Link

Link Sustainable Architecture - Architecture & Design - Aalborg University - Msc02 - Grp.9 - June 2016

Colophon Project Title Link Project Group Group 9 MSc02 ARC S2016 Aalborg University School of Architecture, Design & Planning Contributors Asger Skjødt Jacobsen Casper Langberg Thaier Jonas Wittup Laursen Nicolai Mai Jørgensen Pelle Jin-Woo Ziersen

Asger Skjødt Jacobsen

Casper Langberg Thaier

Project Period 21.03.16 - 01.06.16 Number of copies 9

Jonas Wittrup Laursen

Number of pages 116 Number of appendix 7 Main supervisor Kemo Usto Assistant Lecturer Department of Architecture, Design & Media Technology Technical Supervisor Olena K. Larsen Associate Professor Aalborg University Department of Civil Engineering

Nicolai Mai Jørgensen

Pelle Jin-Woo Ziersen

Table of Content Abstract Reading Guide Introduction Methodology

4 5 6 7

Apartment, Penthouse Detail, Façade Apartment, Single Storey Apartment, Student

62 63 64 66

Programme Site Blue/Green Connections Functions Public Transport Flow Noise Wind Sunlight Precipitation Context Subset

9 9 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 27

Technical Documentation Mechanical Ventilation Passive and Active Strategies Structural Principles Technical Detail Energy Frame Indoor Climate

69 70 72 74 76 78 80

Theory Sustainable Compact City The Death and Life of Great American Cities Sustainability User Groups Zero Energy Strategy

28 29 30 32 34

Design Process Phase 1 Subset Phase 2 Subset Phase 3 Subset Phase 4 Subset

83 86 91 92 99 100 105 106 111

Vision Design Parametres

36 37

Conclusion Reflection References Illustrations

112 113 114 115

Presentation Outdoor Spaces Concept Functions Site Plan Elevation, North Elevation, South Kindergarten Workshops Café Apartment, Two Storey’s

39 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58

Appendix Appendix 1: U-Values Appendix 2: Fire Emergency Appendix 3: Daylight Factor Appendix 4: Floor Area Distribution Appendix 5: Energy Frame and Indoor Climate Appendix 6: Parking Calculation Appendix 7: PV System

116 116 117 118 119 120 121 122

Abstract

The objective of the assignment is to create a high density, mix-use, zero energy building as part of the redevelopment of HĂĽndvĂŚrkerkvarteret in the heart of Aalborg.

The proposal combines residencies - mainly family housing – and public functions and revolves around the integrated design process and holistic, sustainable approach, with emphasis on the social and environmental aspect.

Key aspects of the design, in regards of the latter, involves abiding the energy frame legislations of BR15 Class 2020 in terms of energy frame and indoor climate, through passive strategies and renewable energy sources.

To promote communal and spatial qualities as known from suburban areas, the site is opened up for the public in the surrounding context with the different functions of the building creating different spaces, contributing to interaction between residencies and visitors.

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Reading Guide

Firstly, the reader will be taken through the project programme concerning different analyzes of the project area, theories, strategies and a vision together with design parametres. This is followed by a graphical presentation of the finished design.

After the presentation follows a technical documentation regarding passive and active solutions implemented in the design.

Subsequently the design process will be clarified through four different phases from overall concept to detailing.

The report will round off with a conclusion and a reflection of the project. Hindmost, references concerning litterature and illustrations can be found together with appendix.

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Introduction

In order to prevent the consequences of climate change, i.e. extreme weather and sea-level rise, Aalborg Municipality has developed a sustainability strategy that encourages awareness and change through various incentives.

Furthermore, carbon-dioxide outlet should be reduced by a greater use of public transportation, bicycling or carpooling. The goal is to double the part of public transportation from 20% to 40% and the part of transportation by bicycle to 10% of total transportation by 2050 [Aalborg Kommune, 2012].

In the same time frame, car’s part in total transportation should be reduced from 75% to 50% [Aalborg Kommune, 2012].

As per 2012, the average carbon-dioxide outlet per year per capita is 7.8 tons, which is well under the national average of 10 tons [Aalborg Kommune, 2012]. Today, circa 30% of the total energy supply stems from renewable energy such as biogas, solar heating, geothermal energy, etc., but the vision is to be free of fossil fuels and other greenhouse gasses by 2050 [Aalborg Kommune, 2012].

By 2020, 5.000 m2 of PV’s should be installed and should in 2030, together with heat pumps, be the primary energy source for heating outside district heating areas [Aalborg Kommune, 2012].

Lastly, all local plans should include a description of integrated drainage of local rainwater in order to prevent flooding and to not overloading the sewage system [Aalborg Kommune, 2012]. Local drainage of rainwater could also be utilized in relation to sustaining a larger biodiversity as this is also intended by the municipality.

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Methodology

Initiating Problem

The Iterative Design Process As part of the curriculum of Aalborg University, the project will be developed through an advanced integrated design process, taking in consideration of technical, spatial, social, functional, logical as well as aesthetics aspects of sustainable architecture.

In order to create a well-designed zero-energy housing complex one must consider and integrate aspects of human needs, modern technologies and aesthetics and so sustainability should be considered and implemented throughout the process from both an environmental, economic and social aspect.

The integrated design process is a synthesis of the pedagogical method - problem based learning which is a method that is based on the principle of using problems as a starting point for learning.

The integrated design process is divided into 5 phases which works as an iterative process: 1. Formulating and stating the problem 2. Analysing different contextual parameters in order to solve given problem through design 3. Investigate different ideas and solutions

Analysis

Sketching

Synthesis

through sketches in form of drawings, physical or 3D-models 4. Finding the final form through a synthesis of the steps prior, that meets the given problem 5. Production of materials in order to show the qualities of the final product In so, the iterative design process urges the designer to revisit different phases when new information comes to light.

Tools The course module ‘Zero Energy Building’ taught the theoretical and practical approaches as to how the performance of the building could be optimized.

Initiating, intuitive design is tested through various calculating programmes such as Be15 and Bsim in order to create optimal conditions for the given user group in terms of both energy consumption and comfort respectively.

The use of such tools partakes in the iterative design process and so the sketching phase is revisited in order to make improvements based here upon.

Presentation

Workshops During the course module, three workshops have been introduced, revolving around different qualitative subjects, in order to focus on the phenomenological aspect of the design.

Workshop 1: Contextual parameters and shaping hereof Workshop 2: Dwellings and light conditions Workshop 3: Detailing of materials and implementation of active, sustainable solutions These workshops proven useful as they have acted as a counterweight to the quantitative data in order to maintain an architectural quality to the project.

All aforementioned methods are crucial in order to create an integrated design that caters all aspects of good, sustainable architecture.

fig. 1

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Godsbane arealet

HĂĽndvĂŚrker kvarteret

Eternitten

01 Programme

fig. 2

fig. 3: slab typology - Eternitten

fig. 4: courtyard - Eternitten

fig. 5: implementation of PV - Eternitten

fig. 6: mix-use functions - Godsbanearealet

fig. 7: courtyard as LDR - Godsbanearealet

fig. 8: place-bound LDR - Godsbanearealet

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Godsbanearealet It has been a long time since the last train rolled on the tracks at old freight railway area in Aalborg. In 2008 it was decided that the 19 ha large area, next to the train station, should be developed from its old functions as freight terminals and railway area into a new urban neighborhood. In 2010 a new development plan was approved. It aims to transform the industrial area into a new urban development, containing diverse city functions, with a new city campus as center.

The development plan aims towards a sustainable neighborhood, that will connect the city center with Sohngårdsholmsparken, through Håndværkerkvarteret, over , which is also being developed. As Godsbanearealet is centrally placed on the border where Østerådalens nature and the surrounding suburban villas meet the dense city, the area will serve as the start of this new recreational link. It is a central part of the development plan to create a mixed use area that, contains both the close urban context, but also has open green qualities, that can lead to a vibrant city life. The plan also seeks to maintain some of the areas industrial character and historical significance to the progress of Aalborg.

The area’s development has happened in stages since the plan was approved and as leases on the plots expired. This has resulted in an area containing several educational institutions, youth housing and a grocery store. The area is still being devel-

oped and there are plans for several new housing units along Jyllandsgade.

Eternitten Eternitten is a post-industrial site in the city of Aalborg, located south of Østre Alle. The area is now being developed to become a new central part of the city of Aalborg. A development plan was approved for the site in 2010 [Aalborg Kommune, 2010], which has been reevaluated in 2014. The plan specifies interventions for the old industrial area of 11.4 ha.

The plan states that Eternitgrunden should be the transition between the dense city and the suburban areas as well as the residential area and the dynamic business districts. It is meant to be a place for creativity, experiments and developers, creating a new hotspot for the neighbouring areas, which strengthens the green connections in the city and reflects back on the industrial history of the site.

The area in the northwestern part of the area is closest to the project site and is called “Village 21” which will symbolise the city’s transformation from industrial city to a city of knowledge. Village 21 will be an area of life with many different functions and services including stores, clinics, restaurants, cafes, hotel and spare time activities. In addition, the area will include a center of 5000 m2 for stores. The buildings on the site will have 4-7 storeys relating to the surrounding city, to prevent drastic changes in

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the visual experience towards the fjord. There will be few exceptions however from the tall remaining industrial buildings, which gives the area the special character.

