PART B CRITERIA DESIGN

STUDIO AIR 2017, SEMESTER 1, TUTOR FINNIAN WARNOCK KWAN CHIN CHING 713458

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B CRITERIA DESIGN

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B.1 RESEARCH FIELD

Fig.16 Timber Pattern of One Main(“dECOi”, 2016) 37

ICD/ ITKE RESEARCH PAVILION 2010 Sectioning is preferred as my research field because I find the combination of positive and negative space to give a sense of movement or fluidity is interesting. It is also highly adaptive and gives a sense of lightness in design.

Unlike other designs treating digital design process, mechanical and materials as separate components, the ICD/ ITKE Research Pavilion 2010 performs a different approach to computational design. The physical form of the pavilion is determined by both internal and external pressure acting on the material (“ICD/ ITKE”, 2010).

Fig.167 Joint Detail (“ICD/ ITKE”, 2010)

Fig.18 Curve Development (“ICD/ ITKE”, 2010)

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The generation of form is directly driven and informed by the elastic bending behavior of birch plywood strips, which are digitally fabricated as planar element and subsequently connected to create elastically bent and tension regions. In order to prevent the concentration of bending moments, the locations of connection points are changed along the structure.

Fig.19 Overall Shape (“ICD/ ITKE”, 2010)

Fig.20 ICD/ ITKE Research Pavilion (“ICD/ ITKE”, 2010)

Thus, 80 different strip patterns are constructed from more than 500 geometrically unique parts (“ICD/ ITKE”, 2010). Without the help of digital fabrication, such a large number of components with various measurement cannot be produced rapidly.

This bending-active structural frame saves material in the supporting framework and the use of bending pre-stress of the structural elements and their coupling allows an extremely lightweight yet stable structure (“Research Pavilion”, 2010).

Using this approach can help to gain the best performance of the material because it starts from the material itself. By understanding the characteristic of the material, it can provide us different opportunities and forming unexpected outcome. In this project, sectioning is used to form strips which reduce the use of material and increase the sense of lightness. New construction method can also be investigated, too.

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ONE MAIN One Main by dECOi design is derived by their prior sculpture which propose the milling of all elements of the interior from sustainable plywood using CNC machine to crave.

This project comprises the floor and ceiling, both articulated as continuous surface that inflected by the location of function. It aims to replace typical industrial components (such as vents and door handle) with milled timber and offer a streamlined protocol for delivery of a highly-crafted interior. This method allows architects fully contribute and customize all elements of a building since industrial components became standard.

Only essentials like sprinklers, lights and glass remain the same, other element of the interior was realized via the unitary fabrication logic and prefabricated (“dECOi”, 2016).

The interior architecture is designed within a fully CAD-CAM environment for plastic control of the spatial and detail definition.

They even devised automated algorithms for generating actual milling files and apply them to furniture like desk, benches and shelves. The stages pass from design to fabrication seamlessly. Since machining files can be provided to the fabricator, it can achieve a curvilinearity expression accurately with high tolerance (“dECOi”, 2016).

This project assumes radical environmental agenda with the use of sustainable and carbon-absorbing forested spruce plywood, then translated into refined elements via dexterous low-energy digital tooling. There are no plans or sections just 3D instructional files. Wastage was about 10% which pulped and recycled ("One Main”).

The design method allows architect to engage with every detail of a building and provides alternatives to replace regular items like steel-made industrial components. Digital fabrication can lower the error in fabrication hence reduce wastage. Sectioning can change the shape and inflection easily according to the function and requirement, which means it is highly adaptive. It also gives aesthetic to the interior with fluidity.

Fig.21 Making Process (“dECOi”, 2016)

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Fig.22 One Main (“dECOi”, 2016) 41

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B.2 CASE STUDY 1.0 43

Fig.22 Seroussi Pavilion, (Biothing, 2010)

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S E R O U S S I

P A V I L I O N

B ioth i ng, Pa r i s, 2 0 07

This pavilion is formed by self-modifying patterns of vector based on electricmagnetic field (EMF). A series of curves are formed by the logics of attraction and repulsion and then they are lifted up to create volume to the form.

Different types of vector field are explored in this matrix and extrusion are also tested under fabrication concern.

