INEQUALITY AND JCF [Police] & JDF [Soldiers] USE OF DEADLY FORCE: AN EMPIRICAL ASSESSMENT OF A CONFLICT HYPOTHESIS OF Jamaica Constabulary Force [JCF] AND The Jamaica Defence Force [JDF]: with its Citizens & Residence R A Blake , B A x 2 [Hons] , M A CJ 1 INEQUALITYBYJCF[Police]&JDF[Soldiers]WITHTHEUSEOFDEADLYFORCE AGAINSTTHOSEFROMJAMAICA LOWERSOCIO-ECONOMICSTATUS[SES]: ANEMPIRICALASSESSMENTOFCONFLICTANDCONSENSUSHYPOTHESIS. R. A. Blake M.A.C.J. [Dual Hons] in Criminology and Psychology. M.A. in Criminal Justice. Criminologist/ Criminal Psychologist/ Researcher/Social Scientist/Criminal Justice/Lecturer/Mentor, Probation and Parole Counsel,etc.
AbstractInthisresearcharticle,ithastobenotedandpointedoutthatCriminologistsoverthe manydecadeshavedebatedhowviolenceimpactsoursociety.Manyinthefieldminimisethe roleofviolence,onlystressinginterdependenceandconsensusastotheformulaforsocialorder. Itwassaidthateverymemberofsocietybenefitedfromtheexistingsocialorder. Onemustalsonoteinternalforce[s]is[are]onlyneededwhentheirrationalorimperfect socialelementsareneededtoberestrained.Socialelementsinthisresearchreferstocitizensand residentsofJamaica.Ontheotherhand,thereisanoppositeviewthatviolenceistheprimaryforcethat keepssocietytogether.Onemustmakementionthat, Inequality is unnatural,duetothis imbalanceithastobemaintainedthroughforce.Introducing ConflictandConsensusTheory, thetheoristsalsodebatethenatureofthestate[thecountry,the'law'orthegovernment]. 1
INEQUALITY AND JCF [Police] & JDF [Soldiers] USE OF DEADLY FORCE: AN EMPIRICAL ASSESSMENT OF A CONFLICT HYPOTHESIS OF Jamaica Constabulary Force [JCF] AND The Jamaica Defence Force [JDF]: with its Citizens & Residence R A Blake , B A x 2 [Hons] , M A CJ 2 JamaicaConstabularyForce[JCF]andJamaicaDefenceForce[JDF]arearmsofthe governmentsanctionedtoserveandprotectthecitizensofJamaica.Theyallhaveindividual dutiesandaimsthataresubjectedtotheirspecificorganisationsi.e.,JCFandJDF.InJamaica bothareknowntoworkhandinhand,althoughmanywouldarguethereisanimositybetween thetwoduetopasthistory. TheyhavebeenworkingmoresoonJointForcesoverthelast10years,withthe militarization anddemilitarisationinsomesectorsofthePoliceforce,andthenormalcyof ArmedSoldiers'policing'.Onemustpointoutthatpoliceandsoldier'skillingshavebeengoing onsincetheinceptionofthemboth.LestnotforgettheCoralGardenincident,TivoliGardens Insurgency,Flashforwardetc.toJamaicainthe80sand90's.Thiswasespeciallyduringtheelection periods,whichsawthemostbloodshedofcriminalsandinnocentalikedyingbythehandsof JDFandJCF.Enterthe2000's,withthePortmore7[andthefemaleeveryoneseemstodismiss? Wasthereafemale?]. Manyyoungmenlosttheirlivesduetopolicestatingtheyfiredatthem andweaponswereplanted.Therearemanymoreinstancestoname,whichissadtosay,Ontoo many occasionsofJCFbeinginvolvedinacrimeagainstsociety.Futureresearchwillfocuson the60's-2000's,however,thisonewillbeaddressingtheyears2010to2020. Police&Soldiersaretheprimaryinstitutionsinchargeofregulatingsociety'sdaily behaviour,theseorganisationsareenforcedandareprotectedby;laws,Acts,torts,rules,and guidelines.ItshouldbenotedthatNOpriorresearchhadtriedtousehypothesesfromconflictor consensusperspectives,topredictpolice&/orsoldiersactivitiesinJamaica.Thiswillbeafirst, 2