The traffic in the area will mainly be on two diagonal streets. One is going northeast southwest, which will be a blind road allowing small traffic by car in the area. The other is a pedestrian park, oriented southeast and northwest towards the project site.

The Link Godsbanearealet and Eternitten are central elements in the plans for the development of Aalborg as a mobile, functional and sustainable city. Both areas are important parts of “Vækstaksen” Axis of Growth,, which is a largescale plan striving to develop the city of Aalborg spanning from the Airport in the north to the harbor to the southwest. Through the axis, the areas will be connected through effective transport routes for public and light transport, and leading through dense city areas and natural green pockets.

Håndværkerkvarteret is placed on this axis on the connection between Godsbanearealet and Eternitten. As part of the development the city aims to create a path for light transport, which spands from Sohngårdsholmsparken to the city center creating a green effective route through the newly developed areas.

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Håndværkerkvarteret Håndværkerkvarteret is located on the verge of Aalborg city center, between the railway, Østre Alle and Sønderbro, one of the main entry roads to Aalborg.

It lies between two areas which are in rapid development, Eternitten and Godsbanen, and quickly becoming central parts of a new city structure. The next logical step in the process is developing Håndværker-kvarteret, as this area will act as the binding link between the two new neighborhoods.

Håndværkerkvarteret directly translated means “The Craftsman Neighborhood” and as the name suggest, the area now mostly consists of commercial functions such as small industry, production, service and workshops.

The area is located in close proximity to public transport hubs, the train station and bus terminal, and is within walking distance of the inner city.

A small stream running through the area as well as future plans to develop the nearby around the old railway tracks into a new green wedge called Åparken assures a close proximity to recreational areas.

The Municipality Plan In April 2015 the municipality put up for debate a proposal for the further development of Hånd-

værkerkvarteret. The discussion paper states a list of intentions for the future of the area and contains a specific request from a private developer, wishing to build both commercial and housing units in the neighborhood, that can act as a catalyst for the areas further development.

The municipality seeks to create a self-grown, diverse environment. Where the development will happen gradually with respect for the existing commercial functions. Implementing housing areas, as well as more public oriented functions, such as cultural and recreational activities, with respect for the existing commercial functions.

The area is divided into several zones, with a central zone where a low plot ratio shall assure that a mix of commercial and other activities can be maintained.

Around this central zone housing is going to be placed, assuring activity throughout the day. Along the main roads large commercial buildings will be placed utilizing the visible location. The large building masses here will also provide shelter from the traffic noise of the surrounding large roads. Østerå The stream running through the site is part of a municipal plan to expose the old layout of Østerå which is now mostly laid underground. According

to the municipality’s plan the stream is to be exposed and create a recreational stretch through the city from Østerådalen, through Godsbanearealet and Karolinelund to Teglgårds plads and connect with the fjord along Musikkenshus.

The municipality’s plan is to use the stream and the connection to this new stretch as an identity creating element in the future development of Håndværkerkvarteret. The aim is to orient new buildings and areas towards the stream, making the stream act as a recreational link through the area and connecting it with the Godsbanearealet and the planned Åparken. Åparken Åparken is a new green area planned along the railway tracks in the northern part of Håndværkerkvareteretw. The area lies between Håndværkerkvarteret and Godsbanen creating a green stretch bridging the border between the two. The old function as railroad has amounted in that buildings now turn their back towards the area. The cultivation of the area into a green park will give a new façade to both neighborhoods, in praxis making future buildings orient towards the new green stretch.

fig. 9

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1. The gas station delimits the site in East and creates a clear, visible edge.

2. Pedestrians will have to cross the creek in order to walk on the northen pathway, since its entry is blocked by the gas station.

5. Though seldom used as such, HĂĽndvĂŚrkerkvarteret acts as a link between Eternitten and Godsbanearealet.

6. The architectural context resembles the industrial programming of the area which mostly consists industry and small businesses.

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3. The creek contributes with a tranquil pocket in the midst of industrial programming.

4. The pathways are plastered with untamed greenery that creates a nice contrast to the sorrounding asphalt and concrete.

7. The streetscape appears stringent and monotome with worn, one storey brick houses on both sides of the road.

8. The urban block due north of the project site is the only contextual building that are to be preserved in the transformation of the area. fig. 10-17

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Mapping Blue/Green Connections 1:20,000 N

Greenery

Creeks and lakes

The project site is located in close relation to recreational areas such as Karolinelundsparken and Østre Anlæg in north/east and Kildeparken in west.

As part of the transformation of the area, the Åpark in west is scheduled for an expansion and will contribute with recreational values for the area. Østerå is delimiting the project site in south and plays a large part of the identity of the area,

Site

as the close connected landscape mostly consist of gravel following the lines of the creek, dividing the untamed greenery in the south from the neatly planted trees in the north.

There is a noticeable level difference between the walking path and the creek, which, with its sharply defined line, does not urge an interaction. It is intended for Østerå to be expanded with Åparken. fig. 18

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Functions 1:20,000 N

Groceries

Institutions

Culture

One of the main drivers and arguments for living in the city is the variety of offers, which one does not find in the suburbs.

Train Station

cery shopping is accessible almost regardless of the chosen route to the site.

It is worth noting that the Godsbane Area and Eternitten are evolving areas with functions to come.

Also notable is the kindergarten scheduled to be erect in Karolinelund in the near future which, together with Sønderbroskolen in East, will cater some of the relocating families with children.

As the diagram shows, the project site is placed optimally, since lots of different offers are within reach of a 2 km radius.

Cultural programming such as Platform 4 and Nordkraft are due North of the project site while gro-

fig. 19

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Public Transport 1:10,000 N

Bus Stop

Light Rail

The project site is strategically well placed in regards of public transport, not only with the close connection to the train station (fig. xx), but also with a variety of different bus routes surrounding the site, connecting it to the whole city.

Site

The state grand for the light rail was cut from the 2016 financial bill, which caused its annulment, but Aalborg municipality is now negotiating the implementation of RBT which will most likely run the same route parrallel to Sønderbro [Aalborg Letbane, 2016]. fig. 20

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Flow 1:5000 N

Pedestrians and bicyclists

Heavy traffic

Sønderbro is one of the main gateways from the E45 highway to the city centre, which is why the area is mostly characterized by heavy traffic in shape of cars, trucks and busses.

The main acces way to the project site is due north, and is today mostly used by trucks or other freight vehicles.

Sønderbro is also used by bicyclist as a gateway to the city centre or other functions nearby.

Håndværkerkvarteret is seldom used by bicyclists or pedestrians even though pathways along the creek has been implemented to connect Øgadekvarteret in East with Godsbanearealet in West. fig. 21

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Analysis Noise 1:2000 N

55-60 dB

60-65 dB

65-70 dB

Due to the programming of the area and being sorrunded by access ways, the project site experiences quite a lot of noise throughout, with the Eastern side being the most critical due to Sønderbro being heavily congested with traffic.

70-75 dB

>75 dB

pocket, where noise is not an issue.

This analysis is a temporary image of the area, as this is undergoing a transformation in programming, and it should be viewed as such. Nevertheless, Sønderbro will not likely loose its function as gateway, and should be implemented as a design parametre to counter the noise.

The pathways along the creek, being enclosed by sorrounding buildings, is experienced as a sound

fig. 22

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Wind 1:5000

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The wind rose illustrates the wind conditions for the summer period April - September, where the predominant wind load is due south-west/west, with wind speeds of above 11 m/s 5% of the time.

This will have an effect in the design both in regards of utilizing the wind for natural ventilation but also in regards of sheltering, in order to create attractive outdoor spaces in which people would want to stay. fig. 23

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Sunlight N

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Summer Summer Solstice Solstice

Through the plug-in Ladybug for Grasshopper , a solar analyzes is made to give a site overview, which tells proximately how many solar hours occurring on the site during the year. The four seasons and the context around the site is taken into a consideration and the diagrams indicates that only during winter the planned Box-it building and the apartment project, south for the site, creates shadows on the site, because of the low angel of the sun. Otherwise it is only the gas station in the Eastern part of the project site that is creating shadows on the site. This has such a small impact on the project site that it will not be affecting the design approach.

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fig. 24

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Precipitation

Northern Jutland Precipitation (mm) 100

Climate Data 1961 - 1990

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0 Precipitation Precipitation days

Aalborg municipality expects that the amount of precipitation per year will increase with 7% until 2050 and with 14% until 2100. Since the sewerage system doesn’t have the capacity to manage that amount of water, there is a risk of flooding [Aalborg Kommuneplan, 2014].

As the fig. 25 shows, the typical amount of precipitation is around 700 mm on a yearly basis. In 2008, a maximum rainfall at 65 mm in one day was measured [DMI, 2009].

JAN 54 11

FEB 35 8

MAR 44 10

APR 38 8

MAY 49 9

JUN 54 8

JUL 64 9

AUG 67 10

SEP 72 12

OKT 76 13

NOV 75 14

DEC 62 12

YEAR 689 124

treme weather, that Håndværkerkvarteret will be exposed to floods [Miljoegis, 2016] which is why part of Aalborg’s vision is to utilize Østerås abilities to obtain heavy rain to minimize the risk [Aalborg Kommuneplan, 2014].

The challenge is then to integrate or create architecture that can take corrective action in the problematique of flooding in Håndværkerkvarteret in regards of both protecting the buildings on the project site and parts of the area.

