to the raw materials basing Oct. Jan. Apr. Jul. Oct. Jan. on the possibility of reuse and recycle. Meanwhile, the architects also need to make the propose to the city council and show to future imagine to the public.
Apr.
Management Report
Jun. 2018
Mar. 2020
Jul. 2021
930ʼs Fish & Meat Market In Use (Temporary)
1930ʼs Fish & Meat Market Open to the Public
1930ʼs Fish & Meat Market Open to the Public
arket Shop / Event Space Reconstruction
Market Shop / Event Space In Use (Temporary)
Market Shop / Event Space Regeneration (Upgradation)
Footbridge / Spiral Ramp Open to the Public 1960ʼs Castle Market Reconstruction
s Castlegate Tower Office Archaeology
1960ʼs Castle Market Open to the Public
1960ʼs Castle Market Reconstruction
1960ʼs Castlegate Tower Office Reconstruction
1960ʼs Castlegate Tower Office Reconstruction
on and Reconstruction
Period III: Archaeology / Architecture Construction Design After the disassembly, deconstruction and demolition, the brown field left on the ground creates a good opportunity for archaeology investigation under the earth before the upcoming building start to build. Therefore, the aims of the Period III are for archaeologists doing their researches and the interested citizens, such as the organisation of Friends of Sheffield Castle, etc., participating the investigation. Meanwhile, the architecture design process leaded by the architect should be pushed to the construction design. Consulting with the structure engineers should be involved during the period III. Period IV: Reconstruction / Architecture Detail Design The last period is the duty of construction leaded by the civic engineering engineers and the architects. During the building takes the time through, the architect need to hand in the detail 2019 2020 constructing drawing for building and make sure the Jul. Oct. Jan. Apr. Jul. Oct. Jan. constructing basing on the finial drawings. Meanwhile, the architects should start to form or shape the management team who are going to take in charge and using the facility after it’s finished.
Although the whole regeneration 1930’s Fish & Meat Market period / Spiral Ramp / Abandoned Building would become longer than Footbridge the traditional developMarket Shop / Event Space ment project, several benefits would be revealed 1960’s Castle Market 1960’s Castlegate Tower Office because of this modification. (1.) Public participation: the wider citizens would get involved. (2.) Eco-friendly development: the sustainable development strategy would be carried out. (3.) Funding: the variety of funding opportunity could be practiced.
2021 Apr.
Jul.
Oct.
Jan.
Apr.
Jul.
9
Jan. 2017
Present 1930ʼs Fish & Meat Market
1930ʼs Fish & Meat Market Archaeology
19
Market Shop / Event Space Reconstruction
Ma
Footbridge / Spiral Ramp Market Shop / Event Space
1960ʼs Castle Market Archaeology
1960ʼs Castle Market
1960ʼs Castlegate Tower Office Deconstruction
1960ʼs Castlegate Tower Office
1960ʼs
Scenario for Demolitio
Refurbishment
Clean
Research / Record
Temporary Museum (On-site)
Reconstruction
Salvage
Archaeology
Temporary Workshop / On-site Office
Regeneration (Upgradation)
Disassemble
Architecture Design
In Use (Temporary)
Deconstruction
Constructional Detail Design
Open to the Public
2015 Jan.
2016 Apr.
1930ʼs Fish & Meat Market
Footbridge / Spiral Ramp
Market Shop / Event Space
1960ʼs Castle Market
1960ʼs Castlegate Tower Office
10
Jul.
Oct.
Jan.
2017 Apr.
Jul.
Oct.
Jan.
2018 Apr.
Jul.
Oct.
Jan.
Apr.
Management Report
Jun. 2018
Mar. 2020
Jul. 2021
930ʼs Fish & Meat Market In Use (Temporary)
1930ʼs Fish & Meat Market Open to the Public
1930ʼs Fish & Meat Market Open to the Public
arket Shop / Event Space Reconstruction
Market Shop / Event Space In Use (Temporary)
Market Shop / Event Space Regeneration (Upgradation)
Footbridge / Spiral Ramp Open to the Public 1960ʼs Castle Market Reconstruction
1960ʼs Castle Market Open to the Public
1960ʼs Castle Market Reconstruction
1960ʼs Castlegate Tower Office Reconstruction
1960ʼs Castlegate Tower Office Reconstruction
s Castlegate Tower Office Archaeology
on and Reconstruction
1930’s Fish & Meat Market Footbridge / Spiral Ramp / Abandoned Building Market Shop / Event Space 1960’s Castle Market 1960’s Castlegate Tower Office
2019 Jul.
Oct.
Jan.
