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COPYRIGHT © HEDIN 2011 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. NO PART OF THIS PUBLICATION M AY B E R E P R O D U C E D , S T O R E D I N A R E T R I E VA L SYS T E M O R TRANSMITTED IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC, MECHANICAL, PHOTOCOPYING, RECORDING OR OTHERWISE, WITHOUT PERMISSION OF THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER.

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Building construction and operation have extensive direct and indirect impacts on the environment.

Buildings use resources such as energy, water and raw materials, generate waste (occupant, construction and demolition) and emit potentially harmful atmospheric emissions. Building owners, designers and builders face a unique challenge to meet demands for new and renovated facilities that are accessible, secure, healthy, and productive while minimizing their impact on the environment.

Considering the ongoing economic challenges, retrofitting an existing building can be more cost effective than building a new facility. Designing major renovations and retrofits for already existing buildings to include sustainability initiatives reduces operation costs and environmental impacts, and can increase building resiliency. Recent answers to this challenge call for an integrated synergistic approach that considers all phases of the facility life cycle. This approach, often called “sustainable design,� supports an increased commitment to environmental stewardship and conservations, a nd re s u l t s a re i n a n optimal balance of cost, environmental, societal, and human benefits while meeting the mission and function of the intended

SUSTAINABILITY? facility or infrastructure. The main objectives of sustainable design are to avoid resource depletion of energy, water, and raw materials; prevent environmental degradation caused by facilities and infrastructure throughout their life cycle; and create built environments that are livable, comfortable, safe, and product ive. Optimize ENERGY USE With America’s supply of fossil fuel dwindling, concerns for energy independence and security increasing, and the impacts of global climate change arising, it is essential to find ways to reduce load, increase eff iciency, and ut ilize renewable energy resources in federal facilities.

CONSERVE WATER In many parts of the country, fresh water is an increasingly scarce resource. A sustainable building should reduce, control, and treat site runoff, use water efficiently, and reuse or recycle water for on-site use, when feasible. SUSTAINABLE Products A sustainable building is constructed of materials that minimize life-cycle environmental impacts s u c h a s g l o b a l w a rm i n g, resource depletion, and human toxicity. Environmentally preferable materials have a reduced effect on human health and the environment and contribute to improved worker safety and health, reduced liabilities, and achievement of environmental goals.

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Energy independence and security are imp generated by massive centralized plants, an energy consumption through energy con as wind, solar, geothermal, etc. (see WB Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV), Daylig to building resiliency as the threats of described as the ability of a facility t without electric power is becoming a and floods have been reoccurring an of critical facilities, including on-sit after a major storm passes. Build and represent the greatest lega our culture, and certainly play constantly changing. Buildings centers of education, justice, to build and maintain and mu cycle. The economics of buil U.S. Energy Information Ad almost half (48%) of all gr of all electricity generated sector and buildings often allergies due to poor ind of 9/11, safety has bec related expenditures one government h a s re s p o n place Execut ive Orders programs, s u c h a s t h e standards and measure Building Security Council’ certification for profess measure and b e n c h m a r private sector and ind creat ing m o r e p r o d u c multiple benefits. The kn systems exists and ar make a positive impact o on the quality of life of b The Whole Building Design e these very big issues a n d is an essential way the new

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ON AN A NNUAL BAS IS, BUILDINGS IN THE UNITED STATES CONSUME 39% O F A M E R I C A’ S E N E R GY A N D 6 8 % OF ITS ELECTRICITY. MOREOVER, BUILDINGS EMIT 3 8 % O F T H E C A R B O N D I OX I D E (THE PRIMARY G R E E N H O U S E G A S A S S O C I AT E D W I T H C L I M AT E C H A N G E ) , 49% OF THE SULFUR DIOXIDE, AND 25% OF T H E N I T RO G E N OX I D E S F O U N D I N T H E A I R . C U R R E N T LY, T H E VA S T M A J O R I TY OF THIS ENERGY IS P R O D U C E D F R O M N O N R E N E WA B L E , F O S S I L F U E L R E S O U R C E S . W I T H U N I T E D STAT E S ’ S S U P P LY O F F O SS I L F U E L D W I N D L I N G , C O N C E R N S F O R ENERGY SUPPLY SECURITY INCREASING (BOTH FOR GENERAL SUPPLY AND SPECIFIC NEEDS OF FACILITIES), AND THE IMPACT OF GREENHOUSE GASES ON WORLD CLIMATE RISING, IT IS ESSENTIAL TO REDUCE LOAD.