A study from Naturstyrelsen shows through ex-

fig. 25-26

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Context Plan 1:5000

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unctions 5-7 storeys

e founctions 4 storeys

e founctions 1-2 storeys

Bødkervej

Sønderbro

Hjulmagervej

Østre Allé

Context

Residencies, 5 storey’s

Residencies, 4 storey’s

Residencies, 2-5 storey’s

Businesses, 1-2 storey’s

Businesses, 4 storey’s

Businesses, 5-7 storey’s

fig. 27

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Section 1:1000

SITE

This contextual analysis takes the future development of HĂĽndvĂŚrkerkvarteret into consideration.

As such, the context, as described in the plan and section is not a representation of the area in present moment but rather an estimate of what is to come cf. the municipality plan.

fig. 28

25

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Subset The preliminary studies show that the link between Godsbanen and Eternitten is important for the development of Aalborg, connecting the city with newly developed areas, and Håndværkerkvarteret will act as the binding link between the two.

This can be used as a flow generator around and across the site. The creek – due south - will act as a recreational link through the area, providing the residents and users with a natural element in the midst of the industrial area and should be taken into consideration when orienting the buildings and creating urban spaces.

When taking these aspects into consideration, it shows that a barrier towards West will shield of the area and make it possible to create attractive outdoor spaces without heavy wind. A sound barrier towards East will shield of the noise from the heavy trafficked road while placing the majority of the building mass on the northern part of the site oriented towards South will create good daylight conditions year-round for the residents.

As the precipitation analysis shows, it is of great importance to address the problematics of drainage of local rainwater and to integrate it in the architecture and urban planning to prevent overflooding and to protect the sewage system from overloading.

The analysis shows that the predominant wind mainly will arrive from West and South-West and that the site will have the most solar hours on the northern part during winter, because of the planned development of the Boxit together with housing complexes, casting shadows. The site is most affected by noise east of the site, caused by the heavy traffic on Sønderbro.

Living compact in city centers gives the ability to accommodate a large number of residents and eliminate the need for transportation over long distances. The density of the site will be a leading design parameter to meet this aspect.

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Theory Poul BĂŚk Pedersen - Sustainable Compact City

Building Dense In 2004 the Council of the European Union addressed the problem of urban sprawl as one of the main issues that calls for a sustainable urban design [Council of the European Union, 2004; pp. 26]:

gen and Aarhus because the housing market is doing a lot better. They are able to sell their apartment, or whatever they live in, so they can buy something in the surrounding municipalities or further away, with which they are satisfied.

Towns and cities are expanding outwards into rural areas at a faster rate than their population is growing (a 20% expansion in the last 20 years with only a 6% increase in population over the same period). Green space (valuable agricultural and natural land) is being replaced by low-density housing and commercial uses. Urban sprawl reinforces the need to travel and increases dependence upon private motorized transport to do so, leading in turn to increased traffic congestion, energy consumption and polluting emissions.

But in opposition to the 2004 paper from the Council of the European Union, the city population of Copenhagen, Aarhus, Odense and Aalborg is not decreasing but will rather experience an expansion till 2040 [DR, 2015].

In Aalborg, the municipality’s population prognosis anno 2014 has shown an increase in net newcomers from 127 in 2008 to 1,511 in 2013 [Aalborg Kommune, 2014], and this tendency is expected to continue as the population will increase from 205,819 in 2014 to 224,056 in 2026.

The reason is that the four aforementioned cities has become large centres of growth with a variety of educational institutions, jobs and culture that one does not find in the suburbs [DR, 2015].

Today urban sprawl is an ongoing problem and in the last couple of years, due to a healthier housing market concurrently with the restoration of the economy after the crisis of 2008, larger Danish cities experience more families moving away into smaller municipalities [Berlingske, 2015]:

Young families have begun moving from Copenha-

Designing Compact Compact living in city centres will counter these issues, both by having the ability to accommodate a large number of residents but also by eliminating

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the need for transportation over long distances and increase social, cultural interaction through urban activities. Other benefactors include a more energy reducing alternative to the suburban homes with minimised area through a lower surface to floor area ratio, which essentially leads to a smaller energy consumption and less use of materials and optimization of construction and installation [Pedersen, 2009].

Residences require daylight of both great amount and quality and outdoor spaces, which problematizes the idea of dense living [Pedersen, 2009]. In order to meet these requirements, typologies need to mutate into compact sub-communities with functions and residences stacked on top of each other.

This compact and multifunctional programming will attract different user groups at different times through the day and, in doing so, assist in an enrichment of the urban environment [Pedersen, 2009].

Cuts into and through the complex can cater the need for daylight while at the same time partake in creating new spatial pockets on ground level as well as above and in doing so produce circulation and public spaces throughout the different floors [Pedersen, 2009].

Jane Jacobs - The Death and Life of Great American Cities

To generate a rich diversity, Jacobs argues, four conditions have to be met [Jacobs, 2011: pp. 196-197]: 1. The district, and indeed as many of its internal parts as possible, must serve more than one primary function; Preferably more than two.

2. Most blocks must be short; That is, streets and opportunities to turn corners must be frequent.

3. The district must mingle buildings that vary in age and condition, including a good proportion of old ones so that they vary in the economic yield they must produce.

4. There must be a sufficiently dense concentration of people, for whatever purposes they may be there. This includes dense concentration in the case of people who are there because of residence.

Naturally, these condition somewhat transcends

what a single building can meet, but the diversity principle can and should be incorporated to cater the needs of a diverse user group and in doing so, try to achieve a well-functioning mixed-use building.

As the first point suggests, diversity is effectively created by mixing a number of primary uses (residences, offices, etc.) by putting different people on the street at different times [Jacobs, 2011].

Lack of variety in the city scape, a majority of secondary functions, often leads to deserted areas, and can only survive when in close connection to those with primary functions [Jacobs, 2011].

In this regards it is worth considering which functions the mix-used building should contain. To create an effective diversity through Jacobs’ conditions, functions other than residences could blur the line between public and private in order for people to

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share and meet.

Jacobs also argues that city is capable of containing a far more mixed variety of functions in contrast to suburban areas, due to the fact that city populations are large enough to support wide ranges and choices [Jacobs, 2011: pp. 191]. Bigness (such as supermarkets), in contrast, belongs to suburbs with a small population, simply because there aren’t enough people to support further variety (although there may be people who would draw upon it were it there) [Jacobs, 2011: pp. 191].

To emphasize the feeling of diversity, it is also important to highlight different functions in the aesthetics of the building, both to prevent a monotone expression, making the building blend with the rest of the city, but also to create a sense of direction; Making it easy for different people to make use of the buildings mixed offers [Jacobs, 2011]

Sustainability In 1987 the World Commission on Environment and Development issued the report Our Common Future, which where the first of its kind to focus on global sustainability through an environmental, economic and social aspect, with the aim of creating awareness of the alarming relations between the man-made society and nature and to [Utzon Center, 2015]: […] Meet the needs of the present generation without limiting the future generations possibilities of getting their needs met.

Environmental Sustainability Environmental sustainability is the most commonly known aspects, and is debated regularly. It deals with the negative impact of the society’s and people’s consumptions in relation to the environment.

In this area the building sector plays a major part in the overall contribution to carbon emissions, and is a focus point when discussing future sustainable development.

In recent years, large improvements have been accomplished, through new building regulations and energy goals of 2020. This means that elements of passive and active strategies regarding the reduction of energy consumption will have to be an integrated part of the design.

The current mark is set to a maximum of 20 kWh/ m2 per year. The strategies include solutions focusing on reducing transmission loss, efficient opportunities for natural ventilation and good daylight conditions, to reduce energy consumption and en-

suring a comfortable indoor climate.

As technologies improve, the aim for the building industry is to go further and create architecture that fulfills the criteria of zero energy standards, by increasing the supply of green energy resources off site and local production of electricity and heat inside the building footprint, either by the use of e.g. photovoltaics or heat pumps. When building in the urban context, the use of photovoltaics for electricity production will be most favourable.

The heat production, will be supplied from district heating and will not involve expensive solutions of submerging pipes for heat pumps.

One thing is the buildings performance, but also the entire life cycle concerning production and transportation of materials, maintenance of building elements and lifetime of the building. These factors will play a part in selecting materials and construction principles.

Social Sustainability The other sustainable aspects, which is highly relevant in the future development of dense cities is the social aspect. When considering social sustainability in an urban context, the key element is creating the opportunity for cultural and functional diversity and form a safe and appealing environment. In the design of new area for the people a strong focus is the spaces in between the buildings and what kind of opportunities and qualities they possess.

The element of social sustainability puts the human in the centre. To design for the human scale, it is therefore important to consider living quality and

30

human behaviour of the users. This involve implementing attractive and relevant functions that will encourage for life in the area. The quality is highly influenced by the tactile and aesthetic appearance along with climatic conditions of shading, sun, wind and rain.

Economic Sustainability The final aspect is the area of economic sustainability. This aspect involves thinking in a longer perspective and is often the element in the discussion of building design, which gets less attention. Building sustainable is often more costly than choosing the traditional and well-tested solutions. This involves many factors of both testing new technologies, but also, as with the environmental aspect, the lifetime and maintenance of the building. Economic sustainability involves investing in technologies and solutions, that will be economically more sustainable in the long run, like materials which might cost more to produce, with less carbon emission and would not need to be replaced before many years into the future, if ever in the lifetime of the building.

