Senegal - Kaffrine

Kaffrine Usambara Tanzania Senegal CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS)

Site Atlas

CCAFS site atlas

Correct citation: Sijmons K., Kiplimo J., Förch W., Thornton P.K., Moussa, A.S. and Zougmoré, R. (2013). CCAFS Site Atlas – Kaffrine. CCAFS site atlas series. The CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS). Copenhagen, Denmark. Available online at: www.ccafs.cgiar.org Titles in this series aim to disseminate interim climate change, agriculture and food security research and practices and stimulate feedback from the scientific community.

This document is published by the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) which is a strategic partnership between CGIAR and Future Earth. CCAFS is supported by the CGIAR Fund, the Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA), the Australian Government Overseas Aid Program (AusAid), Irish Aid, Environment Canada, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs for the Netherlands, the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC), Instituto de Investigação Científica Tropical (IICT), UK Aid, the Government of Russia, and the European Union (EU). The Program is carried out with technical support from the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) Contact: CCAFS Coordinating Unit - Faculty of Science, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 21, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark. Tel: +45 35331046; Email: ccafs@cgiar.org Creative Commons License

This Atlas is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution – NonCommercial–NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License.

Articles appearing in this publication may be freely quoted and reproduced provided the source is acknowledged. No use of this publication may be made for resale or other commercial purposes. ©2013 CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS).

DISCLAIMER: This Atlas Series has been prepared as an output for Theme 4.2 under the CCAFS program and has not been peer reviewed. Any opinions stated herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the policies or opinions of CCAFS, donor agencies, or partners. The geographic designation employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of CCAFS concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

All images remain the sole property of their source and may not be used for any purpose without written permission of the source.

Contents Chapter 1: Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................................................................. iv Regional Map.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 Topographic Map ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 2 Satellite Map .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3 Chapter 2: Climate and Climate Variability Annual Rainfall ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 4 Annual Temperature ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 5 Aridity Index ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6 Chapter 3: Bio-Physical Characteristics Altitude............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 7 Soil Type ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 8 Agro-Ecological Zones ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 9 Landcover ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 10 Landuse .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 11 Length of Growing Period 2000 ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 12 Length of Growing Period 2030 ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 13 Crop Suitability ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 14

Livestock Production Systems ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 15 Livestock Density ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 16 Chapter 4: Socio-Economic Factors Livelihood Zones............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 17 Human Population Density ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 18 Market Access ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 19 Poverty ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 20 Conservations Areas....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 21 References and Data Sources........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 22

Introduction The CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) seeks to promote a food-secure world through the provision of science-based efforts that support sustainable agriculture and enhance livelihoods while adapting to climate change and conserving natural resources and environmental services.

Climate change is an unprecedented threat to the food security of hundreds of millions of people who depend on small-scale agriculture for their livelihoods. Climate change affects agriculture and food security, and likewise, agriculture and natural resource management affect the climate system.

CCAFS has initially focused on three regions; East Africa (EA), West Africa (WA) and South Asia (SA) to carry out its research. The 15 CCAFS sites in these areas represent areas that are becoming both drier and wetter, and are focal locations that will generate results that can be applied and adapted to other regions worldwide. In this year, 2013, CCAFS is expanding its portfolio to additional sites in Latin America and South-East Asia.

These sites serve as the initial focus of CCAFS partnership-building and long-term research activities falling within the following CCAFS Research Themes; Adaptation to Progressive Climate Change, Adaptation through Managing Climate Risk, Pro-Poor Climate Change Mitigation and Integration for Decision Making. At all 15 CCAFS sites, baseline surveys have been conducted, including three levels of data collection and analysis at household, village and organizational levels (see: http://ccafs.cgiar.org/resources/baseline-surveys).

More information on CCAFS work in all the three regions can be accessed at www.ccafs.cgiar.org To better understand the CCAFS sites’ characteristics, a list of geospatial indicators for climate variability, bio-physical characteristics and socio-economic variables have been mapped into site atlases.

This Atlas was developed for the CCAFS site at Kaffrine in Senegal, in West Africa Region.

IV

CCAFS Sites: West Africa

20ºN 0º

0º

10ºN

0º

20ºN

10ºW

10ºN

20ºW

20ºW

10ºW

0º

Burkina Faso: Yatenga (BF01) Ghana: Lawra-Jirapa (GH01) Mali: Segou (MA01) Niger: Kollo (NI01) Senegal: Kaffrine (SE01) CCAFS Country Sites

Citation: GeoMapa (2013a)

1

Topography Kaffrine 16°W

15°30'W 15°W Demba Koura ( !

Balol ( Tané ( ! !

Patakour ! ( Domak Gaima Tapsir ! ( ( Gaina Grinel !

Alika ( !

Ouada Darou Mbake ( Tévè Keur Massé !

Leve ( ! ( ! ( !

Dargouyé ( ! ( ! ( Colobane !

Ndiodori Ndioumane ! ( Yari Gouye ( ! ( !

Diamel Diaorel Darou Sagor Kaïga ( ! !

Araldé ( ! ( !

Vang Kelkome ( Seo Toure ! ( ! ( !

Koba ! ( Sidak Barkedji ( ( ! ( ! ( !

Gouye Sambabane ( ! ( !

Diabel ( ! ( ! ( !

Touba Boule Moure Seo ( ! ( !

Keur Ndame Gobak ( !

Dan Tiadi ( !

Bountou Mbar ( !

Maodo Darou Salam !

Nesséona ( Gapassel ( ! ( ! ( ! ( Mbar !

Guiné ( !

Pailar Bélé ( ! ( Diene Lagane ! ( Gossas ! ( Tioumbo !

Darou Salam ( !

Babane Oualof ( !

Sab Sabre ( Dianveli-Alassane !

Niapguel ! ( ! ( ( !

Mbégué ( !

Panal Damadji ( !

Ouadiour Rhaye Bayar Dam Gassel Boguel Loumbol ! ( ( ! ( Gnibi ! ( ( ! ( ! ( ( !

Missira Tioyene !

Binngel ( ! !

Gadada Diatmel Moussa ( ! ( !

Tieneba ( ! ( Mayaye ! ( !

Gouyaré ( ! ( !

Quarkere Bondié ( !

Dinnguier Loumbel Keli ( !

Sabar ( !

Koum-Koum Bam Djigane Tiom ( ! ( ! ( Taïf ! ( !

Galoulé Wore Lanel Kourou Loumbol ( ! ( ! ( Dioum Guennt !

Mbétét Mbos ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Ouadene Laneane! ( ( Até Ndiaye!

Waoumane ! ( ( ( !

Médina Sambène ( !

Mbabane Laloye Ourour Diarhao ( Seli ( !

Diouni Guel! ( ! ( !

Bane !

Davene ( !

Bodé ( ( !

Goulo Koum Kourou Diobène ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( Lévé ! ( !

Maka Baye Torodo Boulel ( Thioyene ! ( Diobene ! ( Darou !

Diote Kelbiram ! ( ! ( ( Tag Gueye Tiadie Babou ! ( ! ( Alouki ! ( Gainte Pathe !

Kounar ( Guinguinéo !

Tivaouane Delby ( ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Diaké Ndiolrhos Keur Babam ( ! ( ! ( Boudiéguel ! !

Paffa ( Goubi ( ! ( !

Nguékor Ngar Guèye Dianke Souf ( ! ( !

Kaye Boubou ( ! ( Bela ! ( !

Delbi Bayandour !

Boul Peul Tiobe ( !

Yassi ( Bak ( !

Gadiaga ( ! ( Paffa ! ( ! ( ! ( Bidiam !

Babanem Gnaba ( Ngouye Dieri !

Ndieng Kongoli Kirpa ( !

Sorokogne ! ( Diamaguene ( !

Darou Moussa ( ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Dodj ( Gati Peulh !

KaolackKahone ( !

Keur Aliou Sissé ! ( ! ( Medina Diam Diam Medina Fas Gayene Fas ! ( ! ( ( Keur Modj ! ( ! . !( ! ( Tanem Keur Sasndao Hokar !

Toune ( ! ( ! ( !

(Taiba Ndioufene !

Taoua ! ( ( ! ( ! ( Gatie Naoude ! ! ( ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( Bélogne Parassel Fass Diayene !

Tobéne ( Sintiou Kafate !

Kaffrine Birklane Korki Kanka ( ! . ! ( !

Kounias Ngouye Siouarh ( !

Ndakar Keur Yoro Barou Pete ( ! ( !

Keur Tierno Tala ( Tialene ! ( ( ! ( ! ! ( ( !

Arafa !

Tisse ( Sinntiou Adar ! ( !

Segre Seko ( ! ( !

Tiarene Lanta Sintie Alenndao Koïlal ( !

Taiffa Taiba Malem ( Por Rarame Maka Yop ! ( !

Kawil Keur Ali Gassam ! ( Kassassa ( !

Béné Djouma ( ! ( !

Katial Niahène Koumbal Katakel ( ! ( Koungheul ! ( ! ( ( ! ( ! ( !

Nguiedj ! ( !

Seyane Bandioul Bante ( !

Ngouye ( ! ( !

Darou Koudous Bali ( !

Keur Sosse Keur Saïdou ( ! ( Kalial !

Gotou Peul ( ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Koulegna ( !

Mbaye Mbaye ( Diambour Nandjigui ! ( ( !

Touba !

Dioli ( !

Diokoul Koutia Katiot Bailar Taoua ( !

Katiaouane Gobak Taiba Mbadio ! ( ( ! ( ! ( ! ( Keur Tianderi ! ( ! ( !

Kerma Fass ( ! ( !

Ndiaouara Ndiankot ( ! ( Ndianiene !

Nguiere Demissira Saham Diébel Mabo ( ! ( ! ( !

Ndieme Goundl ! ( ! ( Tialene ! ( ! ( ! ( N'Dofan Mousdalifa ! ( ! ( ! ( ( ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Sinntiou Vanar ( !

Bouma Keur Biram Keur Samba Dioubane Keur Diabel Mara Dioubene Taiba Medina ( ! ( !

Pete Tiangaye ( ! ( Ndioli ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Kaifara ( ! ( Diapto !

Pakala ( !

Sine Moktar ( ! ( Keur Madiabel !

Daro Koudous Minal ( !

Ndankou ( !

Touba Ali Fana Layene Koredia ( !

Koho Sossé Keur Male ( ! ( !

Keur Moussa Intia ( ! ( KoudomDaga Bani Tioubene ! ( ! ( Nganda ! ( !

Dafar ( ! ( Ndiayene !

Keur Manoumbe ( !

Ndakhar Dertadi Tubassaloum ( Diama Palene ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Keur Amat Fal Loungue ! ( ! ( Kaymor Dieme Tievi ( !

Kabakoto ( Wack Ngouna ! ( ! ( ! ( Nioro Du Rip Garan Keur Abibou !

Gowane

Kael

( !

CCAFS Site SE01, Kaffrine, Senegal

14°N

14°N

14°30'N

( !

14°30'N

( !

( !

( !

( !

Medina

Keur Ndari

Koutango

Saboya

( !

( !

15.407W 15.407W 15.686W 15.686W

Keur Nala ! (

Keur Alassane Khodia

Nighatnor Ya ( !

( !

( !

Keur Diata

Kohel

( !

Keur Ayip

Settlement

13°30'N

13°30'N

. !

15°30'W

International Boundary Road River

River Bed

13.968N 14.242N 14.242N 13.968N

( !

THE GAMBIA 16°W Town

Coordinates of the CCAFS Baseline Sampling frame

0

5

10

15°W

Scale 1:1,000,000 20

30

40

Sampling frame size: 30km x 30km

50 Kilometers

1 cm = 10 km

Citation: GeoMapa (2013b)

2

Satellite Image Kaffrine 15°40'0"W

Bela

Ndamboul Mboul ! (

Dodj

2011 1- 042 m o fr ag ery n Eye im resolutio id p a d R n u o r g at 5m eline ld B as o h e s H ou HB S= Survey ne B as eli illag e V = S y VB Surve line l Base ationa iz n a Org OB S= Survey

( !

( !

14°10'0"N

Sorokogne

14°10'0"N

( !

15°30'0"W

Toune Mosquee ! .

Kaffrine ! .

Fassy ! (

Medina Ndiognick

14°0'0"N

Béné Djouma ! (

( !

Tisse

( !

! (

Ngouye

Touba Keur Cheikh

! . ( !

Touba Taba

( !

Nandjigui

Katakel Gotou Peul

15°30'0"W

1.25

Scale 1:225,000

2.5

5

7.5

Railway

( !

15°40'0"W

0

Road

Godiba

10

( !

Town

( !

Settlement

! . ! (

CCAFS HBS villages

CCAFS VBS/OBS village

14°0'0"N

! (

! (

CCAFS Baseline Sampling Frame

12.5 Kilometers

Citation: RapidEye (2011)

3

Annual Rainfall ( !

15°W

10°W

14°30'N

ATLANTIC

SENEGAL

GUINEA-BISSAU

OCEAN

G U I N E A

Saboya

0

Keur Nala ! (

Keur Alassane Khodia

Nighatnor Ya ( !

( !

( !

Keur Diata

Kohel

( !

Rainfall (mm)

( !

< = 250

13°30'N

13°30'N

250 - 750 750 - 1,250 1,250 - 1,750

. !

Settlement

15°30'W

International Boundary Road River

River Bed

0

5

10

15°W

Scale 1:1,000,000 20

30

1 cm = 10 km

Kaffrine CCAFS sampling frame

125

250

500 Kilometers

Corresponds to the map on the left

Keur Ayip

THE GAMBIA 16°W Town

Scale 1:12,500,000

( !

( !

10°W

40

50 Kilometers

> = 1,750

ll data l Rainfa Annua t n e of curr tions la interpo e d da ta , erv of obs e e ntativ re pre s 2000 0 of 195

Kaffrine Mean Monthly Rainfall Distribution Kaffrine Mean Monthly Rainfall Distribution 250

20

200

15

150

10

100

5

50 0

No. of Rainy Days

Koutango

International boundary

15°W

Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec

( !

( !

Medina

Keur Ndari

SIERRA LEONE

Rainfall (mm)

( !

10°N

14°N

M A L I

THE GAMBIA

10°N

14°N

15°N

14°30'N

M A U R I T A N I A

15°N

Kael

( !

20°N

15°30'W 15°W Demba Koura ( !

Balol ( Tané ( ! !

Patakour ! ( Domak Gaima Tapsir ! ( Gaina ( Grinel !

Alika ( !

Ouada Darou Mbake ( Tévè Keur Massé !

Leve ( ! ( ! ( !

Dargouyé ( ! ( ! ( Colobane !

Ndiodori Ndioumane ! ( Yari Gouye ( ! ( !

Diamel Diaorel Darou Sagor Kaïga Araldé ( ! ! ( !

Kelkome ( !

Vang ( Seo Toure ( ! ( !

Koba ! ( Sidak Barkedji ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( Diabel !

Gouye Sambabane ! ( ! ( ( ! ( !

Touba Boule Moure Seo ( ! ( !

Keur Ndame Gobak ( ! ( !

Dan Tiadi Bountou Mbar ( !

Maodo Darou Salam !

Nesséona Gapassel ( ( ! ( ! ( ! ( Mbar !

Guiné ( !

Pailar Bélé ( ! ( Diene Lagane ! ( Gossas ! ( Tioumbo !

Darou Salam ( !

Babane Oualof ( !

Sab Sabre ( Dianveli-Alassane !

Niapguel ! ( ! ( ( !

Mbégué ( !

Panal Damadji Ouadiour Rhaye Bayar Dam Gassel ( !

Boguel Loumbol ! ( ( Gnibi ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ( ( !

Missira Tioyene !

Binngel ( ! !

Gadada ( ! ( Diatmel Moussa ! ( !

Tieneba ( Mayaye ! ( !

Gouyaré ( ! ( !

Quarkere Bondié ( !

Dinnguier ( !

Loumbel Keli Sabar ( !

Koum-Koum Bam Djigane Taïf Tiom ( ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Galoulé Wore Lanel Kourou Loumbol ( ! ( ! ( Dioum Guennt !

Mbétét Mbos ! ( ! ( !

Ouadene Laneane! ( ( ! ( Até Ndiaye!

Waoumane ! ( ( ( !

Mbabane Médina Sambène ( !

Laloye Ourour Seli Diarhao ( ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Diouni Guel!

Bane Davene Bodé ( ! ( ! ( Goulo Koum Kourou Diobène ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Lévé ( !