INEQUALITY AND JCF [Police] & JDF [Soldiers] USE OF DEADLY FORCE: AN EMPIRICAL ASSESSMENT OF A CONFLICT HYPOTHESIS OF Jamaica Constabulary Force [JCF] AND The Jamaica Defence Force [JDF]: with its Citizens & Residence R A Blake , B A x 2 [Hons] , M A CJ 3 however,withtheunderstandingandapplicationoftheseperspectivesviaotherpartsofthe criminaljusticesystem,acrosstheworld,wewillgainmoreunderstanding;thusproviding ecologicalvalidityforthisresearch. ConflictTheorists. believethestateiscontrolledbyanupperclassandstatepowerisan extensionoftheinstitution'sforce. ConsensusTheorist, believesnoonecontrolsthegovernment,it'sacollectivewill.State power[government/governmentbranches],istheconsensusofthegoverned. IftheConflictApproach isindeedright,thestatewouldhaveaheavyconcentrationof powerinareasofinequality. IftheConsensusPerceptioniscorrect,thenthestatewouldonlyhavetouseforcein areaswherethereismoreviolence,or,waspronetoviolence? ManyinthePROLETARIANS,SUB-PROLETARIANScommunitiesofJamaica,would expressthatworkingwithandeventhesightofthepoliceisanegative.Furtherfuelingthe Jamaicananduniversalcrimecodethat‘snitchesgetstitches’/‘informafidead’,etc,sotomany -TheUltimatecoerciveactisdeath. 3
4
INEQUALITY AND JCF [Police] & JDF [Soldiers] USE OF DEADLY FORCE: AN EMPIRICAL ASSESSMENT OF A CONFLICT HYPOTHESIS OF Jamaica Constabulary Force [JCF] AND The Jamaica Defence Force [JDF]: with its Citizens & Residence R A Blake , B A x 2 [Hons] , M A CJ 4
Keywords:PolicinginDifferentSocialclasses.Victimisationofthoseinthelower socio-economicstatusofJamaica.,etc. ThisstudyattemptstoanswerquestionsraisedintheConflictandConsensus Theory,byconductingacross-sectionalanalysisofJamaicanpoliceofficers&soldiers,whoare responsibleforcitizendeathsoverthespaceof10years.Theaimofthisstudywillalsobean attempttoidentifytraitsandbehavioursthatcanbeassociatedwithboththeoryandtheJDF/JCF AimandObjective. Thisecologicalstudywilluseaquantitativeapproachtostudypoliceandsoldier violence,withinJamaicaoverthelast10years.Theobjectiveistoidentifyandcomputethe numberofhomicidesthatwerecommittedbythepolicepermillionresidentsinthelast10years. Onceinformationisgathered,comparethattothedeathsfoundoutsideoftheJCFtitledkillings. Wehavetonotethatresultscanbeflawed,asthereisusuallyabarrierinplaceand'notell'ora 'don'tprosecute'whenitcomestotheJCF,criminality,andtheJamaicanCJS.Thestudyalsowill identifythereisacorrelationofminoritypresencewhendeadlyforcehasbeeninplace. RelevantLiterature. Silver(1964)studiedtheoriginsofthemodern-daypoliceforce.ThePoliceforce wasstartedtoprotecttherichfromthepoor.Priortothepolice,themilitaryorpropertyowners bandedtogether,thiswascalled- The Yeomanry. Themilitarywastooexpensivetomaintainand couldn'tadapttomeettheeverydayneedsofthepeople.TheYeomanrycouldoverreactandalso betheinstrumentoftheupperclassincharge.Policewereasymbolofovercomingtheproblems
INEQUALITY AND JCF [Police] & JDF [Soldiers] USE OF DEADLY FORCE: AN EMPIRICAL ASSESSMENT OF A CONFLICT HYPOTHESIS OF Jamaica Constabulary Force [JCF] AND The Jamaica Defence Force [JDF]: with its Citizens & Residence R A Blake , B A x 2 [Hons] , M A CJ 5 ofthemilitaryandyeomanryaccordingtohistoryandresearcharticles.Policecouldprevent crime,controlthelowerclass,andstillpenetratecivilsocietydaily. Park's(1965)arguedthatthepurposeofthepoliceistokeeptheinequalitiesbetweenthe classes,byprotectingtheupperclassfromredistributiveviolence.Itakeitastepfurtherand suggest,thepoliceareamilitarisedforce(army),designedtooccupytheurbanghettos,which remindsmeofWacquant's(2008)Surrogateghettoperspective.Severalresearcherstested