CONTENTS Preface
1
Introduction/Implementation
2
Design/Plants
3
How To Use These Plant Lists
6
Plant List 1
7
Plant List 2
11
Plant List 3
14
Plant List 4
17
Plant List 5
18
Plant List 6
22
Plant List 7
29
Urban Native Plant Community for Sun Urban Native Plant Community for Shade Urban Native Plant Community for Narrow Planting Areas Grasses, Sedges and Rushes for Urban Native Plant Communities Wetland and Riparian Urban Native Plant Communities Urban Native Plant List Aggressive Native Plant List
Manuals available through: Cascade Biomes, Inc. P. O. Box 22419 Seattle, WA 98122-0419 Phone/Fax (206) 322-0528 $6.00 per copy, plus $1.50 postage and handling (U. S. Funds)
3rd Printing, Copyright 1997: Anderson & Ray, Inc., P.S. and Cascade Biomes, Inc. 2nd Printing, Copyright 1996: Anderson & Ray, Inc., P.S. and Cascade Biomes, Inc. 1st Printing, Copyright 1995: Anderson & Ray, Inc., P.S. and Cascade Biomes, Inc.
ANDERSON & R AY, INC. P.S. Landscape Architects & Planners
Amelanchier alnifolia Serviceberry
Urban Native Plant Communities PREFACE: This manual serves two purposes. First, it lists plants included in northwest native plant communities for urban areas in the Pacific Northwest. Second, it suggests design guidelines for use in preparing landscape plans using Pacific Northwest native plants. This manual does not give specific detailed information about individual plants, rather it assumes that the user has an understanding of plant identification, ecology, and planting procedures. For information about plant forms, sizes, and colors, other resources should be consulted. There are several very good sources of information about native plants, including: Gardening with Native Plants of the Pacific Northwest, by Arthur R. Kruckeberg; Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast, by Pojar/Mackinnon, Wayside Flowers of the Pacific Northwest; by Dr. Dee Strickler, Hortus Northwest, A Pacific Northwest Plant Directory & Journal; and Douglasii, a newsletter published by the Washington Native Plant Society. The Washington Native Plant Society may be contacted by writing: Washington Native Plant Society P. O. Box 28690 Seattle, WA 98118-8690 Plant sketches for this manual are based on photographs from Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast, by Pojar/Mackinnon.
Oxalis oregana Redwood Sorrel A Manual of Native Plant Communities for Urban Areas of the Pacific Northwest
1
Urban Native Plant Communities INTRODUCTION: This manual contains guidelines for the use of native plants in the planning and creation of successful and aesthetically pleasing urban landscape designs. For this document, Pacific Northwest "native" plants are those species that were established in the region before European settlement. The plants selected for this document are endemic to all areas from northern California to British Columbia and west of the coastal mountain ranges. This manual suggests procedures for successful native plant establishment based on the composition and dynamics of native plant communities. Assembling these groups of plants into native plant communities (urban ecological plant communities) is the fundamental basis for this manual. All of the plants listed here are suitable for cultivation by growers and nurseries.
substitute a mix of successional communities at the time of installation. This mix of successional plant communities represents a more natural plant pattern. Additionally, 0this design style also responds well to typical constraints of an urban setting: utility infrastructure, narrow planting strips, reflective heat from paved surfaces, etc. The designed successional native plant communities described in this manual include trees, shrubs, groundcovers, mosses and plant-fungi associations called mycorrhizae (See Diagram 1).
PROCEDURES: Native plant community succession in typical Northwest wilderness areas may require decades or even centuries to complete. Traditional urban landscape designs typically represent late successional stages. Overgrown plants will be removed and replaced by new members with similar requirements, maintaining the original landscape design. Other earlier successional plant communities are generally discouraged, either chemically or through the use of plant-inhibiting mulches or sterile soil mixes. The alternative suggested in this manual is to
Roots
Mycorrhizae filaments
Mycorrhizae are anatomical structures resulting from the symbiotic association between a plant root and a fungus. These fungi are the single most important organisms living in a symbiotic relationship with living plants. Mycorrhizal structures encourage and enhance plant establishment. Mycorrhizal fungi must be present in the soil for optimal sustained growth and transplantability of most native plants. Virtually all undisturbed topsoils contain mycorrhizal associations. The spores of the soil fungi needed to develop mycorrhizae will colonize most soils or soil mixes that have been in place for more than two growing seasons. Most native and ornamental plants will grow well in mycorrhizal deficient soils as long as each plant’s water, light, and nutrient requirements are met through irrigation, fertilization, and soil amendments. However, some native plants will not grow at all if mycorrhizal fungi are not present. In our Pacific maritime climate, the summer drought period may last for several months or longer. The native plants of this area have developed a complex relationship with mycorrhizal fungi which prevents soil from wicking water away from the roots of the host plant. Mycorrhizal structures benefit native plants primarily by surrounding and protecting plant roots from desiccation and improving the plants’ ability to take up nutrients.
Diagram 1 - Mycorrhizae
A Manual of Native Plant Communities for Urban Areas of the Pacific Northwest
2
Urban Native Plant Communities Mycorrhizal structures can store and make available to native plants up to seven times the moisture that would otherwise be available. The fibrous root-like structure of mycorrhizae also effectively extend the host plant’s root penetration into the soil. In the urban environment, mycorrhizal fungi are brought to a new planting site by: 1) inoculum on the plants’ roots, 2) direct application to the planting soil at the site, or 3) bringing in salvaged soil from a native soil site which already contains a variety of mycorrhizal fungi. Container soil should be inoculated at the time of propagation to ensure optimal establishment of container grown native plants. Inoculation is the least expensive way to ensure that mycorrhizal organisms will be transported to the planting site. Plants are inoculated by dipping young plants in a water solution that contains mycorrhizal fungi spores. The cost for this method can be as low as $10.00 per 5,000 plants. To assure successful establishment of native plants, the installer must ensure that either: 1) mycorrhizae are present in the soil; or 2) that the native plant communities receive the same degree of care (irrigation, soil amendments and fertilizer) usually given to ornamental plants. The successful use of salvaged plants will require that: 1) a substantial amount of their original soil is taken up with the rootball, 2) mycorrhizae
inoculated soil is incorporated into thetransplanting container, or 3) a liquid mycorrhizal solution be applied to the soil at the time of planting. Native mosses, companion plants, and pioneer plants, all of which provide a living mulch, are also very important for successful native plant establishment. These plants buffer the impact of rain on the soil, hold water in a sponge-like fashion, slow run-off, minimize erosion, shield soil, plant roots, and small seedlings from the sun, and stabilize the plant community’s microclimate, specifically moderating it at the air-soil interface. Salvaged plants should be obtained only through programs like King County's Native Plant Salvage Program. Make sure any nursery which attempts to sell salvaged plants obtains them only through a recognized plant salvage program. Make sure the plant salvager digs and transplants in a manner which minimizes stress on the plants. Many plants are salvaged and handled improperly, and these cannot survive for long. (Exercise caution when using salvaged northwest native plants) Nursery-grown plants thrive more readily than plants dug in the wild. Salvaged or dug plants experience extreme shock when moved. In a natural setting plants will develop large root systems and important
A Manual of Native Plant Communities for Urban Areas of the Pacific Northwest
interdependencies with other plants and organisms. When plants are salvaged, these relationships are severely impacted. Thus, it is preferable to use nursery-grown plants whenever possible. Long term plant survival is more likely when container-grown plants are used. DESIGN: Preparing a design is more subjective than the process of assembling the necessary landscaping elements (including plants, soil, water and supplemental nutrients) on site. Designing with native plants leaves plenty of room for individual artistic expression. However, the process of native planting design requires inspection of any nearby undisturbed native plant com-munity. Existing woodlands, etc., yield many clues for plan composition, and plant community patterns that will be useful for developing a landscape plan. Purposeful order in the design of a native plant community plan is as important as functional considerations like screening and buffering. To develop an attractive plan, the designer should consider that the plant community will evolve over time. The designer, installer, client, and gardener should understand that parts of the new plant community will thrive initially, while other portions of the design will change as the plants adapt and adjust to site conditions. The guiding design principle for developing a native plant community is the clump-gap mosaic (see Diagram 2).