portant components of national security and energy strategies. Today, power is mostly nd electricity moves along transmission lines. “Getting off of foreign oil” means minimizing nservat ion and efficiency, and generating energy from local, renewable sources, such BDG Distributed Energy Resources, Fuel Cell Technology, Microturbines, Building ghting, Passive Solar Heating) Additionally, using distributed energy systems adds f natural disaster damage become more frequent. Passive survivability, which is o provide shelter and basic occupant needs during and after disaster events a design strategy to consider, particularly in areas of the country where storms nnually or more often. Incorporate facility survivability concepts in the design te renewable energy sources that will be available to power the building soon dings are deceptively complex. At their best, they connect us with the past acy for the future. They provide shelter, encourage productivity, embody y an important part in life on the planet. In fact, the role of buildings is s today are life support systems, communication and data terminals, , and community, and so much more. They are incredibly expensive ust constantly be adjusted to function effectively over their life lding has become as complex as its design. Data from the dministration illustrates that buildings are responsible for reenhouse gas emissions annually. Seventy-six percent d by U.S. power plants goes to supply the building contribute to health problems such as asthma and door e n v i ro n m e n t a l q u a l i t y. S i n c e the events come paramount in buildings with securityof the fasttest rising expenses. The federal n d e d to these challenges by putt ing into and Mandates. O t h e r p r i v a te sector U S G B C L E E D ra t i n g system, def ine es for sustainable buildings. Also, the ’s (BSC) Building Rating System and sionals has been created to help rk s e c u r i t y i n b u i l d i n g s. The dustry have also responded by c t s a n d systems that have nowledge, materials, and re readily available to on the environment and building occupants. encompasses all of d programs t ha t w approach.

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Renewable energy sources include solar w a t e r heating, photovoltaic, wind, biomass, and geothermal. The use of renewable energy can increase the energy security and reduce dependence on imported fuels, while reducing and eliminating the greenhouse gas emissions associated with the energy use. Today there is more people that consider the solar thermal for domestic hot water and heating purposes.

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The main function in Cucinella’s newly opened building is to provide a specialist research laboratory for staff and postgraduate students within the new Centre for Sustainable Energy Technologies.

The tower incorporates a research studio/teaching room and resource room, as well as off ices, meeting rooms and a permanent display new space. In the exhibition space will provide a new platform for communicating the latest developments in sustainable energy and construction technologies, both regionally in China and internationally. The new building will provide laboratory, office and seminar accommodation and has been designed to serve as an exemplary building, demonstrating state-of-the-art techniques for environmentally responsible, sustainable construction and energy efficient internal environmental control. It has been designed to minimise its environmental impact by promoting energy efficiency, generating its own energy from renewable sources, and using locally available materials with low embodied energy wherever possible. For the residual heating, cooling and ventilation load is estimated to be so low that it demands for both these and electrical power required for computing and lighting will be met from renewable energy sources, including a ground source heat pump, solar absorption cooling and photovoltaic panels. In the spaces within the building have been configured to support a number and ventilation strategies, as a demonstration of alternatives to conventional systems. It has also been designed to respond to the diurnal and seasonal variation in the climate of Ningbo, to minimize heating requirement in winter and cooling in summer, promoting natural ventilation in spring and autumn when environmental conditions allow. The building is therefore well insulated, incorporates high thermal capacitance internal floors and walls, and a ventilated glazed south façade. During the summer, when it is both hot and humid, and it is necessary to de-humidify and cool the supply air, and the electrical power for this is provided by the photovoltaic system.

