Crossing Bridges: Democratization in the Middle East and a Christian Democratic Approach by Wilfried Martens Centre for European Studies

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Xj nXj j\\e è k_\ 0&(( XkkXZbj Xe[ k_\ Zil\c k\iifi`jk XZk`fej è j\m\iXc <lifg\Xe jkXk\j% -%)%) ;`gcfdXZp Xe[ [\dfZiXZp gifdfk`fe kffc K_\i\ Xi\ j\m\iXc kffcj ]fi gifdfkè^ [\dfZiXZp k_Xk Xi\ Xcc dXeX^\[ è k_\ Xi\eX f] èk\ieXk`feXc i\cXk`fej% K_\j\ Xi\ gfc`k`ZXc [`Xcf^l\ Xe[ e\^fk`Xk`fej# le`cXk\iXc [\ZcXiXk`fe# Xe[ e\^Xk`m\ Xe[ gfj`k`m\ Zfe[`k`feXc`kp% Gfc`k`ZXc [`Xcf^l\ Xe[ e\^fk`X$ k`fej ^`m\ iffd ]fi Xi^lè^ Xe[ YXi^Xèè^ gifZ\jj\j k_Xk ZXe c\X[ kf jfZ`Xc c\Xieè^ fi kf k_\ dXe`glcXk`fe f] k_\ jkXk\¨j Zfjk$Y\e\¯k ZXcZlcXk`fej k_ifl^_ gifd`j\j Xe[ k_i\Xkj% @e [\ZcXiXk`fej# k_\ [\dfZiXZp gifdfk\i ZXe mf`Z\ _`j fgè`fe fe k_\ [f$ d\jk`Z j`klXk`fe# èZcl[è^ fg\e giX`j\ Xe[ Zi`k`Z`jd% ;fe\ glYc`Zcp# k_`j §eXdè^ Xe[ j_Xdè^¨ ZXe Zi\Xk\ i\glkXk`fe Zfjkj k_Xk ]leZk`fe Xj Xe \ok\ieXc e\^Xk`m\ èZ\ek`m\% :fe[`k`feXc`kp ZXe X]]\Zk X jkXk\¨j Zfjk$Y\e\¯k ZXcZlcXk`fe è Yfk_ Xek`Z`gXk`fe X]k\i gifd`j\j fi k_i\Xkj Xi\ X[mXeZ\[ Xe[ è `kj XZklXc Xggc`ZXk`fe n_\e i\nXi[j Xi\ îXek\[ fi jXeZk`fej `dgfj\[% K_\j\ èjkild\ekj mXip è k_\ [\î\\ k_Xk k_\ i\^`d\j Xi\ èZcl[\[ Xe[ Xcjf è k_\ [\î\\ k_Xk k_\ \]]\Zkj f] k_\ èjkild\ekj [`jkliY [fd\jk`Z gfn\i i\cXk`fej j\\ KXYc\ * % KXYc\ *1 ;\dfZiXk`Z Kffcj ]fi ;\dfZiXZp Gifdfk`fe Influence mechanisms

low

External Incentives

Political dialogue and negotiations Influence through persuation & social learning Influence through bargaining (including threats ans promises)

high

Disturbance of domestic balance of power

Social Learning

Influence through rewards (i.e. the application of positive conditionality – can be linked to foreign assistance) Influence through declarations (naming & shaming) Influence through sactions (i.e. the application of negative conditionality)

Inclusion of Regime interactive mode

unilateral mode

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low high

Disturbance of domestic balance of power

Capacity Building Primary targets: s State institutions s Gongos s Non political NGOs s Political active NGOs s Media s Political active NGOs s Political parties s Exclusively opposition parties

With approval

Primary targets: s State institutions s Gongos s Non political NGOs s Political active NGOs s Media s Political active NGOs s Political parties s Exclusively opposition parties