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ITERATION 01

ITERATION 02

R = 0.05 CD = 24 FL = 100

R = 0.05 CD = 56 FL = 150

S=2 D=5 R=2

S=2 D=5 R=4

LC = 1 CD = 24 FL = 100

LC = 2 CD = 24 FL = 100

ITERATIO

SPE CI E S 01 POINT CHARGE

Radius (R) Circel Division (CD) FLine (FL)

R=2 CD = 56 FL = 150

02 SPIN FORCE

Strength (S) Divide (D) Radius (R)/ FLine (FL)

S=2 D=5 R = 4, FL =

03 LINE CHARGE

LIine Charge Number (LC) Radius (R) FLine (FL)

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LC = 3 CD = 2 FL = 10

ON 03

6 0

2 5 = 400

3 24 00

ITERATION 04

ITERATION 05

ITERATION 06

R = 0.05 CD = 24 FL = 100

R = 0.05 CD = 56 FL = 150

R=2 CD = 56 FL = 150

S=2 D=1 R=3

S=6 D=1 R=3

S = 10 D=1 R=3

LC = 1 CD = 24 FL = 100

LC = 2 CD = 24 FL = 100

LC = 3 CD = 24 FL = 100

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ITERATION 01

ITERATION 02

ITERATIO

R = 0.05 CUD = 5

R=3 CUD = 5

Direction Graph Mapper (GM)

X Bezier

Y Bezier

Z Bezie

Direction Graph Mapper (GM)

X Parabola

Y Parabola

Z Parabo

SPE CI E S 04 SWEEP

Radius (R) Curve Division (CUD)

R=3 CUD = 1

05 EXTRUDE

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ITERATION 04

ITERATION 05

ITERATION 06

15

R = 0.05 CUD = 5

R=3 CUD = 5

R=3 CUD = 15

er

X Bezier

Y Bezier

Z Bezier

X Parabola

Y Parabola

Z Parabola

ON 03

ola

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SUCCESSFUL OUTCOMES

S P A T I A L

Q U A L I T Y

The arrangement of components can gives certain effect and atmosphere to the surrounding, The density of curve of this iteration gives a nice balance and create a semi-transparent effect while look through. It also blur out the boundary between interior and extertior.

DESIRED

EXPRESSION

Movement is something occur frequently in our daily lives like talking and walking. It would be interesting if the design can also respond and act as a form of movement.

This iteration also gives a sense of fluidity and it looks ligthweight.

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FA B R I C AT I O N CO N C E R N The fabrication of components should be considered while designing. Thin line is relatively hard to produce using laser cut. The extruded version gives stronger volume to the form and it can be produce easily by cutting materials to required strips.

M AT E R I A L P E R F O R M A N C E In order to give a sense of floating and lightweight design thin material should be used. This iteration fits the criteria because it is built with layers. It forms dome shape and the centre point pushed down. Using thin material with some strength can achieve this interesting curvature.

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B.3 CASE STUDY 2.0 53

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Fig.23 Pavilion Interior (Digital Crafting, 2011)

ICD/ ITKE RESEARCH PAVILION 2010

Un ive r sit y of Stugga r t , 2 0 07 The ICD/ITKE research pavilion 2010 is developed by studying the bend-ability of plywood strips. Based on the material test of plywood an optimum shape of the pavilion can be obtained without reaching the deflection point of plywood.

The reverse engineering of this pavilion starts by forming arcs on divied curves and change the shpae of the arcs to form desired shape.

Patterns and vector field are further developed in the matrix section.

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REVERSE ENGINEERING PROCESS

Three circles are use to defined the shape of the pavilion.

Central points are added to make sure all division starting points are the same.

After dividing three curves to points, curves are jointed using three points arc to form branches.

CRV

SEAM PT

DIVIDE

By using dispatch with pattern true and false two set of arcs can be obtained for further development.

BANG

PROJECT

UNIT X CRV CP

DIVIDE

CRV

ARC

SEAM PT

PROJECT

TRUE FALSE

UNIT X CRV CP

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40

DISPATC

CH

Arcs are divided to segments and connect to graph mapper which can control the curvature of an arc.

Variation can be obtained by adjusting the graph mapper of each set of arc.

Loft two set of arc separately to form the timber strips of the pavilion.

DIVIDE 50

INTCRV RANGE

GM (PERLIN) 10

MOVE AXB

LOFT

UNIT Z

DIVIDE 50

INTCRV RANGE

GM (PERLIN) 10

MOVE AXB

UNIT Z

DIVIDE 50

INTCRV RANGE

GM (PERLIN)

MOVE AXB

LOFT

UNIT Z

10

DIVIDE 50

INTCRV RANGE

GM (PERLIN) 10

MOVE AXB

UNIT Z

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SIMILARITIES/ DIFFERENCES

By separating curves into two individual set different curvatures and angles can be created. This makes the strip pattern looks similar to the pavilion.

Due to the unification of division starting point of each curve, every arc is perpendicular to the curves, this prevents the inner part from twisting together.