Maka Baye Torodo Boulel ( Thioyene ! ( ! ( Darou !

Diote Kelbiram ! ( !

Diobene ( ( Tiadie Babou ! ( !

Tag Gueye ( Alouki ! ( Gainte Pathe !

Kounar ( Guinguinéo !

Tivaouane Delby ( ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Diaké Ndiolrhos Keur Babam ( ! ( ! ( !

Paffa ( Goubi ( !

Boudiéguel ! ( !

Nguékor Ngar Guèye ( !

Dianke Souf ( !

Kaye Boubou ( ! ( Bela ! ( !

Delbi Bayandour !

Boul Peul Tiobe ( Yassi ! ! ( Bak Gadiaga ( ( ! ( Paffa ! ( ! ( ! ( Bidiam !

Babanem Gnaba ( Ngouye Dieri !

Ndieng KongoliKirpa ( !

Sorokogne ! ( Diamaguene ( ! ( !

Darou Moussa ( ! ( ! ( !

Dodj ( Gati Peulh !

KaolackKahone ( !

Keur Aliou Sissé ! ( Medina Diam Diam Medina Fas ( !

Gayene Fas ! ( ! ( ( ! ( ! . !( !

Tanem ( !

Keur Sasndao Hokar Keur Modj Toune ( ! ( ! ( !

Taoua ( ! ( ! ( !

Taiba Ndioufene ( ! ( Gatie Naoude ! ! ( ! ( ( ! ( ! ( ! ( Bélogne Parassel Tobéne Fass Diayene ! ( Sintiou Kafate !

Kaffrine Birklane Korki Kanka ( ! . !

Kounias ( !

Ngouye Siouarh ( Ndakar !

Keur Yoro Barou ( !

Pete ( !

Keur Tierno Tala ( Tialene ! ( ( ! ( ! ! ( ( !

Arafa !

Tisse ( Sinntiou Adar ! ( !

Segre Seko ( ! ( !

Tiarene Sintie Alenndao Koïlal Lanta ! ( Taiffa Taiba Malem ( Por Rarame Maka Yop ! ( !

Kawil Keur Ali Gassam ! ( ( !

Kassassa ( !

Béné Djouma ( !

Katial Niahène Katakel Koumbal ( ! ( ( ! ( Koungheul ! ( !

Bandioul Bante ( ! ( ! ( !

Nguiedj !

Seyane ( !

Ngouye ( ! ( !

Darou Koudous Bali ( !

Keur Sosse Keur Saïdou ( ! ( !

Kalial Gotou Peul ( !

Koulegna ( ! ( ! ( Mbaye Mbaye ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Nandjigui ! ( Touba Diambour Dioli ( !

Diokoul Koutia Bailar Gobak Katiaouane Katiot Taoua Taiba ( !

Mbadio ! ( ( ! ( ! ( ! ( Keur Tianderi ! ( ! ( !

Kerma Fass ( ! ( !

Ndiaouara Ndiankot ( ( !

Ndianiene !

Nguiere Demissira Mabo Saham Diébel ( ! ( ! ( !

Ndieme Goundl ! ( ! ( Tialene ! ( ! ( N'Dofan ( !

Mousdalifa ! ( ! ( ! ( ( ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Sinntiou Vanar ( !

Keur Biram Bouma Keur Samba Dioubane Keur Diabel Mara Dioubene Taiba Medina ( !

Pete Tiangaye ( ! ( ! ( ! ( Ndioli !

Diapto ( ! ( ! ( !

Kaifara ( !

Pakala ( Daro Koudous ! ( Keur Madiabel ! ( !

Minal Sine Moktar Ndankou ( ! ( !

Touba Ali Fana Layene Koredia ( !

Koho Sossé Keur Male ( ! ( !

Keur Moussa Intia ( ! ( ( !

KoudomDaga Bani Tioubene ! ( Nganda ! ( !

Dafar ( ! ( !

Keur Manoumbe Ndiayene ( !

Ndakhar Dertadi Tubassaloum ( Diama Palene ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Keur Amat Fal ( !

Loungue ! ( Kaymor Dieme Tievi ( Kabakoto ! ( Wack Ngouna ! ( ! ( ! ( Nioro Du Rip Garan Keur Abibou !

Gowane

( !

20°N

16°W

0

Rainfall (mm)

No. of Rainy Days

Citation: Jones et al (2002)

Citation:

Hijmans et al (2005)

4

Annual Temperature ( !

15°W

10°W

14°30'N

ATLANTIC

SENEGAL

GUINEA-BISSAU

OCEAN

G U I N E A

0

Keur Nala ! (

Corresponds to the map on the left

13°30'N

13°30'N

THE GAMBIA

15 - 20 20 - 25 25 - 30

16°W

. !

Town

Settlement

15°30'W

International Boundary Road River

River Bed

0

5

10

15°W

Scale 1:1,000,000 20

30

1 cm = 10 km

Kaffrine CCAFS sampling frame

40

50 Kilometers

> = 30

e e ratur l Temp Annua ts a nnua l f en repres ture data o s n ra te mpe interpola ti o t cu rren rve d da ta , e of obs d for e ave rag 000 -2 1950

Mean Monthly Temperature Distribution KaffrineKaffrine Mean Monthly Temperature Distribution 50 40 30 20 10 0

Temp. Max Temp. Min

Temp. Mean Dec

< = 15

Oct

Temperature (ºC)

( !

Nov

Keur Ayip

Sept

( !

July

Kohel

500 Kilometers

Aug

( !

Keur Diata

June

( !

Apr

( !

250

May

Keur Alassane Khodia

Nighatnor Ya

125

Mar

Saboya

Scale 1:12,500,000

( !

( !

10°W

Jan

Koutango

International boundary

15°W

Feb

( !

( !

Medina

Keur Ndari

SIERRA LEONE

Temp. (deg. Cel)

( !

10°N

14°N

M A L I

THE GAMBIA

10°N

14°N

15°N

14°30'N

M A U R I T A N I A

15°N

Kael

( !

20°N

15°30'W 15°W Demba Koura ( !

Balol ( Tané ( ! !

Patakour ! ( Domak Gaima Tapsir ! ( Gaina ( Grinel !

Alika ( !

Ouada Darou Mbake ( Tévè Keur Massé !

Leve ( ! ( ! ( !

Dargouyé ( ! ( ! ( Colobane !

Ndiodori Ndioumane ! ( Yari Gouye ( ! ( !

Diamel Diaorel Darou Sagor Kaïga Araldé ( ! ! ( !

Kelkome ( !

Vang ( Seo Toure ( ! ( !

Koba ! ( Sidak Barkedji ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( Diabel !

Gouye Sambabane ! ( ! ( ( ! ( !

Touba Boule Moure Seo ( ! ( !

Keur Ndame Gobak ( ! ( !

Dan Tiadi Bountou Mbar ( !

Maodo Darou Salam !

Nesséona Gapassel ( ( ! ( ! ( ! ( Mbar !

Guiné ( !

Pailar Bélé ( ! ( Diene Lagane ! ( Gossas ! ( Tioumbo !

Darou Salam ( !

Babane Oualof ( !

Sab Sabre ( Dianveli-Alassane !

Niapguel ! ( ! ( ( !

Mbégué ( !

Panal Damadji Ouadiour Rhaye Bayar Dam Gassel ( !

Boguel Loumbol ! ( ( Gnibi ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ( ( !

Missira Tioyene !

Binngel ( ! !

Gadada ( ! ( Diatmel Moussa ! ( !

Tieneba ( Mayaye ! ( !

Gouyaré ( ! ( !

Quarkere Bondié ( !

Dinnguier ( !

Loumbel Keli Sabar ( !

Koum-Koum Bam Djigane Taïf Tiom ( ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Galoulé Wore Lanel Kourou Loumbol ( ! ( ! ( Dioum Guennt !

Mbétét Mbos ! ( ! ( !

Ouadene Laneane! ( ( ! ( Até Ndiaye!

Waoumane ! ( ( ( !

Mbabane Médina Sambène ( !

Laloye Ourour Seli Diarhao ( ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Diouni Guel!

Bane Davene Bodé ( ! ( ! ( Goulo Koum Kourou Diobène ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Lévé ( !

Maka Baye Torodo Boulel ( Thioyene ! ( ! ( Darou !

Diote Kelbiram ! ( !

Diobene ( ( Tiadie Babou ! ( !

Tag Gueye ( Alouki ! ( Gainte Pathe !

Kounar ( Guinguinéo !

Tivaouane Delby ( ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Diaké Ndiolrhos Keur Babam ( ! ( ! ( !

Paffa ( Goubi ( !

Boudiéguel ! ( !

Nguékor Ngar Guèye ( !

Dianke Souf ( !

Kaye Boubou ( ! ( Bela ! ( !

Delbi Bayandour !

Boul Peul Tiobe ( Yassi ! ! ( Bak Gadiaga ( ( ! ( Paffa ! ( ! ( ! ( Bidiam !

Babanem Gnaba ( Ngouye Dieri !

Ndieng KongoliKirpa ( !

Sorokogne ! ( Diamaguene ( ! ( !

Darou Moussa ( ! ( ! ( !

Dodj ( Gati Peulh !

KaolackKahone ( !

Keur Aliou Sissé ! ( Medina Diam Diam Medina Fas ( !

Gayene Fas ! ( ! ( ( ! ( ! . !( !

Tanem ( !

Keur Sasndao Hokar Keur Modj Toune ( ! ( ! ( !

Taoua ( ! ( ! ( !

Taiba Ndioufene ( ! ( Gatie Naoude ! ! ( ! ( ( ! ( ! ( ! ( Bélogne Parassel Tobéne Fass Diayene ! ( Sintiou Kafate !

Kaffrine Birklane Korki Kanka ( ! . !

Kounias ( !

Ngouye Siouarh ( Ndakar !

Keur Yoro Barou ( !

Pete ( !

Keur Tierno Tala ( Tialene ! ( ( ! ( ! ! ( ( !

Arafa !

Tisse ( Sinntiou Adar ! ( !

Segre Seko ( ! ( !

Tiarene Sintie Alenndao Koïlal Lanta ! ( Taiffa Taiba Malem ( Por Rarame Maka Yop ! ( !

Kawil Keur Ali Gassam ! ( ( !

Kassassa ( !

Béné Djouma ( !

Katial Niahène Katakel Koumbal ( ! ( ( ! ( Koungheul ! ( !

Bandioul Bante ( ! ( ! ( !

Nguiedj !

Seyane ( !

Ngouye ( ! ( !

Darou Koudous Bali ( !

Keur Sosse Keur Saïdou ( ! ( !

Kalial Gotou Peul ( !

Koulegna ( ! ( ! ( Mbaye Mbaye ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Nandjigui ! ( Touba Diambour Dioli ( !

Diokoul Koutia Bailar Gobak Katiaouane Katiot Taoua Taiba ( !

Mbadio ! ( ( ! ( ! ( ! ( Keur Tianderi ! ( ! ( !

Kerma Fass ( ! ( !

Ndiaouara Ndiankot ( ( !

Ndianiene !

Nguiere Demissira Mabo Saham Diébel ( ! ( ! ( !

Ndieme Goundl ! ( ! ( Tialene ! ( ! ( N'Dofan ( !

Mousdalifa ! ( ! ( ! ( ( ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Sinntiou Vanar ( !

Keur Biram Bouma Keur Samba Dioubane Keur Diabel Mara Dioubene Taiba Medina ( !

Pete Tiangaye ( ! ( ! ( ! ( Ndioli !

Diapto ( ! ( ! ( !

Kaifara ( !

Pakala ( Daro Koudous ! ( Keur Madiabel ! ( !

Minal Sine Moktar Ndankou ( ! ( !

Touba Ali Fana Layene Koredia ( !

Koho Sossé Keur Male ( ! ( !

Keur Moussa Intia ( ! ( ( !

KoudomDaga Bani Tioubene ! ( Nganda ! ( !

Dafar ( ! ( !

Keur Manoumbe Ndiayene ( !

Ndakhar Dertadi Tubassaloum ( Diama Palene ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Keur Amat Fal ( !

Loungue ! ( Kaymor Dieme Tievi ( Kabakoto ! ( Wack Ngouna ! ( ! ( ! ( Nioro Du Rip Garan Keur Abibou !

Gowane

( !

20°N

16°W

Citation: Jones et al (2002)

Citation: Hijmans et al (2005)

5

Aridity Index ( !

15°W

10°W

14°30'N

ATLANTIC

SENEGAL

GUINEA-BISSAU

OCEAN

G U I N E A

( !

( !

( !

Medina

Keur Ndari

Koutango

Saboya

SIERRA LEONE International boundary

( !

( !

0

Keur Nala ! (

Keur Alassane Khodia

Nighatnor Ya ( !

( !

( !

Keur Diata

Kohel

( !

Aridity Index

( !

Hyper Arid

13°30'N

Arid Semi Arid Dry sub-humid

. !

16°W Town

Settlement

15°30'W

International Boundary Road River

River Bed

0

5

10

15°W

Scale 1:1,000,000 20

30

40

Humid

10°W

Scale 1:12,500,000

125

250

500 Kilometers

tes indica Index Aridity l of dryness , ion e at the lev vapotranspir n e e iv g g in a k t a t unt, a fall o c in c a r a into k n ow n f o n locatio

50 Kilometers

1 cm = 10 km

Kaffrine CCAFS sampling frame

15°W

Corresponds to the map on the left

Keur Ayip

THE GAMBIA

13°30'N

10°N

14°N

M A L I

THE GAMBIA

10°N

14°N

15°N

14°30'N

M A U R I T A N I A

15°N

Kael

( !

20°N

15°30'W 15°W Demba Koura ( !

Balol ( Tané ( ! !

Patakour ! ( Domak Gaima Tapsir ! ( Gaina ( Grinel !

Alika ( !

Ouada Darou Mbake ( Tévè Keur Massé !

Leve ( ! ( ! ( !

Dargouyé ( ! ( ! ( Colobane !

Ndiodori Ndioumane ! ( Yari Gouye ( ! ( !

Diamel Diaorel Darou Sagor Kaïga Araldé ( ! ! ( !

Kelkome ( !

Vang ( Seo Toure ( ! ( !

Koba ! ( Sidak Barkedji ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( Diabel !

Gouye Sambabane ! ( ! ( ( ! ( !

Touba Boule Moure Seo ( ! ( !

Keur Ndame Gobak ( ! ( !

Dan Tiadi Bountou Mbar ( !

Maodo Darou Salam !

Nesséona Gapassel ( ( ! ( ! ( ! ( Mbar !

Guiné ( !

Pailar Bélé ( ! ( Diene Lagane ! ( Gossas ! ( Tioumbo !

Darou Salam ( !

Babane Oualof ( !

Sab Sabre ( Dianveli-Alassane !

Niapguel ! ( ! ( ( !

Mbégué ( !

Panal Damadji Ouadiour Rhaye Bayar Dam Gassel ( !

Boguel Loumbol ! ( ( Gnibi ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ( ( !

Missira Tioyene !

Binngel ( ! !

Gadada ( ! ( Diatmel Moussa ! ( !

Tieneba ( Mayaye ! ( !

Gouyaré ( ! ( !

Quarkere Bondié ( !

Dinnguier ( !

Loumbel Keli Sabar ( !

Koum-Koum Bam Djigane Taïf Tiom ( ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Galoulé Wore Lanel Kourou Loumbol ( ! ( ! ( Dioum Guennt !

Mbétét Mbos ! ( ! ( !

Ouadene Laneane! ( ( ! ( Até Ndiaye!

Waoumane ! ( ( ( !

Mbabane Médina Sambène ( !

Laloye Ourour Seli Diarhao ( ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Diouni Guel!

Bane Davene Bodé ( ! ( ! ( Goulo Koum Kourou Diobène ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Lévé ( !

Maka Baye Torodo Boulel ( Thioyene ! ( ! ( Darou !

Diote Kelbiram ! ( !

Diobene ( ( Tiadie Babou ! ( !

Tag Gueye ( Alouki ! ( Gainte Pathe !

Kounar ( Guinguinéo !

Tivaouane Delby ( ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Diaké Ndiolrhos Keur Babam ( ! ( ! ( !

Paffa ( Goubi ( !

Boudiéguel ! ( !

Nguékor Ngar Guèye ( !

Dianke Souf ( !

Kaye Boubou ( ! ( Bela ! ( !

Delbi Bayandour !