2020 Apr.
Jul.
Oct.
Jan.
2021 Apr.
Jul.
Oct.
Jan.
Apr.
Jul.
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Stakeholder
SPOLIA Institution is mainly supported by Sheffield City Council, which stands on the current Castle Market in the city centre. It’s an alternative proposal for the unclear development plan of Castle Market. Through the council’s main target to regenerate the declining area, to found the SPOLIA Institution with RIBA to build up an organisation which aims the architecture elements research and reuse.
The third sector is an event department, which is also the mainly funding resource for running and maintain SPOLIA Institution and benefits the wider public. Therefore, artists could work with SPOLIA Institution for creating their projects and share their works in the regular exhibition inside the institution, which could cooperate with Yorkshire Artspace.
Three departments, the research centre, the spolia factory and the event, forms this novel enterprise. SPOLIA Institution would cooperate with Sheffield Antique Quarter and Lou Lou’s Sheffield Vintage Fair for ambitions attitude of salvaging, which would be the large scale reservation of the whole piece architecture elements, not just objects, and for enhancements of the wider citizen’s new life style. And also, to work with the remanufactured industry for having a wider possibility of recycling the deconstruction site waste. SPOLIA Institution would also have a research section for recording the architecture elements and the manufactory industry and support the architecture research, which the researchers in SSOA, University of Sheffield, and the dept. of architecture and planning, Sheffield Hallam University, are the mainly beneficiaries. Consultants
Better Strategy for Demolistion and Rebuild
・Sheffield City Council
・Developer
・Demolition specialists
・Construction engineers
The Investigation of Sheffield Castle and History
・Archaeologist ・Historian ・Museums of Sheffield ・Friends of Bishops' House ・Green Estate
(Sheffield Manor Lodge)
Funding
・Event Planner 12
・Antique Business Owner
・Artist
(Yorkshire Artspace)
・English Heritage
Management Report
RIBA Enterprises
Sheffield City Council
SPOLIA Institution
SP O
Department of Archaeology
RESEA R C H
Sheffield Hallam University
LIA F a ct ory
c li e n t s
The Department of Architecture and Planning
Skill Workers
Sheffield Vintage Fair
University of Sheffield EVENT
School of Architecture
Sheffield Antique Quarter The Twentieth Century Society Event Planner
Friends of Sheffield Castle Yorkshire Artspace
Museums Sheffield
Friends of Bishops'Â House
Artist
Green Estate (Sheffield Manor Lodge)
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gement
Build
Concept
Contract 2
Refurbishing the tower block & office Building
Design & Build
Contract 1
SPOLIA Institution
Design & Build
Contract 3
Urban Green Space
1930’s Fish & Meat Market would be became a new facility “Spolia Institution.”
(Sheffield Magetron)
1960’s Castle Market & Office Building would be refurbished for renting to profiting.
Traditional
Market’s loading bay would be transfromed into archaeology investigation area and public space after. Car park would be turned into the urban green space (Sheffield Magetron) for events and funding.
Procurement Current procurement from Sheffield City Council is a traditional contract. The present plan for regeneration of Castle Market is to remove all the above ground structured objects at once in the beginning and then to build a whole new facility on the site. It might be a safety development idea, however, the process of this kind of regeneration is lack of environment eco-friendly, no public engagement and time consuming. If the architect could get involved on the early stage of the regeneration journey, all the disadvantage of the traditional approach could be adjusted into a better solution. 14
After considering with minimising the demolition environment impact, to reducing the demolishing volume is one option; also, thinking about maximising the value of the remained market buildings, to remove the 1960 market hall and the 1970 market entrance extension would be a good urban development strategy. This would benefit the survived buildings, include the 1930 market hall, the tower block and the office building. After all, the best location of coming up building volume is the current loading area next to the 1930 market hall.
Furthermore, basing on those negative rea-
Management Report
Diagram Definition Key Time: 5 = fastest procurement route Quality: 5 = highest quality Management: 5 = well client control Cost: 5 = certainty over final built cost Risk: 5 = well deign and construction performance Flexibility: 5 = oppourtunity for alterations on site Complexity:5 = the more highly serviced building
sons of the lump sum development project, to break the whole enormous project into controllable sizes and to have different strategies under the master development plan would be the better approach for regenerating Castle Market. The whole Castle market site could be divided into three manageable development projects: the 1930 conserved market hall & new constructed building - SPOLIA Institution, project, the market tower and office building regeneration project and the urban landscape design project.
ect, which is including the 1930 market hall conserved, the Sheffield castle ruins revealed and the construction material exploration, the new possibility of reclaimed concrete elements. Therefore, Design and Build contract would be mainly considered for this thesis project.