3
Urban Native Plant Communities succession (and native plant community composition) can be steered by: 1) shaping the topography to channel or impound water, 2) building berms to improve drainage, 3) changing the solar orientation, and 4) placing rocks, logs and snags to create plant micro-habitats. You can facilitate this successional pattern by the arrangement of trees, large shrubs, and mass plantings. The vision for garden aesthetics should allow for changes in, and evolution of, the plant
Diagram 2 - Clump-Gap Mosaic This principle requires adherence to the rule of diversity. Placement of plants in a clump-gap mosaic requires clumping individuals of one species together, then placing individuals of that same species away from the first group. As the process is repeated with different species, a mosaic pattern is formed. This pattern allows plants with specific growth requirements to find a suitable home within the plant community and either flourish or eventually disappear. The overlapping mosaic pattern improves the chances of developing a sustainable, multi-tiered covering of the ground. The path of
communities over time. The following listed plant communities include native plants that, with appropriate planting procedures, should have a high probability for successful growth in most urban conditions. Using these plant lists assumes a general acceptance and knowledge of site grading practices. Avoid uniform topography – even small variations in the topography will allow for the establishment of a more diverse plant community (See Diagram 3).
Shade by larger trees at the time of planting will improve conditions for shade loving plants, helping them grow and thrive.
Plant numerous small plants throughout the site.
The use of larger shrubs and trees at the time of planting modifies wind and shade patterns to shelter young plants.
Vary topography to capture water which will sustain plants requiring more moisture. Boulders modify plant growing conditions by absorbing then radiating heat, and by collecting water at their edges.
Diagram 3 - Concepts for Increasing Plant Diversity A Manual of Native Plant Communities for Urban Areas of the Pacific Northwest
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Urban Native Plant Communities Both plant quantity and size are important in developing a successful native plant community. Large plants tend to be harder to establish than small ones. However, it is important to use some larger plants to create a skeletal structure to modify environmental conditions for the new plant community. Smaller plants should be placed in less conspicuous places in the garden where they may thrive when environmental conditions improve. Many native plants have the ability to remain almost completely dormant under inappropriate growing conditions. Because cost is usually a major consideration in a planting design, the use of a greater number of small plants and seeds is generally preferable to planting a few large individuals. This practice will also improve the chances of developing a successful and diverse ecological plant community that is well-adapted to a site (See Diagram 4). Establishing a diverse native plant community will usually require the use of a seed mix. Traditional methods for applying seed include hydroseeding, hand and mechanical broadcasting, and land imprinting. Of these methods, the direct application of seed to the soil is preferred. Land imprinting is a seed application method that applies seed and mycorrhizae directly to the prepared soil without using a mulch or tacifier. Broadcast seeding is suitable for smaller projects, while hydroseeding, mechanical sowing, and land
imprinting are best for large areas. Native plant seed mixes are best sown in the fall to take advantage of our winter and spring rains. Another important part of encouraging the diversity of a native plant community is the exclusion of certain weedy species. When designing a native plant community, be very cautious that the species used are not going to
grow so vigorously that they will monopolize the garden. The most prevalent weedy species to remove and avoid include Scotch Broom, Himalayan Blackberry, English Holly, and English Ivy. Other species are also problematic, and research for design should explore problematic weedy species in any given area.
Sun loving plants are present throughout site. Shade loving plants are also present.
Site at Time of Planting Shade loving plants thrive in interior. Sun loving plants thrive on edges.
Site a Few Growing Seasons Later
Diagram 4 - Plants Adapt to Changing Environmental Conditions
A Manual of Native Plant Communities for Urban Areas of the Pacific Northwest
5
Urban Native Plant Communities HOW TO USE THE PLANT LISTS: The following plants are recommended for use in urban landscapes. The first list is for plants that do well in sunny conditions. Many of these plants will also do well in partial shade conditions, and those are so noted. The second list is for plants which prefer more shade, and conversely, some of these plants will also do well in sunnier locations. There is overlap between the two situations since many native plants adapt to a variety of lighting conditions. Plants given a “Highly Adaptable” rating in the Re ma rk s column will thrive in many different conditions. Plants given an “Adaptable” rating have a special need or requirement in order to do well, or they may simply exist marginally within a certain plant community until conditions change to their favor. The “Requires” rating is for plants that require specific conditions to survive; these should be used with care and consideration. The third list includes plants recommended for use in very narrow planting areas. The fourth list includes grasses, sedges, and rushes; this list is included for use in meadow/grassland restoration projects or for designers who have a special interest in this plant group. The fifth list includes plants for wetland and riparian areas. The sixth list contains all plants recommended in the manual, which nurseries should grow and make available to the public. Finally, the seventh list contains plants that, although native, can be very
aggressive and may virtually take over a small site. Plants in this list are important in restoration projects but should only be used with a full understanding of their potential impacts. These lists are not all-inclusive, and therefore the use of other native plants is encouraged.
A Manual of Native Plant Communities for Urban Areas of the Pacific Northwest
Blechnum spicant Deer Fern
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Urban Native Plant Communities PLANT LIST 1 SUNNY PLACES
Full Sun, Partial Sun, 6’ minimum planting width
TREE CANOPY PLANT LIST 1 (SUNNY PLACES) BOTANICAL NAME
COMMON NAME
REMARKS
Aesculus californica Arbutus menziesii Betula papyrifera Calocedrus decurrens Castanopsis chrysophylla Chamaecyparis nootkatensis Cornus nuttallii Fraxinus latifolia Juglans hindsii Pinus contorta Pinus monticola Pinus ponderosa Populus tremuloides Prunus emarginata Pseudotsuga menziesii Quercus chrysolepis Quercus garryana Quercus kelloggii Salix lucida ssp. lasiandra Salix scouleriana Thuja plicata
California Buckeye Madrone Paper Birch Incense Cedar Chinquapin Alaska Yellow Cedar Pacific Dogwood Oregon Ash California Black Walnut Shore Pine, Lodgepole Pine Western White Pine Ponderosa Pine Quaking Aspen Bitter Cherry Douglas Fir Canyon Live Oak Garry Oak, Oregon White Oak California Black Oak Pacific Willow Scouler’s Willow Western Red Cedar
Adaptable, prefers well drained soils Requires, coarse, well drained soils, transplant seedlings only Adaptable, prefers moist, well drained soils Adaptable, prefers moist to wet soils Adaptable, prefers well drained soils in full sun Adaptable, prefers moist to wet soils Adaptable, prefers partial sun and moist soils Adaptable, prefers highly organic moist soils Highly Adaptable Highly Adaptable *Caution -- Aggressive Requires, well drained soils Adaptable, prefers well drained soils in full sun Adaptable, prefers well drained soils in full sun – Note: See list 7 Highly Adaptable Highly Adaptable Adaptable, prefers well drained soils Adaptable, prefers well drained soils Adaptable, prefers well drained soils Requires, moist to wet soils Adaptable, prefers moist soil in full sun, forms thickets Adaptable, prefers moist to wet soils
