EFFICIENCY OF AVAILABLE DATA USAGE FOR SUSTAINABLE SPATIAL PLANNING: AN EXAMPLE FROM THE CZECH REPUBLIC Aubrechtová Tereza (tereza.aubrechtova@osu.cz)
Department of Physical Geography and Geoecology, University of Ostrava The Graph 1 shows that all events given by Decree are observed by local authorities. The rareness of some of them is given mostly by the attribute of the events that did not occur in all areas. The most often observed are ecological networks and roads. Those very often observed as Limits are also Flood plain and its active zone.
INTRODUCTION: By the signature The European Landscape Convention that was adopted in the Czech Republic in 2004, the parliament implemented a new Building Act No. 183/2006 (Czech Republic, 2006) that introduced a new tool for monitoring sustainable development, called Planning analytic materials (PAM). PAM creates non-statutory data base for proposing local and regional plans in accordance with sustainable development. Parts of PAM are seen on the Picture 1 below.
The Graph 2 presents events observed outside the boundary of the Decree, often known as event No. 119. These are shown in relation to the events observed within the “problem group” (from ∑26 erosion, ∑24 flooding or ∑23 fragmentation) and without a strictly designated problem (from ∑55). We can see the minute percentage of observed events out of the Decree. There is also no correlation between villages with concrete designated problem and without it. Surprisingly the highest amount of additional events is reached at Fragmentation. The reason can be, that there are available data related to the migration of mammals that are promoted quite well. Graph 3 demonstrates the final output of qualitative analysis of PAM. We can see, that dependent on criteria shown on Picture 3, the weakest values are reached by MASD, which are accessible in just 31 cases (from total 55) and received only 28% of its possible quality. ASD and the Graphical part has the same quality status of 53%. Then we can see a correlation in the graph, with the quality of the documents dependent on whether they belong to the “problem group”. In almost all cases we can see, that quality documents are a bit higher in areas with a defined appropriate problem. The strongest correlation (11%) is in the case of Erosion which is a territorial problem in Czech.
Picture 1: Parts of PAM that have been analysed
Based on the Statistical yearbook of the Department of Environment, the main problems in the Czech landscape are: erosion, flooding and fragmentation (CENIA, 2012). In accordance with the purpose of PAM, all of these problems should be recognised and proposed as a part of Urban Plans. But does it really work? If not, how could we improve PAM and ensure efficiency of this ambitious tool?
Picture 2: Scheme of designation problematic areas with mentioned data sources and other public accessible data in general
RESULTS Next Graphs present results of qualitative analysis of complex PAM documentation which parts are seen on the Picture 1
Frequency of observed events related with designated problems 55
METHODS
Erosion
50
1) identification of events related with 3 defined problems (different colours on Table 1);
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59
Erosion (2)
Flooding (8)
Fragmentation (27) No.
build area production area public service area redevelopment or brownfield area conservation area and its protective zone conservation zone and its protective zone landscape conservation zone cultural estates and its protective zone national cultural estates and its protective zone memorial UNESCO and its protective zone urban values region of public architecture historically significant architecture architecturally significant building significant building dominant areas with architectonic finding region of the landscape character and its characteristics place of the landscape character and its characteristics the area of significant event significant view point ecological networks registered significant landscape unit judicial significant landscape units temporarily protected area national park and its protective zone protected landscape area and its protective zone national nature reserve and its protective zone nature reserve and its protective zone national natural sanctuary and its protective zone natural park natural sanctuary and its protective zone protected tree and its protective zone biosphere reserve UNESCO, geopark UNESCO NATURA 2000 - sites of community importance NATURA 2000 - special protection areas locality with national significant specially protected species protective forest forest with a special function commercial forest distance 50m from the edge of the forest productivity of soil unit bounders of biochores investment into the soil due to increase its productivity water resource of surface and underground water and its prot. zone protected area of natural water accumulation vulnerable area water body of surface and underground water pond catchment area and watershed divide floodplain active zone of floodplain locality for flood of land area of special flood under the waterworks flood protection natural medical source and its protective zone bath area and its protective zone mining area protected mineral estate protected area for intervention in the Earth‘s crust
60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
Erosion (2)
Flooding (8)
Problem / villages
30 25 20 15
0
1 21 25 26 27 28 29 30 34 35 36 37 38 39 41 43 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 104 108 Limits 40 53 3 31 30 47 25 35 49 30 21 33 40 40 30 27 37 16 7 46 43 6 21 18 22 15 46 52 44 17 42 41 9 29 6 8 7 Values 25 34
3
28 29 46 23 33 45 28 26 33 39 39 32 17 35 14
3
1
0
0
0
4
16
7
26 31 28
7
24 20
4
10
1
2
1
No. of Event
Graph 1: Frequency of events related with designated problems (erosion - 2, flooding - 8, fragmentation - 27) given by Decree No. 500/2006 are covered in maps of Limits or Values
Proportions of villages observing events No. 119 related with identified problem
Erosion / 177 Flooding / 72 Fragmentation / 24
60
88
96
46
33
37
43
52
3
8
7
25
SUM [%]
36
50
55
Table 2: Results of problems mentioned in three parts of Urban Plans in 55 municipalities, in total 266 villages
Erosion - PAM does not cover clear indicators related with erosion, other data are used in just 12% of cases without a association with the “problem group”. Weak correlation can be seen in the quality of PAM, where designation of erosion is about 11% higher within the “problem group”.
75%
Fragmentation - PAM includes just one event directly coherent with the problem, namely, ecological networks. Those used outside the boundary of the Decree are migration paths; where the quality of PAM is 36-37% without any correlation to the “problem group”.