Boul Peul Tiobe ( Yassi ! ! ( Bak Gadiaga ( ( ! ( Paffa ! ( ! ( ! ( Bidiam !

Babanem Gnaba ( Ngouye Dieri !

Ndieng KongoliKirpa ( !

Sorokogne ! ( Diamaguene ( ! ( !

Darou Moussa ( ! ( ! ( !

Dodj ( Gati Peulh !

KaolackKahone ( !

Keur Aliou Sissé ! ( Medina Diam Diam Medina Fas ( !

Gayene Fas ! ( ! ( ( ! ( ! . !( !

Tanem ( !

Keur Sasndao Hokar Keur Modj Toune ( ! ( ! ( !

Taoua ( ! ( ! ( !

Taiba Ndioufene ( ! ( Gatie Naoude ! ! ( ! ( ( ! ( ! ( ! ( Bélogne Parassel Tobéne Fass Diayene ! ( Sintiou Kafate !

Kaffrine Birklane Korki Kanka ( ! . !

Kounias ( !

Ngouye Siouarh ( Ndakar !

Keur Yoro Barou ( !

Pete ( !

Keur Tierno Tala ( Tialene ! ( ( ! ( ! ! ( ( !

Arafa !

Tisse ( Sinntiou Adar ! ( !

Segre Seko ( ! ( !

Tiarene Sintie Alenndao Koïlal Lanta ! ( Taiffa Taiba Malem ( Por Rarame Maka Yop ! ( !

Kawil Keur Ali Gassam ! ( ( !

Kassassa ( !

Béné Djouma ( !

Katial Niahène Katakel Koumbal ( ! ( ( ! ( Koungheul ! ( !

Bandioul Bante ( ! ( ! ( !

Nguiedj !

Seyane ( !

Ngouye ( ! ( !

Darou Koudous Bali ( !

Keur Sosse Keur Saïdou ( ! ( !

Kalial Gotou Peul ( !

Koulegna ( ! ( ! ( Mbaye Mbaye ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Nandjigui ! ( Touba Diambour Dioli ( !

Diokoul Koutia Bailar Gobak Katiaouane Katiot Taoua Taiba ( !

Mbadio ! ( ( ! ( ! ( ! ( Keur Tianderi ! ( ! ( !

Kerma Fass ( ! ( !

Ndiaouara Ndiankot ( ( !

Ndianiene !

Nguiere Demissira Mabo Saham Diébel ( ! ( ! ( !

Ndieme Goundl ! ( ! ( Tialene ! ( ! ( N'Dofan ( !

Mousdalifa ! ( ! ( ! ( ( ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Sinntiou Vanar ( !

Keur Biram Bouma Keur Samba Dioubane Keur Diabel Mara Dioubene Taiba Medina ( !

Pete Tiangaye ( ! ( ! ( ! ( Ndioli !

Diapto ( ! ( ! ( !

Kaifara ( !

Pakala ( Daro Koudous ! ( Keur Madiabel ! ( !

Minal Sine Moktar Ndankou ( ! ( !

Touba Ali Fana Layene Koredia ( !

Koho Sossé Keur Male ( ! ( !

Keur Moussa Intia ( ! ( ( !

KoudomDaga Bani Tioubene ! ( Nganda ! ( !

Dafar ( ! ( !

Keur Manoumbe Ndiayene ( !

Ndakhar Dertadi Tubassaloum ( Diama Palene ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Keur Amat Fal ( !

Loungue ! ( Kaymor Dieme Tievi ( Kabakoto ! ( Wack Ngouna ! ( ! ( ! ( Nioro Du Rip Garan Keur Abibou !

Gowane

( !

20°N

16°W

Citation: Trabucco et al (2009)

6

Altitude ( !

15°W

10°W

14°30'N

ATLANTIC

SENEGAL

GUINEA-BISSAU

OCEAN

G U I N E A

( !

( !

( !

Medina

Keur Ndari

Koutango

Saboya

SIERRA LEONE International boundary

( !

( !

0

Keur Nala ! (

Keur Alassane Khodia

Nighatnor Ya ( !

( !

( !

Keur Diata

Kohel

( !

15°W

( !

Altitude (m) 13°30'N

> = 200 150 - 200 100 - 150

10°W

Scale 1:12,500,000

125

Corresponds to the map on the left

Keur Ayip

THE GAMBIA

13°30'N

10°N

14°N

M A L I

THE GAMBIA

10°N

14°N

15°N

14°30'N

M A U R I T A N I A

15°N

Kael

( !

20°N

15°30'W 15°W Demba Koura ( !

Balol ( Tané ( ! !

Patakour ! ( Domak Gaima Tapsir ! ( Gaina ( Grinel !

Alika ( !

Ouada Darou Mbake ( Tévè Keur Massé !

Leve ( ! ( ! ( !

Dargouyé ( ! ( ! ( Colobane !

Ndiodori Ndioumane ! ( Yari Gouye ( ! ( !

Diamel Diaorel Darou Sagor Kaïga Araldé ( ! ! ( !

Kelkome ( !

Vang ( Seo Toure ( ! ( !

Koba ! ( Sidak Barkedji ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( Diabel !

Gouye Sambabane ! ( ! ( ( ! ( !

Touba Boule Moure Seo ( ! ( !

Keur Ndame Gobak ( ! ( !

Dan Tiadi Bountou Mbar ( !

Maodo Darou Salam !

Nesséona Gapassel ( ( ! ( ! ( ! ( Mbar !

Guiné ( !

Pailar Bélé ( ! ( Diene Lagane ! ( Gossas ! ( Tioumbo !

Darou Salam ( !

Babane Oualof ( !

Sab Sabre ( Dianveli-Alassane !

Niapguel ! ( ! ( ( !

Mbégué ( !

Panal Damadji Ouadiour Rhaye Bayar Dam Gassel ( !

Boguel Loumbol ! ( ( Gnibi ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ( ( !

Missira Tioyene !

Binngel ( ! !

Gadada ( ! ( Diatmel Moussa ! ( !

Tieneba ( Mayaye ! ( !

Gouyaré ( ! ( !

Quarkere Bondié ( !

Dinnguier ( !

Loumbel Keli Sabar ( !

Koum-Koum Bam Djigane Taïf Tiom ( ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Galoulé Wore Lanel Kourou Loumbol ( ! ( ! ( Dioum Guennt !

Mbétét Mbos ! ( ! ( !

Ouadene Laneane! ( ( ! ( Até Ndiaye!

Waoumane ! ( ( ( !

Mbabane Médina Sambène ( !

Laloye Ourour Seli Diarhao ( ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Diouni Guel!

Bane Davene Bodé ( ! ( ! ( Goulo Koum Kourou Diobène ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Lévé ( !

Maka Baye Torodo Boulel ( Thioyene ! ( ! ( Darou !

Diote Kelbiram ! ( !

Diobene ( ( Tiadie Babou ! ( !

Tag Gueye ( Alouki ! ( Gainte Pathe !

Kounar ( Guinguinéo !

Tivaouane Delby ( ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Diaké Ndiolrhos Keur Babam ( ! ( ! ( !

Paffa ( Goubi ( !

Boudiéguel ! ( !

Nguékor Ngar Guèye ( !

Dianke Souf ( !

Kaye Boubou ( ! ( Bela ! ( !

Delbi Bayandour !

Boul Peul Tiobe ( Yassi ! ! ( Bak Gadiaga ( ( ! ( Paffa ! ( ! ( ! ( Bidiam !

Babanem Gnaba ( Ngouye Dieri !

Ndieng KongoliKirpa ( !

Sorokogne ! ( Diamaguene ( ! ( !

Darou Moussa ( ! ( ! ( !

Dodj ( Gati Peulh !

KaolackKahone ( !

Keur Aliou Sissé ! ( Medina Diam Diam Medina Fas ( !

Gayene Fas ! ( ! ( ( ! ( ! . !( !

Tanem ( !

Keur Sasndao Hokar Keur Modj Toune ( ! ( ! ( !

Taoua ( ! ( ! ( !

Taiba Ndioufene ( ! ( Gatie Naoude ! ! ( ! ( ( ! ( ! ( ! ( Bélogne Parassel Tobéne Fass Diayene ! ( Sintiou Kafate !

Kaffrine Birklane Korki Kanka ( ! . !

Kounias ( !

Ngouye Siouarh ( Ndakar !

Keur Yoro Barou ( !

Pete ( !

Keur Tierno Tala ( Tialene ! ( ( ! ( ! ! ( ( !

Arafa !

Tisse ( Sinntiou Adar ! ( !

Segre Seko ( ! ( !

Tiarene Sintie Alenndao Koïlal Lanta ! ( Taiffa Taiba Malem ( Por Rarame Maka Yop ! ( !

Kawil Keur Ali Gassam ! ( ( !

Kassassa ( !

Béné Djouma ( !

Katial Niahène Katakel Koumbal ( ! ( ( ! ( Koungheul ! ( !

Bandioul Bante ( ! ( ! ( !

Nguiedj !

Seyane ( !

Ngouye ( ! ( !

Darou Koudous Bali ( !

Keur Sosse Keur Saïdou ( ! ( !

Kalial Gotou Peul ( !

Koulegna ( ! ( ! ( Mbaye Mbaye ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Nandjigui ! ( Touba Diambour Dioli ( !

Diokoul Koutia Bailar Gobak Katiaouane Katiot Taoua Taiba ( !

Mbadio ! ( ( ! ( ! ( ! ( Keur Tianderi ! ( ! ( !

Kerma Fass ( ! ( !

Ndiaouara Ndiankot ( ( !

Ndianiene !

Nguiere Demissira Mabo Saham Diébel ( ! ( ! ( !

Ndieme Goundl ! ( ! ( Tialene ! ( ! ( N'Dofan ( !

Mousdalifa ! ( ! ( ! ( ( ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Sinntiou Vanar ( !

Keur Biram Bouma Keur Samba Dioubane Keur Diabel Mara Dioubene Taiba Medina ( !

Pete Tiangaye ( ! ( ! ( ! ( Ndioli !

Diapto ( ! ( ! ( !

Kaifara ( !

Pakala ( Daro Koudous ! ( Keur Madiabel ! ( !

Minal Sine Moktar Ndankou ( ! ( !

Touba Ali Fana Layene Koredia ( !

Koho Sossé Keur Male ( ! ( !

Keur Moussa Intia ( ! ( ( !

KoudomDaga Bani Tioubene ! ( Nganda ! ( !

Dafar ( ! ( !

Keur Manoumbe Ndiayene ( !

Ndakhar Dertadi Tubassaloum ( Diama Palene ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Keur Amat Fal ( !

Loungue ! ( Kaymor Dieme Tievi ( Kabakoto ! ( Wack Ngouna ! ( ! ( ! ( Nioro Du Rip Garan Keur Abibou !

Gowane

( !

20°N

16°W

250

500 Kilometers

tes the ind ica l e d u it a leve Alt ove se b a t h heig ers in met

50 - 100

16°W

. !

Town

Settlement

15°30'W

International Boundary Road River

River Bed

0

5

10

15°W

Scale 1:1,000,000 20

30

40

25 - 50 < = 25

50 Kilometers

1 cm = 10 km

Kaffrine CCAFS sampling frame

Citation: Jarvis et al (2008)

7

Soil Type ( !

15°W

10°W

14°30'N

ATLANTIC

SENEGAL

GUINEA-BISSAU

OCEAN

G U I N E A

( !

( !

( !

Medina

Keur Ndari

Koutango

Saboya

SIERRA LEONE International boundary

( !

( !

0

Keur Nala ! (

Keur Alassane Khodia

Nighatnor Ya ( !

( !

( !

Keur Diata

Kohel

( !

Soil Type *

( !

13°30'N

Acrisols Arenosols Fluvisols Gleysols

16°W

. !

Town

Settlement

15°30'W

International Boundary Road River

River Bed

0

5

10

15°W

15°W

Scale 1:1,000,000 20

30

40

Leptosols Lixisols Regosols

50 Kilometers

Solonchaks * Legend corresponds to left map

10°W

Scale 1:12,500,000

125

Corresponds to the map on the left

Keur Ayip

THE GAMBIA

13°30'N

10°N

14°N

M A L I

THE GAMBIA

10°N

14°N

15°N

14°30'N

M A U R I T A N I A

15°N

Kael

( !

20°N

15°30'W 15°W Demba Koura ( !

Balol ( Tané ( ! !

Patakour ! ( Domak Gaima Tapsir ! ( Gaina ( Grinel !

Alika ( !

Ouada Darou Mbake ( Tévè Keur Massé !

Leve ( ! ( ! ( !

Dargouyé ( ! ( ! ( Colobane !

Ndiodori Ndioumane ! ( Yari Gouye ( ! ( !

Diamel Diaorel Darou Sagor Kaïga Araldé ( ! ! ( !

Kelkome ( !

Vang ( Seo Toure ( ! ( !

Koba ! ( Sidak Barkedji ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( Diabel !

Gouye Sambabane ! ( ! ( ( ! ( !

Touba Boule Moure Seo ( ! ( !

Keur Ndame Gobak ( ! ( !

Dan Tiadi Bountou Mbar ( !

Maodo Darou Salam !

Nesséona Gapassel ( ( ! ( ! ( ! ( Mbar !

Guiné ( !

Pailar Bélé ( ! ( Diene Lagane ! ( Gossas ! ( Tioumbo !

Darou Salam ( !

Babane Oualof ( !

Sab Sabre ( Dianveli-Alassane !

Niapguel ! ( ! ( ( !

Mbégué ( !

Panal Damadji Ouadiour Rhaye Bayar Dam Gassel ( !

Boguel Loumbol ! ( ( Gnibi ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ( ( !

Missira Tioyene !

Binngel ( ! !

Gadada ( ! ( Diatmel Moussa ! ( !

Tieneba ( Mayaye ! ( !

Gouyaré ( ! ( !

Quarkere Bondié ( !

Dinnguier ( !

Loumbel Keli Sabar ( !

Koum-Koum Bam Djigane Taïf Tiom ( ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Galoulé Wore Lanel Kourou Loumbol ( ! ( ! ( Dioum Guennt !

Mbétét Mbos ! ( ! ( !

Ouadene Laneane! ( ( ! ( Até Ndiaye!

Waoumane ! ( ( ( !

Mbabane Médina Sambène ( !

Laloye Ourour Seli Diarhao ( ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Diouni Guel!

Bane Davene Bodé ( ! ( ! ( Goulo Koum Kourou Diobène ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Lévé ( !

Maka Baye Torodo Boulel ( Thioyene ! ( ! ( Darou !

Diote Kelbiram ! ( !

Diobene ( ( Tiadie Babou ! ( !

Tag Gueye ( Alouki ! ( Gainte Pathe !

Kounar ( Guinguinéo !

Tivaouane Delby ( ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Diaké Ndiolrhos Keur Babam ( ! ( ! ( !

Paffa ( Goubi ( !

Boudiéguel ! ( !

Nguékor Ngar Guèye ( !

Dianke Souf ( !

Kaye Boubou ( ! ( Bela ! ( !

Delbi Bayandour !

Boul Peul Tiobe ( Yassi ! ! ( Bak Gadiaga ( ( ! ( Paffa ! ( ! ( ! ( Bidiam !

Babanem Gnaba ( Ngouye Dieri !

Ndieng KongoliKirpa ( !

Sorokogne ! ( Diamaguene ( ! ( !

Darou Moussa ( ! ( ! ( !

Dodj ( Gati Peulh !

KaolackKahone ( !

Keur Aliou Sissé ! ( Medina Diam Diam Medina Fas ( !

Gayene Fas ! ( ! ( ( ! ( ! . !( !

Tanem ( !

Keur Sasndao Hokar Keur Modj Toune ( ! ( ! ( !

Taoua ( ! ( ! ( !

Taiba Ndioufene ( ! ( Gatie Naoude ! ! ( ! ( ( ! ( ! ( ! ( Bélogne Parassel Tobéne Fass Diayene ! ( Sintiou Kafate !

Kaffrine Birklane Korki Kanka ( ! . !

Kounias ( !

Ngouye Siouarh ( Ndakar !

Keur Yoro Barou ( !

Pete ( !

Keur Tierno Tala ( Tialene ! ( ( ! ( ! ! ( ( !

Arafa !

Tisse ( Sinntiou Adar ! ( !

Segre Seko ( ! ( !

Tiarene Sintie Alenndao Koïlal Lanta ! ( Taiffa Taiba Malem ( Por Rarame Maka Yop ! ( !

Kawil Keur Ali Gassam ! ( ( !