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At first I tried to evalu greater variations of th At the end I used to change the shape

uate each curve he curves but it graph mapper of two sets of

Using graph mapper to change the curvature of arcs results in different ending level of two set of arcs.

While for the pavilion all strips end on the same base curve.

to get failed. instead curves.

My reverse engineering from is a simplified version therefore there are no change in shape of each strip and no connection point is created.

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B.4 TECHNIQUE: DEVELOPMENT 61

ITERATION 01

ITERATION 02

ITERATION 03

ITERA

Bezier

Gaussian

Perlin

PC D,S = 2

PC, SF D,S = 3

PC, SF D = 2, S = 1

Type Division (Di)/ Radius (R) Depth (De)

Space Truss Di = 5 De = 5

Diagrid Di = 10

Staggered Grid Di = 13

Skew

Type Division (Di)/ Radius (R) Random Split (RS)/ Truncation (T)

Space Truss Di = 10 De = 5

Diagrid Di = 30

Staggered Grid Di = 30 RS = 0.62

Skew D

SPE CI E S 01 GRAPH MAPPER

Graph Type

Sqa

02 ELECTRIC FEILD Point Charge (PC) Spin Force (SF) Line Charge (LC)

Field Decay (D), Strength (S) Graph Mapper

D

03 LUNCH BOX

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ITERATION 06

ITERATION 07

ITERATION 08

Gaussian

Perlin

Square Root

PC, SF, LC D,S = 3

PC D,S = 2 Bezier, Unit Z = 10

PC, SF D,S = 3 Bezier, Unit Z = 10

PC, SF, LC D,S = 3 Bezier, Unit Z = -6

wed Quad Di = 8

Triangle Panel Di = 6

Hexagon Cell Di = 10

Plato Dodec R=4

Plato Octa R=5

wed Quad Di = 30

Triangle Panel

Hexagon Cell

Plato Dodec

Plato Octa

R=8

R = 10 T = 0.15

ATION 04

aure Root

PC, SF D,S = 3

ITERATION 05

Arc Change Bezier

U-Di = 6, V-Di = 18

Di = 20

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ITERATION 01

ITERATION 02

ITERATION 03

ITERA

Do = 21, Sp = 86 Th = 0.6

Do = 21, Sp = 86 Th = 0.88

Do = 21, Sp = 86 Th = 0.9

Do = T

Voronoi 2D

Offset F = 0.75

WF Ds = 32

Sf = 2

Sf = 8

Sf = 10

Pt = 100

Pt = 100 Z = 0.5

Pt = 100 Y = 0.5

SPE CI E S 04 METAL BALL

Domain (Do)/ Step (Sp) Threfold (Th) Vector (V)/ Accuracy (A)

05 VORONOI WB Frame (WF) WB Thicken (WT) WB Triangles (WTR) WB Catmull Clark (WC)

Type Factor (F), Distance (Ds) Smooth Naked Edges (SNE)/ Level (L)

06 SHIFT

Shift (Sf) Unit Z (Z)/ Unit Y (Y)

07 VECTOR 2 POINT

Populate 3D (Pt) Unit Z (Z)/ Unit Y (Y)

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W D

ITERATION 05

ITERATION 06

ITERATION 07

ITERATION 08

Th = 1.9 V=5

Th = 1.7 V=9

Do = 21, Sp = 86 Th = 0.8 A=2

Do = 21, Sp = 86 Th = 0.8 A=6

WF, WT Ds = 1

WF. WT Ds = 3

WF, WT Ds = 5

WF, WTR Ds =1 L=1

PC, SF, LC Ds = 1 SNE = 2

Sf = 10 Z=3

Sf = 10 Y=3

ATION 04

= 21, Sp = 86 Th = 1.2

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SUCCESSFUL OUTCOMES

S P A T I A L

Q U A L I T Y

This iteration gives interesting pattern over the form. The openings allow this iteration create volume without using one single surface. Those holes can maintain a certain transparency to the form as it blurs out the boundary between interior and exterior.

DESIRED

EXPRESSION

Using spin force can create a sense of movement to a immobile object and this iteration gives a rotating effect. It would be nice if the project design can incorporate a sense of movement and respond to the site.

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A R R A N G E M E N T This iteration are formed by using metal ball. The arrangement of metal ball depends on the distribution and distance of points. Therefore the arrangement can be changed easily according to the site requirement.

This iteration also looks so lightweight and floating in air.

M AT E R I A L P E R F O R M A N C E This iteration is really simple but it fits the criteria of bringing movement and creating volume to the form.

Large openings also keep the transparency of the form. All curves can be extruded to form strips.