PLANT LIST 1 (SUNNY PLACES) BOTANICAL NAME
COMMON NAME
REMARKS
Acer circinatum Acer glabrum Amelanchier alnifolia Ceanothus velutinus Corylus cornuta Crataegus douglasii
Vine Maple Rocky Mountain Maple Western Serviceberry Snowbrush Western Beaked Hazel Black Hawthorn
Highly Adaptable, prefers some shade Highly Adaptable Highly Adaptable Adaptable, prefers full sun Highly Adaptable Highly Adaptable
UNDERSTORY LAYER
A Manual of Native Plant Communities for the Pacific Northwest 7
Garrya elliptica Holodiscus discolor Myrica californica Philadelphus lewisii Ribes divaricatum Ribes menziesii Ribes sanguineum Rubus spectabilis Salix sitchensis Sambucus racemosa Sambucus cerulea Symphoricarpos albus Symphoricarpos mollis Vaccinium ovatum Vaccinium parvifolium Viburnum edule
Silk-tassel Oceanspray California Wax Myrtle Mock-orange Wild Gooseberry Prickly Gooseberry Red Currant Salmonberry Sitka Willow Red Elderberry Blue Elderberry Snowberry Creeping Snowberry Evergreen Huckleberry Red Huckleberry Highbush Cranberry
Adaptable, prefers well drained soils Highly Adaptable Highly Adaptable Highly Adaptable Highly Adaptable Highly Adaptable Highly Adaptable Adaptable, prefers moist soils Adaptable, needs moist soil in full sun, forms thickets Highly Adaptable Highly Adaptable Highly Adaptable, thicket-forming Adaptable, prefers partial sun. Adaptable, prefers partial sun Requires, humus-rich soils or decaying wood Adaptable, prefers moist well drained soils
PLANT LIST 1 (SUNNY PLACES) BOTANICAL NAME
COMMON NAME
REMARKS
Aquilegia formosa Arctostaphylos columbiana Brodiaea coronaria Camassia quamash Ceanothus velutinus Eriophyllum lanatum Erythronium oregonum Fritillaria lanceolata Gaultheria shallon Heuchera micrantha Iris tenax Kalmiopsis leachiana Leucothoe davisiae Lonicera ciliosa Mahonia (Berberis) aquifolium Pachystima (Paxistima) myrsinites Polystichum munitum Rosa gymnocarpa
Western Columbine Hairy Manzanita Harvest Brodiaea Camas Snowbrush Oregon Sunshine Fawn Lily Chocolate Lily Salal Coral Bells Oregon Iris Kalmiopsis Western Leucothoe Orange Honeysuckle Tall Oregon Grape Oregon Box Sword Fern Dwarf Rose
Adaptable, prefers partial sun Adaptable, prefers dry, well drained soils Adaptable, prefers dry, well drained soils Adaptable, prefers moist, well drained soils Highly Adaptable Adaptable, prefers dry, well drained soils Requires, humus-rich soils Requires, moist, well drained soils Highly Adaptable Adaptable, prefers partial sun and moist soils Adaptable, prefers dry, well drained soils Adaptable, prefers dry, well drained, humus soils Adaptable, prefers partial sun and moist soils Adaptable, prefers dry, well drained soils Adaptable, prefers partial sun Highly Adaptable Highly Adaptable Highly Adaptable
SHRUB/SUBSHRUB LAYER
A Manual of Native Plant Communities for the Pacific Northwest 8
Rosa nutkana Rubus parviflorus Sisyrinchium douglasii Symphoricarpos albus
Nootka Rose Thimbleberry Douglas Blue-eyed-grass Snowberry
Highly Adaptable Highly Adaptable, thicket-forming, no thorns Adaptable, prefers dry, well drained soils Highly Adaptable, forms thickets
BOTANICAL NAME
COMMON NAME
PLANT LIST 1 (SUNNY PLACES) REMARKS/COVERAGE
Antennaria microphylla Antennaria neglecta Arctostaphylos uva-ursi Armeria maritima Ceanothus prostratus Fragaria chiloensis Fragaria vesca
Rosy Pussytoes Field Pussytoes Kinnikinnik (Bearberry) Sea Pink Mahala Mat Coastal Strawberry Woodland Strawberry
Adaptable, prefers well drained soils, 5% Highly Adaptable, 5% Adaptable, prefers dry, well drained soils, 10% Requires, dry well drained soils, 10% Requires, dry well drained soils, 10% Adaptable, prefers well drained soils, total of this genus, 25%
Gaultheria shallon Linnaea borealis Phlox diffusa Poitentilla anserina ssp. pacifica Sedum divergens Sedum lanceolatum Sedum oreganum Sedum spathulifolium Viola adunca
Salal Twinflower Spreading Phlox Silverweed Spreading Stonecrop Lance-leaved Stonecrop Oregon Stonecrop Broad-leaved Stonecrop Violet
Highly Adaptable, 10% Adaptable, prefers humus-rich soils, 5% Adaptable, prefers dry, well drained soils, 5% Highly Adaptable, 10% Adaptable, prefers dry, well drained soils, 5% Highly Adaptable, 5% Adaptable, prefers dry, well drained soils, 5% Adaptable, prefers dry, well drained soils, 5% Adaptable, prefers partial sun, 5%
GROUNDCOVER LAYER
A Manual of Native Plant Communities for the Pacific Northwest 9
Adaptable, prefers partial shade, total of this genus 25%
LIVE MULCHES AND PIONEERS PLANT LIST 1 (SUNNY PLACES) BOTANICAL NAME Native topsoil mix with live mycorrhizae, includes mosses
Calliergonella cuspidata Ceratodon purpureus Polytrichum piliferum Rhacomitrium canescens Lathyrus polyphyllus Lupinus polyphyllus Penstemon cardwellii Penstemon davidsonii Penstemon species Satureja douglasii Trifolium wormskjoldii
COMMON NAME
REMARKS/COVERAGE Upper 6 inches of existing undisturbed native topsoil from salvage site; limit soil stockpiling to one growing season, 2” minimum depth; 100% cover
Assorted Native Mosses Spear Moss Red Roof Moss Haircap Moss Roadside Rock Moss Leafy Peavine Lupine Cardwell’s Penstemon Davidson’s Penstemon Other Native Penstemon Yerba Buena Springbank Clover
Taken from salvage site/obtained from nursery, 100% cover Taken from salvage site/obtained from nursery, 100% cover Taken from salvage site/obtained from nursery, 100% cover Taken from salvage site/obtained from nursery, 100% cover Taken from salvage site/obtained from nursery, 100% cover Nitrogen-fixing pioneer, seed, 10% Nitrogen-fixing pioneer, seed, 20% Pioneer, seed, total of this genus-20% Pioneer, seed, total of this genus-20% Pioneer, seed, total of this genus-20% Pioneer, seed, 10% Nitrogen-fixing pioneer, seed, 30%
Note: Propagation of mosses can be achieved by mixing live moss plant segments in a blender with buttermilk. Pour blended mixture on soil during rainy season.
A Manual of Native Plant Communities for the Pacific Northwest 10
Urban Native Plant Communities PLANT LIST 2 SHADY PLACES
Shade, Partial Shade, 6’ minimum planting width (no supplemental watering needed after establishment)
TREE CANOPY PLANT LIST 2 (SHADY PLACES) BOTANICAL NAME
COMMON NAME
REMARKS
Cornus nuttallii Prunus emarginata Pseudotsuga menziesii Taxus brevifolia Thuja plicata Tsuga heterophylla
Pacific Dogwood Bitter Cherry Douglas Fir Pacific Yew Western Red Cedar Western Hemlock
Highly Adaptable Highly Adaptable Highly Adaptable Highly Adaptable, slow growing Highly Adaptable Highly Adaptable, very shade tolerant
PLANT LIST 2 (SHADY PLACES) BOTANICAL NAME
COMMON NAME
REMARKS
Acer circinatum Cornus (sericea) stolonifera Corylus cornuta Lithocarpus densiflorus Myrica californica Oemleria (Osmoronia) cerasiformis Rhamnus pushiana Rhododendron macrophyllum Ribes divaricatum Ribes sanguineum Ribes menziesii Rubus parviflorus Rubus spectabilis Salix scouleriana Sambucus racemosa Sambucus cerulea Vaccinium ovatum Vaccinium parvifolium
Vine Maple Red-osier Dogwood Western Beaked Hazel Tan Oak California Wax Myrtle Indian Plum, Osoberry Cascara Pacific Rhododendron Wild Gooseberry Red Currant Prickly Gooseberry Thimbleberry Salmonberry Scouler’s Willow Red Elderberry Blue Elderberry Evergreen Huckleberry Red Huckleberry
Highly Adaptable Highly Adaptable, thicket-forming Adaptable, prefers partial shade Highly Adaptable Highly Adaptable Adaptable, prefers partial shade Highly Adaptable Highly Adaptable Highly Adaptable Adaptable, prefers partial shade Highly Adaptable Highly Adaptable Adaptable, prefers moist soils Adaptable, prefers partial shade, forms thickets Adaptable, prefers partial shade Adaptable, prefers partial shade Highly Adaptable Requires, humus-rich soils or decaying wood
UNDERSTORY LAYER
SHRUB/SUBSHRUB LAYER PLANT LIST 2
(SHADY PLACES)
A Manual of Native Plant Communities for the Pacific Northwest 11
BOTANICAL NAME
COMMON NAME
REMARKS
Achlys triphylla Adiantum pedatum Aquilegia formosa Asarum caudatum Blechnum spicant Chimaphila umbellata Dicentra formosa Dryopteris austriaca Erythronium revolutum Gaultheria ovatifolia Gaultheria shallon Gymnocarpium dryopteris Hydrophyllum tenuipes Leucothoe davisiae Lonicera ciliosa Lonicera hispidula Mahonia (Berberis) aquifolium Mahonia (Berberis) nervosa Pachystima (Paxistima) myrsinites Polystichum munitum Smilacina racemosa Symphoricarpos albus Tellima grandiflora Tiarella trifoliata Tolmiea menziesii Trientalis latifolia Trillium species Viburnum edule