Kassassa ( !

Béné Djouma ( !

Katial Niahène Katakel Koumbal ( ! ( ( ! ( Koungheul ! ( !

Bandioul Bante ( ! ( ! ( !

Nguiedj !

Seyane ( !

Ngouye ( ! ( !

Darou Koudous Bali ( !

Keur Sosse Keur Saïdou ( ! ( !

Kalial Gotou Peul ( !

Koulegna ( ! ( ! ( Mbaye Mbaye ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Nandjigui ! ( Touba Diambour Dioli ( !

Diokoul Koutia Bailar Gobak Katiaouane Katiot Taoua Taiba ( !

Mbadio ! ( ( ! ( ! ( ! ( Keur Tianderi ! ( ! ( !

Kerma Fass ( ! ( !

Ndiaouara Ndiankot ( ( !

Ndianiene !

Nguiere Demissira Mabo Saham Diébel ( ! ( ! ( !

Ndieme Goundl ! ( ! ( Tialene ! ( ! ( N'Dofan ( !

Mousdalifa ! ( ! ( ! ( ( ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Sinntiou Vanar ( !

Keur Biram Bouma Keur Samba Dioubane Keur Diabel Mara Dioubene Taiba Medina ( !

Pete Tiangaye ( ! ( ! ( ! ( Ndioli !

Diapto ( ! ( ! ( !

Kaifara ( !

Pakala ( Daro Koudous ! ( Keur Madiabel ! ( !

Minal Sine Moktar Ndankou ( ! ( !

Touba Ali Fana Layene Koredia ( !

Koho Sossé Keur Male ( ! ( !

Keur Moussa Intia ( ! ( ( !

KoudomDaga Bani Tioubene ! ( Nganda ! ( !

Dafar ( ! ( !

Keur Manoumbe Ndiayene ( !

Ndakhar Dertadi Tubassaloum ( Diama Palene ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Keur Amat Fal ( !

Loungue ! ( Kaymor Dieme Tievi ( Kabakoto ! ( Wack Ngouna ! ( ! ( ! ( Nioro Du Rip Garan Keur Abibou !

Gowane

( !

20°N

16°W

250

500 Kilometers

s oil to the refers e p O y T A F Soil t he as per oil groups group .S n o ti a arent ic class if ed b y th eir p net ic e n g fi o e h d orp are l and m ms of materia ristics in t er te and ch arac l p roperties ra d n tu a c s ilt stru (sand, ll as texture tent), as w e n clay co matter org anic t. con ten

1 cm = 10 km

Kaffrine CCAFS sampling frame

Citation: FAO et al (2009)

8

Agro-Ecological Zones ( !

15°W

10°W

14°30'N

ATLANTIC

SENEGAL

GUINEA-BISSAU

OCEAN

G U I N E A

( !

( !

( !

Medina

Keur Ndari

Koutango

Saboya

SIERRA LEONE International boundary

( !

( !

0

Keur Nala ! (

Keur Alassane Khodia

Nighatnor Ya ( !

( !

( !

Keur Diata

Kohel

( !

( !

Agro-Ecological Zones * 13°30'N

Semi-arid/Sudan Savanna Northern Guinea Savanna Southern Guinea Savanna * Legend corresponds to left map

16°W

. !

Town

Settlement

15°30'W

International Boundary Road River

River Bed

0

5

10

15°W

10°W

Scale 1:12,500,000

125

250

500 Kilometers

Corresponds to the map on the left

Keur Ayip

THE GAMBIA

13°30'N

10°N

14°N

M A L I

THE GAMBIA

10°N

14°N

15°N

14°30'N

M A U R I T A N I A

15°N

Kael

( !

20°N

15°30'W 15°W Demba Koura ( !

Balol ( Tané ( ! !

Patakour ! ( Domak Gaima Tapsir ! ( Gaina ( Grinel !

Alika ( !

Ouada Darou Mbake ( Tévè Keur Massé !

Leve ( ! ( ! ( !

Dargouyé ( ! ( ! ( Colobane !

Ndiodori Ndioumane ! ( Yari Gouye ( ! ( !

Diamel Diaorel Darou Sagor Kaïga Araldé ( ! ! ( !

Kelkome ( !

Vang ( Seo Toure ( ! ( !

Koba ! ( Sidak Barkedji ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( Diabel !

Gouye Sambabane ! ( ! ( ( ! ( !

Touba Boule Moure Seo ( ! ( !

Keur Ndame Gobak ( ! ( !

Dan Tiadi Bountou Mbar ( !

Maodo Darou Salam !

Nesséona Gapassel ( ( ! ( ! ( ! ( Mbar !

Guiné ( !

Pailar Bélé ( ! ( Diene Lagane ! ( Gossas ! ( Tioumbo !

Darou Salam ( !

Babane Oualof ( !

Sab Sabre ( Dianveli-Alassane !

Niapguel ! ( ! ( ( !

Mbégué ( !

Panal Damadji Ouadiour Rhaye Bayar Dam Gassel ( !

Boguel Loumbol ! ( ( Gnibi ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ( ( !

Missira Tioyene !

Binngel ( ! !

Gadada ( ! ( Diatmel Moussa ! ( !

Tieneba ( Mayaye ! ( !

Gouyaré ( ! ( !

Quarkere Bondié ( !

Dinnguier ( !

Loumbel Keli Sabar ( !

Koum-Koum Bam Djigane Taïf Tiom ( ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Galoulé Wore Lanel Kourou Loumbol ( ! ( ! ( Dioum Guennt !

Mbétét Mbos ! ( ! ( !

Ouadene Laneane! ( ( ! ( Até Ndiaye!

Waoumane ! ( ( ( !

Mbabane Médina Sambène ( !

Laloye Ourour Seli Diarhao ( ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Diouni Guel!

Bane Davene Bodé ( ! ( ! ( Goulo Koum Kourou Diobène ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Lévé ( !

Maka Baye Torodo Boulel ( Thioyene ! ( ! ( Darou !

Diote Kelbiram ! ( !

Diobene ( ( Tiadie Babou ! ( !

Tag Gueye ( Alouki ! ( Gainte Pathe !

Kounar ( Guinguinéo !

Tivaouane Delby ( ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Diaké Ndiolrhos Keur Babam ( ! ( ! ( !

Paffa ( Goubi ( !

Boudiéguel ! ( !

Nguékor Ngar Guèye ( !

Dianke Souf ( !

Kaye Boubou ( ! ( Bela ! ( !

Delbi Bayandour !

Boul Peul Tiobe ( Yassi ! ! ( Bak Gadiaga ( ( ! ( Paffa ! ( ! ( ! ( Bidiam !

Babanem Gnaba ( Ngouye Dieri !

Ndieng KongoliKirpa ( !

Sorokogne ! ( Diamaguene ( ! ( !

Darou Moussa ( ! ( ! ( !

Dodj ( Gati Peulh !

KaolackKahone ( !

Keur Aliou Sissé ! ( Medina Diam Diam Medina Fas ( !

Gayene Fas ! ( ! ( ( ! ( ! . !( !

Tanem ( !

Keur Sasndao Hokar Keur Modj Toune ( ! ( ! ( !

Taoua ( ! ( ! ( !

Taiba Ndioufene ( ! ( Gatie Naoude ! ! ( ! ( ( ! ( ! ( ! ( Bélogne Parassel Tobéne Fass Diayene ! ( Sintiou Kafate !

Kaffrine Birklane Korki Kanka ( ! . !

Kounias ( !

Ngouye Siouarh ( Ndakar !

Keur Yoro Barou ( !

Pete ( !

Keur Tierno Tala ( Tialene ! ( ( ! ( ! ! ( ( !

Arafa !

Tisse ( Sinntiou Adar ! ( !

Segre Seko ( ! ( !

Tiarene Sintie Alenndao Koïlal Lanta ! ( Taiffa Taiba Malem ( Por Rarame Maka Yop ! ( !

Kawil Keur Ali Gassam ! ( ( !

Kassassa ( !

Béné Djouma ( !

Katial Niahène Katakel Koumbal ( ! ( ( ! ( Koungheul ! ( !

Bandioul Bante ( ! ( ! ( !

Nguiedj !

Seyane ( !

Ngouye ( ! ( !

Darou Koudous Bali ( !

Keur Sosse Keur Saïdou ( ! ( !

Kalial Gotou Peul ( !

Koulegna ( ! ( ! ( Mbaye Mbaye ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Nandjigui ! ( Touba Diambour Dioli ( !

Diokoul Koutia Bailar Gobak Katiaouane Katiot Taoua Taiba ( !

Mbadio ! ( ( ! ( ! ( ! ( Keur Tianderi ! ( ! ( !

Kerma Fass ( ! ( !

Ndiaouara Ndiankot ( ( !

Ndianiene !

Nguiere Demissira Mabo Saham Diébel ( ! ( ! ( !

Ndieme Goundl ! ( ! ( Tialene ! ( ! ( N'Dofan ( !

Mousdalifa ! ( ! ( ! ( ( ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Sinntiou Vanar ( !

Keur Biram Bouma Keur Samba Dioubane Keur Diabel Mara Dioubene Taiba Medina ( !

Pete Tiangaye ( ! ( ! ( ! ( Ndioli !

Diapto ( ! ( ! ( !

Kaifara ( !

Pakala ( Daro Koudous ! ( Keur Madiabel ! ( !

Minal Sine Moktar Ndankou ( ! ( !

Touba Ali Fana Layene Koredia ( !

Koho Sossé Keur Male ( ! ( !

Keur Moussa Intia ( ! ( ( !

KoudomDaga Bani Tioubene ! ( Nganda ! ( !

Dafar ( ! ( !

Keur Manoumbe Ndiayene ( !

Ndakhar Dertadi Tubassaloum ( Diama Palene ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Keur Amat Fal ( !

Loungue ! ( Kaymor Dieme Tievi ( Kabakoto ! ( Wack Ngouna ! ( ! ( ! ( Nioro Du Rip Garan Keur Abibou !

Gowane

( !

20°N

16°W

15°W

Scale 1:1,000,000 20

30

40

50 Kilometers

nes ical Zo Ecolog ivision of o r g A d te the ve indica as that ha s e r tic a is r d e n t la y, arac h c r itabilit a u simil nd s la o t l a d r relate l ag ricultu tia poten ion and ct prod u mental n o envir t. c a p im

1 cm = 10 km

Kaffrine CCAFS sampling frame

Citation:

FAO (2008)

9

Landcover ( !

15°W

10°W

14°30'N

ATLANTIC

SENEGAL

GUINEA-BISSAU

OCEAN

G U I N E A

( !

( !

( !

Medina

Keur Ndari

Koutango

Saboya

SIERRA LEONE International boundary 0

Keur Nala ! (

Keur Alassane Khodia

Nighatnor Ya ( !

( !

15°W

( !

( !

( !

Keur Diata

Kohel

( !

Landcover * 13°30'N

Rainfed croplands Mosaic Croplands/Vegetation Mosaic Vegetation/Croplands Open broadleaved deciduous forest

16°W

. !

Town

Settlement

15°30'W

International Boundary Road River

River Bed Kaffrine

0

5

10

15°W

Scale 1:1,000,000 20

30

1 cm = 10 km

Kaffrine CCAFS sampling frame

40

10°W

Scale 1:12,500,000

125

Corresponds to the map on the left

Keur Ayip

( !

THE GAMBIA

13°30'N

10°N

14°N

M A L I

THE GAMBIA

10°N

14°N

15°N

14°30'N

M A U R I T A N I A

15°N

Kael

( !

20°N

15°30'W 15°W Demba Koura ( !

Balol ( Tané ( ! !

Patakour ! ( Domak Gaima Tapsir ! ( Gaina ( Grinel !

Alika ( !

Ouada Darou Mbake ( Tévè Keur Massé !

Leve ( ! ( ! ( !

Dargouyé ( ! ( ! ( Colobane !

Ndiodori Ndioumane ! ( Yari Gouye ( ! ( !

Diamel Diaorel Darou Sagor Kaïga Araldé ( ! ! ( !

Kelkome ( !

Vang ( Seo Toure ( ! ( !

Koba ! ( Sidak Barkedji ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( Diabel !

Gouye Sambabane ! ( ! ( ( ! ( !

Touba Boule Moure Seo ( ! ( !

Keur Ndame Gobak ( ! ( !

Dan Tiadi Bountou Mbar ( !

Maodo Darou Salam !

Nesséona Gapassel ( ( ! ( ! ( ! ( Mbar !

Guiné ( !

Pailar Bélé ( ! ( Diene Lagane ! ( Gossas ! ( Tioumbo !

Darou Salam ( !

Babane Oualof ( !

Sab Sabre ( Dianveli-Alassane !

Niapguel ! ( ! ( ( !

Mbégué ( !

Panal Damadji Ouadiour Rhaye Bayar Dam Gassel ( !

Boguel Loumbol ! ( ( Gnibi ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ( ( !

Missira Tioyene !

Binngel ( ! !

Gadada ( ! ( Diatmel Moussa ! ( !

Tieneba ( Mayaye ! ( !

Gouyaré ( ! ( !

Quarkere Bondié ( !

Dinnguier ( !

Loumbel Keli Sabar ( !

Koum-Koum Bam Djigane Taïf Tiom ( ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Galoulé Wore Lanel Kourou Loumbol ( ! ( ! ( Dioum Guennt !

Mbétét Mbos ! ( ! ( !

Ouadene Laneane! ( ( ! ( Até Ndiaye!

Waoumane ! ( ( ( !

Mbabane Médina Sambène ( !

Laloye Ourour Seli Diarhao ( ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Diouni Guel!

Bane Davene Bodé ( ! ( ! ( Goulo Koum Kourou Diobène ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Lévé ( !

Maka Baye Torodo Boulel ( Thioyene ! ( ! ( Darou !

Diote Kelbiram ! ( !

Diobene ( ( Tiadie Babou ! ( !

Tag Gueye ( Alouki ! ( Gainte Pathe !

Kounar ( Guinguinéo !

Tivaouane Delby ( ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Diaké Ndiolrhos Keur Babam ( ! ( ! ( !

Paffa ( Goubi ( !

Boudiéguel ! ( !

Nguékor Ngar Guèye ( !

Dianke Souf ( !

Kaye Boubou ( ! ( Bela ! ( !

Delbi Bayandour !

Boul Peul Tiobe ( Yassi ! ! ( Bak Gadiaga ( ( ! ( Paffa ! ( ! ( ! ( Bidiam !

Babanem Gnaba ( Ngouye Dieri !

Ndieng KongoliKirpa ( !

Sorokogne ! ( Diamaguene ( ! ( !

Darou Moussa ( ! ( ! ( !

Dodj ( Gati Peulh !

KaolackKahone ( !

Keur Aliou Sissé ! ( Medina Diam Diam Medina Fas ( !

Gayene Fas ! ( ! ( ( ! ( ! . !( !

Tanem ( !

Keur Sasndao Hokar Keur Modj Toune ( ! ( ! ( !

Taoua ( ! ( ! ( !

Taiba Ndioufene ( ! ( Gatie Naoude ! ! ( ! ( ( ! ( ! ( ! ( Bélogne Parassel Tobéne Fass Diayene ! ( Sintiou Kafate !

Kaffrine Birklane Korki Kanka ( ! . !

Kounias ( !

Ngouye Siouarh ( Ndakar !

Keur Yoro Barou ( !

Pete ( !

Keur Tierno Tala ( Tialene ! ( ( ! ( ! ! ( ( !

Arafa !

Tisse ( Sinntiou Adar ! ( !

Segre Seko ( ! ( !

Tiarene Sintie Alenndao Koïlal Lanta ! ( Taiffa Taiba Malem ( Por Rarame Maka Yop ! ( !

Kawil Keur Ali Gassam ! ( ( !

Kassassa ( !

Béné Djouma ( !

Katial Niahène Katakel Koumbal ( ! ( ( ! ( Koungheul ! ( !

Bandioul Bante ( ! ( ! ( !

Nguiedj !

Seyane ( !

Ngouye ( ! ( !

Darou Koudous Bali ( !

Keur Sosse Keur Saïdou ( ! ( !

Kalial Gotou Peul ( !

Koulegna ( ! ( ! ( Mbaye Mbaye ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Nandjigui ! ( Touba Diambour Dioli ( !

Diokoul Koutia Bailar Gobak Katiaouane Katiot Taoua Taiba ( !

Mbadio ! ( ( ! ( ! ( ! ( Keur Tianderi ! ( ! ( !

