CAYSER HUSSAIN
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311211251007
MARG INSTITUTE OF DESIGN AND ARCHITECTURE SWARNABHO OMI (MIDAS)
VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE | A R 2 0 0 1
PUNJAB – VERNACULAR STUDY
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LOCATION MAP
o
GEOGRAPHICAL CONDITION
o
HISTORICAL BACKROUND
o
BUILTFORMS • HARAPPAN HOUSES • KUTCHA HOUSES • HAVELIS
o
ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS
CONTENTS
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LOCATION AFGHANISTAN
PAKISTAN
Located in northern part of Indian sub continent. This region is enclosed between Himalayas in the north, rajputana desert in the south, Chandigarh in the east and Pakistan in the west.
INDIA ARABIAN SEA
BAY OF BENGAL
SOURCE : Physical geography of Punjab, Gosal .G.S, professor of geography , Punjab university
GURDASPUR FIROZPUR AMRITSAR HOSHIARPUR KAPURTHALA JALANDHAR NAWANSHAHR FARIDKOT MOGA MUKTSAR BATHINDA MANSA SANGRUR PATIALA FATEHGARH SAHIB RUPNAGARH LUDHIANA
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SUB DIVISIONS
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GEOGARPHICAL and CLIMATIC CONDITION AFGHANISTAN
PAKISTAN
INDIA ARABIAN SEA
BAY OF BENGAL
Climate type: Semi Arid JANUARY Mean maxima : 20-25 0 C Mean minima : 5 0 C JUNE Mean maxima : 40-45 0 C Mean minima : 20 0 C Annual rainfall : 60 Cms
SOURCE : (i) Physical geography of Punjab, Gosal .G.S, professor of geography , Punjab university (ii) Geology of India , Wadia
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Area : 50.362 sq.km Extents : 29 O 30’ N to 32 O 32’ N Latitude 73 O 55’ E to 76 O 50’ E Longitude Its rich alluvial plain is composed of silt deposited by rivers – Sutlej, Beas, Ravi, Chenab, Jhelum The southwestern fringe of this region is desert and undulating, but has gradually been becoming level with the extension of irrigation and cultivation.
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AFGHANISTAN
PAKISTAN
INDIA ARABIAN SEA
BAY OF BENGAL
SOURCE : A constitutional History of India in Hindu Times Ayaswal, Kashi Prasad (1978).
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HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
• Pre-Aryan civilization • Indo-Aryans • Vedic Era o Punjab during Buddhist times o Paninian and Kautiliyan Punjab • Empires o Achaemenid Empire o Alexander's invasion o Maurya Empire o Indo-Greek kingdom o Kushan Empire o Gupta Empire o Hunas o Pala Empire • The Shahi Kingdoms and the Muslim invasions o Ghaznavid Dynasty o Delhi Sultanate o Mughal Empire o Durrani Empire & Maratha Empire • Sikh Rule o Sikh Empire (1799–1849) • Colonial period
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ARCHITECTURAL FORMS AFGHANISTAN
•
Built form – Harappan civilization
•
Katcha houses
•
Semi Pucca houses
•
INDIAhouses Pucca
PAKISTAN
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ARABIAN SEA
oHavelies - Gujur khan BAY OF oHavelies - Bidowali BENGAL
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HARAPPAN CIVILISATION HOUSES •
AFGHANISTAN
The first courtyard houses, according to historical evidence, appeared to have originated in India probably around 6500-6000 BC. PAKISTAN
•
Evidence of the earliest village is from Mehergarh (6500-6000 BC).
The settlement consisted of an irregular scatter of mud brick houses
INDIAfor house construction The idea of settlement and the material
planning was well established at Harappa at a very early phase, Kot
•
The basic overall layout of the settlements is distinguished by the orientation of the streets to cardinal points.
•
Most private houses had rooms arranged around a central courtyard. Doors and windows opened out into side lanes. Stairs led up to the roof or the second storey. Windows had shutters and latticework.
PLAN
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ARABIAN BAY OF Diji SEA (prior to 2600 BC). BENGAL
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REFERENCE : PRESENTAION ON ‘Punjab vernacular architecture ’ . Mohan, Gautam
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KATCHA HOUSES- Single room
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KATCHA HOUSES AFGHANISTAN
•
Single cell (single room) houses room is arranged around courtyard PAKISTAN
•
In vernacular architecture conception of space begins with
a single shelter Which eventually either, gets divided or added, intoINDIA number of spaces as per activities. Single cell is basically a single room dwelling in which all ARABIAN SEA functions
are
BAY OF BENGAL incorporated,
with some open area around it
having open kitchen (chulla) and a bathing area without roof. •
It is composed of central court and rooms arranged at boundary, with one or two rectangular spaces used for cooking and other activities.