Vanilla Leaf Maidenhair Fern Western Columbine Wild Ginger Deer Fern Pipsissewa Bleeding Heart Shield Fern Fawn Lily Oregon Winterberry Salal Oak Fern Pacific Waterleaf Western Leucothoe Orange Honeysuckle Hairy Honeysuckle Tall Oregon Grape Low Oregon Grape, Longleaf Mahonia Oregon Box Sword Fern False Solomon’s Seal Snowberry Fringecup Foamflower Piggyback Plant, Youth on Age Star Flower Trillium Highbush Cranberry
Highly Adaptable Requires, moist soils Highly Adaptable Requires, moist, humus-rich soils Adaptable, prefers moist soils Requires, humus-rich soils Adaptable, prefers moist soils Adaptable, prefers partial shade Adaptable, prefers moist soils Adaptable, prefers moist soils and partial shade Highly Adaptable Highly Adaptable Requires, moist, humus-rich soils Adaptable, prefers partial shade and moist soils Highly Adaptable Highly Adaptable Highly Adaptable Highly Adaptable Adaptable, prefers partial shade Highly Adaptable Adaptable, prefers shade Highly Adaptable, forms thickets Adaptable, prefers partial shade and moist soils Adaptable, prefers partial shade and moist soils Adaptable, prefers moist soils Adaptable, prefers partial shade Requires, moist soils in spring Adaptable, prefers moist, well drained soils
A Manual of Native Plant Communities for the Pacific Northwest 12
GROUNDCOVER LAYER PLANT LIST 2 (SHADY PLACES) BOTANICAL NAME
COMMON NAME
REMARKS/COVERAGE
Angelica genuflexa Arunca sylvester Cornus canadensis Fragaria vesca Fragaria virginiana Linnaea borealis Mahonia (Berberis) repens Maianthemum dilatatum Oxalis oregana Poitentilla anserina ssp. pacifica Vancouveria hexandra Viola glabella Viola sempervirens
Kneeling Angelica Goat’sbeard Bunchberry Woodland Strawberry Wild Strawberry Twinflower Creeping Oregon Grape False Lily-Of-The-Valley Oxalis, Wood Sorrel Silverweed Inside-Out Flower Violet Evergreen Violet
Adaptable, prefers partial shade, 10% Adaptable, prefers partial shade, 5% Highly Adaptable, 10% Highly Adaptable, 15% Highly Adaptable, 10% Highly Adaptable, 5% Adaptable, prefers partial shade, 10% Adaptable, prefers moist to wet soils, 10% Adaptable, prefers moist soils, 10% Highly Adaptable, 10% Adaptable, prefers moist soils, 20% Highly Adaptable, total of this genus-10% Requires, moist soils, total of this genus-10%
LIVE MULCHES AND PIONEERS PLANT LIST 2 (SHADY PLACES) BOTANICAL NAME Native topsoil mix with live mycorrhizae, includes mosses Calliergonella cuspidata Ceratodon purpureus Polytrichum piliferum Rhacomitrium canescens Lathyrus polyphyllus Lycopodium species Satureja douglasii Trifolium wormskjoldii
COMMON NAME
REMARKS/COVERAGE Upper 6 inches of existing undisturbed native topsoil from salvage site; limit stockpiling to one growing season, 2� depth; 100% cover
Assorted Native Mosses Spear Moss Red Roof Moss Haircap Moss Roadside Rock Moss Leafy Peavine Clubmoss Yerba Buena Springbank Clover
Note: Propagation of mosses can be achieved by mixing live moss plant segments in a blender with buttermilk. Pour blended mixture on soil during rainy season.
A Manual of Native Plant Communities for the Pacific Northwest 13
Taken from salvage site/obtained from nursery Taken from salvage site/obtained from nursery Taken from salvage site/obtained from nursery Taken from salvage site/obtained from nursery Taken from salvage site/obtained from nursery Nitrogen-fixing pioneer, seed Taken from salvage site/obtained from nursery Pioneer, seed Nitrogen-fixing pioneer, seed
Urban Native Plant Communities PLANT LIST 3 NARROW PLANTING AREAS Narrow planting areas and all light exposures (no supplemental watering after establishment)
TREE CANOPY PLANT LIST 3 (NARROW PLANTING AREAS) BOTANICAL NAME COMMON NAME
REMARKS
Betula papyrifera Calocedrus decurrens Cornus nuttallii Pinus monticola Prunus emarginata Quercus kelloggii Thuja plicata
Adaptable, prefers moist well drained soils Adaptable, prefers moist to wet soils Highly Adaptable Requires, good drainage Highly Adaptable Requires, deep, well drained soils Adaptable, prefers moist soils
Paper Birch Incense Cedar Pacific Dogwood Western White Pine Bitter Cherry California Black Oak Western Red Cedar
UNDERSTORY LAYER PLANT LIST 3 (NARROW PLANTING AREAS) BOTANICAL NAME COMMON NAME
REMARKS
Acer circinatum Amelanchier alnifolia Cercis occidentalis Cornus (sericea) stolonifera Corylus cornuta Garrya elliptica Lithocarpus densiflorus Myrica californica Oemleria (Osmaronia) cerasiformis Pachystima (Paxistima) myrsinites Rhamnus purshiana Rhododendron macrophyllum Ribes sanguineum Sheperdia canadensis
Highly Adaptable Highly Adaptable Requires, good drainage Adaptable, prefers moist soils Highly Adaptable Adaptable, prefers well drained soils Adaptable, prefers partial shade Adaptable, prefers peat or sandy soils Requires, partial shade Adaptable, prefers partial shade Adaptable, prefers partial shade and moist soils Adaptable, prefers partial shade Adaptable, prefers partial shade Adaptable, prefers full sun
Vine Maple Serviceberry Western Redbud Red-osier Dogwood Western Beaked Hazel Silk-tassel Tan Oak California Wax Myrtle Indian Plum Oregon Box Cascara Pacific Rhododendron Red Currant Canadian Buffalo-berry
A Manual of Native Plant Communities for the Pacific Northwest 14
SHRUB/SUBSHRUB LAYER PLANT LIST 3 (NARROW PLANTING AREAS) BOTANICAL NAME COMMON NAME
REMARKS
Aquilegia formosa Blechnum spicant Gaultheria shallon Iris tenax Lonicera ciliosa Leucothoe davisiae Mahonia (Berberis) aquifolium Mahonia (Berberis) nervosa Pachystima (Paxistima) myrsinites Polystichum munitum Rosa gymnocarpa Rosa nutkana Symphoricarpos albus Vaccinium ovatum
Highly Adaptable Adaptable, prefers partial shade and moist soils Highly Adaptable Adaptable, prefers dry, well drained soils Adaptable, prefers dry, well drained soils Adaptable, prefers partial shade and moist soils Highly Adaptable Highly Adaptable Highly Adaptable Highly Adaptable Highly Adaptable Highly Adaptable Highly Adaptable, forms thickets Highly Adaptable
Western Columbine Deer Fern Salal Oregon Iris Orange Honeysuckle Western Leucothoe Tall Oregon Grape Low Oregon Grape, Longleaf Mahonia Oregon Box Sword Fern Dwarf Rose Nootka Rose Snowberry Evergreen Huckleberry
GROUNDCOVER LAYER PLANT LIST 3 (NARROW PLANTING AREAS) BOTANICAL NAME COMMON NAME
REMARKS
Antennaria neglecta Arctostaphylos uva-ursi Cornus canadensis Fragaria chiloensis Fragaria vesca Fragaria virginiana Linnaea borealis Poitentilla anserina ssp. pacifica Sedum lanceolatum Sedum oreganum Sedum spathulifolium Viola adunca
Highly Adaptable Adaptable, prefers dry, well drained soils Highly Adaptable Highly Adaptable, prefers sandy soils Highly Adaptable, prefers partial shade Highly Adaptable Highly Adaptable Highly Adaptable, 10% Highly Adaptable Adaptable, prefers dry, well drained soils Adaptable, prefers dry, well drained soils Adaptable, prefers partial shade
Field Pussytoes Kinnikinnik (Bearberry) Bunchberry Coastal Strawberry Woodland Strawberry Wild Strawberry Twinflower Silverweed Lance-leaved Stonecrop Oregon Stonecrop Broad-leaved Sedum Violet
LIVE MULCHES AND PIONEERS PLANT LIST 3 (NARROW PLANTING AREAS) BOTANICAL NAME COMMON NAME A Manual of Native Plant Communities for the Pacific Northwest 15
REMARKS/COVERAGE
Native topsoil mix with live mycorrhizae, includes mosses Assorted Native Mosses Calliergonella cuspidata Ceratodon purpureus Lycopodium species Polytrichum piliferum Racomitrium canescens Lathyrus polyphyllus Lupinus polyphyllus Penstemon cardwellii Penstemon davidsonii Penstemon species Satureja douglasii Trifolium wormskjoldii
Upper 6 inches of existing undisturbed native topsoil from salvage site; limit soil stockpiling to one growing season, 2” depth minimum; 100% cover Spear Moss Red Roof Moss Clubmoss Haircap Moss Roadside Rock Moss Leafy Peavine Lupine Cardwell’s Penstemon Davidson’s Penstemon Other Native Penstemon Yerba Buena Springbank Clover
Note: Propagation of mosses can be achieved by mixing live moss plant segments in a blender with buttermilk. Pour blended mixture on soil during rainy season.