Basing on this thesis project - SPOLIA Institution, this would be a design led development proj15
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Management Report
Database
Measure & Record
Library
Lading Bay Area
Repair Station (Manufactory)
Archive
RESEARCH
Photography
Storage
Warehoues
Backstage
Spolia Factory
Laboratory
(Training Centre)
SPOLIA Institution (Reception)
Workshop
(Skills Exchange)
Archaeology
Exhibition Room
Events Flexible Space
Out Door Space (Public Space)
Program
Strategies for Developing and Funding (1.) Deconstruct the official demolition plan. (2.) Open Ground Floor for archaeology investigation, public use, green space.
(3.) Release a part of land for developing and for raising funds. (4.) Hold events, cooperate with the neighbour organisations, such as Yorkshire Artspace, Sheffield Antiques Quarter, etc., to service the wider public and to raise the public funds. 17
Health & Safety
Risk
(1.) Well Zoning Control As the period of the public participation, the research & record process and the demolition process are all taking the place with some layered time, a well organising control of zoning is becoming the first essential health & safety issue needs to be addressed on.
SPOLIA Institution is designed and constructed while the art project on display and the demolition in progress. The whole deconstruction site would become very tense because several actives are happening on the site at same time. Therefore, this would not only raise the health and safety issue but also bring out the challenge of the management. This is mainly reason for using the management contract.
(2.) Well Deconstruction Site Safety Maintain The deconstruction process would relay on amount of labor work, therefore, the safety environment of deconstruction site is also an essential importance for the workers stay in and work with. (3.) Safety Working Area in SPOLIA Factory Because of the repair work would take place inside the retaining 1930’s market, having a safety working environment is essential and having the safety working guide about working inside the old building also need to address on. (4.) Well Circulation inside SPOLIA Institution and Clear Maintenance It could be imaged about working inside a factory which the repair process takes a place and the dust is everywhere, in the air and on the ground. Therefore, in order to having a nice working environment for the workers or the researchers, the circulation system of SPOLIA Institution should be addressed and detailed carefully. 18
Because of allowing the archaeology investigation and holding the public consultations, the uncontrollable factors would increase. This is not a negative decision at all. However, the whole regeneration project should need to have more flexibility than traditional development projects. Therefore, the advance schedule would be hardly following on. Having a well controllable timetable and keeping the flexibility at the same time would need to a smart balance in order to preventing the raising of the cost.
Management Report
Archive
1930 Market Hall
1930 Markst Hall Architecture Elements Warehouse
Sheffield Castle Gallery
Kitchen
Gallery
Viewing Bridge
Banqueting Hall
Auditorium
Uncover the River Sheaf
Skills Learn
Embedded Castle Ruin Remained Landform Slit Hole for Snaping the Ruin Exposed Castle Ruin
Event Square
Event Square
Cafe
Circulation - Visitors
Urban Context
Event Venue Remained Landform & 1930 Market Hall
1930 Market Hall (Refurbished)
Walk Pass through the SPOLIA Institution
Public Access Route
Research
Office Preparation Room Storage Room Archive Archive
1930 Markst Hall Architecture Elements Warehouse Board Room
1930 Markst Hall Architecture Elements Warehouse
Office
Storage Room Goods Lift
Parking Restoration Yard Crate Room
Loading Bay Recording Station
Crate Room
Workshop
Workshop
Bus Stop
Circulation - Researchers & Salvaged Elements SPOLIA Institution
SPOLIA Institution
Repire Factory
Repire Factory
1930 Market Hall (Refurbished)
1930 Market Hall (Refurbished) Researchers Access Route
Skill Workers Access Route
Salvaged Architecture Elements Circulation
19
Cast Calculations have been made detailing the cost and whole life cycle costing of the project. Costs have been calculated through the use of precedent, basing on Building Cost Information Service (BCIS). The cost only be estimated for SPOLIA Institution and the urban green space (archaeology investigation), not including the whole new developing area.