•
The spaces were never interconnected directly.
PLAN PRIVATE PLACES
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REFERENCE : PRESENTAION ON ‘Punjab vernacular architecture ’ . Mohan, Gautam
VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE | A R 1 0 0 1
KATCHA HOUSES- Multiple room
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KATCHA HOUSES •
AFGHANISTAN
Multiple cells were consisted of a unit having two or more rooms.
• Segregation PAKISTAN
of spaces is again made in a manner that the area
near the entrance is allocated to the cattle.
Next in the line comes the courtyard or semi formal area used for INDIA sitting out in evening for most of the daily chore .
ARABIAN lies • Finally SEA
BAY OF the private area comprising of bedrooms and kitchen BENGAL
area. •
The rooms are at a low height and the kutcha houses have roofs made of thatch.
•
All houses have a central courtyard with a toka to feed their cattle
•
An open to sky kitchen with hara and chulla and a handpump for water needs.
PLAN
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•
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KATCHA HOUSES AFGHANISTAN
PAKISTAN OPEN CHULLA
INDIA BAY OF BENGAL MURGI KHANA
TEMPORARY STRUCTURES ARE MADE TO INCREASE COVERED SPACE AND TO AVOID HARSH SUN AND WIND.
TEMPORARY STRUCTURE MADE NEAR ENTRANCE TO BE USED AS BATHING AREA
HAND PUMP NEAR THE BATHING AREA
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ARABIAN SEA
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REFERENCE : PRESENTAION ON ‘Climatic response in vernacular architecture ’ . Sharma, suman
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BIDOWALI - HAVELIS
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HAVELIES BIDOWALI AFGHANISTAN MAIN OCCUPATION
SPATIAL ORGANISATION
o Farming PAKISTAN o Cattle Dairy •
The Haveli of Bidowali has a no. of courtyards, the primary entrance has
INDIA
Baithak (General use – Gathering, Parking, tethering)
Central courtyard ( Residential use – Well or STORAGE SPACE underground tank)
the massive wooden doors with a smaller window gate ,for the use when ARABIAN BAY OF whichSEA is for the general useBENGAL and has the baithak. This is also the area
where the tractor and trolley could be parked. Cows and buffaloes would also be tethered in the frontyard. •
After passing through the another gate one enters in the residential quarters, with the zenana women’s area.
•
There is a well in the courtyard or a underground tank that is filled by the
water cart from near by river.
Barrak (Zenana - Women’s area) VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE | A R 1 0 0 1
the main gate is bolted. Passing through it one enters the outer courtyard
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HAVELIES BIDOWALI SPATIAL ANALYSIS PAKISTAN
LIVING ROOMS STORAGE SPACE
INDIA BAY OF BENGAL
BARRAK
BAITHAK COURTYARD
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ARABIAN SEA
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HAVELIES BIDOWALI SPATIAL ANALYSIS PAKISTAN
LIVING ROOMS
Public space
BAITHAK
Private space
COURTYARD
BARRAK BARRAK
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Semi-Public space
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HAVELIES BIDOWALI AFGHANISTAN
•
ROOMS
HIERARCHY IN SPACES
LIVING ROOMS
Material : Earlier it was mortar and a form of thin
STORAGE SPACE
PAKISTAN
brick.
No. of floors in such structures in the rural areas is INDIA normally 3. ARABIAN SEA
BAY OF BENGAL
View Of the courtyard
INFLUENCES
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MUGHAL INFLUENCE
COLONIAL INFLUENCE
CULTURAL INFLUENCE
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HAVELIES BIDOWALI CONSTRUCTION DETAILS
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LIVING ROOMS
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REFERENCE : Paper on ‘ Restoration of Havelis (2012)‘ Fathima, Qurathulain
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GUJUR KHAN - HAVELIS
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HAVELIES GUJUR KHAN AFGHANISTAN
Location : Potohar plateau PAKISTAN
•
This Haveli was built by Bakhshi Ram Singh in a small village 15km
from the city of Gujur khan during british period INDIA • The haveli is four storied with 32 big and small rooms, a basement and two view towers. inscription: “This haveli in honour of Bakhshi Ram was erected in 1886”
•
The portico of the haveli is surmounted with balcony which displays intricate wood carving. Before entering the haveli, the double wooden balcony of the haveli attracts attention.
•
The distinctive feature of the balconies is remarkable carving. The wooden ceilings of both the balconies are beautifully carved out.