Without approval Against dispproval Inclusion of regime in choosing targets

interactive mode

unilateral mode

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;Xe`j_ @ejk`klk\ ]fi @ek\ieXk`feXc Jkl[`\j# ;\dfZiXk`jXk`fe Xe[ J\Zli`kp è k_\ D`[$ [c\ <Xjk1 :_Xcc\e^\j Xe[ Gfjj`Y`c`k`\j :fg\e_X^\e# )'', % ;\cXZfliX# BXk\ièX# Gfc`k`ZXc GXik`\j Xe[ LJ ;\dfZiXZp Gifdfk`fe è <^pgk# GXg\i gi\gXi\[ ]fi k_\ Nfibj_fg fe §>cfYXc`jè^ GXikp 9Xj\[ ;\dfZiXZp¨# NXin`Zb Le`m\i$ j`kp .$/ Alcp )'', % ;XcXZfliX# BXk\ièX# §@jcXd`jk k\iifi`jd Xe[ k_\ D`[[c\ <Xjk ;\dfZiXki`Z ;\¯Z`k1 Gfc`k`ZXc <oZclj`fe# I\gi\jj`fe Xe[ k_\ :Xlj\j f] <oki\d`jd¨# ;\dfZiXk`qXk`fe# mfc% (*# ei% *# gg% ,'/$,), Ale\ )''- % ;`ccdXe# 9iX[]fi[# §@ek\ieXk`feXc DXib\kj Xe[ GXik`Xc <Zfefd`Z I\]fidj è Efik_ 8]i`ZX1 N_Xk @dgXZk fe ;\dfZiXk`qXk`fe6¨ ;\dfZiXk`qXk`fe# mfc% 0# ei% ( )'') % ;f :\l Gèkf# DXi`X# Gfc`k`ZXc @jcXd Xe[ k_\ Le`k\[ JkXk\j I\X[è^# (000 % <_i\e]\c[# IXZ_\c Xe[ 8cpjjX 8% CXgg\e# K_\ Kilk_ XYflk k_\ Dljc`d 9ifk_\i_ff[# =ifekGX^\DX^Xqè\%Zfd Ale\ (-# )''- % <cXqXi# ;Xe`\c# Al[X`jd Xe[ ;\dfZiXZp1 K_\ I\Xc`kp# nnn%aZXg%fi^&[a\&Xik`Zc\j)&al[$ [\dfZ%_kd% <cj\m`\i# K_\dXeldd\i @jcXd 8djk\i[Xd# )''- % <jgfj`kf# Af_e C% Xe[ Mfcc# Af_e# §@jcXd Xe[ ;\dfZiXZp¨ ?ldXe`k`\j Efm\dY\i&;\$ Z\dY\i )''( % <jgfj`kf# Af_e C% Xe[ ;Xc`X Df^X_\[# N_f Jg\Xbj ]fi @jcXd61 N_Xk X 9`cc`fe Dljc`dj I\Xccp K_èb >Xcclg Gi\jj# DXiZ_ )''/ % <lifg\Xe Le`fe# 9\jk\ddè^ <lifgX1 @dd`îXk`\ \e èk\îXk`\ è [\ <lifg\j\ Le`\ 9iljj\cj )'', % <lifg\Xe Le`fe# <^pgk1 :flekip JkiXk\^p GXg\i 9iljj\cj# AXelXip )''. % =i\ekfg# GXlc §<i `j `\kj d`j d\k [\ `jcXd¨ ?G&;\ Kà[ , FZkfY\i )'') % >Xcclg Fi^Xe`qXk`fe# Jg\Z`Xc I\gfik1 Dljc`d Nfic[ GièZ\kfe# )''- % >XdY`cc# >Xip# §<ogcXèè^ k_\ 8iXY ;\dfZiXZp ;\¯Z`k¨ D`[[c\ <Xjk @ek\cc`^\eZ\ 9lc$ c\kè# nnn%d\`Y%fi^&Xik`Zc\j&'*')Vd\%_kd =\YilXip&DXiZ_ )''* %