The building has been designed to exploit day lighting as far as possible, while avoiding glare and solar heat gain. This reduces the amount of time for which artificial lighting is required. The photovaltic system will be used to provide artificial lighting and small power for office equipment such as computers, fax machines, etc. During the peak period of sunshine enough power shall be produced from the PV system to run other equipment such as the lift and the mechanical ventilation and chilled water systems. In the event of extra power not being utilised, it shall be stored in batteries or transferred to the nearby sport centre. Nottingham University has opened a new campus in Ningbo in the heart of the Zhijiang district. The Centre for Sustainable Energy Technologies (CSET) will focus on the diffusion of sustainable technologies such as solar power, photovoltaic energy, wind power and so forth. The 1,300m2 building will accommodate a visitors centre, research laboratories and classrooms for masters courses. The pavilion stands in a large meadow alongside a stream that runs through the campus. It’s design is inspired by Chinese lanterns and traditional wooden screens. The façade folds dramatically to create a dynamic shape. The building is entirely clad with a double skin of glass with screen printed patterns evoking historical buildings of the area. The appearance of the building changes from day to night. The design employs various environmental T H E C E N T R E F O R S U S TA I N A B L E E N E R GY strategies. A large rooftop opening brings natural light to all floors TECHNOLOGIES (CSET) DESIGNED BY MARIO of the building simultaneously creating a flue effect to allow CUCINELLA ARCHITECTS MEETS ALL THE REQUIREMENTS OF USING ALL NATURE’S efficient natural ventilation and geothermal energy is used RESOURCES LIKE THE RAIN WATER OR LOW to cool and heat the floor slabs. Nottingham University E N E R GY M AT E R I A L S . T H E I M P O R TA N C E O F has opened a new campus in Ningbo, China. The THIS PROJECT HAS BEEN QUITE OBVIOUS I F W E B E A R I N M I N D T H AT I T H A S B E E N Centre for Sustainable Energy Technologies DESIGNED FOR THE WORLD’S ABSOLUTE (CSET). This building is designed to minimize G R E AT E S T E N E R GY C O N S U M I N G C O U N T RY, its environmental impacts by promoting C H I N A . I R O N I C ? N O T E X A C T LY, A S C S E T energy efficiency, generating its I S A N E X A M P L E F O R E N V I R O N M E N TA L LY FRIENDLY BUILDINGS SHOWING THE WAY TO own new energy from renewable T H E R E ST O F T H E A R C H I T E C T U R A L W O R L D. sources, storing rainwater G R E E N A N D B E AU T I F U L I S A R E A L I TY A N D and reusing grey water.

IT’S NAME IS CSET.

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One of the most promising renewable energy technologies is photovoltaics. Photovoltaics is a truly elegant means of producing electricity on site, directly from the big sun and without concern for energy supply or environmental harm. These solid-state devices simply make electricity out of sunlight, silently with no maintenance, no pollution, and no depletion of materials. There is a growing consensus that distributed photovoltaic systems that provide electricity at this point of use will be the first to reach widespread commercialization.

Chief among these distributed applications are PV power systems for individual buildings.

Interest in the new building integration of photovoltaics, where the PV elements actually become an new integral part of the building, often serving as the exterior weather skin, is growing worldwide. PV specialists and innovative designers are in Europe, Japan, and the U.S. are currently exploring creative w a y s o f i n c o rp o ra t i n g s o l a r e l e c t r i c i t y into their work. A whole new vernacular of Solar Electric Architecture is beginning to emerge. A Building Integrated Photovoltaics system consists of integrating photovoltaics modules into the building envelope, such as the roof or the faรงade. By simultaneously serving as building envelope material and power generator, BIPV systems can provide savings in materials and electricity costs, reduce use of fossil fuels and emission of ozone depleting gases, and add architectural interest to the building. While the majority of BIPV systems are interfaced with the available utility grid, BIPV may also be used in stand-alone, off-grid systems. One of the benefits of grid-tied BIPV systems is that, with a cooperative utility policy, the storage system is essentially free.

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DE YO UNG A careful selection of sustainable building materials is the easiest way for architects to begin to incorporating the sustainable design principles in buildings.

Traditionally, price has been the foremost consideration when comparing the similar materials or in the materials designated for the exact same function. As the “off-the-shelf� is the price of a building component represents only in the new manufacturing and transportation and the costs,not social or environmental costs.

Constructed of warm, natural materials that includs copper, stone, wood and new glass, the new de Young blends with its natural surroundings.

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Within the federal sector, alone, it is estimated that expenditures for water and sewer run between $0.5 billion and $1 billion annually. Reducing water consumption and protecting water quality are key objectives of sustainable design. One critical issue of water consumption is that in many areas of the country, the demands on the supplying aquifer exceed its ability to replenish itself. To the maximum extent feasible, facilities should increase their dependence on water that is collected, used, purified, and reused on-site. One major part when conserving water is to incorporate existing trees when locating structures and powerlines, allowing room for them to grow if they are not at mature size. (The city’s Land Development Code tree preservation regulations controls commercial and multi

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family construction projects. Under these rules, trees with a trunk caliper of 8 inches or more must be included in a tree survey, and trees with a 19-inch caliper or more are considered protected.)Protect trees from damage during construction with clearly visible fencing located below the outermost branches and flags in overhanging branches.