Thinking economically, sustainability would also involve creating a good indoor climate from the beginning, which would secure a better living quality for the building’s users. This would prevent later installations or renovations of the building caused by discomfort and deterioration, which end up being more expensive than the immediate cost of sustainable solutions.

fig. 29

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User Groups

As Jane Jacobs and Poul BĂŚk Pedersen describes, the social sustainability highly depends on diversity.

The area has to be safe and inviting for multiple functions and activities to take place during the day.

Ensuring a strong diversity will form the foundation for more people to settle in the community and stay for a longer period.

As the area of HĂĽndvĂŚrkerkvarteret is in its early stages of redevelopment, the design for diversity plays a major role for further growth for the neighbourhood.

The demography will mainly be residents to accommodate the progression of increasing population. To form diversity, the residents will be mixed in types of both families and younger people as for instance

students. These two groups are main actors in the future development of Aalborg.

Families with children form a relation to the neighbourhood, while the students, on the other hand, might only be staying for as long as the education spans. However, the students play an important role in that period in regards of community and social economy.

In the organizing of the user groups, it is important, as Jane Jacobs describes, to ensure a safe environment by having multiple functions in use throughout the day. This is an important aspect to consider when the residents are away for work or studies.

This will be insured by introducing elements which relate to both residents and public. One function

32

being a kindergarten relating to the families, which will keep the area active doing the day.

New facilities in form of workshops will be available for the public and will relate to the history of the area and keep a strong identity for the neighbourhood. The workshops will be available for both the public and the residents, and provide facilities, which are hard to find elsewhere in the city. Along with the public functions the area must also provide attractive outdoor spaces for the people to occupy.

In combination, these user groups would form a good foundation for diversity in the area. The residents will be using their homes in the morning and evening, and the public functions, secures life in the area doing the day.

fig. 30

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Zero Energy Strategy

There is a lack of a common definition in regards of what a zero energy building is, but the design hereof deeply depends upon the zero energy goal.

A net zero energy building – net ZEB – is a building with greatly reduced energy needs through efficiency gains, e.g. solar heat gains, thermal mass, natural ventilation, etc. which are available throughout the buildings lifetime, so that the balance of the energy needs can be supplied by renewable technologies.

The conceptual idea is that a building can meet all of its energy requirements from low-cost, locally available, nonpolluting, renewable sources. A ZEB should at least generate enough renewable energy on site to equal or exceed its annual energy use [Torcellini et al, 2006].

When the on-site generated energy does not meet the loads, the ZEB will typically use traditional sources such as electric and natural gas utilities from the utility grid, while what is excess generated will be exported back. Achieving a ZEB goal without the use of the grid is difficult since today’s energy storage technologies are limited [Torcellini et al, 2006].

A good ZEB should first encourage energy efficiency and then use renewable energy sources available on the site – a building that buys all its energy from a wind farm or other central location has little in-

centive to reduce building loads [Torcellini et al, 2006].

In regards of ZEB goals, results can vary, since each definition has both advantages and disadvantages [Torcellini et al, 2006]: • A site ZEB produces as much energy as it uses, when accounted for at the site. This means, that one unit of electricity, while 3 times as valuable when accounted for at the source, is equal to the value of one unit of gas. Since there is an offset ratio of 1:1 when exporting to the grid, a site ZEB calls for an aggressive energy efficiency design.

• A source ZEB produces as much energy as it uses as measured at the source. Primary energy factors are in this regard multiplied with both the imported and exported energy. In Denmark, one unit of electricity is worth 3 times the value of one unit of gas with a primary energy factor of 1.8 against 0.6 respectively. While easier to achieve than e.g. the site ZEB, the source ZEB carries uncertainties in that primary energy factors can change, so the building might not live up to the energy standard it originally was dimensioned for.

• A cost ZEB receives as much financial credit for exported energy as it is charged on the utility bills. Exported energy will in this regard have

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to offset energy, distribution, peak demand and taxes, etc. for electricity and gas use, which calls for an even more aggressive efficiency design than both a site and a source ZEB. Since it carries more variables than any of the other categories, e.g. utility rates can vary widely, it is the toughest goal to achieve.

• An emissions-based ZEB produces at least as much emissions-free renewable energy as it uses from emissions-producing energy sources. Achieving this ZEB goal is dependent on the generation source of the electricity used, since emission is dependent upon this – e.g. electricity made from wind power will emit considerably less than coal. The efficiency design relies here upon.

This ZEB goal suffers from the same uncertainties as the source and cost ZEB in regards of determining the generation source.

The focus point in designing a zero energy building is primary energy as opposed to carbon-dioxide emissions. In so, a source ZEB goal is implemented in order to meet the requirements for such a design, since this strategy accounts for the transported energy.

losses on site renewables net energy

building service systems

primary energy (natural resources) Transformation

delivered energy (import)

on-site

off-site

Transmission & Distribution Grids feed-in energy (export)

generation systems Building(s) boundary

+ +

-

(Primary energy) Site ZEB

(Delivered energy) Site ZEB

fig. 31

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Vision

The design proposal strives to shape the settings for a vibrant urban environment which relates to the near context. In doing so, the complex should make for an attractive node between Eternitten and Godsbanearealet, and should consider future development of HĂĽndvĂŚrkerkvarteret.

The complex should be designed for the purpose of an environmental sustainability - where passive and active strategies are integrated in the overall aesthetics of the building - and social sustainability through mixed user groups and programming.

The complex should also strive to meet some of the issues addressed by Aalborg Municipality – i.e. an enhanced biodiversity, local drainage of rainwater, etc.

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Design Parametres

• • • • • • • •

Break up the edges of the site to establish a flow to and from the creek Cultivate the creek Create attractive public outdoor spaces on ground level Actively take climatic circumstances into account in the design, i.e.: heavy wind and flooding Integrating both passive and active strategies in the design Promote diversity through new types of programming and by introducing other user groups than families Provide a variety of different housing types to cater the diverse housing needs of the community Strive for a floor to area ratio of 200% in order to meet the housing needs of an expanding city

37

02 Presentation

fig. 32: view from the creek

40

fig. 33: view from the walkway

41

Concept

The building is designed as a large slender complex, that is defined by fives segments of four housing blocks and an elevated walkway. The complex is a mix-use building, with 5 different apartments units for the users respectively, students, couples, singles and families. The building forms an interesting complex which is clear in it functions and programming.

The building caters the needs for both the young students and families in creating spaces for privacy and social interaction. The complex relates to the context by cultivating the creek and creating openness on the ground level for public flow.

42

The site is challenged by the traffic from the surrounding roads, and the neighboring gas station.

The urban space is split by the building block to form different zones of functions and privacy.

The building forms is arranged to form a sound barrier, and define an urban space orientated towards the creek.

The building relates to the urban spaces though the public functions at the ground floor.

Steps are created to give the building direction and define the locations for the different user’s apartments.

Openings are formed along with an elevated walkway, to connect the building and invite for flow.

43

fig. 34

Functions

A central walkway, accessed by a ramp from Hjulmagervej, containing communal gardens for the residents, creates a connection across the site and a recreational stroll overlooking the park area underneath.

Throughout the site at ground level, mix-use functions are placed, amounting to 9.6% of the total floor area. The functions vary from a kindergarten in the western part, underneath the family units, an open workshop along Hjulmagervej in North, and a cafĂŠ in close relation to the creek.

Between these functions, a central sports court is placed, doubling as a LAR solution.

44

In the western most part of the site, family housing units are located (Block A-B). The units are arranged so that one double high unit is placed underneath a penthouse apartment, with access to a roof terrace for the penthouses in the lowest placed wing.

Further east on the site, smaller two and three room apartment units are located (Block C). The units are stacked three-room apartments, on top of tworoom apartments.

In the eastern most part of the site, study apartments are placed (Block D). The 12 story block contains individual rooms along with common areas, bike parking, laundry and communal kitchens for the residents.

fig. 35

45

Site Plan 1:500 N

The building follows Hjulmagervej with several entrances into the urban space between the blocks.

The main entry point is located on the eastern corner of the site, where a ramp connects the road with the parking basement below. Another ramp connects the sidewalk with the elevated walkway, providing an alternative route into the site and spanning across. This area creates a gateway when approaching from Sønderbro.

Three urban areas are clearly defined by the building mass, and on the ground level the elevated parts of the building open up for a transparent flow between these zones.

The programming of the zones relates to the buildings. The area next to the family and kindergarten contains a playground and a hill, delimiting this space from the traffic of the adjacent road. The central zone contains a sports court bordering to a cafĂŠ, which creates a node for the site.

Along the creek, a stepped down area creates a sheltered pocked next to the water, which doubles as a LAR solution.

The walkway provides flow as well as a place for the residents to relax, with planting boxes for the residents and public.

46

fig. 36

47

Elevation, North 1:500

48

fig. 37

49

Elevation, South 1:500

50

fig. 38

51

Mix-Use: Kindergarten Plan 1:250 N

The kindergarten is placed in the western part of the site near the family units and access roads.

The Kindergarten works with an open floor plan, to form a dynamic environment for the children and optimize the useable space for playing together with, dining, group rooms for learning, offices and meeting rooms for parent’s consultations. The building has openings towards South-West, where the children will have the opportunity to use the playground.

52

Kitchen

Pantry

Affaldsrum

WC Technics room

Dry

Baby room

Dining

Open space

Common space

Shelves with games

Toilets

Toilets

Meeting room

Office

Wardrobe

Staff entrance

Activity room

Group room Staff toilets Storage

Group room

fig. 39

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Mix-Use: Workshops Level 1+2 Plan 1:250 N

The complex provides various sets of workshops, which are visible from the street. Here, it is possible to view the artisans at work and experience the finished products in the exhibition room.