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>Xlj\# >i\^fip# §:Xe ;\dfZiXZp Jkfg K\iifi`jd6¨ =fi\`ê 8]]Xìj# mfc% /+# ei% ,# gg% -)$.- )'', % >\cmè# AXd\j# K_\ Df[\ie D`[[c\ <Xjk1 8 ?`jkfip E\n Pfib# )'', % >`cc\jg`\# I`Z_Xi[ Xe[ N_`k\_\X[# CXli\eZ\# §<lifg\Xe [\dfZiXZp Gifdfk`fe è Efik_ 8]i`ZX1 C`d`kj Xe[ Gifjg\Zkj¨# ;\dfZiXk`qXk`fe mfc% 0# ei% (# gg% (0)$)'- )'') % >`cc\jg`\# I`Z_Xi[# 8 Gfc`k`ZXc 8^\e[X ]fi I\^`fe 9l`c[è^6 K_\ <DG Xe[ ;\dfZiXZp Gifdfk`fe è Efik_ 8]i`ZX# @ejk`klk\ f] <lifg\Xe Jkl[`\j 9\ib\c\p# )''+ % >iXp# Af_e# 8c HX\[X Xe[ N_Xk `k D\Xej kf Y\ Df[\ie Cfe[fe# )''* % ?XdqXep# 8di Xe[ 9ifne# EXk_Xe# :Xe <^pgk¨j KiflYc\[ <c\Zk`fej Gif[lZ\ X Dfi\ ;\dfZiXk`Z =lkli\6 :Xie\^`\ Gfc`Zp Flkcffb ;\Z\dY\i )'', % ?XdqXnp# 8di# :_Xcc\e^\j Xe[ Gifjg\Zkj ]fi Gfc`k`ZXc C`Y\iXc`qXk`fe è <^pgk# :Xie$ \^`\ <e[fnd\ek ]fi @ek\ieXk`feXc G\XZ\ )( 8gi`c )'', % ?Xii`j# C\\# :`m`c`qXk`fe Xe[ `kj <e\d`\j1 K_\ E\ok JkX^\ f] ?`jkfip E\n Pfib# )''+ % ?XjjXe# I`]¯k# §N\jk\e n\\k m\\c k\ n\è`^ fm\i `jcXd¨ EI: ?Xe[\cjYcX[ ) DXp )''- % ?Xnk_fie\# 8dp# D`[[c\ <Xjk\ie ;\dfZiXZp1 @j :`m`c JfZ`\kp k_\ 8ejn\i6# :Xie\^`\ GXg\ij ++ DXiZ_ )''+ % ?\ìdXe# DXib# Ffjk\ij\ [X^\e# 8iXY`jZ_\ eXZ_k\e 8ekn\ig# )'', % ?fjj\è$QX[\_# @jdX\c# §K_\ Dljc`d Nfic[ Xe[ k_\ N\jk1 K_\ Iffkj f] :fe°`Zk¨# 8iXY Jkl[`\j HlXik\icp Jldd\i )'', % ?lekè^kfe# JXdl\c G%# K_\ :cXj_ f] :`m`c`qXk`fej Xe[ k_\ I\dXbè^ f] Nfic[ Fi[\i Cfe[fe# (00. % @YiX_`d# 8enXi# §Le`m\ijXc MXcl\j Xe[ Dljc`d ;\dfZiXZp¨# AflieXc f] ;\dfZiXZp# mfc% (.# ei% * Alcp )''- % @YiX_`d# JXX[ <[[è# §I\m`mè^ D`[[c\ <Xjk\ie C`Y\iXc`jd# AflieXc f] ;\dfZiXZp# mfc%(+# ei% (+ FZkfY\i )''* %