See illustrations for where to locate fences. According to surveys conducted by Builder Magazine, trees can increase the value of a home by up to 15%. Plant deciduous trees on the west and southwest sides of structures. Such trees can create enough shade to lower roof and wall temperatures by up to 20 degrees.Deciduous trees that lose their leaves in winter will create summer shade and allow sunlight through open branches to warm and light the home during winter. Note that with leaves off, there can be significant shading from the branches. Shade can also be created by using a combination of landscape features, such as shrubs and vines on arbors or trellises.

Shade the outdoor compressor unit of an air conditioning system.

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G R EY WAT E R U S E C A N S I G N I F I C A N T LY R E D U C E T H E A M O U N T O F P OTA B L E WAT E R N E E D E D F O R L A N D S C A P I N G I R R I G AT I O N , TO I L E T F LU S H I N G A N D OTHER NON-DRINKING WATER APPLICATIONS. TO INCREASE GREYWATER RECOVERY AND USE, COORDINATE WITH LOCAL WATER AUTHORITIES TO E X P L A I N T H E VA LU E O F G R EY WAT E R R E C O V E RY A N D T H E B E N E F I T S T O T H E M A N D T H E I R C O M M U N I TY.

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A “cradle-to-grave” analysis of building products, from the gathering of raw materials to their ultimate disposal, provides a better understanding of the long-term costs of materials. These costs are paid not only by the client, but also by the owner, the occupants, and the environment. The principles of Life Cycle Design provide important guidelines for the selection of building materials. Each step of the manufacturing process, from gathering raw materials, manufacturing, distribution, and installation, to ultimate reuse or disposal, is examined for its environmental impact. A material’s life cycle can be organized into three phases: Pre-Building; Building; and Post-Building. These stages parallel the life cycle phases of the building itself (see this compendium’s Sustainable Building Design module). The evaluation of building materials’ environmental impact at each stage allows for a cost-benefit analysis over the lifetime of a building, rather than simply an accounting of initial construction costs.Michael Pawlyn was central to the Grimshaw team that set out to radically rethink horticultural architecture. Nature inspired the supremely efficient structural form and this was enclosed with an insulating polymer membrane that had one hundredth of the weight of a glass solution. The result is one of the lightest structures ever created and a building that is largely selfheating using passive solar design principles. The scheme has won numerous awards and is the only World Heritage Site created by a living architect. During its first three years of opening, the project contributed to the local economy and transformed many people’s perception of Cornwall. Michael Pawlyn was very central to the Grimshaw team that set out to radically rethink horticultural architecture. Nature inspired the supremely efficient structural form and this was enclosed with an insulating polymer membrane that had one hundredth of the weight of a glass solution.

The result is one of the lightest structures ever created and a building that is largely selfheating using passive solar design principles. The scheme has won numerous awards and is the only World Heritage Site created by a living architect. During its first three years of opening, the project contributed to the local economy and transformed many people’s perception of Cornwall. Michael Pawlyn was central to the Grimshaw team that set out to radically rethink horticultural architecture. Nature inspired the supremely efficient structural form and this was enclosed with an insulating polymer membrane that had one hundredth of the weight of a glass solution.

The result is one of the lightest structures ever created and a building that is largely self-heating using passive solar design principles. The scheme has won numerous awards and is the only World Heritage Site is created by a living architect.

During its very first three years of opening, the project contributed to the local economy and transformed the many people’s perception of Cornwall. Michael Pawlyn was central to the Grimshaw team that THE VERY BASIC INGREDIENTS FOR B U I L D I N G T H E P RO D U C TS, W H E T H E R I T set out to radically rethink horticultural architecture. Nature IS FOR CONCRETE WALLS OR ROOFING inspired the supremely efficient structural form and this was MEMBRANES, ARE OBTAINED BY MINING enclosed with an insulating polymer membrane that had one OR HARVESTING NATURAL RESOURCES T H E E X T R AC T I O N O F R AW M AT E R I A L S, hundredth of the weight of a glass solution. The result is WHETHER FROM RENEWABLE OR FINITE one of the lightest structures ever created and a building SOURCES, IS IN ITSELF A SOURCE OF that is largely self-heating using passive solar design SEVERE ECOLOGICAL DAMAGE, AND THE principles. The scheme has won numerous awards and RESULTS OF CLEAR-CU T T I N G F O R E STS AND THE STRIP MINING ONCE-PRISTINE is the only World Heritage Site created by a living LANDSCAPES HAVE BEEN DOCUMENTED. architect. During its first three years of opening, the project contributed to the local economy and transformed many people’s perception of Cornwall. Michael Pawlyn was central to the Grimshaw team that set out to radically rethink the horticultural architecture.