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ARABIAN BAY OF SEA of the entranceBENGAL • The beam of the haveli bear the following
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HAVELIES GUJUR KHAN •
TheAFGHANISTAN outer façade of the haveli also boasts beautiful Jharokas, here women used to sit and view the village hustle bustle while being hiddenPAKISTAN from the view of the ones being viewed.
•
The intricate wood carving of the Jharokas and the balconies are one of the most beautiful that can be seen in the Potohar Plateau. One notices the INDIA courtyard as ones enters the haveli, this used to be the main area for family gatherings and is a peculiar feature of architecture ARABIAN of this areaBAY OF SEA
BENGAL
•
The first floor rooms all are spacious and have curved arches and fireplaces
•
One room has a hidden basement as well to use it as a storage space
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HAVELIES GUJUR KHAN •
All of the three floors were built more or less on the same pattern. However, as one alights the stairs towards the fourth floor. Two towers AFGHANISTAN oppositely placed to enjoy the view of the village
•
One tower has been built on the shape of a sun room and have windows all around. The other has an open platform to view around and smoke PAKISTAN hukka in the leisure time of evening or morning.
•
There are also big stoves built at the roof for cooking on pleasant evenings. INDIA BAY OF BENGAL VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE | A R 1 0 0 1
ARABIAN SEA
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HAVELIES GUJUR KHAN AFGHANISTAN
PAKISTAN
INDIA BAY OF BENGAL VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE | A R 1 0 0 1
ARABIAN SEA
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REFERENCE : Paper on ‘ Restoration of Havelis (2012)‘ Fathima, Qurathulain
VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE | A R 1 0 0 1
ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS
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COURTYARD AFGHANISTAN Courtyard house
architecture in Punjab was not just an
architectural PAKISTAN style. It was a way of life – how to make a home. Other
than being a place of assemblage in the evening or major
hubs of activity throughout the day are also very important from INDIA climate point of view.
TheyARABIAN don’t allow the direct sun to enter the rooms. It also traps BAY OF
Flooring is also kutcha mud floors that remain cool even in the hot
summers as they are excellent thermal insulators. They are coated with chikni mitti and then with a mixture of cow dung and mud phuska to avoid development of cracks.
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BENGAL air inSEA the summer that forms a cool air in the interior.
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THE EARTHEN STOVE(CHULLA) OR OPEN TO SKY KITCHEN •
AFGHANISTAN
Most households in Punjab have this type of Stove (Chulla) as a secondary or primary source of cooking food. Chulla is made out of special type of clay. You don’t need natural gas or electricity, just fire up the stove with wood and dung cakes. PAKISTAN Modern kitchens have come a long way from the days of the earthen stove (chulla) to the present day microwaves. Despite the changes,
importance and significance of tandoors has not diminished. They are still relevant and inseparable part of Punjabi culture. But we hardly INDIA give a thought to the hand. ARABIAN SEA
OPEN CHULLA
BAY OF BENGAL
TANDOOR –STILL PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE CULTURE OF PUNJAB
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OPEN KTCHEN SPACE
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SCALE AND PROPORTION A
AFGHANISTAN
low wall with an entrance defines the court and also determines the scale of the house.
The low profile of the houses approximates the human scale. The bottom of the roof almost touches or just above the head of the man. PAKISTAN The inside dimensions are sufficient to hold the charpais.
The personal
little.
BAY OF BENGAL VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE | A R 1 0 0 1
ARABIAN SEA
rooms are small compared to the size of the court. People built only to the minimum extent required and therefore waste very INDIA
LOW HEIGHT BOUNDARY WALL
BOUNDARY WALL
BOUNDARY WALL
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LINTELS AND DOORS Wooden pieces are placed horizontally on the top of the opening used as doorways to support the upper load. AFGHANISTAN
PAKISTAN
INDIA BAY OF BENGAL
WOODEN PIECES USED TO SUPPORT THE UPPER LOAD
• Different design and sizes of doors were used in dwellings as per requirement from owner. • Main construction materials was wood with iron nails. • Panels and Frame was both made from wood.
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MATERIALS For the construction of buildings in the city, traditional building materials were used such as AFGHANISTAN
•
Nanak Shahi Bricks, PAKISTAN
Lime
•
Mud
•
Surkhi
•
Carved wood
•
Timbers
INDIA MUD FLOOR
TIMBERS
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which provide a different character to the structures. •
The new building materials such as steel, glass bricks of different dimensions are used for construction now-a-days
•
The Nanakshahi brick was very thin having thickness around 2” is replaced by new bricks which is 4½” thick. This gives a totally different appearance to the structure.
CARVED WOOD
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