The two storey’s include areas for assembling, machinery for wood and metal work on level 0 and studios for painting, photography and 3D-Printing on level +1.

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Paint room

Photo studio

3D printing

IT and electronics

Lounge

Assembling

Assembling

Wood workshop Storage

Metal workshop Performative spa ce / Exhibition

Handicap Toilets

Meeting

Meeting

Assembling area Assembling

fig. 40-41

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Mix-Use: Café Plan 1:250 N

The café is located at the bottom of the student apartments, tying the three urban zones together.

The dining area is oriented towards the site and forms a relaxing corner next to the creek, while having personnel and supplies entering from the back.

The location makes the café a node, forming an inviting stop when passing through the site.

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Handicap toilet

Garbage room

Toilets

Changing

Staff entrance

Office Hallway Toilet

Desk Freezer CafĂŠ Entrance Seatings Laundry / Drying room Kitchen

fig. 42

57

Apartments, Two Storey’s Block A-B Section 1:200

Within the complex, there are 36 numbers of apartments designed for families of maximum four persons.

There are two unit types with different conditions and qualities. The first is a two storey apartment of 114 m2.

The two floors in the apartments creates an extra layer of privacy for the residents. The floors are connected by a staircase along the wall, which also acts as an integrated part of the furniture. Letting the kitchen countertop run out and connect with the stair making use of the otherwise empty space underneath the staircase. The apartment is arranged so that cross ventilation is possible and sufficient daylighting is available in all rooms. The double high window to the south brings the light deep into the apartments and provide the residents with a well-lit, open space in their home.

fig. 43

58

fig. 44: living room, two storey apartment

59

Apartment, Two Storey’s Level 0 Plan 1:100 N

fig. 45

60

Level 1 Plan 1:100 N

fig. 46

61

Apartment, Penthouse Block A Plan 1:100 N

The top apartments of the family blocks are designed as single storey units of 129 m2, which spans the width of two double storey units. The apartment is arranged with a living area, in the eastern part, and a more private area separated by the terrace in the center. The terrace lets light into the living room and form an enclosed outdoor space, where the residents can be sheltered from wind.

From here, a staircase leads to the roof of the block where a private roof garden is placed.

fig. 47

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Detail - Faรงade Block A 1:200

fig. 48

63

Apartment, Single Storey Block C Section 1:500

The complex provides 33 apartments for singles or couples with one or two bedrooms.

The units are organized in two stories with the one bedroom apartments below and the two bedroom apartments on top. Both apartments are entered from the same floor, where the entrance in the lower apartment leads directly into a large room with kitchen, dining and living area, where a similar room is reached by a staircase in the upper apartment.

These rooms stretch from the north to the south faรงade of the block, providing good conditions for natural ventilation. As well as a south facing terrace with a floor to ceiling window providing good daylight conditions Having the entrance on the same floor provide more floor area for the upper apartments and increases the potential of social interaction between neighbors.

fig. 49

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Level 0+1 Plan 1:100 N

fig. 50, 51

65

Apartment, Student Block D Section 1:500

The 12 storey high student housing block contains 112 living units, providing each student with a 22 m2 room along with a private bathroom.

The student segment is designed with common areas for cooking and social interaction to increase the community life in the building. The block is entered from Hjulmagervej, on the second floor, along the same ramp that connects the street with the walkway. Here, there is a main lounge area and a gathering hall facing the park area to the south. Underneath the ramp in ground level, bicycle parking for the residents are placed along with a common laundry room.

fig. 52

66

Plan 1:100 N

fig. 53

67

03 Technical Documentation

Mechanical Ventilation

The apartments are hybrid ventilated, using mechanical ventilation with heat recovery during the winter periods. The heat recovery unit makes sure that the heat does not escape during the winter months where ventilation is still needed to keep a proper air quality. Natural ventilation is used during the hot months to ventilate for excessive heat, minimizing the electricity used for ventilating.

The 4-air-handling units are placed in the basement of the building, distributing the central ventilation to the individual units. The system is a VAV-system where the individual units can control the airflow,

herby assuring the comfort of the individuals in the building.

The air ducts are placed under a suspended ceiling where 50 mm of sound insulation assures that noise from the system is kept to a minimum in the apartments.

The system has individual inlets and outlets in the bedrooms. Inlets are placed in the living room and exhaustion in the kitchen and bathrooms, assuring that polluted air from these areas are not spread in the apartments.

fig. 54

70

Inlet Exhaustion

fig. 55

71

Passive and Active Strategies

Sustainable principles were investigated through the design process in order to provide comfortable spaces for people to live in and to lower the energy consumption of the building. Passive design strategies have been explored and implemented actively in the design process, using the natural sources of heating, cooling and ventilation.

The building is naturally ventilated through mostly cross ventilation and single-sided ventilation, using the natural air movement and pressure differences on the facades. Stack ventilation is also used in the double-high and roof apartments.

The principle diagram shows how the wind will pass through the apartments (3), providing cool and fresh air to the rooms, removing the polluted air and excessive heat. Special designed balconies

are integrated into the faรงade to provide the residents with outdoor areas as well as providing shading of the high summer sun (4).

Trees are also placed strategically (8) in order to provide passive shading of the sun in the hot summer months, still letting through the solar gains in the winter as the leaves has fallen of, and to reduce hard winds and provide mild breezes of air.

As rain drainage is an important issue of today and future cities, both LAR and LUR strategies have been implemented into the design of the building and site to address the problems. As part of the LAR solutions, green gardens are placed on the roof (1) not only as a quality for the residents, but also to store water. A green garden bridge is also placed as

a LAR solution, obtaining water in the plant containers (5). A lowered multi sports field and a water basin is placed near the workshops, working as LAR solutions (6). Rainwater is collected on the roofs and transported through the downpipes into a rain tank (7) providing water for toilet flushing, washing machines, watering of gardens and for car washing.

When massive amounts of rain fall, excessive water will be lead into basins and then on to the lowered sports area and lead out into the creek.

Solar panels are integrated into the faรงade and on the roof to cover the remaining energy consumption of the building (2).

fig. 56

72

1 2

3

4 5

8

6

7

fig. 57

73

Structural Principles

The structural part of the project deals with four different aspects, which influences the aesthetic expression of the building.

Especially the elevator shafts has been a central part through the design phases and besides functioning as a means of transportation, it also functions as a structural element, preventing torsional moment and buckling in all directions.

the length of the overhang, and transfer pipe installations from the ground level.

The bottom deck of the building is V-shaped in order to contain the installation pipes, running through and distributed to the residences. Structurally, this shape also makes sense, since the largest forces will be obtained through the middle.

The last aspect is load bearing walls inside the building, which is constructed as a sandwich panel with concrete and insulation. Besides transporting forces from top to bottom, the walls are used to separate apartments into individual fire sections.

In order to achieve an elevated building, it was necessary to transfer installation pipes from ground level through the air to reach the bottom of the building. To avoid visible pipes the columns and the bottom concrete slab contain all installations, so that the columns structural purpose is to decrease

74

The columns are fixed in the bottom and are bearing and others transporting installation pipes

Stabilizing Elevator Shaft

Load Bearing Wall

Columns

Concrete Slab

fig. 58

75

Technical Detail 1:20

1.

Wooden cladding 2.

195 mm insulation 3.

220x45 mm construction wood 4.

145x45 mm construction wood 5.

145 mm insulation 6.

Vapor barrier 7.

45x45 mm lath 8.

Two layer 13 mm plaster 9. Joists 10.

Wooden planks 11.

Wooden boards 12.

Pressure-resistant insulation 13.

220 mm reinforced concrete 14.

85 mm acoustic insulation 15.

Two layer 13 mm plaster

The detail shows three different construction segments in the building: Outer wall, floor separation and roof construction. The construction material is mainly timber, which is light and therefore makes for a lower dead load, which affects the dimension of the bottom concrete slab and the bearing columns.

To separate the floors from each other, 220 mm thick reinforced concrete with a 400 mm suspended ceiling is used. The advantage lies in the ability to store/hide all installation pipes. The roof element is constructed as a traditional flat roof that creates space for a roof terrace. Underneath the terrace is a pressure resistant insulation material placed, which maintain a walkable roof construction.

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9 10 11

1

12 13

2 14

15

3

4 5 6 7 8

fig. 59

77

Energy Frame

The objective for the building has been to reach BR15 Building Class 2020 without the use of renewable energy sources; then implementing photovoltaics to reach zero energy standard.

After careful consideration of envelope thickness versus transmission losses, the u-values seen in fig(X) are achieved. In order to calculate the building energy frame Be15 was utilized. The results place the building firmly within the energy frame for Building Class 2020, with an energy consumption of 15.2 kWh/m2. As seen in Fig(X), the heat

losses of the building are covered by internal heat gains and solar gains, from the many south facing windows through most of the year, leaving only need for heating during the colder months of the year.

Ventilation with heat recovery helps keep the gains from these sources inside the building and diminishes the need for heat contribution. This results in a building where the domestic hot water dominates the energy frame.