Kerma Fass ( ! ( !

Ndiaouara Ndiankot ( ( !

Ndianiene !

Nguiere Demissira Mabo Saham Diébel ( ! ( ! ( !

Ndieme Goundl ! ( ! ( Tialene ! ( ! ( N'Dofan ( !

Mousdalifa ! ( ! ( ! ( ( ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Sinntiou Vanar ( !

Keur Biram Bouma Keur Samba Dioubane Keur Diabel Mara Dioubene Taiba Medina ( !

Pete Tiangaye ( ! ( ! ( ! ( Ndioli !

Diapto ( ! ( ! ( !

Kaifara ( !

Pakala ( Daro Koudous ! ( Keur Madiabel ! ( !

Minal Sine Moktar Ndankou ( ! ( !

Touba Ali Fana Layene Koredia ( !

Koho Sossé Keur Male ( ! ( !

Keur Moussa Intia ( ! ( ( !

KoudomDaga Bani Tioubene ! ( Nganda ! ( !

Dafar ( ! ( !

Keur Manoumbe Ndiayene ( !

Ndakhar Dertadi Tubassaloum ( Diama Palene ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Keur Amat Fal ( !

Loungue ! ( Kaymor Dieme Tievi ( Kabakoto ! ( Wack Ngouna ! ( ! ( ! ( Nioro Du Rip Garan Keur Abibou !

Gowane

( !

20°N

16°W

Mosaic Forest-Shrubland/Grassland

250

500 Kilometers

e ow s th l ver sh a Land co (bio)physic ed v r 's e s h t b o ar f the e t cover o i.e. dominan , e c e s fa u r su nd tion, la r e s. vegeta -made featu n a m d an

Closed to open shrubland Bare areas

50 Kilometers

Urban area Closed to open broadleaved forest regularly flooded (fresh-brackish water)

* Legend corresponds to left map

Citation: Arino et al (2009)

10

Landuse ( !

15°W

10°W

14°30'N

ATLANTIC

SENEGAL

GUINEA-BISSAU

OCEAN

G U I N E A

( !

( !

( !

Medina

Keur Ndari

Koutango

Saboya

SIERRA LEONE International boundary 0

Keur Nala ! (

Keur Alassane Khodia

Nighatnor Ya ( !

( !

15°W

( !

( !

( !

Keur Diata

Kohel

( !

Landuse *

( !

13°30'N

Forest protected Shrubs unmanaged Shrubs moderate livestock density Shrubs high livestock density

16°W

. !

Town

Settlement

15°30'W

International Boundary Road River

River Bed

0

5

10

Scale 1:1,000,000 20

Agriculture protected

15°W

30

40

Crops and high livestock density Crops and moderate intensive livestock density

250

500 Kilometers

o f ho w rip ti on es a des c n d.It involv is e s La ndu ti liz e the la y, i.e . th e u it v people onomic a cti tion odifica ec socio- ment and m men t into n e ma nag tural e nviro h as c na . of the ir onment,s u se ttlements d nv le buil t e r al fi elds an y be mu ltip a ltu agri cu lace , the rem p her e.

At any s , the se nted se land u t on e is pre n a domin

Urban area

50 Kilometers

Wetlands mangrove

1 cm = 10 km

Open water inland Fisheries * Legend corresponds to left map

Kaffrine CCAFS sampling frame

10°W

Scale 1:12,500,000

125

Corresponds to the map on the left

Keur Ayip

THE GAMBIA

13°30'N

10°N

14°N

M A L I

THE GAMBIA

10°N

14°N

15°N

14°30'N

M A U R I T A N I A

15°N

Kael

( !

20°N

15°30'W 15°W Demba Koura ( !

Balol ( Tané ( ! !

Patakour ! ( Domak Gaima Tapsir ! ( Gaina ( Grinel !

Alika ( !

Ouada Darou Mbake ( Tévè Keur Massé !

Leve ( ! ( ! ( !

Dargouyé ( ! ( ! ( Colobane !

Ndiodori Ndioumane ! ( Yari Gouye ( ! ( !

Diamel Diaorel Darou Sagor Kaïga Araldé ( ! ! ( !

Kelkome ( !

Vang ( Seo Toure ( ! ( !

Koba ! ( Sidak Barkedji ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( Diabel !

Gouye Sambabane ! ( ! ( ( ! ( !

Touba Boule Moure Seo ( ! ( !

Keur Ndame Gobak ( ! ( !

Dan Tiadi Bountou Mbar ( !

Maodo Darou Salam !

Nesséona Gapassel ( ( ! ( ! ( ! ( Mbar !

Guiné ( !

Pailar Bélé ( ! ( Diene Lagane ! ( Gossas ! ( Tioumbo !

Darou Salam ( !

Babane Oualof ( !

Sab Sabre ( Dianveli-Alassane !

Niapguel ! ( ! ( ( !

Mbégué ( !

Panal Damadji Ouadiour Rhaye Bayar Dam Gassel ( !

Boguel Loumbol ! ( ( Gnibi ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ( ( !

Missira Tioyene !

Binngel ( ! !

Gadada ( ! ( Diatmel Moussa ! ( !

Tieneba ( Mayaye ! ( !

Gouyaré ( ! ( !

Quarkere Bondié ( !

Dinnguier ( !

Loumbel Keli Sabar ( !

Koum-Koum Bam Djigane Taïf Tiom ( ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Galoulé Wore Lanel Kourou Loumbol ( ! ( ! ( Dioum Guennt !

Mbétét Mbos ! ( ! ( !

Ouadene Laneane! ( ( ! ( Até Ndiaye!

Waoumane ! ( ( ( !

Mbabane Médina Sambène ( !

Laloye Ourour Seli Diarhao ( ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Diouni Guel!

Bane Davene Bodé ( ! ( ! ( Goulo Koum Kourou Diobène ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Lévé ( !

Maka Baye Torodo Boulel ( Thioyene ! ( ! ( Darou !

Diote Kelbiram ! ( !

Diobene ( ( Tiadie Babou ! ( !

Tag Gueye ( Alouki ! ( Gainte Pathe !

Kounar ( Guinguinéo !

Tivaouane Delby ( ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Diaké Ndiolrhos Keur Babam ( ! ( ! ( !

Paffa ( Goubi ( !

Boudiéguel ! ( !

Nguékor Ngar Guèye ( !

Dianke Souf ( !

Kaye Boubou ( ! ( Bela ! ( !

Delbi Bayandour !

Boul Peul Tiobe ( Yassi ! ! ( Bak Gadiaga ( ( ! ( Paffa ! ( ! ( ! ( Bidiam !

Babanem Gnaba ( Ngouye Dieri !

Ndieng KongoliKirpa ( !

Sorokogne ! ( Diamaguene ( ! ( !

Darou Moussa ( ! ( ! ( !

Dodj ( Gati Peulh !

KaolackKahone ( !

Keur Aliou Sissé ! ( Medina Diam Diam Medina Fas ( !

Gayene Fas ! ( ! ( ( ! ( ! . !( !

Tanem ( !

Keur Sasndao Hokar Keur Modj Toune ( ! ( ! ( !

Taoua ( ! ( ! ( !

Taiba Ndioufene ( ! ( Gatie Naoude ! ! ( ! ( ( ! ( ! ( ! ( Bélogne Parassel Tobéne Fass Diayene ! ( Sintiou Kafate !

Kaffrine Birklane Korki Kanka ( ! . !

Kounias ( !

Ngouye Siouarh ( Ndakar !

Keur Yoro Barou ( !

Pete ( !

Keur Tierno Tala ( Tialene ! ( ( ! ( ! ! ( ( !

Arafa !

Tisse ( Sinntiou Adar ! ( !

Segre Seko ( ! ( !

Tiarene Sintie Alenndao Koïlal Lanta ! ( Taiffa Taiba Malem ( Por Rarame Maka Yop ! ( !

Kawil Keur Ali Gassam ! ( ( !

Kassassa ( !

Béné Djouma ( !

Katial Niahène Katakel Koumbal ( ! ( ( ! ( Koungheul ! ( !

Bandioul Bante ( ! ( ! ( !

Nguiedj !

Seyane ( !

Ngouye ( ! ( !

Darou Koudous Bali ( !

Keur Sosse Keur Saïdou ( ! ( !

Kalial Gotou Peul ( !

Koulegna ( ! ( ! ( Mbaye Mbaye ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Nandjigui ! ( Touba Diambour Dioli ( !

Diokoul Koutia Bailar Gobak Katiaouane Katiot Taoua Taiba ( !

Mbadio ! ( ( ! ( ! ( ! ( Keur Tianderi ! ( ! ( !

Kerma Fass ( ! ( !

Ndiaouara Ndiankot ( ( !

Ndianiene !

Nguiere Demissira Mabo Saham Diébel ( ! ( ! ( !

Ndieme Goundl ! ( ! ( Tialene ! ( ! ( N'Dofan ( !

Mousdalifa ! ( ! ( ! ( ( ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Sinntiou Vanar ( !

Keur Biram Bouma Keur Samba Dioubane Keur Diabel Mara Dioubene Taiba Medina ( !

Pete Tiangaye ( ! ( ! ( ! ( Ndioli !

Diapto ( ! ( ! ( !

Kaifara ( !

Pakala ( Daro Koudous ! ( Keur Madiabel ! ( !

Minal Sine Moktar Ndankou ( ! ( !

Touba Ali Fana Layene Koredia ( !

Koho Sossé Keur Male ( ! ( !

Keur Moussa Intia ( ! ( ( !

KoudomDaga Bani Tioubene ! ( Nganda ! ( !

Dafar ( ! ( !

Keur Manoumbe Ndiayene ( !

Ndakhar Dertadi Tubassaloum ( Diama Palene ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Keur Amat Fal ( !

Loungue ! ( Kaymor Dieme Tievi ( Kabakoto ! ( Wack Ngouna ! ( ! ( ! ( Nioro Du Rip Garan Keur Abibou !

Gowane

( !

20°N

16°W

Citation:

Natchtergaele et al (2010)

11

Length of Growing Period 2000 ( !

15°W

10°W

14°30'N

ATLANTIC

SENEGAL

GUINEA-BISSAU

OCEAN

G U I N E A

( !

( !

( !

Medina

Keur Ndari

Koutango

Saboya

SIERRA LEONE International boundary

( !

( !

0

Keur Nala ! (

Keur Alassane Khodia

Nighatnor Ya ( !

( !

( !

Keur Diata

Kohel

( !

. !

Settlement

< = 50

13°30'N 15°30'W

International Boundary Road River

River Bed

0

5

10

10°W

Scale 1:12,500,000

125

250

500 Kilometers

Length of Growing Period (Days)

( !

50 - 100 100 - 150 150 - 200

16°W Town

15°W

Corresponds to the map on the left

Keur Ayip

THE GAMBIA

13°30'N

10°N

14°N

M A L I

THE GAMBIA

10°N

14°N

15°N

14°30'N

M A U R I T A N I A

15°N

Kael

( !

20°N

15°30'W 15°W Demba Koura ( !

Balol ( Tané ( ! !

Patakour ! ( Domak Gaima Tapsir ! ( Gaina ( Grinel !

Alika ( !

Ouada Darou Mbake ( Tévè Keur Massé !

Leve ( ! ( ! ( !

Dargouyé ( ! ( ! ( Colobane !

Ndiodori Ndioumane ! ( Yari Gouye ( ! ( !

Diamel Diaorel Darou Sagor Kaïga Araldé ( ! ! ( !

Kelkome ( !

Vang ( Seo Toure ( ! ( !

Koba ! ( Sidak Barkedji ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( Diabel !

Gouye Sambabane ! ( ! ( ( ! ( !

Touba Boule Moure Seo ( ! ( !

Keur Ndame Gobak ( ! ( !

Dan Tiadi Bountou Mbar ( !

Maodo Darou Salam !

Nesséona Gapassel ( ( ! ( ! ( ! ( Mbar !

Guiné ( !

Pailar Bélé ( ! ( Diene Lagane ! ( Gossas ! ( Tioumbo !

Darou Salam ( !

Babane Oualof ( !

Sab Sabre ( Dianveli-Alassane !

Niapguel ! ( ! ( ( !

Mbégué ( !

Panal Damadji Ouadiour Rhaye Bayar Dam Gassel ( !

Boguel Loumbol ! ( ( Gnibi ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ( ( !

Missira Tioyene !

Binngel ( ! !

Gadada ( ! ( Diatmel Moussa ! ( !

Tieneba ( Mayaye ! ( !

Gouyaré ( ! ( !

Quarkere Bondié ( !

Dinnguier ( !

Loumbel Keli Sabar ( !

Koum-Koum Bam Djigane Taïf Tiom ( ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Galoulé Wore Lanel Kourou Loumbol ( ! ( ! ( Dioum Guennt !

Mbétét Mbos ! ( ! ( !

Ouadene Laneane! ( ( ! ( Até Ndiaye!

Waoumane ! ( ( ( !

Mbabane Médina Sambène ( !

Laloye Ourour Seli Diarhao ( ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Diouni Guel!

Bane Davene Bodé ( ! ( ! ( Goulo Koum Kourou Diobène ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Lévé ( !

Maka Baye Torodo Boulel ( Thioyene ! ( ! ( Darou !

Diote Kelbiram ! ( !

Diobene ( ( Tiadie Babou ! ( !

Tag Gueye ( Alouki ! ( Gainte Pathe !

Kounar ( Guinguinéo !

Tivaouane Delby ( ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Diaké Ndiolrhos Keur Babam ( ! ( ! ( !

Paffa ( Goubi ( !

Boudiéguel ! ( !

Nguékor Ngar Guèye ( !

Dianke Souf ( !

Kaye Boubou ( ! ( Bela ! ( !

Delbi Bayandour !

Boul Peul Tiobe ( Yassi ! ! ( Bak Gadiaga ( ( ! ( Paffa ! ( ! ( ! ( Bidiam !

Babanem Gnaba ( Ngouye Dieri !

Ndieng KongoliKirpa ( !

Sorokogne ! ( Diamaguene ( ! ( !

Darou Moussa ( ! ( ! ( !

Dodj ( Gati Peulh !

KaolackKahone ( !

Keur Aliou Sissé ! ( Medina Diam Diam Medina Fas ( !

Gayene Fas ! ( ! ( ( ! ( ! . !( !

Tanem ( !

Keur Sasndao Hokar Keur Modj Toune ( ! ( ! ( !

Taoua ( ! ( ! ( !

Taiba Ndioufene ( ! ( Gatie Naoude ! ! ( ! ( ( ! ( ! ( ! ( Bélogne Parassel Tobéne Fass Diayene ! ( Sintiou Kafate !

Kaffrine Birklane Korki Kanka ( ! . !

Kounias ( !

Ngouye Siouarh ( Ndakar !

Keur Yoro Barou ( !

Pete ( !

Keur Tierno Tala ( Tialene ! ( ( ! ( ! ! ( ( !

Arafa !

Tisse ( Sinntiou Adar ! ( !

Segre Seko ( ! ( !

Tiarene Sintie Alenndao Koïlal Lanta ! ( Taiffa Taiba Malem ( Por Rarame Maka Yop ! ( !

Kawil Keur Ali Gassam ! ( ( !

Kassassa ( !

Béné Djouma ( !

Katial Niahène Katakel Koumbal ( ! ( ( ! ( Koungheul ! ( !

Bandioul Bante ( ! ( ! ( !

Nguiedj !

Seyane ( !

Ngouye ( ! ( !

Darou Koudous Bali ( !

Keur Sosse Keur Saïdou ( ! ( !

Kalial Gotou Peul ( !

Koulegna ( ! ( ! ( Mbaye Mbaye ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Nandjigui ! ( Touba Diambour Dioli ( !

Diokoul Koutia Bailar Gobak Katiaouane Katiot Taoua Taiba ( !

Mbadio ! ( ( ! ( ! ( ! ( Keur Tianderi ! ( ! ( !

Kerma Fass ( ! ( !

Ndiaouara Ndiankot ( ( !

Ndianiene !

Nguiere Demissira Mabo Saham Diébel ( ! ( ! ( !

Ndieme Goundl ! ( ! ( Tialene ! ( ! ( N'Dofan ( !

Mousdalifa ! ( ! ( ! ( ( ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Sinntiou Vanar ( !

Keur Biram Bouma Keur Samba Dioubane Keur Diabel Mara Dioubene Taiba Medina ( !

Pete Tiangaye ( ! ( ! ( ! ( Ndioli !