A Manual of Native Plant Communities for the Pacific Northwest 16
Taken from salvage site/obtained from nursery, 100% cover Taken from salvage site/obtained from nursery, 100% cover Taken from salvage site/obtained from nursery, 100% cover Taken from salvage site/obtained from nursery, 100% cover Taken from salvage site/obtained from nursery, 100% cover Taken from salvage site/obtained from nursery, 100% cover Nitrogen-fixing pioneer, seed, 10% Nitrogen-fixing pioneer, seed, 10% Pioneer, seed, total of this genus-20% Pioneer, seed, total of this genus-20% Pioneer, seed, total of this genus-20% Nitrogen-fixing pioneer, seed, 30% Nitrogen-fixing pioneer, seed, 30%
Urban Native Plant Communities PLANT LIST 4 GRASSES, SEDGES, AND RUSHES
Full Sun, Partial Sun. The following list includes plants which are easily confused with other non-native grasses. These plants should be used with due consideration for grass growth characteristics.
GRASSES, SEDGES, AND RUSHES PLANT LIST 4 (GRASSES, SEDGES, AND RUSHES) BOTANICAL NAME COMMON NAME
REMARKS
Agropyron spicatum Agrostis scabra or Agrostis idahoensis Bromus sitchensis Bromus vulgaris Carex brevicaulis Carex canescens Carex microptera Carex nigricans Carex obnupta Carex pensylvanica Cinna latifolia Danthonia intermedia Deschampsia cespitosa Elymus glaucus Festuca idahoensis Festuca rubra Juncus balticus Juncus ensifolius Luzula multiflora Melica subulata Poa howellii Poa macrantha Scirpus americanus Scirpus microcarpus
Highly Adaptable Adaptable, prefers partial shade and well drained soils Highly Adaptable Adaptable, prefers partial shade Adaptable, prefers dry, well drained soils Adaptable, prefers moist to wet soils Highly Adaptable Highly Adaptable Highly Adaptable Adaptable, prefers dry, well drained soils Highly Adaptable Highly Adaptable Highly Adaptable Highly Adaptable Highly Adaptable Highly Adaptable Requires, moist to wet soils Requires, moist to wet soils Highly Adaptable Highly Adaptable Highly Adaptable Requires, sandy soils Requires, moist to wet soils Requires, moist to wet soils
Bluebunch Wheatgrass Bentgrass Alaska Brome (grass) Columbia Brome (grass) Short-stemmed Sedge Grey Sedge Small Winged Sedge Black Alpine Sedge Slough Sedge Long-stoloned Sedge Wood Reedgrass Timber Oatgrass Tufted Hairgrass Blue Wildrye (grass) Idaho Fescue (grass) Red Fescue (grass) Baltic Rush Daggerleaf Rush Wood-Rush Alaska Oniongrass Howell’s Bluegrass Seashore Bluegrass American Bulrush Small-flowered Bulrush
A Manual of Native Plant Communities for the Pacific Northwest 17
Urban Native Plant Communities PLANT LIST 5 WETLAND AREAS
Plants for fresh water wetland and riparian restoration. Includes plants commonly found in the upland portions of wetland areas.
WETLAND EMERGENTS/WATER EDGES PLANT LIST 5 (WETLAND AREAS, AREAS OF STANDING WATER, YEAR-ROUND OR SEASONALLY) BOTANICAL NAME COMMON NAME REMARKS Alisma plantago-aquatica Caltha palustris Carex canescens Carex microptera Carex obnupta Eleocharis palustris Glyceria borealis Lysichiton americanum Nuphar polysepalum Oenanthe sarmentosa Polygonum amphibium Potamogeton gramineus Potamogeton natans Ranunculus aquatilis Sagittaria latifolia Scirpus acutus Scirpus microcarpus Sparganium angustifolium Typha angustifolia
Water Plantain Marsh Marigold Grey Sedge Small Winged Sedge Slough Sedge Common Spike-rush Western Managrass Skunk Cabbage Yellow Pond-lily Water Parsley Water Smartweed Grass-leaved Pondweed Floating-leaved Pondweed White Water-buttercup Wapato, Arrowhead Hardstem Bulrush Small-Fruited Bulrush Narrow-leaved Bur-reed Narrow-leaved Cattail
Adaptable, prefers moist soils or standing water Requires, standing or moving water Adaptable, prefers moist soils or standing water Adaptable, prefers water edges Highly Adaptable, standing water to drier soil. Adaptable, moist to wet soils, standing water Adaptable, prefers water edges Requires, moist soils, standing or moving water Requires, standing water Requires, saturated soils Requires, standing or slow moving water Requires, standing water Requires, standing water Requires, standing water Requires, saturated soils or standing water Adaptable, moist to wet soils, standing water Adaptable, moist to wet soils, standing water Requires, standing or slow moving water Requires, standing or moving water
TREE CANOPY. PLANT LIST 5 (WETLAND AREAS, AREAS OF STANDING WATER, YEAR-ROUND OR SEASONALLY) BOTANICAL NAME COMMON NAME REMARKS Betula papyrifera Fraxinus latifolia Picea sitchensis Populus tremuloides Populus trichocarpa Prunus emarginata Pseudotsuga menziesii
Paper Birch Oregon Ash Sitka Spruce Quaking Aspen Black cottonwood Bitter Cherry Douglas Fir
A Manual of Native Plant Communities for the Pacific Northwest 18
Adaptable, prefers moist well drained soils Adaptable, prefers moist soils Adaptable Adaptable Highly Adaptable Highly Adaptable Adaptable, prefers partial shade
Salix alba ssp. ralva Salix alba ssp. vitellina Salix hookeriana Salix lucida ssp. lasiandra Salix scouleriana Salix sitchensis Taxus brevifolia Thuja plicata Tsuga heterophylla
White Willow Golden Willow Hooker’s Willow Pacific Willow Scouler’s Willow Sitka Willow Pacific Yew Western Red Cedar Western Hemlock
Adaptable, prefers saturated soils Adaptable, prefers saturated soils Adaptable, prefers moist soil or standing water in full sun Adaptable, prefers saturated soils Adaptable, prefers partial shade, forms thickets Adaptable, prefers partial shade, forms thickets Highly Adaptable, slow growing Highly Adaptable Highly Adaptable, very shade tolerant
UNDERSTORY LAYER PLANT LIST 5 (WETLAND AREAS, AREAS OF STANDING WATER, YEAR-ROUND OR SEASONALLY BOTANICAL NAME COMMON NAME REMARKS Acer circinatum Alnus crispa ssp. sinuata Amelanchier alnifolia Cornus (sericea) stolonifera Corylus cornuta Crataegus douglasii Myrica californica Myrica gale Malus fusca Oemleria (Osmaronia) cerasiformis Ribes divaricatum Ribes sanguineum Rubus parviflorus Rubus spectabilis Sambucus racemosa Symphoricarpos albus Vaccinium ovatum Vaccinium parvifolium Viburnum edule