Spatial Program
ÂŁ/M2
M2
Demolition
7707
1500
11560500
Excavation
877
450
394650
Office
218
1535
334630
Gallery
1248
2200
2745600
Skill Exchange Workshop
256
2200
563200
Archive
48
1554
74592
Coffee
172
2000
344000
Family Workshop
128
2200
281600
Function Room
64
1800
115200
Workshop
1113.5
2200
2449700
Spolia Institution
Event Venue
Repair Factory
18863672
Corrodor 25@ of NA
4715918
wall 3%
565910.16
Building Service 5%
943183.6
Landscape
46805
70
3276350 28365033.76
Location Adjustments(0.94)
20
26663131.734 10%
29329444.908
-10%
23996818.561
Management Report
Exhibition Materials / Waste Arts / Building Technical Repair Skills / Waste Culture / Salvage Industry / Remanufacturing Industry
1248 m2
128 m2
Store
Workshop
Preparation Room
256 m2
128 m2
128 m2
FACTORY
Loading Bay & Crate Room
Salvage Warehouse 2688 m2
Kitchen 16 m2
Material Storage 64 m
2
Repair & Restoration Warehouse
Restoration Yard
256 m2
128 m2
Lift 9.5 m2
Record Stop 3D Scaner Photography
128 m2 Toilet 10 m2
Skill Workshop Timber Workshop 3D Printer CNC
Toilet
128 m2 Max.
8 Adults
10 m2
Max.
Toilet
Toilet
64 m2
20 m2
Max.
3 Adults
6 Adults
Max.
6 Adults
Family Workshop Timber Workshop 3D Printer CNC
Toilet 4 Families
Max. (8 Adults with 16 Children)
20 m2
Max.
3 Adults with 4 Children
Max.
3 Adults with 4 Children
EVENT
128 m2
Repaire Cafe / Restoration Club 128 m2
Toilet 64 People
20 m2
Preparation Room 64 m2 Market 256 m2 Kitchen 64 m2
6 Staffs
2 Table Services 1 Clerk 1 Barista 2 Cheves
20 Kiosks
Spolia Institution Boardroom 84 m2 Max.
SPOLIA Institution - 3.36%
12 People
Education - 21.77%
Auditorium
Event - 15.26%
2
128 m Meeting Room
INSTITUTION
Skill Exchange - 39.50%
70 m2 Max.
14 People
Office 70 m2
Max.
5 People
1 Director 1 Administrator 1 Event Planer 2 Staffs
Toilet
Toilet
10 m2
20 m2
Archive
Max.
72 Adults
Max.
6 Adults
Repair Factory - 16.62% Research - 2.01% Others - 2.44%
Total = 7127.5 m2
Tables
Lab.
Kitchen
16 m2
16 m2
16 m2
2
32 m
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Conclusion SPOLIA Institution would be a good model for demonstrating a possibility of demolition and build taking place together and also for rethinking the meaning of the hierarchy of reduce, reuse and recycle. Meanwhile, raising attentions for the consideration of demolishing a concrete building and rethinking the possibility of reusing the architecture elements as possible rather than remanufacturing the demolition site waste are both interesting issue for current architecture industry. Moreover, starting to think about the demolition process while designing the building and suggesting architects should get involved before the demolition. 22
Management Report
If architect could get involved on the earlier stage of urban development and regeneration project, everything is changed. The management of the project would be the main challenge. An architect’s management ability would also need to be improved. However, this would also open more opportunities for connecting with the society more strongly- residents could get involved and the citizens’ memories could be passed down. This would also offer an chance to solve some basic development problems, such reducing demolition site waste, energy and raw materials. Those benefits would come after having a careful organised management plan.
SPOLIA Institution would be a design and build contract project to fully enhance the design strength to solve the major issues and to provide the best architecture for the society.
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Reference
Management Report
[ Spolia ] Beat Brenk , 1987, “Spolia from Constantine to Charlemagne: Aesthetics versus Ideology,” Dumbarton Oaks Papers, www.jstor. org/stable/1291549?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents Architecture Art Planning, Cornell University, Spolia: Histories, Spaces, and Processes of Adaptive Reuse, http://aap.cornell. edu/news-events/spolia-histories-spaces-and-processes-adaptive-reuse#sthash.NlRxMRBe.dpuf [ Contract & Cost] The Joint Contracts Tribunal (JCT), www.jctltd.co.uk/home.aspx National Building Specification (NBS,) www.thenbs.com/index.asp Building Cost Information Service (BCIS), http://calculator.bcis. co.uk [ Management ] Sofie Pelsmaker, 2012, The environmental design pocketbook, RIBA: London Adrian Dobson, 2014, 21 Things You Won’t Learn in Architecture School, RIBA: Newcastle Ian C. Ward, 2004, Energy and environmental Issues for the practising architect: : a guide to help at the initial design stage, Thomas Telford: London Mikael Krogerus & Roman Tschäppeler, 2011, The Decision Book, Profile Books LTD.: London Nishat Awan, Tatjana Schneider & Jeremy Hill, 2011, Spatial Agency: Other Ways of Doing Architecture, Routledge: Abington
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