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Energy frame Buildings 2020 Total energy requirement

15.4 Kwh/m2

Heat Electricity for operation of building Excesive Heat

19.3 Kwh/m2 2.1 Kwh/m2 0 Kwh/m2

Electricity Room heating DHW

Net requirement Room heating Domestic hot water Cooling

6.1 Kwh/m2 13.3 Kwh/m2 0 Kwh/m2

Heat - Gain and Loss Kwh/m 8.00 7.00 6.00 5.00 4.00 3.00 2.00 1.00 0.00 1

2

3

Solar radiation

4

5

6 Month

7

8

Internal supplement

9

10

11

12

Heat loss

fig. 60, 61, 62

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Indoor Climate

To ensure a comfortable indoor climate in the apartments, the BSim analysis software have been used to analyze and reflect on the atmospheric conditions occurring during a year. This has not been done for all apartments units, but on the unit evaluated to have the most critical conditions.

The apartment analyzed is a two storey unit, which, with the double high window to the south, have the highest risk of experiencing excessive heating in the summer periods and the highest transmission loss in the winter. The model is divided into 6 thermal zones for the rooms with different conditions. All neighboring walls are connected to heated rooms, which also means the balcony from the apartment

above provide an overhang for the double high window.

To get the most accurate results of the conditions in the apartments, the model has been calculated as a multi-zone model. These conditions have then been used to analyze and adjust window sizes and ventilation properties. When looking at the results, it clearly shows a relation between the CO2 levels, the temperature in the room and the amount of air change.

The zones of interest were the relation between the double high room and the kitchen area and the master bedroom. It is possible to cross ventilate the apartment through the double high room and kitch-

80

en, which show in the similarity of the temperature for the common room and kitchen. However, the temperature in the kitchen naturally increases when used in the evening. The double high room show no issues of excessive heating during the day, while still keeping the CO2 levels low and an acceptable air change. The other room of interest were the south facing master bedroom. Here, the data shows a fine balance with acceptable CO2 levels and a low air change rate during the night, which then increases as the sun heats up the apartment - the bedroom never exceeds the limits allowed.

Temperature Mean - Common Room

Co2 - Common Room 900

27

800

26.5

700

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600

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500

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AirChange - Common Room 6

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Co2 - Kitchen

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AirChange - Kitchen 6

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AirChange - Master bedroom 6

800

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fig. 63-71

04 Design Process

The sketching process can be explained through four phases, which are all relating to the initial analysis and theories. As the diagram to the right illustrates, the different phases has interfered and overlapped though the entire process. There has been a strong focus on ensuring the essential thoughts and visions have been kept in centre of all iterations, forming a detailed varied and integrated process.

The phases include work in many different media, from: sketching, modelling and calculating analysis, to form a varied detailed view on all aspects and making sure, the project has been thought through all scales.

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Phase 1

Phase 2

Phase 3

Phase 4

Model Workshop Data Collection Subset

Inspiration Model Workshop Internal Flow Apartments Adaptive Envelope Base Subset

Breaking the Urban Block Gardens and Galleries Form Subset

Outdoor Spaces Detailing Materials Subset

fig. 72: process

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Phase 1 Model Workshop

The first part of the sketching phase worked parallel with the initial analysis. It was important to freely investigate different concepts and to get a better understanding of the site properties, qualities and challenges.

This phase revolved around a model workshop, where five different typologies were explored in relation to shape, urban qualities, flow and contextual impact, as inspired by the investigations of Poul

BĂŚk Pedersen in Sustainable Compact City. The five investigated typologies were: the Urban Block, the Barcode, the Super Block, the Conglomerate and the Kasbah respectively. Each iteration were placed onto the site and evaluated in terms of architectural qualities and challenges. One example was the Urban Block, which despite the large scale, formed a sense of community and familiar atmosphere, with its embracing volumes, as opposed to the Barcode, which would appear as a series of

sculptural buildings with no obvious architectural connection. The Urban block also forms a relation to the existing context of Aalborg, but would however, in many cases reject the public flow, and have a very introvert image, whereas the barcode would open up for flow and provide streets on the ground level for other functions which would argue for diversity in the area.

fig. 73

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fig. 74-98

87

1

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Data Collection

60% 50%

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Plot Ratio

To make a thorough analysis as clear as possible, all iterations of the five typologies were digitalized to investigate their quantitative properties in relevant measures. In this part the models were tested in terms of sunlight conditions and shadows cast on itself and site along with data on floor area ratio, footprint, surface to floor area ratio and roof surfaces appropriate for terraces. This data, could then be compared with the qualitative observations in the physical modelling and used to drive the process further, keeping focus on both architectural and sustainable qualities.

4

Green Area to Floor

3

When comparing the typologies the Super Block showed clear advantages in having a lot of floor area with a minimum of envelope area. However, this typology would also have some challenges architecturally, in bringing in daylight into the centre of the building, especially on the parts facing north. The Super Block, would also have some difficulties in forming an integrated relation to the context, but having a large chance of appearing as a monolith structure.

2

60%

50%

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Footprint to Green Area

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20%

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40%

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Surface to Floor

Urban Block Barcode Super Block Conglomerate Kasbah

fig. 99

88

fig. 100-124

89

90

Subset The first phase was mainly focusing on concept development and investigating different scenarios.

This was documented through workshops and the use of multiple media.

The conceptual idea, was to achieve a sense of privacy for the occupants of the apartments, like in the Urban Block or Markthalle in Rotterdam, would form a large dense complex, but still a housing community, and insuring diversity in the building complex by introducing different types of residents and functions. The building itself should form a dense housing complex to support the future increase in population. Having a sustainable oriented envelope inspired by the Super Block, while creating reinterpreting and avoiding the rejecting tendencies of the Super Block to invite the public and neighbours into and through the site.

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Phase 2 Inspiration

Shoreham Street by Project Orange The mix-use programming of the building is resembled through its aestetics.

The brick base is what is left of the industrial context, while the upper floors - cladded in steel - are a reinterpration of the pitch roof from the original building.

The base hosts public functions such as a restaurant and bar, while the top hosts offices.

Markthal by MVRDV MVRDV introduces a radical changes to the urban block, by creating a large, open space for the public and covering it with apartments.

Each apartment is facing towards the food court in the centre of the building and are thereby indirectly connected with the public.

This building serves as a prime example as how to blur the edge between private and public spaces in typical typologies - i.e. Fig. xx.

24 Verde by Luciano Pia This project revolves around greenery as a flowing and smooth transition between outside and inside.

Besides softening up the stringent faรงade underneath, the greenery also functions as means to produce oxygen, absorb carbonic anhydride, cut down air pollution, protect from noise, etc. [ArchDaily, 2015].

fig. 125, 126, 127

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Model Workshop

The second phase focused on exploring different concepts which could solve the visions from the earlier phase. This was done through a second model workshop, that sought to create a dense building complex that at the same time would open up for transit flow and create urban areas for occupancy.

The iterations worked with dense structure of the Urban Block and experimented to create a flow on the longitudinal axis of the site, making the site part of the connection from the neighbouring areas of

Eternitten and Godsbanen.

One idea was to form half an Urban Block, where the apartments would form a square for the public functions. The building would shelter the site from the loud noise from the roads, and open up towards the creek. However, the building seemed to create an introvert zone, which inspired the other iteration (ill. X) of lifting the apartments, to create an open footprint for the public.

This concept was explored further through a prag-

matic approach, where the floor area ratio of the building were kept to 200% through the use of 100m2 units. By doing so, it was possible to investigate different arrangements to let in sunlight and form views for the apartments. The iterations combined the ideas from the earlier models, in exploring apartments arranged like an Urban Block, which were elevated to open up the ground level for public functions.

fig. 128-131

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Internal Flow

By elevating the apartments, it was important to get a grasp of how to move around the building and how the apartment units were organised.

strengthened, by making it possible to observe the life in the elevated part from the ground floor.

On each floor the shafts would lead into a small outdoor area in front of the apartments entrances, for the occupants to use as a small gardening area. This would create a dense complex, where the occupants could achieve the private green space hidden away from the public eye.

The separation between the apartments and the public functions gave the building a clear readability, with a strong indication of private and public.

This were sought to be strengthened by using open access ways, which could be seen from the ground level. That way the sense of community would be

fig. 132, 133

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Apartments

The apartments of the complex were designed to cater the needs of both families and students, with the 100 m2 units as base point. The focus were to arrange the functions strategically to bring quality for the occupants. Also it was essential from the beginning, to integrate shafts for installations and drains.

The entrance were placed on the side wall of the apartment, facing the small outdoor area. Each unit could then potentially have three free facades, for the family apartments and two for the students,

which were useful for daylight intake and natural ventilation purposes.

Different units types were designed to explore the qualities in both single and double storey apartments. In the single floor unit, the occupants would have a more functional floorplan, while the two storey units would have great light intake in the double high room, they would also have the extra layer of privacy, in having the private rooms on a different floor than the entrance.

fig. 134, 135

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Adaptive Envelope

The access ways however, also resulted in the building having a much larger surface which are combined with the large surface underneath the elevated part, would further increase the transmission loss of the building.

Therefore, it was investigated to minimize the loss through the use of an adaptive envelope, which would close of the opening of the building to create a large microclimate in the winter period, and then open the envelope in the summer for stack ventila-

tion. The adaptive envelope were thought to have multiple potentials, in creating openings, external shading and surface area for photovoltaics, as well as acting as ornamentation on the envelope.

fig. 136, 137, 138

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Base

Along with the residential part of the complex, the lower part was designed to accommodate the public functions. As a contrast to the elevated apartments, the mix-use part would form a base for the building, introducing public functions like workshops oriented towards the street in the north and cafĂŠs towards the creek and sun in the south.