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B.5 TECHNIQUE: PROTOTYPE 69

SITE ANALYSIS

Glass Facade & Lightings

7m

x 28, about 280 people

Mainly Adult Party, Dancing, Dinning, Social Activities Solid Wall x 2 Glass Facade x 2 PROJECT

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Ceiling Installation

Ballroom, W Hotel,

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m 13

CONSTRAIN -

All the joints and connections attachment should focus on only maximum two plane (ceiling and solid wall).

-

Connections attach to glass should be avoid due to safety issue and blocking of natural sunlight.

-

Connection should be hidden from the bottom.

-

Only bottom part and side of the installation can be viewed.

²

POSSIBILITIES -

Tall ceiling height allows grater variation of form in height.

-

The installation is not a load bearing structure hence the outcome can be very lightweight and weak.

, CBD, Melbourne

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Fig. 24 CATENARY INSTALLATION Dillon J. Gogarty & Ting Zhang, Pullman, WA, 2016 Gogarty, D. (2016).

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MAIN THEME

MOVEMENT

Dancing, conversation, music, there are many types of movement happening in a ballroom. It would be interesting if the installation can respond or act as another form of movement happens in the site.

This can be achieved by using thin and lightweight material, with loose connection to let it move or by creating a from that add a sense of fluidity into the design.

ATMOSPHERE

Ballroom is a space for social activities and it would be nice to create an relaxing environment for people to talk or dance.

Semi-transparent, lightweight structure should be formed in order to reduce the sense of oppression. Adding volume to the lightweight structure can create movement to the structure easier. Arrangement should also be considered according to the site.

Our precedent is the Catenary Pavilion by Dillion, Gogarty and Ting. This pavilion uses reverse-hanging method to study the tension force of string used and create the desired shape.

This pavilion only use simple curves to gives a sense of fluidity to the form.

Using thin string also makes the structure lightweight and gives movement easily when there is a force.

However this pavilion is only one direction and we believe variations in directions and height can be developed in our ceiling installation.

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MATERIAL TEST Mulberry paper is chosen because of the thin and semitransparent properties. The mix of long fibre creates an unique pattern and strength to the paper. Different test of mulberry paper with different gram are performed to found out suitable one.

25g Relatively soft and weak compare to others.

Transparency is the highest but can get crease easily.

25g WITH GOLD THREAD Additional gold thread gives richer pattern under light.

Optimum transparency and strength.

30g Paper pattern is shown clearly under light.

Not easy to create crease too.

50g

Thicker paper allows less light penetration .

Highest strength when it is lifted at one point.

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CREASE

SP

POT LIGHT

SPREAD LIGHT

STRENGTH

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MATERIAL TEST The thinner the paper the easier to creates movement when there is a force (wind).

25g

It creates large movement with small energy application as expected.

25g WITH GOLD THREAD Really nice movement outcome.

Gold thread slightly add some sparkles to the paper.

30g The scale of movement decrease relatively compare to the previous example.

50g Higher energy is required for 50g paper to move.

At the end we think mulberry paper 25g with gold thread is the best option to create a lightweight structure with optimum strength and light softening effect.

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MOVEMENT

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JOINTS DEVELOPMENT

�PAPER T

Additional joint load to the struc want to develop use the paper i each other.

We cut out a key on each strip. through the hole and they are int twist the strip in p This method kee continuous of pa

PAPER TO

Similar method i connection for p An I-shape with c out fro the paper frame. Two side is folded inwards per get through frame. Then unf the paper to wid strip and lock the This method c length of connec

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TO PAPER

will add extra cture hence we p joints that only itself to interlock

hole and a circle The circle pass e perpendicularly terlock once you parallel direction. ep can keep the aper stirp.

O F R A M E→

is applied to the paper and frame. circular end is cut r with a cut in the of the half circle s to allow the pah the gap of the fold two side of den the length of em together. can ensure the ction required.

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PROTOTYPE

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The form of this prototype is created from one of the successful outcome in B.4. It can be form by two components: frame and strip. Both element is laser cut to obtained the shape directly from the Rhino model.

In order to keep the overall structure lightweight we chose polyethylene as frame material due to its semi transparent properties and thin in thickness.

Two circles are required for each unit. We have one frame connecting two circles and one with separated circles to test out the variations formed.

Gaps are cut with speicfic distance for paper strip connection.

Once the form is created in Rhino. All lofted surface is unrolled and arranged in the laser cut template for cutting. This ensure the accuracy of strip length and shape. It also shorten the time to cut a series of objects .