Blauner'stheorybycomparingtherelationshipbetweenthesizeofminoritypopulations[inthis case,thosefromalowersocioeconomicstatusbackgroundandupbringing]andthenumberof policethatfrequenttheirareas. TowardAnOperationalHypothesis AFundamentalelementofConflicttheoryisthatinequalityisafragilestateandmustbe controlledbyforce.Inmodernsociety,conflictsbetweenthesocialstatuses,upperandlower classeshappenwithina[the]socialorganisation.Suchasthepoliceforce[JCF],wherestate violencecanbeviewedasathreat.Someinsocietyrelyontheorganisedproductionofthe markets,andthosethreatsaresignificanttotheupperclass. Thelowerclasscouldattempttouseforcetoovercometheiroppressors.Itwasalsofoundthat Socialcontrolismoreusefulinunequalsocieties. ClassismisamajorfactorinJamaicansociety.Dividedinto'uptown,downtown,and country',manywouldargueandpasshasshownthat:Theupperclassmaintainstheirseparation bygivingthepolicemorefreedomsinviolentareas,insteadofhiringmorepoliceaccordingly. 5
❖ Resultswillshowthepoorhavemorecontrolofthestate,theyaremorelikelythan gettingkilledbythepolice.
❖ Policearemorelikelytousedeadlyforceinviolentproneareas.
❖ Thecrimeratecamefrom2010and2020statsonviolentcrimesreportedbyIndecom, JCF,MOJ,andotherGovernmentalandNGOagencies.
❖ Minoritieshavelessinfluenceandarelesslikelytoprotectthemselves,employingthe law.However,theymaytakethelawintotheirownhands. 6
INEQUALITY AND JCF [Police] & JDF [Soldiers] USE OF DEADLY FORCE: AN EMPIRICAL ASSESSMENT OF A CONFLICT HYPOTHESIS OF Jamaica Constabulary Force [JCF] AND The Jamaica Defence Force [JDF]: with its Citizens & Residence R A Blake , B A x 2 [Hons] , M A CJ 6
Thus,allowingmoreviolenceinthoseareas.Thesoldiersarethensenttodopolicework,with maybeoneornouniformcladpoliceofficers,thusnormalisingthesoldiersalsoas'Peace Officers-theoriginalnameforPoliceOfficers. Therehasbeennonorlimitedresearchorreviewconductedonthistime.Asmallcase file,comparedtotherealstatistics,isthatpersonsareafraidtoreportwrongdoingsbythesame oneswhoaresupposedtoserveandprotect.Littlecooperationandbiasamongdepartmentsof theJamaicancriminaljusticesystem, havehamperedresearchconcerningsocialdivisionsand theamountofviolenceconductedbythepolice. TherehasbeenacompanysetupbyIndecom forthepastyearswhoseaimistobringjusticetothosewhohavebeeninjured,maimedorkilled byJCFandJDF.Thatbeingsaid,their'handsaretied',insomeinstances-duetocorruption, misplacementandcompromisingevidence,witnessintimidationsamongstnumerousother factors. Alternative Causal Factors and Their Measurement
❖ Anindexwascreatedbasedonviolentcrimeratesandhowmanyriots[blockroads/'We wantjustice'marches]inthecountrythatwouldinvolvepoliceviolence.
7
➔ Lethal violence in some states such as JonesTown, Waterhouse, Salt Springs, Some parts of Mountain Views, etc may be higher, than in other mid-to low crime areas.
➔ Social control is difficult in those communities, deemed troublesome or crime hotspots, police may be inclined to use force.
➔ Another factor is [will be] to control is the percentage of residents living in large cities.
➔ Police are more likely to use force to control minority populations because they +are intimidated by large groups and areas of minorities.
ETHICALISSUES: AsaSocialScientistonedoesnotpartakeinresearcherbias,Or,theimpositionofmy thoughts,actions&/ordeedsoropinions.Permissionwasgrantedforprimaryresearchbyclients. Noharm,whethermentally,emotionallyorphysicallywasdoneoradheredtobyanyofmy clients/participants.