(),

:IFJJ@E> 9I@;><J

@e^c\_Xik# IfeXc[# K_\ Nfic[ M`\nj f] @jcXd`Z GlYc`Zj è >cfYXc G\ijg\Zk`m\ D`Z_`$ ^Xe# )'', % @ek\ieXk`feXc :i`j`j >iflg# @jcXd`jd è Efik_ 8]i`ZX @@1 <^pgk¨j Fggfikle`kp )''+ % @ek\ieXk`feXc :i`j`j >iflg# <^pgk¨j Dljc`d 9ifk_\ij1 :ife]ifekXk`fe fi @ek\îXk`fe6# D`[[c\ <Xjk&Efik_ 8]i`ZX I\gfik Ef% .- Ale\ )''/ % @ek\ieXk`feXc :i`j`j >iflg# I\]fidè^ <^pgk1 @e J\XiZ_ f] X JkiXk\^p FZkfY\i )'', % @ek\ieXk`feXc :i`j`j >iflg# Le[\ijkXe[è^ @jcXd`jd DXiZ_ )'', % @ek\ieXk`feXc :i`j`j >iflg# @jiX\c&?`qYfccX_&C\YXefe1 8mf`[è^ I\e\n\[ :fe°`Zk Efm\dY\i )''- % @jj\if]]# 8d`# §K_\ G\XZ\ GifZ\jj `j ;\X[# Cfe^ C`m\ k_\ G\XZ\ GifZ\jj¨# D`[<XjkN\Y# nnn%d`[\Xjkn\Y%fi^&fjcf]X`c\[%_kd (. AXelXip )''* % C\`b\e# IfY\ik Xe[ 9iffb\# Jk\m\# §K_\ Df[\iXk\ Dljc`d 9ifk_\i_ff[¨# =fi\`ê 8]$ ]Xìj DXiZ_&8gi`c )''. % Cfn# ;Xm`[# <ogXe[è^ ;\dfZiXZp 8ifle[ k_\ Nfic[1 Gifjg\Zkj Xe[ :_Xcc\e^\j )''* % B\g\c# >`cc\j# K_\ NXi ]fi Dljc`d Dè[j1 @jcXd Xe[ k_\ N\jk ?XimXi[# )''+ % B\Xc# GXlc \[% # <k_`Zj Xe[ =fi\`ê Gfc`Zp :XeY\iiX# (00) % B`\ec\# <Y\i_Xi[# 8 >iXe[ ;\clj`fe1 ;\dfZiXZp Xe[ <Zfefd`Z I\]fid è <^pgk Cfe$ [fe Xe[ E\n Pfib# )''' % @ek\ieXk`feXc :fdd`jj`fe fe @ek\im\ek`fe Xe[ JkXk\ Jfm\i\`êkp# K_\ I\jgfej`Y`c`kp kf Gifk\Zk FkkfnX# ;\Z\dY\i )''( % AXej\e# Af_Xee\j A%>%# §;\ k\ii\li mXe [\ YiXe[\e[\ X]^lejk¨# @ek\ieXk`feXc\ Jg\ZkX$ kfi# gg% ,*,$*0 Efm\dY\i )''+ % CX^\e[àb# Affjk Xe[ N`\ijdX AXe DXièlj# Jkli\e Yà [\ dfjc`dYli\e1 ?f\ <lifgX [\dfZiXk`\ bXe Y\mfi[\i\e )''. % C`ccX# DXib# K_\ Jk`ccYfie >f[1 I\c`^`fe# Gfc`k`Zj# Xe[ k_\ Df[\ie N\jk )''. %

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;<DF:I8K@Q8KFE @E K?< D@;;C< <8JK 8E; 8 :?I@JK@8E ;<DF:I8K@: 8GGIF8:?

C\n`j# 9\ieXi[# §K_\ Iffkj f] Dljc`d IX^\¨# 8kcXek`Z Dfek_cp mfc% )--# gg% +.$-' J\gk\dY\i (00' % C\n`j# 9\ieXi[# K_\ :i`j`j f] @jcXd1 ?fcp NXi Xe[ Le_fcp K\iifi E\n Pfib# )''* % Cfi[ :ifd\i# Df[\ie <^pgk E\n Pfib# (0'/ % Clp\e[àb# Afi`j# ?\k qàe e\k d\ej\e 8djk\i[Xd# )''- % DXZife# DXip# 8iXY :feki`Ylk`fej kf :`m`c`qXk`fe NXj_è^kfe# ;%:%# (00) % DXd[Xe`# DX_dff[# >ff[ Dljc`d# 9X[ Dljc`d E\n Pfib# )''+ % DXej¯\c[# <[nXi[ Xe[ Jep[\i# AXZb# <c\Zkè^ kf =`^_k1 N_p <d\i^è^ ;\dfZiXZ`\j >f kf NXi D@K Gi\jj# )'', % DZ:Xik_p# Aljkè# K_\ GfglcXk`fe f] GXc\jkè\1 GfglcXk`fe ?`jkfip Xe[ JkXk`jk`Zj f] k_\ CXk\ FkkfdXe G\i`f[ Xe[ k_\ DXe[Xk\ E\n Pfib# (00' % D\ie`jj`# =Xk`dX# @jcXd Xe[ ;\dfZiXZp1 =\Xi f] k_\ Df[\ie Nfic[ E\n Pfib# (00) % DfX[[\[# DXejffi \[% # MXcl\j Xe[ G\iZ\gk`fej f] k_\ @jcXd`Z Xe[ D`[[c\ <Xjk\ie GlYc`Zj E\n Pfib )''. % DfXq# 8j_\i# §:Xe Al[X`jd J\im\ Xj X JfliZ\ f] ?ldXe I`^_kj6¨# K\c 8m`m Le`m\ij`kp CXn =XZlckp GXg\ij )'', % Dfii`j# 9\eep# I`^_k\flj M`Zk`dj# X ?`jkfip f] k_\ Q`fe`jk$8iXY :fe°`Zk (//($(000 E\n Pfib )''' % Dlj_XiYXj_# PXjjè# §N_Xk 8c$HX`[X I\Xccp NXekj¨# ;\i Jg`\^\c fe$cè\ () 8l^ljk )'', % E8KF GXic`Xd\ekXip 8jj\dYcp# D\[`k\iXe\Xe Jg\Z`Xc >iflg# K_\ P\Xi f] <c\Zk`fej è k_\ D`[[c\ <Xjk# 9iljj\cj# Alcp )''- % E\k_\icXe[j @ejk`klk\ ]fi Dlck`gXikp ;\dfZiXZp E@D; # Ef CXjkè^ G\XZ\ Xe[ Gifj$ g\i`kp n`k_flk ;\dfZiXZp Xe[ ?ldXe I`^_kj1 ?Xie\jjè^ ;\YXk\j fe k_\ <L¨j =lkli\ =èXeZ`Xc @ejkild\ekj Alcp )'', % E\k_\icXe[j JZ`\ek`¯Z :fleZ`c ]fi >fm\ied\ek Gfc`Zp NII # ;peXd`jd è @jcXd`Z 8Z$ k`m`jd1 I\]\i\eZ\ Gfèkj ]fi ;\dfZiXk`qXk`fe Xe[ ?ldXe I`^_kj 8djk\i[Xd# )''- %