Diapto ( ! ( ! ( !

Kaifara ( !

Pakala ( Daro Koudous ! ( Keur Madiabel ! ( !

Minal Sine Moktar Ndankou ( ! ( !

Touba Ali Fana Layene Koredia ( !

Koho Sossé Keur Male ( ! ( !

Keur Moussa Intia ( ! ( ( !

KoudomDaga Bani Tioubene ! ( Nganda ! ( !

Dafar ( ! ( !

Keur Manoumbe Ndiayene ( !

Ndakhar Dertadi Tubassaloum ( Diama Palene ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Keur Amat Fal ( !

Loungue ! ( Kaymor Dieme Tievi ( Kabakoto ! ( Wack Ngouna ! ( ! ( ! ( Nioro Du Rip Garan Keur Abibou !

Gowane

( !

20°N

16°W

15°W

Scale 1:1,000,000 20

30

40

> 200

50 Kilometers

ro wing th of G fined g n e L The is de (LGP) ys Period umb er of da h n ic e h h as t ing w ar dur le rainfed e y a in ab is avail upply for there s e r u t is o soil m o wth. r plant g

1 cm = 10 km

Kaffrine CCAFS sampling frame

Citation: Thornton et.al (2006)

12

Length of Growing Period 2030 ( !

15°W

10°W

14°30'N

ATLANTIC

SENEGAL

GUINEA-BISSAU

OCEAN

G U I N E A

( !

( !

( !

Medina

Keur Ndari

Koutango

Saboya

SIERRA LEONE International boundary

( !

( !

0

Keur Nala ! (

Keur Alassane Khodia

Nighatnor Ya ( !

( !

( !

Keur Diata

Kohel

( !

Length of Growing Period (Days)

( !

< = 50

13°30'N

50 - 100 100 - 150 150 - 200

. !

16°W Town

Settlement

15°30'W

International Boundary Road River

River Bed Kaffrine

0

5

10

15°W

Scale 1:1,000,000 20

> 200

15°W

30

40

10°W

Scale 1:12,500,000

125

Corresponds to the map on the left

Keur Ayip

THE GAMBIA

13°30'N

10°N

14°N

M A L I

THE GAMBIA

10°N

14°N

15°N

14°30'N

M A U R I T A N I A

15°N

Kael

( !

20°N

15°30'W 15°W Demba Koura ( !

Balol ( Tané ( ! !

Patakour ! ( Domak Gaima Tapsir ! ( Gaina ( Grinel !

Alika ( !

Ouada Darou Mbake ( Tévè Keur Massé !

Leve ( ! ( ! ( !

Dargouyé ( ! ( ! ( Colobane !

Ndiodori Ndioumane ! ( Yari Gouye ( ! ( !

Diamel Diaorel Darou Sagor Kaïga Araldé ( ! ! ( !

Kelkome ( !

Vang ( Seo Toure ( ! ( !

Koba ! ( Sidak Barkedji ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( Diabel !

Gouye Sambabane ! ( ! ( ( ! ( !

Touba Boule Moure Seo ( ! ( !

Keur Ndame Gobak ( ! ( !

Dan Tiadi Bountou Mbar ( !

Maodo Darou Salam !

Nesséona Gapassel ( ( ! ( ! ( ! ( Mbar !

Guiné ( !

Pailar Bélé ( ! ( Diene Lagane ! ( Gossas ! ( Tioumbo !

Darou Salam ( !

Babane Oualof ( !

Sab Sabre ( Dianveli-Alassane !

Niapguel ! ( ! ( ( !

Mbégué ( !

Panal Damadji Ouadiour Rhaye Bayar Dam Gassel ( !

Boguel Loumbol ! ( ( Gnibi ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ( ( !

Missira Tioyene !

Binngel ( ! !

Gadada ( ! ( Diatmel Moussa ! ( !

Tieneba ( Mayaye ! ( !

Gouyaré ( ! ( !

Quarkere Bondié ( !

Dinnguier ( !

Loumbel Keli Sabar ( !

Koum-Koum Bam Djigane Taïf Tiom ( ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Galoulé Wore Lanel Kourou Loumbol ( ! ( ! ( Dioum Guennt !

Mbétét Mbos ! ( ! ( !

Ouadene Laneane! ( ( ! ( Até Ndiaye!

Waoumane ! ( ( ( !

Mbabane Médina Sambène ( !

Laloye Ourour Seli Diarhao ( ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Diouni Guel!

Bane Davene Bodé ( ! ( ! ( Goulo Koum Kourou Diobène ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Lévé ( !

Maka Baye Torodo Boulel ( Thioyene ! ( ! ( Darou !

Diote Kelbiram ! ( !

Diobene ( ( Tiadie Babou ! ( !

Tag Gueye ( Alouki ! ( Gainte Pathe !

Kounar ( Guinguinéo !

Tivaouane Delby ( ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Diaké Ndiolrhos Keur Babam ( ! ( ! ( !

Paffa ( Goubi ( !

Boudiéguel ! ( !

Nguékor Ngar Guèye ( !

Dianke Souf ( !

Kaye Boubou ( ! ( Bela ! ( !

Delbi Bayandour !

Boul Peul Tiobe ( Yassi ! ! ( Bak Gadiaga ( ( ! ( Paffa ! ( ! ( ! ( Bidiam !

Babanem Gnaba ( Ngouye Dieri !

Ndieng KongoliKirpa ( !

Sorokogne ! ( Diamaguene ( ! ( !

Darou Moussa ( ! ( ! ( !

Dodj ( Gati Peulh !

KaolackKahone ( !

Keur Aliou Sissé ! ( Medina Diam Diam Medina Fas ( !

Gayene Fas ! ( ! ( ( ! ( ! . !( !

Tanem ( !

Keur Sasndao Hokar Keur Modj Toune ( ! ( ! ( !

Taoua ( ! ( ! ( !

Taiba Ndioufene ( ! ( Gatie Naoude ! ! ( ! ( ( ! ( ! ( ! ( Bélogne Parassel Tobéne Fass Diayene ! ( Sintiou Kafate !

Kaffrine Birklane Korki Kanka ( ! . !

Kounias ( !

Ngouye Siouarh ( Ndakar !

Keur Yoro Barou ( !

Pete ( !

Keur Tierno Tala ( Tialene ! ( ( ! ( ! ! ( ( !

Arafa !

Tisse ( Sinntiou Adar ! ( !

Segre Seko ( ! ( !

Tiarene Sintie Alenndao Koïlal Lanta ! ( Taiffa Taiba Malem ( Por Rarame Maka Yop ! ( !

Kawil Keur Ali Gassam ! ( ( !

Kassassa ( !

Béné Djouma ( !

Katial Niahène Katakel Koumbal ( ! ( ( ! ( Koungheul ! ( !

Bandioul Bante ( ! ( ! ( !

Nguiedj !

Seyane ( !

Ngouye ( ! ( !

Darou Koudous Bali ( !

Keur Sosse Keur Saïdou ( ! ( !

Kalial Gotou Peul ( !

Koulegna ( ! ( ! ( Mbaye Mbaye ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Nandjigui ! ( Touba Diambour Dioli ( !

Diokoul Koutia Bailar Gobak Katiaouane Katiot Taoua Taiba ( !

Mbadio ! ( ( ! ( ! ( ! ( Keur Tianderi ! ( ! ( !

Kerma Fass ( ! ( !

Ndiaouara Ndiankot ( ( !

Ndianiene !

Nguiere Demissira Mabo Saham Diébel ( ! ( ! ( !

Ndieme Goundl ! ( ! ( Tialene ! ( ! ( N'Dofan ( !

Mousdalifa ! ( ! ( ! ( ( ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Sinntiou Vanar ( !

Keur Biram Bouma Keur Samba Dioubane Keur Diabel Mara Dioubene Taiba Medina ( !

Pete Tiangaye ( ! ( ! ( ! ( Ndioli !

Diapto ( ! ( ! ( !

Kaifara ( !

Pakala ( Daro Koudous ! ( Keur Madiabel ! ( !

Minal Sine Moktar Ndankou ( ! ( !

Touba Ali Fana Layene Koredia ( !

Koho Sossé Keur Male ( ! ( !

Keur Moussa Intia ( ! ( ( !

KoudomDaga Bani Tioubene ! ( Nganda ! ( !

Dafar ( ! ( !

Keur Manoumbe Ndiayene ( !

Ndakhar Dertadi Tubassaloum ( Diama Palene ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Keur Amat Fal ( !

Loungue ! ( Kaymor Dieme Tievi ( Kabakoto ! ( Wack Ngouna ! ( ! ( ! ( Nioro Du Rip Garan Keur Abibou !

Gowane

( !

20°N

16°W

250

500 Kilometers

ro wing th of G fined g n e L The is de (LGP) ys Period umb er of da h n ic e h as th ing w ar dur le rainfed e y a in ab is avail upply for there s e r u t ois soil m o wth; here r plant g for 2030 . d le e d o m

50 Kilometers

1 cm = 10 km

Kaffrine CCAFS sampling frame

Citation:

Thornton et al (2006)

13

Crop Suitability ( !

15°W

10°W

14°30'N

ATLANTIC

SENEGAL

GUINEA-BISSAU

OCEAN

G U I N E A

( !

( !

( !

Medina

Keur Ndari

Koutango

Saboya

SIERRA LEONE International boundary

( !

( !

0

Keur Nala ! (

Keur Alassane Khodia

Nighatnor Ya ( !

( !

( !

Keur Diata

Kohel

( !

Crop Suitability

( !

Not suitable

13°30'N

Very low Low Medium low

. !

16°W Town

Settlement

15°30'W

International Boundary Road River

River Bed

0

5

10

15°W

10°W

Scale 1:12,500,000

125

250

500 Kilometers

Corresponds to the map on the left

Keur Ayip

THE GAMBIA

13°30'N

10°N

14°N

M A L I

THE GAMBIA

10°N

14°N

15°N

14°30'N

M A U R I T A N I A

15°N

Kael

( !

20°N

15°30'W 15°W Demba Koura ( !

Balol ( Tané ( ! !

Patakour ! ( Domak Gaima Tapsir ! ( Gaina ( Grinel !

Alika ( !

Ouada Darou Mbake ( Tévè Keur Massé !

Leve ( ! ( ! ( !

Dargouyé ( ! ( ! ( Colobane !

Ndiodori Ndioumane ! ( Yari Gouye ( ! ( !

Diamel Diaorel Darou Sagor Kaïga Araldé ( ! ! ( !

Kelkome ( !

Vang ( Seo Toure ( ! ( !

Koba ! ( Sidak Barkedji ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( Diabel !

Gouye Sambabane ! ( ! ( ( ! ( !

Touba Boule Moure Seo ( ! ( !

Keur Ndame Gobak ( ! ( !

Dan Tiadi Bountou Mbar ( !

Maodo Darou Salam !

Nesséona Gapassel ( ( ! ( ! ( ! ( Mbar !

Guiné ( !

Pailar Bélé ( ! ( Diene Lagane ! ( Gossas ! ( Tioumbo !

Darou Salam ( !

Babane Oualof ( !

Sab Sabre ( Dianveli-Alassane !

Niapguel ! ( ! ( ( !

Mbégué ( !

Panal Damadji Ouadiour Rhaye Bayar Dam Gassel ( !

Boguel Loumbol ! ( ( Gnibi ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ( ( !

Missira Tioyene !

Binngel ( ! !

Gadada ( ! ( Diatmel Moussa ! ( !

Tieneba ( Mayaye ! ( !

Gouyaré ( ! ( !

Quarkere Bondié ( !

Dinnguier ( !

Loumbel Keli Sabar ( !

Koum-Koum Bam Djigane Taïf Tiom ( ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Galoulé Wore Lanel Kourou Loumbol ( ! ( ! ( Dioum Guennt !

Mbétét Mbos ! ( ! ( !

Ouadene Laneane! ( ( ! ( Até Ndiaye!

Waoumane ! ( ( ( !

Mbabane Médina Sambène ( !

Laloye Ourour Seli Diarhao ( ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Diouni Guel!

Bane Davene Bodé ( ! ( ! ( Goulo Koum Kourou Diobène ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Lévé ( !

Maka Baye Torodo Boulel ( Thioyene ! ( ! ( Darou !

Diote Kelbiram ! ( !

Diobene ( ( Tiadie Babou ! ( !

Tag Gueye ( Alouki ! ( Gainte Pathe !

Kounar ( Guinguinéo !

Tivaouane Delby ( ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Diaké Ndiolrhos Keur Babam ( ! ( ! ( !

Paffa ( Goubi ( !

Boudiéguel ! ( !

Nguékor Ngar Guèye ( !

Dianke Souf ( !

Kaye Boubou ( ! ( Bela ! ( !

Delbi Bayandour !

Boul Peul Tiobe ( Yassi ! ! ( Bak Gadiaga ( ( ! ( Paffa ! ( ! ( ! ( Bidiam !

Babanem Gnaba ( Ngouye Dieri !

Ndieng KongoliKirpa ( !

Sorokogne ! ( Diamaguene ( ! ( !

Darou Moussa ( ! ( ! ( !

Dodj ( Gati Peulh !

KaolackKahone ( !

Keur Aliou Sissé ! ( Medina Diam Diam Medina Fas ( !

Gayene Fas ! ( ! ( ( ! ( ! . !( !

Tanem ( !

Keur Sasndao Hokar Keur Modj Toune ( ! ( ! ( !

Taoua ( ! ( ! ( !

Taiba Ndioufene ( ! ( Gatie Naoude ! ! ( ! ( ( ! ( ! ( ! ( Bélogne Parassel Tobéne Fass Diayene ! ( Sintiou Kafate !

Kaffrine Birklane Korki Kanka ( ! . !

Kounias ( !

Ngouye Siouarh ( Ndakar !

Keur Yoro Barou ( !

Pete ( !

Keur Tierno Tala ( Tialene ! ( ( ! ( ! ! ( ( !

Arafa !

Tisse ( Sinntiou Adar ! ( !

Segre Seko ( ! ( !

Tiarene Sintie Alenndao Koïlal Lanta ! ( Taiffa Taiba Malem ( Por Rarame Maka Yop ! ( !

Kawil Keur Ali Gassam ! ( ( !

Kassassa ( !

Béné Djouma ( !

Katial Niahène Katakel Koumbal ( ! ( ( ! ( Koungheul ! ( !

Bandioul Bante ( ! ( ! ( !

Nguiedj !

Seyane ( !

Ngouye ( ! ( !

Darou Koudous Bali ( !

Keur Sosse Keur Saïdou ( ! ( !

Kalial Gotou Peul ( !

Koulegna ( ! ( ! ( Mbaye Mbaye ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Nandjigui ! ( Touba Diambour Dioli ( !

Diokoul Koutia Bailar Gobak Katiaouane Katiot Taoua Taiba ( !

Mbadio ! ( ( ! ( ! ( ! ( Keur Tianderi ! ( ! ( !

Kerma Fass ( ! ( !

Ndiaouara Ndiankot ( ( !

Ndianiene !

Nguiere Demissira Mabo Saham Diébel ( ! ( ! ( !

Ndieme Goundl ! ( ! ( Tialene ! ( ! ( N'Dofan ( !

Mousdalifa ! ( ! ( ! ( ( ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Sinntiou Vanar ( !

Keur Biram Bouma Keur Samba Dioubane Keur Diabel Mara Dioubene Taiba Medina ( !

Pete Tiangaye ( ! ( ! ( ! ( Ndioli !

Diapto ( ! ( ! ( !

Kaifara ( !

Pakala ( Daro Koudous ! ( Keur Madiabel ! ( !

Minal Sine Moktar Ndankou ( ! ( !

Touba Ali Fana Layene Koredia ( !

Koho Sossé Keur Male ( ! ( !

Keur Moussa Intia ( ! ( ( !

KoudomDaga Bani Tioubene ! ( Nganda ! ( !

Dafar ( ! ( !

Keur Manoumbe Ndiayene ( !

Ndakhar Dertadi Tubassaloum ( Diama Palene ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Keur Amat Fal ( !

Loungue ! ( Kaymor Dieme Tievi ( Kabakoto ! ( Wack Ngouna ! ( ! ( ! ( Nioro Du Rip Garan Keur Abibou !

Gowane

( !