Different iterations and programming were tested to balance the building volume and to create opening for the wanted flow through the building.

fig. 139, 140, 141

97

98

Subset The second phase developed an interesting concept of actually lifting the apartments above the site.

This would provide a large space for the public at ground level, instead of what is commonly the case in dense structures where removed greenery on the ground level are compensated for by putting them on the roof.

However, as the detailing of the building progressed the implemented elements, like the adaptive envelope and the high amount of mix-use, seemed to create more dilemmas than solutions. The large surface area, had made the building taller than expected, which, in combination with the closed adaptive envelope, created the monolith effect, which should have been avoided.

The concept had some new aspects, which showed potential for further design. Elements like the lift for creating a free ground level and the clear organisations of functions and access ways.

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Phase 3

The further iterations, sought to create a balance of a dense sustainable housing complex while maintaining the qualities found in the earlier phases.

As the lack of flow was a main factor in the previous examples, it was essential to estimate the natural flow that would occur on the site. This helped define where the building would be elevated and where the building could be landing, to account for wind and sunlight.

fig. 142, 143

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Breaking the Urban Block

New iterations were made experimenting with breaking up the Urban Block. The regular Urban Block had formed a courtyard in the center of the site, where the new models focused on creating spaces orienting outwards.

Iterations were made with the building acting as a chain, where the joints would act as central access ways into the segments with apartments. With

an attempt to have no more than 25 metres to the nearest access way in order to abide by the fire regulations, the building would form a slender complex with different levels, where all apartments would get plenty of sunlight hours.

fig. 144, 145

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Gardens and Galleries

The small private gardens were moved to each access shaft, which reduced the envelope area, but still provided the residents with larger private gardens.

By making the access ways common for each floor, galleries were designed to get to the apartments. To still provide the apartments with the quality of two facades, many of the units were designed as two storey apartments, with galleries for every second floor.

fig. 146, 147

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Form

In the final iterations it was still essential to create a clear indication of the different users of the building. In the elevated Urban Block on phase two the building had shown a clear separation between private and public, but no obvious difference between student- and family units. The final iterations of the building would form three segmentations of different character. One being a tall building to the

east for students, which formed an identity of young community. The other segment would be smaller, and designed for singles and couples, where the residents would still would be part of a community in the building, but also have the quality of privacy.

The last part were designed to cater the needs for the families, with a larger amount of privacy and quieter areas.

fig. 148

103

104

Subset With the further development, it was possible to form a free flow across the site, and create larger outdoor areas for people to occupy.

The new iterations and models, further developed the apartments, providing quality spaces, with good daylighting and cross ventilated rooms.

The construction would form a slender complex, with a reduced surface area than the earlier Urban Block. The building clearly indicates the different user groups and urban spaces.

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Phase 4 Outdoor Spaces

The final phase of the design process, worked on the closer detailing of the different parts.

As the three different segments of the building were arranged, it created three urban spaces on the ground level relating to the different user groups.

The eastern end of the site would cater the students

and young couples, providing a cafĂŠ and outdoor facilities. The other end of the site would form a quieter space with a kindergarten, a playground and green areas for the families. To form a break between the two, the area in the centre would be a space for transit and public function, that would shelter off from the road.

fig. 149, 150

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The urban spaces created in between the building were an essential part in emphasizing the lift of the apartments. By lifting the building, the site were given free to the landscape instead of being placed on top of the building, which are commonly seen in dense building projects. Therefore it was intended that the site underneath, should translate this feeling of the landscape through the incorporation of slopes and pools to create green spots in the city and accommodate for heavy rainfall and flooding.

The tall part of the building for the students formed a sheltering sound barrier from the traffic noise from Sønderbro. However, this would also be the first part of the building to see when approaching the site. Therefore it was important to design the corner as an inviting element. This was done by slicing through the building, creating a large gate leading onto an elevated bridge, from where the whole complex could be seen.

fig. 151, 152, 153

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Detailing

Walkway This walkway is public accessible and allows for alternative access into the site. TheWALKWAY is also where the residents can grow and harvest vegetables. The walkway will be a central part of the complex, forming a semiprivate space where the residents can interact with the public.

Columns The lift of the building created some long spans, which needed support from columns. These columns should form elements inviting people into the site, while at the same time break up the spaces created by the lift.

PV The elevated part of the building were designed with a wooden cladding on the faรงade, to give the building a lighter expression. To form a contrast the lower parts, the base is made in bricks. The elements are considered from a sustainable point of view, in accordance with the properties of life cycle analysis. The faรงades were designed with integrated PV panels supporting the buildings energy properties and to create a pattern on the faรงades.

fig. 154, 155, 156

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Materials Different types of materials have been compared in order to find the right expression for the building.

To keep a visual distinction in the building program, the base - with its public functions - should differ from the private functions on the upper levels.

Bricks were chosen for the base in order to carry on

the aestetics of the present context.

Timber was chosen for the residencies both in regards of LCA and for the light expression.

Structural elements such as the apartment decks are from precast concrete, due to its strength and to keep in line with the industrial look.

fig. 157-165

109

110

Subset The final phase involved the highest level of detailing, concerning indoor climate, and the integration of active strategies. Also the detailing focused a lot more on elements in the human scale, concerning texture and interior surfaces.

The building has a large part of the facades covered with a timber cladding, which gives the building a light expression, and introduces a new material in the context, making for a larger diversity and contrasting the existing context. However the building will also be the first in the new part of the city, and will create a new identity for the area of HĂĽndvĂŚrkerkvarteret by introducing a more dense and sustainable type of architecture.

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Conclusion

For this project a mix-use, zero energy building has been designed as part of the redevelopment of Håndværkerkvarteret.

Through a mutation of the contextually known urban block, the building is shaped so to both cater the need for daylight in the apartments while still leaving spaces for attractive outdoor areas.

In this regard, greenery has been implemented on the site to correspond with the expansion of Åparken in West and the creek in South.

With the design of the building, a variety of user groups and new public functions - workshops to pass on the idea of ‘the craftsmanship neighborhood’ and a daycare to cater the families - are introduced, which will create breeding ground for a

healthy social sustainability both between the residencies but also the public.

The private section of the building is divided into three sectors – student, couple and family residents – with different apartments, which will meet the individual need in the context of compact living.

Residencies are differentiated from the public functions through the use of different materials - the place-bound bricks for the public functions and timber for the private functions.

The indoor climate of the apartments are executed with satisfying results, through implementation of passive and active strategies.

Similarly, the energy frame of BR15 Class 2020 has been met through passive strategies and a zero energy has then been reached with the aid of PV’s.

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Reflection

The design of a zero energy building has been executed through an integrated design process and an overall holistic approach in regards of sustainability. The whole process, however, raises the question of technology’s part in the design of a building, i.e. whether or not a building should strive for the least energy consumption as possible and sacrificing architectural qualities in doing so.

Through the design of the building, passive strategies, such as good daylighting and natural ventilation, has been the main focus point together with the intention of creating interesting architecture and attractive outdoor qualities to cater the social sustainability concepts, and so, the integrated design has been implemented in different scales.

The slender typology has proven to perform well within the BR15 class 2020 legislations in terms of reducing energy loss - with key figures of 15,4 kWh/ m2 pr. year - whilst still leaving a lot of outdoor area on the ground floor. However, the implementation of PV’s had not been thought all the way through the design, and the original strategy of mounting PV’s onto the façade was not realizable due to ad-

justments of window sizes in order to create optimal daylighting conditions.

The small footprint together with the orientation of the building leaves little room for roof mounted PV’s and therefore, roof gardens had to be removed in order to meet the required PV area for achieving a zero energy building.

This could maybe have been avoided by integrating quantitative tools such as Be15 earlier in the design phase, but this has been a challenge, since it relies on a large variety of specific information, where small changes in the design can have a huge impact on the outcome of key values.

During the design phase great importance were placed on the common areas. The terraces and roof gardens were a fundamental part of the concept.

The need to remove these because of a late realization that more PV area was needed, amounted in that the detailing of these areas suffered. The focus was instead placed on the central walkway, as this was deemed crucial to achieve a coherent building that lives up to goals for social sustainability and user interaction.