().

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E\`c# :cXib# §K_\ I\klie f] 8iXYfg_fY`X¨# K_\ >lXi[`Xe )' FZkfY\i )''* % FkkXnXp# DXièX# §<mXclXkè^ D`[[c\ <Xjk I\]fid1 ?fn ;f N\ Befn N_\e @k @j J`^$ e`¯ZXek6¨# :Xie\^`\ GXg\ij =\YilXip )'', % Fl[_\lj[\e# AXe mXe# ;\ ^\jZ_`\[\e`j mXe _\k D`[[\e$Ffjk\e è \\e efk\e[fg )'', % IXp# AXd\j C\\# §;f\j ;\dfZiXZp :Xlj\ G\XZ\6¨# 8eelXc I\m`\n f] Gfc`k`ZXc JZ`\eZ\# gg% ).$+- (00/ % I\j\XiZ_ @ejk`klk\ ]fi k_\ :;8# @em\jkè^ è @ek\îXk`fe1 I\°\Zk`fej fe ;`m\ij`kp Xe[ :fddfeXc`kp K_\ ?X^l\# )''* % Ifjj# ;\ee`j# K_\ D`jjè^ G\XZ\1 K_\ @ej`[\ Jkfip f] k_\ =`^_k ]fi D`[[c\ <Xjk G\XZ\¨ E\n Pfib# )''+ % Ifjj# D`Z_X\c# §;f\j F`c ?è[\i ;\dfZiXZp6¨# Nfic[ Gfc`k`Zj ,*&*# gg% *),$-( 8gi`c )''( % Ifp# JXiX_ §N_p G\XZ\ =X`c\[1 8e Fjcf 8lkfgjp¨ :lii\ek ?`jkfip AXelXip )'') % G\n I\j\XiZ_ :\ek\i# K_\ >i\Xk ;`m`[\1 ?fn N\jk\ie\ij Xe[ Dljc`dj M`\n <XZ_ Fk_\i NXj_è^kfe# ;%:%# )) Ale\ )''- % G\n I\j\XiZ_ :\ek\i# @jcXd`Z <oki\d`jd1 :fddfe :feZ\ie ]fi Dljc`d Xe[ N\jk\ie GlYc`Zj (+ Ale\ )'', % Gàg\ij# 8c]i\[# <\e e`\ln <lifg\\j \e^X^\d\ek è _\k D`[[\e$Ffjk\e6 :cè^\e$ [X\c# ;\e ?XX^ )'') % GBE# ?\k @jiX\c`jZ_$GXc\jkàej$8iXY`jZ_ Zfe°`Zk# Yà[iX^\ XXe d\eè^jmfidè^ è [\ Gifk\jkXekj\ B\ib è E\[\icXe[ FZkfY\i )''. % IXj_[Xe# DX_dfl[# §?`^_\i <[lZXk`fe# ;\m\cfgd\ek Xe[ ;\dfZiXZp è k_\ 8iXY Nfic[¨# :J@; :fe]\i\ek`\ 8gi`c )'', % I`\]]\i# 9XiYXiX 8ee Xe[ D\iZ\i# Bi`jkXe# §LJ ;\dfZiXZp Gifdfk`fe1 K_\ :cèkfe Xe[ 9lj_ 8[dè`jkiXk`fej¨# >cfYXc JfZ`\kp# mfc% (0# ei% + )'', % JX`[# <[nXi[# :fm\iè^ @jcXd1 ?fn k_\ D\[`X Xe[ k_\ <og\ikj ;\k\idè\ ?fn N\ J\\ k_\ I\jk f] k_\ Nfic[ E\n Pfib# (00. %