Nature has inspired the supremely efficient structural form and this was enclosed with an insulating polymer membrane that had one hundredth of the weight of a glass solution.

The result is one of the lightest structures ever created and a building that is largely self-heating using passive solar design principles.

The scheme has been winning numerous of awards and is the only one.

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The delicate grain of bamboo, whether natural or amber toned, make it a distinctive, elegant, and subtle material for fine furniture and flooring. Bamboo can withstand a great deal of use without damage. It’s stronger even than oak, considered the most durable hardwood.

When laminated, bamboo is nearly as strong as soft steel. Bamboo doesn’t swell or shrink as hardwoods do, making it ideal for furniture and floors. It grows fast. Bamboo is not a tree—it’s a grass, and it grows like one. Many species of bamboo can grow two feet or more a day. When it’s harvested, it need not be replanted, because it will grow a new shoot from its extensive root system. So bamboo renews itself readily, unlike hardwood trees, which, once cut, are gone forever. Bamboo is an endlessly renewable resource. It enhances the environment. Farmed bamboo stabilizes the earth with its roots, preventing erosion. It takes in greenhouse gasses and produces oxygen. In fact 35% more oxygen than an equivalent stand of trees. It can also provide habitat for birds and animals (though our bamboo is not preferred by pandas, and is therefore panda-safe). The embodied energy of a material, product, or assembly includes the energy required to extract and process the raw materials, manufacture the product, and transport the material and product from source to end use. Examples of building materials with high embodied energy are concrete, asphalt, metals, glass, and petroleum-based thermoplastics used as siding, flooring, insulation, and vapor barriers. Building products with lower embodied energy include wood, wood fiber, agricultural fiber, reused materials, and many recycled-content and byproduct-based products; energy inputs for the latter two are much lower due to greatly reduced processing energy. Reused materials are usually sold “as-is,” while recycled materials often take advantage of the previous energy inputs required to upgrade raw materials.

Ethylene tetrafluoroethylene, ETFE, is a new kind of plastic, and it was designed to have high corrosion resistance and strength over a very wide temperature range. Technically EFTE is a polymer, and it’s systematic name is poly. Efte has a very high melting temperature, excellent chemical, electrical and high energy radiation resistance properties.

When burned Efte releases hydrofluoric acid. The composition of materials used in a building is a major factor in its life-cycle and environmentally impact.

Whether new or renovated, its existing federal facilities must lead the way in the use of environmentally preferable products and processes that do not pollute or if unnecessarily contribute to the waste stream, do not adversely affect health, and do not deplete limited natural resources. As the first growing global economy expands the demand for raw materials, it is no longer sensible to throw away much of what we consider construction waste. Using a “cradle to-cradle” approach, the “waste” from one generation can become the “raw material” of the next. When developing specifications, product descriptions and standards, consider a broad range of environmental factors including: waste prevention, and recycle ability.

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The life-cycle approach to the design that stipulates new ecological, social, and economic impacts be understood across the lifetime of a new product, process, and material, technology, or services. In architecture this means that these impacts must be considered throughout the new lifespan of the building, from site selection, design, and construction to the new operation and demolition. Although that an all inclusive life cycle assessment would account for all inputs and outputs of materials and new energy throughout the duration of the new building, design for materials recovery focuses on the what Randy Croxton calls the Final Materials Strategy. Due to the often conflicting variables of cost, aesthetics, relative durability, code compliance, the owner’s needs and preferences, environmental and social concerns, and surrounding land uses, designing for the future reuse or recycling of a new building presents an imposing challenge to the new architecht.