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References Methodology Knudstrup, M. 2005, Arkitektur som integreret design, Aalborg, Botin, L. & Phil, O., Pandoras boks: metode Programme Aalborg Kommune, 2013, http://www.aalborg.dk/media/271699/pixi. pdf, visited 21-03-2016 Utzon Center, Hvad er bæredygtighed?, 2015 Foss, K., 2015, http://estatemedia.dk/dk/2015/12/15/wagner-ejendomme-bygger-120-boliger-paa-godsbanearealet-i-aalborg/, visited 22-03-2016 Aalborg Kommune, 2010, images/teknisk/PLANBYG/andre_planer/ Godsbanearealet_Kvalitetsprogram_21-10-2010.pdf, visited 22-032016 Aalborg Kommune, 2010, http://apps.aalborgkommune.dk/images/ teknisk/PLANBYG/lokplan/04/4-2-107.pdf, visited 22-03-2016

egis-klimatilpasningsplaner, visited 23-03-2016 DMI, 2016, http://www.dmi.dk/vejr/arkiver/normaler-og-ekstremer/ klimanormaler-dk/, visited 23-03-2016 Cappelen, J., 2009, http://www.dmi.dk/fileadmin/Rapporter/TR/tr0913.pdf, visited 23-03-2016 Aalborg Kommune, 2013, http://www.aalborgkommuneplan.dk/ Hovedstruktur/Nedslag/H019_1_8, visited 23-03-2016 Theory Bæk Pedersen, P., 2009, Sustainable Compact City, Copenhagen, Arkitekskolens Forlag Jacobs, J., 1992, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, New York, Vintage Torcellini, P., Pless, S. and Deru, M., 2006, Zero Energy Buildings: A Critical Look at the Definition, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge

Aalborg Kommune, 2006, http://www.aalborg.dk/media/1390283/ Eternitten_byomdannelsesstrategi-1-.pdf, visited 22-03-2016

Course Module ‘Zero Energy Building’, Aalborg University

Aalborg Kommune, 2014, http://apps.aalborgkommune.dk/images/ teknisk/PLANBYG/lokplan/BLU/4-2-113_Startredegoerelse_og_ BLU-11-12-2014.pdf

Parking Aalborg Kommune, 2009, http://www.aalborgkommuneplan.dk/bilag/ bilag-f0.aspx visited 16-05-2016

Cappelen, J. and Jørgensen, B., 1999, http://www.dmi.dk/fileadmin/ user_upload/Rapporter/TR/1999/tr99-13.pdf, visited 23-03-2016

Trafikstyrelsen, 2006, https://www.trafikstyrelsen.dk/~/media/Dokumenter/09%20Nyheder/Kollektiv%20trafik/2014/Cykelparkeringsh%C3%A5ndbogen.ashx, visited 16/05/2016

Miljøgis, 2016, http://miljoegis.mim.dk/spatialmap?&profile=noise, visited 23-03-2016 Aalborg Kommune, 2014, http://www.aalborgkommuneplan.dk/ planredegoerelse/hele/r_h029.aspx?altTemplate=OmraaderevisionPrint, visited 23-03-2016

Fire Safety Regulations Trafik- og Byggestyrelsen, 2016, http://bygningsreglementet.dk/ br10_05_id79/0/42, visited 17-05-2016

Aalborg Kommune, 2015, http://www.aalborg.dk/usercontrols/AalborgKommune/Referater/Pdf.aspx?pdfnavn=16455271-13770743-1. pdf&type=bilag&pdfid=36190, visited 21-03-2016 Miljøgis, 2016, http://miljoegis.mim.dk/spatialmap?&profile=miljo-

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Illustrations Where nothing else is noted, the figures are the original property of the project group. fig. 1: Pandoras Boks, pp. 17 fig. 31: Zero energy buildings and definitions, Lecture 2: Energy producing technologies w/Anna Marszal-Pomianowska fig. 125: http://www.projectorange.com/images/resized/assets/uploads/ documents/05-ShorehamStreet-office-Sheffield-award-winner-design-architect-london-uk-project-orange_450x675.jpg fig. 126: https://static.dezeen.com/uploads/2014/10/Markthal-Rotterdam-by-MVRDV-b_dezeen_784_14.jpg fig. 127: http://www.designboom.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/25-verde-luciano-pia-torino-03.jpg fig. 157: http://pre14.deviantart.net/a0e3/th/pre/f/2015/005/f/0/ dark_wood__planks_texture__perfect_for_architectur_by_thekapow-d8coya8.jpg fig. 158: https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/736x/6d/0a/de/ 6d0ade91ae4b9186127ccc776a43c233.jpg fig. 159: http://www.woodshingledrdlik.eu/fotky6770/fotos/_vyr_ 3modrin-stipany-1.jpg fig. 160-162: http://www.petersen-tegl.dk/visualisering/ fig. 163: http://www.wildtextures.com/wp-content/uploads/wildtextures_concrete-vertical-formwork-signs1.jpg fig. 164: http://www.berlintapete.de/xinclude/images.inc.php?b=1&size=detail&detwidth=964&bpw=0&rot=0&mirror=0&picpath=xfiles/shop/1_242_15301.jpg fig. 165: http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-PGVRzz-BFIQ/Vhrvcy6bUZI/ AAAAAAAAIYE/bZ73AdS8Hag/s1600/Garage%2Bconcrete%2Btexture-1.jpg

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Appendix 1 U-Values

On the right the U-values calcuted for use in the simulations and energy frame are shown.

“Outer walls” are the light timber construction.

“Towards basement” is the floor towards the parking basment in block D “Overhang” is the slabs underneath block A and B “Roof” is the roof construction used throughout the building.

Outer wall Lambda_Façade Lambda_Air Lambda_Insulation Lambda_Insulation Lambda_Gypsum R_i R_u

Overhang Lambda_Plywood Lambda_Isolation (noise) Lambda_Concrete Lambda_Insulation Lambda_Insulation R_i R_u

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Lambda

d[m]

Towards Basement

0,12 0,026 0,037 0,037 0,25 0,13 0,4

0,025 0,02 0,195 0,145 0,025

Lambda_Plywood Lambda_Insulation (niose) Lambda_Concrete Lambda_Concrete Lambda_Insulation Lambda_Insulation Ri Ru

Lambda

d[m]

0,14 0,036 2,64 0,037 0,037 0,13 0,4

0,006 0,05 0,32 0,145 0,145

Roof Lambda_Gypsum Lambda_Vapour barrier Lambda_Insulation Lambda_Concrete Lambda_Asphalt R_i R_u

Lambda

d[m]

0,14 0,036 2,64 2,64 0,034 0,034 0,13 0,4

0,006 0,05 0,07 0,07

Lambda 0,25 0,17 0,035 2,44 0,15 0,13 0,4

d[m] 0,026 0,002 0,45 0,22 0,025

0,195

Appendix 2 Fire Emergency

Emergency exits Fire sections Escape routes In case of a fire emergency should the building in general be designed with easy and quick access to the terrain, with minimum two escaping routes. In this case the apartments have access to an outdoor hallway on every floor and the balconies can be used as rescue opening, as long the floor height doesn’t exceeds 22 meters. The outdoor hallway leads to staircases, which are an escaping route to open terrain.

In each block there is placed two staircases so that the residents have two independent escaping routes as the fire regulations dictates.

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Appendix 3 Daylight Factor

Penthouse apartment

Two storey apartment Lower floor

1 bedroom apartment

To document the daylight condition in each unit, Velux daylight visualizer have been used, which can calculate daylight factor with conditions that fits to the site.

By adjusting on parameters as window sizes and inner surface materials it is possible to achieve an acceptable daylight factor. The recommended daylight factor should minimum be 2% half through the room(KILDE).

Two storey apartment upper floor

Studio apartments

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Two bedroom apartment

Appendix 4 Floor Area Distribution Double high apartment [m2] Roof apart. blok A [m2] Roof apart. blok C [m2] I total 114 129 80 1. Floor 73 2. Floor 41 Mix-use [M2] Kindergaten LEVEL 1 LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5 LEVEL 6 LEVEL 7 LEVEL 8 LEVEL 9 LEVEL 10 LEVEL 11 LEVEL 12

Café 519

212

Workshop 466 269

3V [m2] 80

2V [m2] 74

Studio apart. [m2] 22

Collegium [M2]

Apartments [M2]

Washing room Common room Studio apart.

113 478

Block A

426 426 424 422 419 415 410 405 399 399

Mix-use Recidents Total area

1466 13843 15309

Built area

8325

FAR FAR Mix-use

184 % 9,58 %

Block B

Block C

980 958 980 929 911 929

525 466 483 465 483 466 532

The tables show the distribution of the area throughout the building. The tables show the organization of the area on the different levels and the different units. The data compare the residential area and the mix-use functions in terms of total area and floor area ratio.

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Appendix 5 Energy Frame and Indoor Climate

The table on the right show the key figures as results of the energy frame calculation in Be15.

Below is a table show the indoor climate conditions in the double high apartment, analyzed through BSim. The table show the hours outside the comfort zone. and what months these hours occur.

Common room Degrees <27 <28 >20

Kitchen Master Bedroom

0 0 0

37 3 0

0 0 0

Kitchen Degrees <27 <28

July 20 3

August 16

September 1

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Appendix 6 Parking Calculations

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Appendix 7 PV System To cover the energy consumptions of 11100 square meters habitations, there are chosen solar panels as an active strategy. The energy consumptions are calculated to annual usage of 253450 kWh/year, which can be covered with 1600 square meters of solar panels distributed over façade- and roof surfaces.

In order to optimize the efficiency of the panels on the roof, the area is picked over orientation, as the amount of solar panels orientated east and west produce more energy than less square meters orientated directly south.

There is an inclination of 15 degrees, which are the ideal in relation to optimizing the area and furthermore that angle makes the panels self-cleaning. The solar panels were from the beginning a part of façade design and are sized as some of the windows in order to integrate and make the panels less visible in the facade. In all are there 500 square meter panels on the façade with both southeast and southwest direction, which are defined by the building orientation. And with 500 square meters on the façade and the remaining 1100 square meters on the roof gives a total of the 1600 that covers the entire consumptions with 102 %, by an efficiency at 22.5%.

Electricity for appliances Total heating requirement Squaremeters Primary energy factors Electricity District heating

Converted to electricity kWh/year

5 - 20cm 15°

17,1 15,4 11100

1,8 0,6 40,02

5 - 20cm 15°

22,23 kWh/m^2 year

N

246790 kWh/year

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