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JX`[# <[nXi[ N%# Fi`\ekXc`jd E\n Pfib# (0./ % JX`bXc# 8dè §K_\ D`[[c\ <Xjk1 ;\dfZiXZp Xe[ 8lk_fi`kXi`Xe`jd¨# jg\\Z_ fe @ek\i$ eXk`feXc :fe]\i\eZ\ ¥K_\ =lkli\ f] @jcXd# ;\dfZiXZp Xe[ 8lk_fi`kXi`Xe`jd è k_\ Dljc`d Nfic[¦ AXbXikX# -$. ;\Z\dY\i )''+ % JZ_X\]\i# L[f# è I\e\ ;\ibj\ \[% @jcXd1 [\ feY\î\g\e i\c`^`\ ;\e ?XX^# (0// % J_XebcXe[# ;Xm`[# @jcXd Xe[ JfZ`\kp è Klib\p (000 % JZ_X\gj# A\g \[% # Ffjk\ijZ_\ N\\c[\1 [\ Fi`Ôek è N\jk\ij\ blejk C\`[\e# )'', % JZ_\]]\i# GXlc# 8Y\c ?\iqY\i^ C\qè^ )''+ % J\e# 8dXikpX# §;\dfZiXZp Xj X Le`m\ijXc MXcl\¨# AflieXc f] ;\dfZiXZp# mfc% ('# ei% *# gg% *$(.# (000 % J_X[`[# N%8% Xe[ G% J% mXe Bfeè^jm\c[# ;\ dpk_\ mXe _\k `jcXd`k`jZ_\ ^\mXXi1 ?è[\ie`jj\e Yà èk\îXk`\ BXdg\e# (00,# kn\\[\ [ilb % J_X_\\e# AXZb# I\\c 9X[ 8iXYj1 ?fn ?fccpnff[ M`c`¯\j X G\fgc\ Efik_Xdgkfe# )''( % J_XbdXe ?li[# <c`qXY\k_# J\ZlcXi`jd Xe[ ;\dfZiXZp è k_\ D`[[c\ <Xjk# GXg\i Gi\gXi\[ ]fi k_\ :\ek\i ]fi Jkl[p f] @jcXd Xe[ ;\dfZiXZp# =flik_ 8eelXc :fe]\i\eZ\ (- DXp )''* % J_XiXebjp# EXkXe Xe[ ;\id\i# Ife# K_\ :Xj\ ]fi ;\dfZiXZp1 K_\ Gfn\i f] =i\\[fd kf Fm\iZfd\ KpiXeep Xe[ K\iifi E\n Pfib# )''+ % J_Xm`k# 8i`# §I\Xc`kp 9`k\j¨# ?X¨Xi\kq (' AXelXip )''* % Jd`k_# BXi\e Xe[ C`^_k# DXi^fk# \[j%# <k_`Zj Xe[ =fi\`ê Gfc`Zp :XdYi`[^\# )''( % Jfn\cc# K_fdXj# NXXifd _Xk\e `jcXd`jk\e _\k N\jk\e6# nnn%c`Y\ikXi`Xe%ec% JkX_e# 8e[i\Xj Xe[ ?ácc\e# M\iX mXe# ;`]]\i\ek 8Zkfij# ;`]]\i\ek Kffcj6 8ggifXZ_è^ <L Xe[ LJ ;\dfZiXZp Gifdfk`fe è k_\ D\[`k\iiXe\Xe Xe[ k_\ E\ncp @e[\g\e[\ek JkXk\j# GXg\i gi\gXi\[ ]fi k_\ <lifg\Xe Le`fe Jkl[`\j 8jjfZ`Xk`fe <LJ8 K\ek_ 9`\ee`Xc @ek\ieXk`feXc :fe]\i\eZ\ Dfeki\Xc# :XeX[X# (.$(0 DXp )''. % KXpcfi# :_Xic\j# 8 j\ZlcXi 8^\# :XdYi`[^\ Xe[ Cfe[fe )''. %