Vine Maple Sitka alder Serviceberry Red-osier Dogwood Western Beaked Hazel Black Hawthorn California Wax Myrtle Sweet Gale Pacific Crab Apple Indian Plum Wild Gooseberry Red Currant Thimbleberry Salmonberry Red Elderberry Snowberry Evergreen Huckleberry Red Huckleberry Highbush Cranberry
Highly Adaptable Adaptable, prefers moist soils Adaptable, prefers full sun Adaptable, prefers moist soils Adaptable, prefers partial shade Adaptable, prefers full sun Adaptable, prefers full sun Adaptable, saturated soils, standing water, prefers full sun Adaptable, prefers moist, well drained soils Highly Adaptable Highly Adaptable Adaptable, prefers partial shade Highly Adaptable Adaptable, prefers moist soils Highly Adaptable Highly Adaptable, forms thickets Highly Adaptable Requires, humus-rich soils and decaying wood Adaptable, prefers moist, well drained soils
SHRUB/SUBSHRUB LAYER PLANT LIST 5 (WETLAND AREAS, AREAS OF STANDING WATER, YEAR-ROUND OR SEASONALLY) BOTANICAL NAME COMMON NAME REMARKS Achlys triphylla Adiantum pedatum
Vanilla Leaf Maidenhair Fern
A Manual of Native Plant Communities for the Pacific Northwest 19
Requires, moist soils and shade Requires, moist soils
Aquilegia formosa Asarum caudatum Blechnum spicant Corydalis scouleri Dicentra formosa Dryopteris austriaca Erythronium revolutum Gaultheria ovatifolia Gaultheria shallon Gymnocarpium dryopteris Leucothoe davisiae Mahonia (Berberis) aquifolium Mahonia (Berberis) nervosa Pachystima (Paxistima) myrsinites Polystichum munitum Rosa gymnocarpa Rosa nutkana Smilacina racemosa Trientalis latifolia Veronica beccabunga ssp. americana
Western Columbine Wild Ginger Deer Fern Scouler Corydalis Bleeding Heart Shield Fern Fawn Lily Oregon Winterberry Salal Oak Fern Western Leucothoe Tall Oregon Grape Low Oregon Grape, Longleaf Mahonia Oregon Box Sword Fern Dwarf Rose Nootka Rose False Solomon’s Seal Star Flower American Brooklime
Highly Adaptable Requires, moist, humus-rich soils Requires, moist soils Requires moist soils, partial shade Adaptable, prefers moist soils Adaptable, prefers partial shade Adaptable, prefers moist soils Adaptable, prefers moist soils and partial shade Highly Adaptable Highly Adaptable Adaptable, prefers partial shade and moist soils Highly Adaptable Highly Adaptable Adaptable, prefers partial shade Highly Adaptable Highly Adaptable Highly Adaptable Adaptable, prefers moist soils Adaptable, prefers partial shade Requires moist soil
GROUNDCOVER LAYER PLANT LIST 5 (WETLAND AREAS, AREAS OF STANDING WATER, YEAR-ROUND OR SEASONALLY) BOTANICAL NAME COMMON NAME REMARKS Arctostaphylos uva-ursi Cornus canadensis Fragaria vesca Fragaria virginiana Linnaea borealis Mahonia (Berberis) repens Maianthemum dilatatum Oenanthe sarmentosa Oxalis oregana Poitentilla anserina ssp. pacifica Sedum lanceolatum Tiarella trifoliata Vancouveria hexandra Viola adunca
Kinnikinnik (Bearberry) Bunchberry Woodland Strawberry Wild Strawberry Twinflower Creeping Oregon Grape False Lily-Of-The-Valley Water Parsley Oxalis, Wood Sorrel Silverweed Lance-leaved Stonecrop Foamflower Inside-Out Flower Violet
A Manual of Native Plant Communities for the Pacific Northwest 20
Adaptable, prefers dry, well drained soils Highly Adaptable Highly Adaptable, prefers partial shade Highly Adaptable Highly Adaptable Adaptable, prefers partial shade Requires, moist to wet soils Adaptable, prefers moist soils Adaptable, prefers moist soils Highly Adaptable Highly Adaptable Requires moist soils, partial shade Adaptable, prefers moist soils Adaptable, prefers partial shade
Viola glabella Viola palustris Viola sempervirens
Violet Marsh Violet Evergreen Violet
Highly Adaptable Requires moist soils, partial shade Requires, moist soils
LIVE MULCHES AND PIONEERS PLANT LIST 5 (WETLAND AREAS, AREAS OF STANDING WATER, YEAR-ROUND OR SEASONALLY) BOTANICAL NAME COMMON NAME REMARKS/COVERAGE For uplands: Native topsoil mix with live mycorrhizae, includes mosses For wet soil/emergent areas: Native hydric soils and peat Calliergonella cuspidata Ceratodon purpureus Lycopodium species Polytrichum piliferum Racomitrium canescens Lupinus polyphyllus Penstemon cardwellii Penstemon davidsonii Penstemon species
Assorted Native Mosses Spear Moss Red Roof Moss Clubmoss Haircap Moss Roadside Rock Moss Lupine Cardwell’s Penstemon Davidson’s Penstemon Other Native Penstemon
Note: Propagation of mosses can be achieved by mixing live moss plant segments in a blender with buttermilk. Pour blended mixture on soil during rainy season.
A Manual of Native Plant Communities for the Pacific Northwest 21
Upper 6 inches of existing undisturbed native topsoil from salvage site; stockpiling of soil limited to one growing season Upper 6 inches of existing undisturbed native hydric topsoil from salvage site; no stockpiling of soil Taken from salvage site/obtained from nursery, 100% cover Taken from salvage site/obtained from nursery, 100% cover Taken from salvage site/obtained from nursery, 100% cover Taken from salvage site/obtained from nursery, 100% cover Taken from salvage site/obtained from nursery, 100% cover Taken from salvage site/obtained from nursery, 100% cover Nitrogen-fixing pioneer, seed, 10% Pioneer, seed, total of this genus-20% Pioneer, seed, total of this genus-20% Pioneer, seed, total of this genus-20%
Urban Native Plant List PLANT LIST 6 GENERAL LIST
These plants form the central plant communities for urban areas. Many other plants are already grown in nurseries, especially wetland species. Additions to the list are encouraged and are essential to increase diversity.