20°N

16°W

15°W

Scale 1:1,000,000 20

30

40

Medium Medium high High

50 Kilometers

fers to ility re b a it u Crop S resource nd the la ent that m al land s e s as s s agricultur vant r e le e id r cons ions with t dition p n o o c e l s u gica lo o c e e t pec d agro ate ex s. im t s e itie to g activ croppin

Very high

1 cm = 10 km

Kaffrine CCAFS sampling frame

Citation: FAO and IIASA (2007)

14

Livestock Production Systems ( !

15°W

10°W

14°30'N

ATLANTIC

SENEGAL

GUINEA-BISSAU

OCEAN

G U I N E A

( !

( !

( !

Medina

Keur Ndari

Koutango

Saboya

SIERRA LEONE International boundary

( !

( !

0

Keur Nala ! (

Keur Alassane Khodia

Nighatnor Ya ( !

( !

( !

Keur Diata

Kohel

( !

Mixed Rainfed

( !

. !

Settlement

13°30'N 15°30'W

International Boundary Road River

River Bed

0

5

10

10°W

Scale 1:12,500,000

125

250

15°W

Scale 1:1,000,000 20

30

40

Livestock only

Arid / Semi-arid

Arid /semi-arid

Humid / sub-humid

Temperate / highland

Temperate / highland

Closed to open shrubland

Mixed Irrigated 16°W Town

15°W

Corresponds to the map on the left

Keur Ayip

THE GAMBIA

13°30'N

10°N

14°N

M A L I

THE GAMBIA

10°N

14°N

15°N

14°30'N

M A U R I T A N I A

15°N

Kael

( !

20°N

15°30'W 15°W Demba Koura ( !

Balol ( Tané ( ! !

Patakour ! ( Domak Gaima Tapsir ! ( Gaina ( Grinel !

Alika ( !

Ouada Darou Mbake ( Tévè Keur Massé !

Leve ( ! ( ! ( !

Dargouyé ( ! ( ! ( Colobane !

Ndiodori Ndioumane ! ( Yari Gouye ( ! ( !

Diamel Diaorel Darou Sagor Kaïga Araldé ( ! ! ( !

Kelkome ( !

Vang ( Seo Toure ( ! ( !

Koba ! ( Sidak Barkedji ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( Diabel !

Gouye Sambabane ! ( ! ( ( ! ( !

Touba Boule Moure Seo ( ! ( !

Keur Ndame Gobak ( ! ( !

Dan Tiadi Bountou Mbar ( !

Maodo Darou Salam !

Nesséona Gapassel ( ( ! ( ! ( ! ( Mbar !

Guiné ( !

Pailar Bélé ( ! ( Diene Lagane ! ( Gossas ! ( Tioumbo !

Darou Salam ( !

Babane Oualof ( !

Sab Sabre ( Dianveli-Alassane !

Niapguel ! ( ! ( ( !

Mbégué ( !

Panal Damadji Ouadiour Rhaye Bayar Dam Gassel ( !

Boguel Loumbol ! ( ( Gnibi ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ( ( !

Missira Tioyene !

Binngel ( ! !

Gadada ( ! ( Diatmel Moussa ! ( !

Tieneba ( Mayaye ! ( !

Gouyaré ( ! ( !

Quarkere Bondié ( !

Dinnguier ( !

Loumbel Keli Sabar ( !

Koum-Koum Bam Djigane Taïf Tiom ( ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Galoulé Wore Lanel Kourou Loumbol ( ! ( ! ( Dioum Guennt !

Mbétét Mbos ! ( ! ( !

Ouadene Laneane! ( ( ! ( Até Ndiaye!

Waoumane ! ( ( ( !

Mbabane Médina Sambène ( !

Laloye Ourour Seli Diarhao ( ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Diouni Guel!

Bane Davene Bodé ( ! ( ! ( Goulo Koum Kourou Diobène ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Lévé ( !

Maka Baye Torodo Boulel ( Thioyene ! ( ! ( Darou !

Diote Kelbiram ! ( !

Diobene ( ( Tiadie Babou ! ( !

Tag Gueye ( Alouki ! ( Gainte Pathe !

Kounar ( Guinguinéo !

Tivaouane Delby ( ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Diaké Ndiolrhos Keur Babam ( ! ( ! ( !

Paffa ( Goubi ( !

Boudiéguel ! ( !

Nguékor Ngar Guèye ( !

Dianke Souf ( !

Kaye Boubou ( ! ( Bela ! ( !

Delbi Bayandour !

Boul Peul Tiobe ( Yassi ! ! ( Bak Gadiaga ( ( ! ( Paffa ! ( ! ( ! ( Bidiam !

Babanem Gnaba ( Ngouye Dieri !

Ndieng KongoliKirpa ( !

Sorokogne ! ( Diamaguene ( ! ( !

Darou Moussa ( ! ( ! ( !

Dodj ( Gati Peulh !

KaolackKahone ( !

Keur Aliou Sissé ! ( Medina Diam Diam Medina Fas ( !

Gayene Fas ! ( ! ( ( ! ( ! . !( !

Tanem ( !

Keur Sasndao Hokar Keur Modj Toune ( ! ( ! ( !

Taoua ( ! ( ! ( !

Taiba Ndioufene ( ! ( Gatie Naoude ! ! ( ! ( ( ! ( ! ( ! ( Bélogne Parassel Tobéne Fass Diayene ! ( Sintiou Kafate !

Kaffrine Birklane Korki Kanka ( ! . !

Kounias ( !

Ngouye Siouarh ( Ndakar !

Keur Yoro Barou ( !

Pete ( !

Keur Tierno Tala ( Tialene ! ( ( ! ( ! ! ( ( !

Arafa !

Tisse ( Sinntiou Adar ! ( !

Segre Seko ( ! ( !

Tiarene Sintie Alenndao Koïlal Lanta ! ( Taiffa Taiba Malem ( Por Rarame Maka Yop ! ( !

Kawil Keur Ali Gassam ! ( ( !

Kassassa ( !

Béné Djouma ( !

Katial Niahène Katakel Koumbal ( ! ( ( ! ( Koungheul ! ( !

Bandioul Bante ( ! ( ! ( !

Nguiedj !

Seyane ( !

Ngouye ( ! ( !

Darou Koudous Bali ( !

Keur Sosse Keur Saïdou ( ! ( !

Kalial Gotou Peul ( !

Koulegna ( ! ( ! ( Mbaye Mbaye ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Nandjigui ! ( Touba Diambour Dioli ( !

Diokoul Koutia Bailar Gobak Katiaouane Katiot Taoua Taiba ( !

Mbadio ! ( ( ! ( ! ( ! ( Keur Tianderi ! ( ! ( !

Kerma Fass ( ! ( !

Ndiaouara Ndiankot ( ( !

Ndianiene !

Nguiere Demissira Mabo Saham Diébel ( ! ( ! ( !

Ndieme Goundl ! ( ! ( Tialene ! ( ! ( N'Dofan ( !

Mousdalifa ! ( ! ( ! ( ( ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Sinntiou Vanar ( !

Keur Biram Bouma Keur Samba Dioubane Keur Diabel Mara Dioubene Taiba Medina ( !

Pete Tiangaye ( ! ( ! ( ! ( Ndioli !

Diapto ( ! ( ! ( !

Kaifara ( !

Pakala ( Daro Koudous ! ( Keur Madiabel ! ( !

Minal Sine Moktar Ndankou ( ! ( !

Touba Ali Fana Layene Koredia ( !

Koho Sossé Keur Male ( ! ( !

Keur Moussa Intia ( ! ( ( !

KoudomDaga Bani Tioubene ! ( Nganda ! ( !

Dafar ( ! ( !

Keur Manoumbe Ndiayene ( !

Ndakhar Dertadi Tubassaloum ( Diama Palene ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Keur Amat Fal ( !

Loungue ! ( Kaymor Dieme Tievi ( Kabakoto ! ( Wack Ngouna ! ( ! ( ! ( Nioro Du Rip Garan Keur Abibou !

Gowane

( !

20°N

16°W

Arid / semi-arid

Urban area

Humid / sub-humid

Other

Temperate / highland

500 Kilometers

ms a s Syste ucti on tems take d ro P ck sys Live sto gri cultural ns in to io fa condit ified in part o c ti a ss lim agro-c an d a re cla es tock s liv nt accou f fe ed a nd commoditie ; o stock te chnology ; e te rms v li ; o ns on rce s res ou d; prod ucti stock fun cti s ; e on ce produ us e and li v phic locati d. ra e ct produ ered; geog ns su pport ov tio are a c an popula um and h

50 Kilometers

1 cm = 10 km

Kaffrine CCAFS sampling frame

Citation:

FAO (2007)

15

Livestock Density ( !

15°W

10°W

14°30'N

ATLANTIC

SENEGAL

GUINEA-BISSAU

OCEAN

G U I N E A

( !

( !

( !

Medina

Keur Ndari

Koutango

Saboya

SIERRA LEONE International boundary

( !

( !

0

Keur Nala ! (

Keur Alassane Khodia

Nighatnor Ya ( !

( !

( !

Keur Diata

Kohel

( !

Number per km

( !

2

No Observations

13°30'N

<= 5 5 - 10 10 - 15

. !

16°W Town

Settlement

15°30'W

International Boundary Road River

River Bed

0

5

10

15°W

Scale 1:1,000,000 20

15 - 20

15°W

30

40

10°W

Scale 1:12,500,000

125

Corresponds to the map on the left

Keur Ayip

THE GAMBIA

13°30'N

10°N

14°N

M A L I

THE GAMBIA

10°N

14°N

15°N

14°30'N

M A U R I T A N I A

15°N

Kael

( !

20°N

15°30'W 15°W Demba Koura ( !

Balol ( Tané ( ! !

Patakour ! ( Domak Gaima Tapsir ! ( Gaina ( Grinel !

Alika ( !

Ouada Darou Mbake ( Tévè Keur Massé !

Leve ( ! ( ! ( !

Dargouyé ( ! ( ! ( Colobane !

Ndiodori Ndioumane ! ( Yari Gouye ( ! ( !

Diamel Diaorel Darou Sagor Kaïga Araldé ( ! ! ( !

Kelkome ( !

Vang ( Seo Toure ( ! ( !

Koba ! ( Sidak Barkedji ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( Diabel !

Gouye Sambabane ! ( ! ( ( ! ( !

Touba Boule Moure Seo ( ! ( !

Keur Ndame Gobak ( ! ( !

Dan Tiadi Bountou Mbar ( !

Maodo Darou Salam !

Nesséona Gapassel ( ( ! ( ! ( ! ( Mbar !

Guiné ( !

Pailar Bélé ( ! ( Diene Lagane ! ( Gossas ! ( Tioumbo !

Darou Salam ( !

Babane Oualof ( !

Sab Sabre ( Dianveli-Alassane !

Niapguel ! ( ! ( ( !

Mbégué ( !

Panal Damadji Ouadiour Rhaye Bayar Dam Gassel ( !

Boguel Loumbol ! ( ( Gnibi ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ( ( !

Missira Tioyene !

Binngel ( ! !

Gadada ( ! ( Diatmel Moussa ! ( !

Tieneba ( Mayaye ! ( !

Gouyaré ( ! ( !

Quarkere Bondié ( !

Dinnguier ( !

Loumbel Keli Sabar ( !

Koum-Koum Bam Djigane Taïf Tiom ( ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Galoulé Wore Lanel Kourou Loumbol ( ! ( ! ( Dioum Guennt !

Mbétét Mbos ! ( ! ( !

Ouadene Laneane! ( ( ! ( Até Ndiaye!

Waoumane ! ( ( ( !

Mbabane Médina Sambène ( !

Laloye Ourour Seli Diarhao ( ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Diouni Guel!

Bane Davene Bodé ( ! ( ! ( Goulo Koum Kourou Diobène ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Lévé ( !

Maka Baye Torodo Boulel ( Thioyene ! ( ! ( Darou !

Diote Kelbiram ! ( !

Diobene ( ( Tiadie Babou ! ( !

Tag Gueye ( Alouki ! ( Gainte Pathe !

Kounar ( Guinguinéo !

Tivaouane Delby ( ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Diaké Ndiolrhos Keur Babam ( ! ( ! ( !

Paffa ( Goubi ( !

Boudiéguel ! ( !

Nguékor Ngar Guèye ( !

Dianke Souf ( !

Kaye Boubou ( ! ( Bela ! ( !

Delbi Bayandour !

Boul Peul Tiobe ( Yassi ! ! ( Bak Gadiaga ( ( ! ( Paffa ! ( ! ( ! ( Bidiam !

Babanem Gnaba ( Ngouye Dieri !

Ndieng KongoliKirpa ( !

Sorokogne ! ( Diamaguene ( ! ( !

Darou Moussa ( ! ( ! ( !

Dodj ( Gati Peulh !

KaolackKahone ( !

Keur Aliou Sissé ! ( Medina Diam Diam Medina Fas ( !

Gayene Fas ! ( ! ( ( ! ( ! . !( !

Tanem ( !

Keur Sasndao Hokar Keur Modj Toune ( ! ( ! ( !

Taoua ( ! ( ! ( !

Taiba Ndioufene ( ! ( Gatie Naoude ! ! ( ! ( ( ! ( ! ( ! ( Bélogne Parassel Tobéne Fass Diayene ! ( Sintiou Kafate !

Kaffrine Birklane Korki Kanka ( ! . !

Kounias ( !

Ngouye Siouarh ( Ndakar !

Keur Yoro Barou ( !

Pete ( !

Keur Tierno Tala ( Tialene ! ( ( ! ( ! ! ( ( !

Arafa !

Tisse ( Sinntiou Adar ! ( !

Segre Seko ( ! ( !

Tiarene Sintie Alenndao Koïlal Lanta ! ( Taiffa Taiba Malem ( Por Rarame Maka Yop ! ( !

Kawil Keur Ali Gassam ! ( ( !

Kassassa ( !

Béné Djouma ( !

Katial Niahène Katakel Koumbal ( ! ( ( ! ( Koungheul ! ( !

Bandioul Bante ( ! ( ! ( !

Nguiedj !

Seyane ( !

Ngouye ( ! ( !

Darou Koudous Bali ( !

Keur Sosse Keur Saïdou ( ! ( !

Kalial Gotou Peul ( !

Koulegna ( ! ( ! ( Mbaye Mbaye ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Nandjigui ! ( Touba Diambour Dioli ( !

Diokoul Koutia Bailar Gobak Katiaouane Katiot Taoua Taiba ( !

Mbadio ! ( ( ! ( ! ( ! ( Keur Tianderi ! ( ! ( !

Kerma Fass ( ! ( !

Ndiaouara Ndiankot ( ( !

Ndianiene !

Nguiere Demissira Mabo Saham Diébel ( ! ( ! ( !

Ndieme Goundl ! ( ! ( Tialene ! ( ! ( N'Dofan ( !

Mousdalifa ! ( ! ( ! ( ( ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Sinntiou Vanar ( !

Keur Biram Bouma Keur Samba Dioubane Keur Diabel Mara Dioubene Taiba Medina ( !

Pete Tiangaye ( ! ( ! ( ! ( Ndioli !

Diapto ( ! ( ! ( !

Kaifara ( !

Pakala ( Daro Koudous ! ( Keur Madiabel ! ( !

Minal Sine Moktar Ndankou ( ! ( !

Touba Ali Fana Layene Koredia ( !

Koho Sossé Keur Male ( ! ( !

Keur Moussa Intia ( ! ( ( !

KoudomDaga Bani Tioubene ! ( Nganda ! ( !

Dafar ( ! ( !

Keur Manoumbe Ndiayene ( !

Ndakhar Dertadi Tubassaloum ( Diama Palene ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Keur Amat Fal ( !

Loungue ! ( Kaymor Dieme Tievi ( Kabakoto ! ( Wack Ngouna ! ( ! ( ! ( Nioro Du Rip Garan Keur Abibou !

Gowane

( !

20°N

16°W

250

500 Kilometers

sity is ck Den mbers o t s e iv L nu red in g meas u ck, includ in o t ep, s e e h v s li d of ts an a o g , cattle 2 per km

>= 20

50 Kilometers

1 cm = 10 km

Kaffrine CCAFS sampling frame

Citation:

Wint et al (2007)

16

Livelihood Zones ( !

15°W

10°W

14°30'N

ATLANTIC

SENEGAL

GUINEA-BISSAU

OCEAN

G U I N E A

( !

( !

( !

Medina

Keur Ndari

Koutango

Saboya

SIERRA LEONE International boundary

( !

( !

0

Keur Nala ! (

Keur Alassane Khodia

Nighatnor Ya ( !

( !

( !