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K_\ <Zfefd`jk#§?fn >fm\ied\ekj _Xe[c\ k_\ e\nj¨ . =\YilXip )''/ % L[èb# 9\kjp# 8ccX_ \e <mX 8djk\i[Xd# )''- % Le`k\[ EXk`fej# 8cc`XeZ\ f] :`m`c`qXk`fej# E\n Pfib# (* Efm\dY\i )''- % LE;G# 8iXY ?ldXe ;\m\cfgd\ek I\gfik1 :i\Xkè^ Fggfikle`k`\j ]fi k_\ =lkli\ )'') E\n Pfib# )'') % LE;G# 8iXY ?ldXe ;\m\cfgd\ek I\gfik1 9l`c[è^ X Befnc\[^\ JfZ`\kp )''* E\n Pfib# )''* % LE;G# 8iXY ?ldXe ;\m\cfgd\ek I\gfik1 KfnXi[j =i\\[fd è k_\ 8iXY Nfic[ )''+ E\n Pfib# )''+ % LE;G# 8iXY ?ldXe ;\m\cfgd\ek I\gfik1 KfnXi[j k_\ I`j\ f] Nfd\e è k_\ 8iXY Nfic[ )'', E\n Pfib# )'', % M\ijk\^\e# NpYi\e# §8c 8e[Xcf\j¨# Kifln () Efm\dY\i )'', % Mfcc# Af_e F%# @jcXd1 :fekèl`kp Xe[ :_Xe^\ è k_\ Df[\ie Nfic[ JpiXZlj\# (00+ % N\k\ejZ_Xgg\càb\ IXX[ mffi _\k I\^\iè^jY\c\`[# ;peXd`\b è `jcXd`k`jZ_ XZk`m$ `jd\1 8Xebfgè^jglek\e mffi [\dfZiXk`j\iè^ \e d\ej\ei\Z_k\e ;\e ?XX^# )''- % N\p\i# IfY\ik mXe [\# ;\ @jcXd \e _\k N\jk\e 8Xikj\cXXi# )'') % Ni`^_k# CXni\eZ\# K_\ Cffdè^ Kfn\ij1 8c$HX\[X Xe[ k_\ IfX[ kf 0&(( E\n Pfib# )''- % PXZflY`Xe# DfeX# Gifdfkè^ D`[[c\ <Xjk ;\dfZiXZp1 <lifg\Xe @e`k`Xk`m\j NXj_è^$ kfe# ;%:%# FZkfY\i )''+ % PXZflY`Xe# DfeX# Gifdfkè^ D`[[c\ <Xjk ;\dfZiXZp @@1 8iXY @e`k`Xk`m\j NXj_è^$ kfe# ;%:%# DXp )'', % P\¨fi# 9Xk# K_\ ;_`dd`1 A\nj Xe[ :_i`jk`Xej Le[\i @jcXd :iXeYlip# (0/, % Pfle^j# I`Z_Xi[# <lifg\¨j LeZ\ikXè Glijl`k f] D`[[c\ <Xjk I\]fid# :Xie\i^`\ GXg\i Ef% +, Ale\ )''+ %

(*'

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Pfle^j# I`Z_Xi[# <lifg\¨j =cXn\[ 8ggifXZ_ kf 8iXY ;\dfZiXZp# :\eki\ ]fi <lifg\Xe I\]fid <jjXpj Cfe[fe# )''- % QXbXi`X# =Xi\\[# §?fn kf NX^\ NXi¨# E\njn\\b )( 8gi`c )''* % QXbXi`X# =Xi\\[# K_\ =lkli\ f] =i\\[fd1 @cc`Y\iXc ;\dfZiXZp Xk ?fd\ Xe[ 8YifX[ E\n Pfib# )''+ % Qf^Yp# AXd\j# N_Xk 8iXYj K_`eb1 MXcl\j# 9\c`\]j Xe[ Gfc`k`ZXc :feZ\iej E\n Pfib# )''* %

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