INEQUALITY AND JCF [Police] & JDF [Soldiers] USE OF DEADLY FORCE: AN EMPIRICAL ASSESSMENT OF A CONFLICT HYPOTHESIS OF Jamaica Constabulary Force [JCF] AND The Jamaica Defence Force [JDF]: with its Citizens & Residence R A Blake , B A x 2 [Hons] , M A CJ 7
Thispaperandresearchhasecologicalvalidity Privacyandtherighttoleavewasgiven,explainedandunderstoodinsessionsoranyof thetasksandresponsibilitiesthatIpartakeinorwasprivyto.
➔ Police are more likely to use violence in areas where there is already a high concentration of crime.
INEQUALITY AND JCF [Police] & JDF [Soldiers] USE OF DEADLY FORCE: AN EMPIRICAL ASSESSMENT OF A CONFLICT HYPOTHESIS OF Jamaica Constabulary Force [JCF] AND The Jamaica Defence Force [JDF]: with its Citizens & Residence
➢ JamaicaConstabularyForce:Home.[website]., https://jcf.gov.jm,(AccessedJan 1st-17thAugust2022). ➢ JamaicaDefenceForce,[website],https://www.jdfweb.com,(AccessedJan 31st-August18th2022).
Author'sCaSSSocietyNote.-JamaicaandCaribbeanSocialSciencesSociety.[JSA]Jamaica/Caribbean
Aninitiative/ProgramIcreatedtoassistJamaicanVictims,Offenders,otherSocialScientistand theCriminalJusticeSystemonawhole. Acknowledgment:Thankyoutoallsecondaryandprimarysourcesforthispaper.Great gratitudetoalltheparticipantsandclientstothosewhotookpart. Acknowledgmentsand Salutationstoyouoneandall.ThisfullresearchshouldbepublishedbetweenDec2022and March2023. 8
R A Blake , B A x 2 [Hons] , M A CJ 8 Reference ➢ Blake,R(2017)WhyAreBlackPeopleOver-representedwithintheCriminal JusticeSystem.IsthereadifferencebetweentheUKvsUSA?ACriminological andPsychologicalApproach.
➢ Wacquant,L.(2008)UrbanOutcasts:AComparativeSociologyofAdvanced Marginality.UrbanGeography:Vol.31,No.2,pp. ➢ Wacquant,L.(2008).GhettosandAnti-Ghettos:AnAnatomyofNewUrban Poverty.
➢ Reports–TheIndependentCommissionofInvestigations[website], https://www.indecom.gov.jm/reports.(AccessedMarchandAugust2022).
CriminologicalAssociation/Society.Criminology/CriminalJusticeandSocialScienceSociety
INEQUALITY AND JCF [Police] & JDF [Soldiers] USE OF DEADLY FORCE: AN EMPIRICAL ASSESSMENT OF A CONFLICT HYPOTHESIS OF Jamaica Constabulary Force [JCF] AND The Jamaica Defence Force [JDF]: with its Citizens & Residence R A Blake , B A x 2 [Hons] , M A CJ 9 Contactinformation;Email:WilliamsPublishingHouse@gmail.com MainLocationsavailablesameday;KingstonandStAndrew,StThomasandpartsof Clarendon.TravelisalsoavailabletotheremainingparishesofJamaica,withpriornotice. www.BNVirgo.com. OnIG:@BlackSocialScientist@CaSS.Society WouldyouliketoreadmoreoftheResearchProposal?.Thefullresearchwillbe publishedinSOON.EmailWilliamsPublishingHouse@gmail.com orDMorcontactusonhow youcan.Thank Criminologyandof2315https://local.google.com/place?id=94230974125531you.14304&use=posts&lpsid=224926854237034orSocialMedia@#BlackSocialScientist.OR,@CaSS.Society.876-227-3462Thankyoufortakingthetimetoreadthisresearchpaper.Thispaperdoesnotaimtofendorundermineanyonesoccupation,however,whenthereisinjusticeinthecountryIlovewasborn,Iachetoaddressandfixit.ThankyouRA.Blake[DualHons]B.A’sin[hons]andPsychology[hons]andM.A.C.J]. 9