TREE CANOPY PLANT LIST 6 (GENERAL LIST) BOTANICAL NAME
COMMON NAME
REMARKS/RECOMMENDED SIZES
Acer macrophyllum Alnus rubra Arbutus menziesii Betula papyrifera Calocedrus decurrens Cercis occidentalis Chamaecyparis nootkatensis Castanopsis chrysophylla Cornus nuttallii Fraxinus latifolia Juglans hindsii Picea sitchensis Pinus contorta Pinus monticola Pinus ponderosa Populus tremuloides Populus trichocarpa Prunus emarginata Pseudotsuga menziesii Quercus chrysolepsis Quercus garryana Quercus kelloggii Salix alba ssp. ralva Salix alba ssp. vitellina Salix hookeriana Salix lucida ssp. lasiandra Salix scouleriana Salix sitchensis Taxus brevifolia
Big-Leaf Maple Red Alder Madrone Paper Birch Incense-cedar Western Redbud Alaska Yellow Cedar Chinquapin Pacific Dogwood Oregon Ash California Black Walnut Sitka Spruce Shore Pine, Lodgepole Pine Western White Pine Ponderosa Pine Quaking Aspen Black Cottonwood Bitter Cherry Douglas Fir Canyon Live Oak Garry Oak California Black Oak White Willow Golden Willow Hooker’s Willow Pacific Willow Scouler’s Willow Sitka Willow Pacific Yew
1 gallon container - any size B&B – See list 7 regarding this species Slips-any size B&B – See list 7 regarding this species 1-5 gallon container 1 gallon container-any size B&B 1 gallon container-any size B&B California native, 1 gallon container-any size B&B 1 gallon container-any size B&B 1 gallon container-any size B&B 1 gallon container-any size B&B 1 gallon container-any size B&B California native, 1 gallon container-any size B&B 1 gallon container-any size B&B 1 gallon container-any size B&B 1 gallon container-any size B&B 1 gallon container-any size B&B 1 gallon container-any size B&B – See list 7 regarding this species 1 gallon container-any size B&B – See list 7 regarding this species 1 gallon container-any size B&B 1 gallon container-any size B&B California native, 1 gallon container-any size B&B 1 gallon container-any size B&B California native, 1 gallon container-any size B&B 1 gallon container-any size B&B 1 gallon container-any size B&B 1 gallon container-any size B&B 1 gallon container-any size B&B 1 gallon container-any size B&B 1 gallon container-any size B&B 1 gallon container-any size B&B
A Manual of Native Plant Communities for the Pacific Northwest 22
Thuja plicata Tsuga heterophylla
Western Red Cedar Western Hemlock
1 gallon container-any size B&B 1 gallon container-any size B&B
PLANT LIST 6 (GENERAL LIST) BOTANICAL NAME
COMMON NAME
REMARKS/RECOMMENDED SIZES
Acer circinatum Acer glabrum Alnus crispa ssp. sinuata Amelanchier alnifolia Ceanothus velutinus Cornus (sericea) stolonifera Corylus cornuta Crataegus douglasii Garrya elliptica Holodiscus discolor Lithocarpus densiflorus Malus fusca Myrica californica Myrica gale Oemleria (Osmoronia) cerasiformis Oplopanax horridus Philadelphus lewisii Rhamnus pushiana Rhododendron macrophyllum Ribes sanguineum Rubus parviflorus Rubus spectabilis Sambucus cerulea Sambucus racemosa Shepherdia canadensis Spiraea douglasii Symphoricarpos albus Vaccinium ovatum Vaccinium parvifolium
Vine Maple Rocky Mountain Maple Sitka alder Serviceberry Snowbrush Red-osier Dogwood Western Beaked Hazel Black Hawthorn Silk-tassel Oceanspray Tan Oak Pacific Crab Apple California Wax Myrtle Sweet Gale Indian Plum Devil's Club Mock-orange Cascara Pacific Rhododendron Red Currant Thimbleberry Salmonberry Blue Elderberry Red Elderberry Canadian Buffalo-berry Duglas Spiraea Snowberry Evergreen Huckleberry Red Huckleberry
1 gallon container-any size B&B 1 gallon container-any size B&B 1 gallon container-any size B&B 1 gallon container-any size B&B 1-5 gallon container 1-5 gallon container 1 gallon container-any size B&B 1-5 gallon container -any size B&B 1-5 gallon container -any size B&B 4” pots -5 gallon container to any size B&B 4” pots -5 gallon container to any size B&B 1 gallon container-any size B&B 4” pots -5 gallon container to any size B&B 1 gallon container-any size B&B 1 gallon container-any size B&B 1-5 gallon container. See list 7 regarding this species. 1-5 gallon container -any size B&B 1-5 gallon container 4” pots -5 gallon container to any size B&B 4” pots -5 gallon container to any size B&B 4” pots -1 gallon container 1-5 gallon container -any size B&B 1-5 gallon container -any size B&B 1-5 gallon container -any size B&B 1-5 gallon container 1-5 gallon container – See list 7 regarding this species. 4” pots -5 gallon container to any size B&B 1-5 gallon container -any size B&B 1-5 gallon container -any size B&B
UNDERSTORY LAYER
SHRUB/SUBSHRUB LAYER PLANT LIST 6 (GENERAL LIST) A Manual of Native Plant Communities for the Pacific Northwest 23
BOTANICAL NAME
COMMON NAME
REMARKS/RECOMMENDED SIZES
Achlys triphylla Adiantum pedatum Aquilegia formosa Asarum caudatum Athyrium filix-femina Blechnum spicant Brodiaea coronaria Camassia quamash Chimaphila umbellata Dicentra formosa Dryopteris austriaca Eriophyllum lanatum Erythronium oregonum Erythronium revolutum Fritillaria lanceolata Gaultheria ovatifolia Gaultheria shallon Gymnocarpium dryopteris Heuchera micrantha Hydrophyllum tenuipes Iris tenax Kalmiopsis leachiana Lonicera ciliosa Lonicera hispidula Leucothoe davisiae Mahonia (Berberis) aquifolium Mahonia (Berberis) nervosa Pachystima (Paxistima) myrsinites Polystichum munitum Pteridium aquilinium Rosa gymnocarpa Rosa nutkana Spirea douglasii Sisyrinchium douglasii Tellima grandiflora Tiarella trifoliata
Vanilla Leaf Maidenhair Fern Western Columbine Wild Ginger Lady Fern Deer Fern Harvest Brodiaea Camas Pipsissewa Bleeding Heart Shield Fern Oregon Sunshine Fawn Lily Fawn Lily Chocolate Lily Oregon Winterberry Salal Oak Fern Coral Bells Pacific Waterleaf Oregon Iris Kalmiopsis Orange Honeysuckle Hairy Honeysuckle Western Leucothoe Tall Oregon Grape Low Oregon Grape, Longleaf Mahonia Oregon Box Sword Fern Bracken Fern Dwarf Rose Nootka Rose Douglas’ Spirea Douglas Blue-eyed-grass Fringecup Foamflower
4” pots -1 gallon container 4” pots -1 gallon container 4” pots -1 gallon container 4” pots -1 gallon container 4” pots -1 gallon container. 4” pots -1 gallon container 4” pots -1 gallon container 4” pots -1 gallon container 4” pots -1 gallon container 4” pots -1 gallon container 4” pots -1 gallon container 4” pots -1 gallon container 4” pots -1 gallon container 4” pots -1 gallon container 4” pots -1 gallon container 4” pots -1 gallon container 4” pots -5 gallon container 4” pots -1 gallon container 4” pots -1 gallon container 4” pots -1 gallon container 4” pots -1 gallon container 4” pots -5 gallon container to any size B&B 4” pots -1 gallon container 4” pots -1 gallon container 4” pots -5 gallon container to any size B&B 4” pots -5 gallon container to any size B&B 4” pots -5 gallon container 4” pots -5 gallon container to any size B&B 4” pots -5 gallon container to any size B&B 4” pots -5 gallon container – See list 7 regarding this species. 4” pots -5 gallon container 4” pots -5 gallon container 4” pots -1 gallon container – See list 7 regarding this species 4” pots -1 gallon container 4” pots -1 gallon container 4” pots -1 gallon container
A Manual of Native Plant Communities for the Pacific Northwest 24
Tolmiea menziesii Trientalis latifolia Trillium species Viburnum edule
Piggyback Plant Star Flower Trillium Highbush Cranberry
4” pots -1 gallon container 4” pots -1 gallon container 4” pots -1 gallon container 1-5 gallon container -any size B&B
PLANT LIST 6 (GENERAL LIST) BOTANICAL NAME
COMMON NAME
REMARKS/RECOMMENDED SIZES
Achillea millefolium Angelica genuflexa Antennaria microphylla Antennaria neglecta Armeria maritima Arctostaphylos uva-ursi Cornus canadensis Ceanothus prostratus Cornus canadensis Fragaria chiloensis Fragaria vesca Fragaria virginiana Linnaea borealis Mahonia (Berberis) repens Maianthemum dilatatum Oenanthe sarmentosa Oxalis oregana Potentilla anserina ssp. pacifica Phlox diffusa Sedum divergens Sedum lanceolatum Sedum oreganum Sedum spathulifolium Tiarella trifoliata Vancouveria hexandra Viola adunca Viola glabella Viola sempervirens