50%
25% 9% (12%) 0%
27% (35%)
4% (16%)
Erosion 55
Floding 55
Fragmentation 55
Villages with defined problem
26
24
23
No. 119 doesnt belong to the problem
5
9
15
No. 119 belonging to the problem
3
1
8
Villages in total
Graph 2: The proportion of villages with a designated problem observing other events beyond the Decree No. 500/2006 relating to problems covered by the Problem map connected to the specified problem (erosion, flooding, fragmentation) group or not
100
3) criteria for qualitative analysis has been set out and on the basis of Saathy matrix (Saathy, 1977) were assigned scales for each of these criteria as seen on Picture 3
Quality of Planning Analytic Materials for villages with/without designated problem
90
80
Quality of PAM [%]
70 60
50 40 30
10 0
MASD 10
ASD 41
Grafical part 29
Erosion designated
19
60
34
Flooding in total
31
67
63
Flooding designated
45
69
63
Fragmentation in total
16
34
59
Fragmentation designated
21
30
61
Erosion in total
CONCLUSION The results of the qualitative analysis show the complex quality of PAM, but also highlights that the negative landscape processes are very poor promoted in PAM and just slightly exceed 50%. Decree 500/2006 created a very broad frame of data that should be used for determination of negative processes in the landscape. But even if the data are accurately collected, there are few local authorities that use other data above the statutory duty. In the analysis there was no approved strong correlation between the particular data collection and designated problem in the area. This highlights a lack of local authorities attention given to the county and overall unfamiliarity with the area. PAM is a very strong and educative tool for planners and landscape designers. They should base their designs on the highlighted problems coming from PAM which will create a sustainable solution in statutory Urban Plans.
REFERENCES
20
Picture 3: Scheme of qualitative criteria of each part of PAM derived from the definition of Act No. 183/2006
Proposal Landscape Validation SUM of UP concept of UP [%]
Flooding - PAM related the problem to the flood plains that are very often recognized. Other data outside the boundary of the Decree are used in only 16% cases which do not belong to the “problem group”. The quality of PAM reached 54 -59% without correlation to the “problem group”.
100%
Table 1: 118 events given by Decree No. 500/2006 + optional event 119 that is not included
2) on the basis of public accessible data I have chosen 55 villages with delegated power for which their county has purchased PAM (more information on Picture 2);
35
5
Fragmentation (27)
mineral deposits undermined area landslide area and area of other geological risks old mine old contaminated site and other contaminated areas region of impaired quality of air refuse, spoil bank, sludge-drying bed, waste dump technological facilities of water supply and its protective zone water supply and its protective zone sewer system network of sewers and its protective zone electricity and its protective zone electric station and its protective zone aboveground and underground power system and its protective technological facilities of gas supply and its protective zone leadership pipeline and its protective zone technological facilities of supply other products and its protective pipeline and its protective zone product pipeline and its protective zone technological facilities of heat supply and its protective zone caliduct and its protective zone electronic communication equipment and its protective zone communication lines and its protective zone nuclear facility objects with hazardous substances and its protective zone waste dump and its protective zone incineration plant and its protective zone facilities disposal of hazardous waste and its protective zone motorway and its protective zone dual carriageway and its protective zone freeway—1. class and its protective zone freeway—2. class and its protective zone freeway—3. class and its protective zone local communications national railroad and its protective zone regional railroad and its protective zone corridor of high-speed rail line trail and its protective zone funicular and its protective zone special line and its protective zone traction line and its protective zone trolley line and its protective zone aerodrome and its protective zone aircraft construction and its protective zone waterway border checkpoint bicycle path, cycling road, hipopath, hiking trail significant object for national defence military training designated emergency planning zone object of civil protection object of fire protection significant object for Police of the Czech Republic protective zone of cemetery and crematorium other protective zone other public infrastructure amount of finished flats or houses to 31.12. of every year buildable area other intentions
Fragmentation
40
10
Materials for the Analysis of Sustainable Land Development EVENTS No.
Flooding
45 Number of municipalities
The database of PAM is created by 119 events, the list of which can be seen in Table 1. The graphical part of PAM covered the events and the textual part of PAM (as seen on Picture 1) have been the main input for analysis that was made in the next steps:
The Table 2 shows the final projection of problem solving in the Urban Plans. I analysed 266 Urban Plans and their affiliation with proposing concrete measures in the landscape. From the results we can see, that the greatest results achieved were in areas with Flooding and the worst results was found with the Fragmentation of the landscape, highlighted at only 25% of the Urban Plans.
Graph 3: Quality of the three parts of PAM dissolved according to the designated problem (erosion, flooding, fragmentation = 55 villages with delegated power in total) and also their relation to the problem group (26 erosion, 24 flooding, 23 fragmentation). MASD has been publicised just in 31 cases instead of 55. All values are given in %
CENIA, Czech environment information agency. (2012). Statistical Year Book of Department of environment of The Czech Republic 2012. Retrieved from http://www1.cenia.cz/www/sites/default/files/Rocenka_2012_cr.pdf Council of Europe. European Landscape Convention (2000). Florence. Retrieved from http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/cultureheritage/heritage/Landscape/ default_en.asp Czech Republic. 183/2006 Coll., the Act from 14th of March 2006, on town and country planning and building code (Building Act) (2012). Czech Republic. Czech Republic. 500/2006 Coll. Decree from 10th November 2006, on the territorial analytical documents, local planning documents evidence and urban planning activities. Czech Republic. SAATY, T.L (1977) A scaling method for priorities in hierarchical structures, J. Math Psychol, 15, 234-281