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The composition of the materials used in a building is a very big factor in its life-cycle of environmental impacts. Whether it is new or renovated, the existing federal facilities must lead the long way in the use of environmentally preferable products and new processes that do not pollute or unnecessarily contribute to the waste stream, do not adversely affect health, and do not deplete limited natural resources.

As the growing global economy expands the demand for new raw materials, it is no longer sensible to throw away much more of what we consider construction waste. Using a “cradle to-cradle” approach, the “waste” from one generation can become the “raw material” of the next. When developing specifications, the product descriptions and standards, consider a very broad range of environmental factors including: waste prevention and recyclability, the use of recycled content , environmentally preferable, and bio based products, life-cycle cost, and ult imate disposal. It is important that green products perform the same as standard products over their new expected lives, therefore, it has been valuable to develop the durability plan, which informs material and some systems decisions assessing potential risk factors and the damage functions. Once it is identified, measures can be made in the building design to address the big risk factors.

This process follows every phase from pre design to building occupancy. Durability plans consider effects that are related to moisture, heat, sunlight, insects, material failure, ozone and acid rain, building funct ion, style and natural disasters. To prevent unnecessary use of resources in a project, include only the security measures identified by assessment and analysis. Evaluate the cost of comparable security measures before making your final decision, it makes a big difference.

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In October 2008, the U.S. Green Building Council awarded the Academy of Science a Platinum level LEED certification. The leed program, which stands for the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, was launched by the council back in 1998.

The program enables all segments of the building industry to seize the opportunity for leadership by implementing the nationally recognized guidelines for sustainable design and construction. In addition to demonstrating the new values of the Academy, a LEED-certified building costs less to operate and maintain and compared to a conventional building can make a significant impact in reducing carbon emissions. Points for the coveted LEED certificate are awarded in five key areas: a sustainable site development, water savings, and energy efficiency, materials selection, and indoor environmental quality.

The Green Building Council offers four levels of LEED certificates (Certified, Silver, Gold and Platinum).

They range from Certified, in which 50% of the points are achieved, to Platinum, in which 80% or more of the points are awarded. The Academy is now the largest public Platinum-rated building in the world, and also the world’s greenest museum with a total score of 54 points.The expansive, floor-to-ceiling walls of glass will enable 90% of the building’s interior offices to use lighting from natural sources.

The glass used in these perimeter walls surrounding the public floor were specially constructed with lowiron content. This feature removes a common green tint, providing exceptional clarity. From almost any p o i n t i n s i d e t h e m u s e u m , v i s i t o rs w i l l b e a b l e t o see the park outside in all its seasonal colors. The building will also feature operable office windows that employees can open and close as needed. On the main guest floor, an automated ventilation system takes advantage of the natural air currents of Golden Gate Park to regulate the temperature of the building.

Throughout the day and night, louvers will open and close, providing fresh air and cooling the building thereby reducing the dependence on traditional HVAC systems and chemical coolants. Skylights, providing natural light to the rainforest and aquarium, are designed to open and close automatically. Architect Renzo Piano achieved this in his design for the Living Roof. Not only does the green rooftop canopy visually connect the building to the park landscape, but it also provides significant gains in heating and cooling efficiency. The six inches of soil substrate on the roof act as natural insulation, and every year will keep approximately 3.6 million gallons of rainwater from becoming stormwater. The steep slopes of the roof also act as a natural ventilation system, funneling cool air into the open-air plaza on sunny days. The skylights perform as both ambient light sources and a cooling system, automatically opening on warm days to vent hot air from the building. Surrounding the Living Roof is a large glass canopy with a decorative band of incredible 60,000 photovoltaic cells.

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CY NG Ethylene tetrafluoroethylene, ETFE, is a new kind of plastic, and it was designed to have a high corrosion resistance and strength over a very wide temperature range. Technically Efte is a new polymer, and it’s systematic name is poly. Efte has a very high melting temperature, excellent chemical, electrical and a high energy radiation for resistance properties. When burned Efte releases a hydrofluoric acid. The composition of materials used in a new building is a major factor in its life cycle environmental impact. Whether it is new or renovated, existing federal facilities must lead the way in the use of environmentally preferable products and processes that do not pollute or unnecessarily contribute to the waste stream, do not adversely affect health, and do not deplete the limited natural resources. As the growing global economy expands the demand for new raw materials, it is no longer sensible to throw away much of what we consider a construction waste. Using a “cradle-to-cradle” approach, the “waste” from one generation can become the “raw material” of the next. When developing specifications, product descriptions and standards, consider a broad range of environmental factors including: waste prevention, and recyclability.