Although one end of the paper strip is very thin the long fibre in the mulberry paper creates really strong friction between each other which strengthen the paper and lower the chance to tear.

Due to this properties a further material test base on the thickness of strip can be developed to push the design to the limit of the material used.

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MAKING PROCESS

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First of all the strips are connected to the inner circle and then connect to the outer circle.

One prototype is connect directly to the outer circle while one is connect with shifting four times to test the movement effect produced.

This is a simplified model and the connection part are only connected by folding the paper strip or with additional glue.

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Strips are flipped out. It gives greater movement while bouncing but it is hard to control the paper strip from falling into the center.

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This from of the prototype looks like a jellyfish. With the use of 50g mulberry paper the structure is more rigid and reduce the scale of movement.

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LIGHT EFFECT

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The prototype is tested under different types of light. Although paper is cut to thin strip but the pattern is still expressed clearly under light.

From the bottom of the structure a sense of movement can be obtained.

The density of paper strip should be developed carefully because it determines the movement and shadow pattern created .

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B.6 TECHNIQUE: PROPOSAL 89

PROPOSAL

Instead of using separated curve we tried to developed another pattern with connections to the neighbor curves to create interesting shadow effect. Curves are divided and a curve line is draw by connecting those point together. However all the curves are limited to four to six connection points to reduce the complexity of structure and maintain a loose paper strip for movement.

The variation in height of the unit varies from 0.5 meters to 2.5 meters. By varying the height it creates an organic form with the sense of fluidity. Varies in height can also affect the response to wind. The variations in height maintain at least 4.5 meters ceiling to the floor which keep the spatial quality of the room and reduce the sense of oppression.

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The arrangement of units are determined by the plan of the ballroom. Longer units are mainly accumulated near solid walls and corresponding corners, while shorter units are located near the stage and curtain wall to prevent blockage of performance on stage and sunlight from the curtain wall. Radius of units also varies to enrich the installation.

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B.7 LEARNING OBJECTIVE AND OUTCOME

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ES

Through the use of parametric modelling I expand my knowledge of architecture and the rules of computation in the design process. I realised there are different and effective ways to construct an structure. I am focusing on the use of strip with vector electric field and by doing research I understand the theory behind and able to develop different iterations.

Apart form that I also tried to experiment with different types of input for unexpected outcomes and seek for inspirations. This broaden my knowledge and helps me to find solutions for a problem in grasshopper easier.

For the site proposal the definition needs to be refined and more research has to be done in order to improve the movement it gives and the arrangement of units.

Prototypes need to be done and test constantly to make sure the direction of our project is achievable.

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B.8 APPENDIX Diamond panel from lunch box plug-in is used to form diamond shape. I also tried to explore this method in my matrix with other panelling tools to enrich the variations of form using the surface of the structure.

Surface Frame is used to divided the surface with grids and orientation of a geometry is also tested to create interesting outcome.

These two method mainly focus on the surface of a geometry and by changing the material to lightweight paper they can form a really light structure with twisting movement.

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ALGORITHMIC SKETCHES

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TEXT REFERENCE dECOi- One Main, (2016). Retrieved from http://www.decoi-architects.org/2011/10/onemain/

ICD/ ITKE Research Pavilion 2010 (2010). Retrieved from http://icd.uni-stuttgart.de/?p=4458 One Main, (2016). Retrieved from http://architizer.com/projects/one-main/

Research pavilion ICD/ITKE University of Stuttgart, 2010 (2010). Retrieved from http://www.str-ucture.com/en/what/research-and-development/ reference/research-pavilion-icditke-university-of-stuttgart-2010/

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IMAGE REFERENCE Biothing, (2010). Retrieved from http://www.biothing.org/?p=51 dECOi- One Main, (2016). Retrieved from http://www.decoi-architects.org/2011/10/onemain/

Digital Crafting, (2011). Interview with Julian Lienhard, Digital Crafting 5 Seminar. Retrieved from http://www.digitalcrafting.dk/?cat=23 Gogarty, D. (2016). Caternary installation. Retrieved from http:// www.dillongogarty.com/catenary-installation.html ICD/ ITKE Research Pavilion 2010 (2010). Retrieved from http://icd.uni-stuttgart.de/?p=4458 One Main, (2016). Retrieved from http://architizer.com/projects/one-main/

Research pavilion ICD/ITKE University of Stuttgart, 2010 (2010). Retrieved from http://www.str-ucture.com/en/what/research-and-development/ reference/research-pavilion-icditke-university-of-stuttgart-2010/ Gogarty, D. (2016). Caternary installation. Retrieved from http:// www.dillongogarty.com/catenary-installation.html

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