Yarrow Kneeling Angelica Rosy Pussytoes Field Pussytoes Sea Pink Kinnikinnik (Bearberry) Bunchberry Mahala Mat Bunchberry Coastal Strawberry Woodland Strawberry Wild Strawberry Twinflower Creeping Oregon Grape False Lily-Of-The-Valley Water Parsley Oxalis, Wood Sorrel Silverweed Spreading Phlox Spreading Stonecrop Lance-leaved Stonecrop Oregon Stonecrop Broad-leaved Sedum Foamflower Inside-Out Flower Blue Violet Yellow Violet Evergreen Violet
4” pots -1 gallon container, seed 4” pots -1 gallon container, seed 4” pots -1 gallon container, seed 4” pots -1 gallon container, seed 4” pots -1 gallon container, seed 4” pots -1 gallon container, seed 4” pots -1 gallon container, seed 4” pots -1 gallon container, seed 4” pots -1 gallon container, seed 4” pots -1 gallon container, seed 4” pots -1 gallon container, seed 4” pots -1 gallon container, seed 4” pots -1 gallon container, seed 4” pots -1 gallon container, seed 4” pots -1 gallon container, seed 4” pots -1 gallon container, seed 4” pots -1 gallon container 4” pots -1 gallon container, seed 4” pots -1 gallon container 4” pots -1 gallon container 4” pots -1 gallon container 4” pots -1 gallon container 4” pots -1 gallon container 4” pots -1 gallon container 4” pots -1 gallon container 4” pots -1 gallon container 4” pots -1 gallon container 4” pots -1 gallon container
GROUNDCOVER LAYER
LIVE MULCHES AND PIONEERS A Manual of Native Plant Communities for the Pacific Northwest 25
PLANT LIST 6 (GENERAL LIST) BOTANICAL NAME
COMMON NAME
REMARKS/RECOMMENDED SIZES
Mycorrhizae, Ectomicorrhizae Assorted Native Mosses Calliergonella cuspidata Ceratodon purpureus Lathyrus polyphyllus Lupinus polyphyllus Lycopodium species Penstemon cardwellii Penstemon davidsonii Other Native Penstemon Polytrichum piliferum Racomitrium canescens Satureja douglasii Trifolium wormskjoldii Vicia gigantea
Soil/root fungi Mosses Spear Moss Red Roof Moss Leafy Peavine Large-Leaved Lupine Clubmoss Cardwell’s Penstemon Davidson’s Penstemon Penstemon Haircap Moss Roadside Rock Moss Yerba Buena Springbank Clover Giant Vetch
Inocculum in solution, mycorrhizal teabags or from native soils Sod patches or as removed from salvage sites Sod patches or as removed from salvage sites Sod patches or as removed from salvage sites Seed Seed, 4” pots -1 gallon container Sod patches or as removed from salvage sites Seed, 4” pots -1 gallon container Seed, 4” pots -1 gallon container Seed, 4” pots -1 gallon container Sod patches or as removed from salvage sites Sod patches or as removed from salvage sites Seed Seed Seed
GRASSES, SEDGES, AND RUSHES PLANT LIST 6 (GENERAL LIST) BOTANICAL NAME
COMMON NAME
REMARKS/ RECOMMENDED SIZES
Agropyron spicatum Agrostis scabra (idahoensis) Bromus sitchensis Bromus vulgaris Carex brevicaulis Carex canescens Carex microptera Carex obnupta Cinna latifolia Danthonia intermedia Deschampsia cespitosa Elymus glaucus Festuca idahoensis Festuca rubra var. rubra Juncus balticus Juncus effusus
Bluebunch Wheatgrass Bentgrass Alaska Brome (grass) Columbia Brome (grass) Short-stemmed Sedge Grey Sedge Small Winged Sedge Slough Sedge Wood Reedgrass Timber Oatgrass Tufted Hairgrass Blue Wildrye (grass) Idaho Fescue Red Fescue (grass) Baltic Rush Common Rush
Seed, 4” pots Seed Seed, 4” pots Seed Seed, 4” pots, bunches, divisions, and clumps Seed, 4” pots, bunches, divisions, and clumps Seed, 4” pots, bunches, divisions, and clumps Seed, 4” pots, bunches, divisions, and clumps Seed, 4”pots Seed, 4” pots Seed, 4” pots Seed, 4” pots Seed, 4” pots, bunches, divisions, and clumps Seed Seed, 4” pots, bunches, divisions, and clumps Seed, 4” pots, bunches, divisions, and clumps – See list 7 regarding this species
A Manual of Native Plant Communities for the Pacific Northwest 26
Juncus ensifolius Melica subulata Poa howellii Poa macrantha
Daggerleaf Rush Alaska Oniongrass Howell’s Bluegrass Seashore Bluegrass
Seed, 4” pots, bunches, divisions. Seed, 4” pots Seed Seed, 4” pots
PLANT LIST 6 (GENERAL LIST) BOTANICAL NAME
COMMON NAME
REMARKS/ RECOMMENDED SIZES
Alisma plantago-aquatica Caltha palustris Corydalis scouleri Eleocharis palustris Glyceria borealis Juncus balticus Juncus ensifolius Lysichiton americanum Nuphar polysepalum Oenanthe sarmentosa Polygonum amphibium Potamogeton gramineus Potamogeton natans Potentilla palustris Rananculus aquatilis Sagittaria latifolia Scirpus acutus Scirpus microcarpus Sparganium angustifolium Typha latifolia Veronica beccabunga ssp. americana Viola palustris
Broadleaf Water-Plantain Marsh Marigold Scouler Corydalis Common Spike-rush Western Managrass Baltic Rush Daggerleaf Rush Skunk Cabbage Yellow Pond-lily Water Parsley Water Smartweed Grass-leaved Pondweed Floating-leaved Pondweed Marsh Cinquefoil White Water-buttercup Wapato, Arrowhead Hardstem Bulrush Small-fruited Bulrush Narrow-leaved Bur-reed Cat-Tail American Brooklime Marsh Violet
Containers, bunches, divisions, and clumps Containers, bunches, divisions, and clumps Containers, bunches, divisions, and clumps Containers, bunches, divisions, and clumps Containers, bunches, divisions, and clumps Containers, bunches, divisions, and clumps Containers, bunches, divisions, and clumps Containers, bunches, divisions, and clumps Containers, bunches, divisions, and clumps Containers, bunches, divisions, and clumps Containers, bunches, divisions, and clumps Containers, bunches, divisions, and clumps Containers, bunches, divisions, and clumps Containers, bunches, divisions – See list 7 regarding this species. Containers, bunches, divisions, and clumps Containers, bunches, divisions, and clumps Containers, bunches, divisions, and clumps Containers, bunches, divisions, and clumps Containers, bunches, divisions, and clumps Containers, bunches, divisions – See list 7 regarding this species. Containers, bunches, divisions, and clumps Containers, bunches, divisions, and clumps
WETLAND
A Manual of Native Plant Communities for the Pacific Northwest 27
Urban Native Plant List PLANT LIST 7 AGGRESSIVE OR VERY THORNY NATIVE PLANTS, TO BE USED WITH CAUTION
Some of these native plants can be very aggressive and virtually take over a small site – use caution and be aware of site limitations. All of these plants have great habitat and aesthetic value, and many are important early-successional species that are vital to creating healthy ecosystems. Plants on this list are important in restoration projects and projects on larger sites, but should only be used with a full understanding of their potential impacts.
TREE CANOPY BOTANICAL NAME
COMMON NAME
REMARKS
Acer macrophyllum
Big Leaf Maple
Alnus rubra
Red Alder
Populus tremuloides
Quaking Aspen
Populus trichocarpa
Black Cottonwood
Weak-wooded, fast-growing, massive tree. Large leaves can smother smaller plants. Difficult for other plants to grow beneath canopy. Excellent restoration tree for disturbed sites. Weak wooded and short-lived, fixes nitrogen in the soil. Excellent early successional tree that grows in very poor and very wet soils. Weak-wooded, short-lived tree. Can form monocultural thickets. Limited to very specific habitats naturally. Weak-wooded and short-lived massive tree. Grows on very wet sites. Excellent wetland restoration tree.
UNDERSTORY LAYER BOTANICAL NAME
COMMON NAME
REMARKS
Oplopanax horridus
Devil's Club
Very thorny but beautiful plant, forms thickets in moist shady areas.
BOTANICAL NAME
COMMON NAME
REMARKS
Athyrium filix-femina Pteridium aquilinum Spiraea douglasii
Lady Fern Bracken Fern Douglas Spiraea
Aggressive, especially in moist, shady sites. Opportunist, colonizes disturbed areas, could become invasive. Aggressive, especially in wetland areas.
Yarrow
Colonizes disturbed areas, may become invasive.
SHRUB/SUBSHRUB LAYER
GROUNDCOVERS Achillea millefolium
GRASSES, SEDGES, AND RUSHES BOTANICAL NAME
COMMON NAME
REMARKS
Juncus effusus
Common Rush
Can form monocultures, may become invasive.
A Manual of Native Plant Communities for the Pacific Northwest 28
WETLAND BOTANICAL NAME
COMMON NAME
REMARKS
Potentilla palustris Typha latifolia
Marsh cinquefoil Cattail
Aggressive colonizer in wetland areas. Will fill in small shallow ponds. Usually will colonize naturally – generally does not need to be introduced.
A Manual of Native Plant Communities for the Pacific Northwest 29