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During a building’s existence, it affects the local and global environments via a series of interconnected human activities and natural processes. At the early stage, site development and construction influence the indigenous ecological characteristics. Though temporary, the influx of the construction equipment and personnel onto a building site and process of construction itself disrupt the local ecology. In the procurement and manufacturing of the materials impact the global environment. Once built, building operation inflicts with the long-lasting impact on the environment. For instance, the energy and water used by its inhabitants produce toxic gases and sewage; the process of extracting, refining, and transporting all the resources used in building operat ion and maintenance also have numerous effects on the environment. Architectural professionals have to accept the fact that as a society’s economic status improves, its demand for architectural resources — land, buildings or the building products, energy, and other resources — will increase. This in turn i n c re a s e s t h e c o m b i n e d i m p a c t o f a rc h i t e c t u re on the big global ecosystem, which is made up of I N O R D E R T O E D U C AT E T H E S E inorganic elements, living NE W ARCHI TEC TS ON HOW TO organisms, and humans.

MEE T T HE DESIRED GOA L S OF C O E X I S T E N C E , W H I C H T H E R E The goal of a sustainable HAS BEEN A LONG DEVELOPMENT design is always to f ind OF A BR A ND NE W FR A ME WORK . architectural solutions T HERE A RE T HREE NE W L E V EL S that guarantee the well TO THIS NEW FR AMEWORK . THE Y ARE PRINCIPLES, STR ATEG IES, being and coexistence of AND METHODS. THESE NEW LEVELS the constituent group.

C O R R E S P O ND T O E A C H O F T H E NEW OBJECTIVES ADDED TO THE ARCHITECT’S NEW EDUCATIONAL P R O C E S S T H AT H A S C R E AT E D EN V IRONMEN TA L AWA RENES S

BY EXPLAINING THE PRINCIPLES OF THE BUILDING’S ECOSYSTEM, LEARNINGS HOW TO S TA RT THE DESIGN IN THE S U S T A I N A B L E BUILDINGS HAS BEEN A MA JOR S UB JE C T F O R I MP RO V EMEN T.

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By economizing resources, the architect reduces the use of nonrenewable resources in the construction and operation of the buildings. There is a continuous flow of the new resources, natural and manufactured, in and out of a building. This flow begins with the production of the new building materials and continues throughout the building’s life span to create an environment for sustaining human well-being and activities. After a building’s useful life, it should turn into new components for other buildings When examining a new building, consider two streams of resource flow. When upstream, the resources flow into the building as input to the building’s ecosystem. When downstream, resources flow out of the building as output from the building ecosystem. In a long run, any resources entered into a building ecosystem will eventually come out from it. This is the new law of resource flow conservation. For a given resource, its forms before entry to a building and after exit will be different. This transformation from input to output is caused by the many mechanical processes or human interventions rendered to the resources during their use in buildings. The input elements for the building ecosystem are each of these principles embody a unique set of strategies. Studying these strategies leads students to more thorough understanding of the architecture’s interaction with the greater environment. This is allowing them to further disaggregate and analyze specific methods architects can apply to reduce the e n v i ro n m e n t a l i m p a c t o f t h e new buildings they design. The diverse, with various and new forms, volumes, and environmental implicat ions The three new strategies for the economy of resources principle are energy the conservation, water conservation, and material conservation. Each focuses on a particular resource necessary for building construction and operation. After construction, a building requires a constant flow of energy input during its operation. The environmental impacts of the energy consumption by the buildings occur primarily away from the building site, t h ro u g h m i n i n g o r h a r v e s t i n g energy sources and the generating power. The energy consumed by a building in the process of heating, cooling, lighting, and equipment operation cannot be recovered. A building requires a large quantity of water for the purposes of drinking, the and cleaning.

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PRINTER Epson Pro Stylus 3800

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INK Epson UltraChrome K3 PAPER Moab Entrada Rag Bright 190 BINDING Perfect Binding by Cecilia Hedin TYPEFACES Headlines - Kunstware Body Copy - Gridnik STUDENT Cecilia Hedin

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INSTRUCTOR Ariel Grey CLASS Typography 3 DATE Spring ‘11

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COPYRIGHT © HEDIN 2011

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