Keur Diata

Kohel

( !

15°W

10°W

Scale 1:12,500,000

125

250

Corresponds to the map on the left

Keur Ayip

( !

Livelihood Zones * Agriculture Zone

13°30'N

THE GAMBIA

13°30'N

10°N

14°N

M A L I

THE GAMBIA

10°N

14°N

15°N

14°30'N

M A U R I T A N I A

15°N

Kael

( !

20°N

15°30'W 15°W Demba Koura ( !

Balol ( Tané ( ! !

Patakour ! ( Domak Gaima Tapsir ! ( Gaina ( Grinel !

Alika ( !

Ouada Darou Mbake ( Tévè Keur Massé !

Leve ( ! ( ! ( !

Dargouyé ( ! ( ! ( Colobane !

Ndiodori Ndioumane ! ( Yari Gouye ( ! ( !

Diamel Diaorel Darou Sagor Kaïga Araldé ( ! ! ( !

Kelkome ( !

Vang ( Seo Toure ( ! ( !

Koba ! ( Sidak Barkedji ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( Diabel !

Gouye Sambabane ! ( ! ( ( ! ( !

Touba Boule Moure Seo ( ! ( !

Keur Ndame Gobak ( ! ( !

Dan Tiadi Bountou Mbar ( !

Maodo Darou Salam !

Nesséona Gapassel ( ( ! ( ! ( ! ( Mbar !

Guiné ( !

Pailar Bélé ( ! ( Diene Lagane ! ( Gossas ! ( Tioumbo !

Darou Salam ( !

Babane Oualof ( !

Sab Sabre ( Dianveli-Alassane !

Niapguel ! ( ! ( ( !

Mbégué ( !

Panal Damadji Ouadiour Rhaye Bayar Dam Gassel ( !

Boguel Loumbol ! ( ( Gnibi ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ( ( !

Missira Tioyene !

Binngel ( ! !

Gadada ( ! ( Diatmel Moussa ! ( !

Tieneba ( Mayaye ! ( !

Gouyaré ( ! ( !

Quarkere Bondié ( !

Dinnguier ( !

Loumbel Keli Sabar ( !

Koum-Koum Bam Djigane Taïf Tiom ( ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Galoulé Wore Lanel Kourou Loumbol ( ! ( ! ( Dioum Guennt !

Mbétét Mbos ! ( ! ( !

Ouadene Laneane! ( ( ! ( Até Ndiaye!

Waoumane ! ( ( ( !

Mbabane Médina Sambène ( !

Laloye Ourour Seli Diarhao ( ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Diouni Guel!

Bane Davene Bodé ( ! ( ! ( Goulo Koum Kourou Diobène ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Lévé ( !

Maka Baye Torodo Boulel ( Thioyene ! ( ! ( Darou !

Diote Kelbiram ! ( !

Diobene ( ( Tiadie Babou ! ( !

Tag Gueye ( Alouki ! ( Gainte Pathe !

Kounar ( Guinguinéo !

Tivaouane Delby ( ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Diaké Ndiolrhos Keur Babam ( ! ( ! ( !

Paffa ( Goubi ( !

Boudiéguel ! ( !

Nguékor Ngar Guèye ( !

Dianke Souf ( !

Kaye Boubou ( ! ( Bela ! ( !

Delbi Bayandour !

Boul Peul Tiobe ( Yassi ! ! ( Bak Gadiaga ( ( ! ( Paffa ! ( ! ( ! ( Bidiam !

Babanem Gnaba ( Ngouye Dieri !

Ndieng KongoliKirpa ( !

Sorokogne ! ( Diamaguene ( ! ( !

Darou Moussa ( ! ( ! ( !

Dodj ( Gati Peulh !

KaolackKahone ( !

Keur Aliou Sissé ! ( Medina Diam Diam Medina Fas ( !

Gayene Fas ! ( ! ( ( ! ( ! . !( !

Tanem ( !

Keur Sasndao Hokar Keur Modj Toune ( ! ( ! ( !

Taoua ( ! ( ! ( !

Taiba Ndioufene ( ! ( Gatie Naoude ! ! ( ! ( ( ! ( ! ( ! ( Bélogne Parassel Tobéne Fass Diayene ! ( Sintiou Kafate !

Kaffrine Birklane Korki Kanka ( ! . !

Kounias ( !

Ngouye Siouarh ( Ndakar !

Keur Yoro Barou ( !

Pete ( !

Keur Tierno Tala ( Tialene ! ( ( ! ( ! ! ( ( !

Arafa !

Tisse ( Sinntiou Adar ! ( !

Segre Seko ( ! ( !

Tiarene Sintie Alenndao Koïlal Lanta ! ( Taiffa Taiba Malem ( Por Rarame Maka Yop ! ( !

Kawil Keur Ali Gassam ! ( ( !

Kassassa ( !

Béné Djouma ( !

Katial Niahène Katakel Koumbal ( ! ( ( ! ( Koungheul ! ( !

Bandioul Bante ( ! ( ! ( !

Nguiedj !

Seyane ( !

Ngouye ( ! ( !

Darou Koudous Bali ( !

Keur Sosse Keur Saïdou ( ! ( !

Kalial Gotou Peul ( !

Koulegna ( ! ( ! ( Mbaye Mbaye ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Nandjigui ! ( Touba Diambour Dioli ( !

Diokoul Koutia Bailar Gobak Katiaouane Katiot Taoua Taiba ( !

Mbadio ! ( ( ! ( ! ( ! ( Keur Tianderi ! ( ! ( !

Kerma Fass ( ! ( !

Ndiaouara Ndiankot ( ( !

Ndianiene !

Nguiere Demissira Mabo Saham Diébel ( ! ( ! ( !

Ndieme Goundl ! ( ! ( Tialene ! ( ! ( N'Dofan ( !

Mousdalifa ! ( ! ( ! ( ( ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Sinntiou Vanar ( !

Keur Biram Bouma Keur Samba Dioubane Keur Diabel Mara Dioubene Taiba Medina ( !

Pete Tiangaye ( ! ( ! ( ! ( Ndioli !

Diapto ( ! ( ! ( !

Kaifara ( !

Pakala ( Daro Koudous ! ( Keur Madiabel ! ( !

Minal Sine Moktar Ndankou ( ! ( !

Touba Ali Fana Layene Koredia ( !

Koho Sossé Keur Male ( ! ( !

Keur Moussa Intia ( ! ( ( !

KoudomDaga Bani Tioubene ! ( Nganda ! ( !

Dafar ( ! ( !

Keur Manoumbe Ndiayene ( !

Ndakhar Dertadi Tubassaloum ( Diama Palene ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Keur Amat Fal ( !

Loungue ! ( Kaymor Dieme Tievi ( Kabakoto ! ( Wack Ngouna ! ( ! ( ! ( Nioro Du Rip Garan Keur Abibou !

Gowane

( !

20°N

16°W

Agropastoral: Peanut Zone Sylvo-pastoral Petite-Cote: Fishing, Tourism and Arboriculture Zone

. !

16°W Town

Settlement

15°30'W

International Boundary Road River

River Bed

0

5

10

15°W

Scale 1:1,000,000 20

30

40

* Legend corresponds to left map

500 Kilometers

nd plex a rs. e c om r to a c s fa d of oo Livelih y a variety maps b e d n shape velih ood zo areas li hic Thes e og rap b roadly ate ge deline hich people ood w lih wit hin e s ame live es s to h cc t a e r g a in sh in clud d market s. s n r e t pat e, an in com food,

50 Kilometers

1 cm = 10 km

Kaffrine CCAFS sampling frame

Citation:

USAID (2011)

17

Human Population Density ( !

15°W

10°W

14°30'N

ATLANTIC

SENEGAL

GUINEA-BISSAU

OCEAN

G U I N E A

( !

( !

( !

Medina

Keur Ndari

Koutango

Saboya

SIERRA LEONE International boundary

( !

( !

0

Keur Nala ! (

Keur Alassane Khodia

Nighatnor Ya ( !

( !

( !

Keur Diata

Kohel

( !

15°W

Number of persons per km

( !

13°30'N

<=5 5 - 25 25 - 50

2

10°W

Scale 1:12,500,000

125

Corresponds to the map on the left

Keur Ayip

THE GAMBIA

13°30'N

10°N

14°N

M A L I

THE GAMBIA

10°N

14°N

15°N

14°30'N

M A U R I T A N I A

15°N

Kael

( !

20°N

15°30'W 15°W Demba Koura ( !

Balol ( Tané ( ! !

Patakour ! ( Domak Gaima Tapsir ! ( Gaina ( Grinel !

Alika ( !

Ouada Darou Mbake ( Tévè Keur Massé !

Leve ( ! ( ! ( !

Dargouyé ( ! ( ! ( Colobane !

Ndiodori Ndioumane ! ( Yari Gouye ( ! ( !

Diamel Diaorel Darou Sagor Kaïga Araldé ( ! ! ( !

Kelkome ( !

Vang ( Seo Toure ( ! ( !

Koba ! ( Sidak Barkedji ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( Diabel !

Gouye Sambabane ! ( ! ( ( ! ( !

Touba Boule Moure Seo ( ! ( !

Keur Ndame Gobak ( ! ( !

Dan Tiadi Bountou Mbar ( !

Maodo Darou Salam !

Nesséona Gapassel ( ( ! ( ! ( ! ( Mbar !

Guiné ( !

Pailar Bélé ( ! ( Diene Lagane ! ( Gossas ! ( Tioumbo !

Darou Salam ( !

Babane Oualof ( !

Sab Sabre ( Dianveli-Alassane !

Niapguel ! ( ! ( ( !

Mbégué ( !

Panal Damadji Ouadiour Rhaye Bayar Dam Gassel ( !

Boguel Loumbol ! ( ( Gnibi ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ( ( !

Missira Tioyene !

Binngel ( ! !

Gadada ( ! ( Diatmel Moussa ! ( !

Tieneba ( Mayaye ! ( !

Gouyaré ( ! ( !

Quarkere Bondié ( !

Dinnguier ( !

Loumbel Keli Sabar ( !

Koum-Koum Bam Djigane Taïf Tiom ( ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Galoulé Wore Lanel Kourou Loumbol ( ! ( ! ( Dioum Guennt !

Mbétét Mbos ! ( ! ( !

Ouadene Laneane! ( ( ! ( Até Ndiaye!

Waoumane ! ( ( ( !

Mbabane Médina Sambène ( !

Laloye Ourour Seli Diarhao ( ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Diouni Guel!

Bane Davene Bodé ( ! ( ! ( Goulo Koum Kourou Diobène ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Lévé ( !

Maka Baye Torodo Boulel ( Thioyene ! ( ! ( Darou !

Diote Kelbiram ! ( !

Diobene ( ( Tiadie Babou ! ( !

Tag Gueye ( Alouki ! ( Gainte Pathe !

Kounar ( Guinguinéo !

Tivaouane Delby ( ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Diaké Ndiolrhos Keur Babam ( ! ( ! ( !

Paffa ( Goubi ( !

Boudiéguel ! ( !

Nguékor Ngar Guèye ( !

Dianke Souf ( !

Kaye Boubou ( ! ( Bela ! ( !

Delbi Bayandour !

Boul Peul Tiobe ( Yassi ! ! ( Bak Gadiaga ( ( ! ( Paffa ! ( ! ( ! ( Bidiam !

Babanem Gnaba ( Ngouye Dieri !

Ndieng KongoliKirpa ( !

Sorokogne ! ( Diamaguene ( ! ( !

Darou Moussa ( ! ( ! ( !

Dodj ( Gati Peulh !

KaolackKahone ( !

Keur Aliou Sissé ! ( Medina Diam Diam Medina Fas ( !

Gayene Fas ! ( ! ( ( ! ( ! . !( !

Tanem ( !

Keur Sasndao Hokar Keur Modj Toune ( ! ( ! ( !

Taoua ( ! ( ! ( !

Taiba Ndioufene ( ! ( Gatie Naoude ! ! ( ! ( ( ! ( ! ( ! ( Bélogne Parassel Tobéne Fass Diayene ! ( Sintiou Kafate !

Kaffrine Birklane Korki Kanka ( ! . !

Kounias ( !

Ngouye Siouarh ( Ndakar !

Keur Yoro Barou ( !

Pete ( !

Keur Tierno Tala ( Tialene ! ( ( ! ( ! ! ( ( !

Arafa !

Tisse ( Sinntiou Adar ! ( !

Segre Seko ( ! ( !

Tiarene Sintie Alenndao Koïlal Lanta ! ( Taiffa Taiba Malem ( Por Rarame Maka Yop ! ( !

Kawil Keur Ali Gassam ! ( ( !

Kassassa ( !

Béné Djouma ( !

Katial Niahène Katakel Koumbal ( ! ( ( ! ( Koungheul ! ( !

Bandioul Bante ( ! ( ! ( !

Nguiedj !

Seyane ( !

Ngouye ( ! ( !

Darou Koudous Bali ( !

Keur Sosse Keur Saïdou ( ! ( !

Kalial Gotou Peul ( !

Koulegna ( ! ( ! ( Mbaye Mbaye ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Nandjigui ! ( Touba Diambour Dioli ( !

Diokoul Koutia Bailar Gobak Katiaouane Katiot Taoua Taiba ( !

Mbadio ! ( ( ! ( ! ( ! ( Keur Tianderi ! ( ! ( !

Kerma Fass ( ! ( !

Ndiaouara Ndiankot ( ( !

Ndianiene !

Nguiere Demissira Mabo Saham Diébel ( ! ( ! ( !

Ndieme Goundl ! ( ! ( Tialene ! ( ! ( N'Dofan ( !

Mousdalifa ! ( ! ( ! ( ( ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Sinntiou Vanar ( !

Keur Biram Bouma Keur Samba Dioubane Keur Diabel Mara Dioubene Taiba Medina ( !

Pete Tiangaye ( ! ( ! ( ! ( Ndioli !

Diapto ( ! ( ! ( !

Kaifara ( !

Pakala ( Daro Koudous ! ( Keur Madiabel ! ( !

Minal Sine Moktar Ndankou ( ! ( !

Touba Ali Fana Layene Koredia ( !

Koho Sossé Keur Male ( ! ( !

Keur Moussa Intia ( ! ( ( !

KoudomDaga Bani Tioubene ! ( Nganda ! ( !

Dafar ( ! ( !

Keur Manoumbe Ndiayene ( !

Ndakhar Dertadi Tubassaloum ( Diama Palene ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Keur Amat Fal ( !

Loungue ! ( Kaymor Dieme Tievi ( Kabakoto ! ( Wack Ngouna ! ( ! ( ! ( Nioro Du Rip Garan Keur Abibou !

Gowane

( !

20°N

16°W

250

500 Kilometers

lation ed n Popu Huma is the g ridd r y pe it s s n n o e s D of per r e b num2 200 5. km in

50 - 250

16°W

. !

Town

Settlement

15°30'W

International Boundary Road River

River Bed

0

5

10

15°W

Scale 1:1,000,000 20

30

40

> 250

50 Kilometers

1 cm = 10 km

Kaffrine CCAFS sampling frame

Citation: CIESIN (2005)

18

Market Access ( !

15°W

10°W

14°30'N

ATLANTIC

SENEGAL

GUINEA-BISSAU

OCEAN

G U I N E A

( !

( !

( !

Medina

Keur Ndari

Koutango

Saboya

SIERRA LEONE International boundary

( !

( !

0

Keur Nala ! (

Keur Alassane Khodia

Nighatnor Ya ( !

( !

( !

Keur Diata

Kohel

( !

. !

Settlement

13°30'N 15°30'W

International Boundary Road River

River Bed

0

5

10

10°W

Scale 1:12,500,000

125

Travel time to nearest large town/city (Hours)

( !

<=5 5 - 10 10 - 15 15 - 20

16°W Town

15°W

250

500 Kilometers

Corresponds to the map on the left

Keur Ayip

THE GAMBIA

13°30'N

10°N

14°N

M A L I

THE GAMBIA

10°N

14°N

15°N

14°30'N

M A U R I T A N I A

15°N

Kael

( !

20°N

15°30'W 15°W Demba Koura ( !

Balol ( Tané ( ! !

Patakour ! ( Domak Gaima Tapsir ! ( Gaina ( Grinel !

Alika ( !

Ouada Darou Mbake ( Tévè Keur Massé !

Leve ( ! ( ! ( !

Dargouyé ( ! ( ! ( Colobane !

Ndiodori Ndioumane ! ( Yari Gouye ( ! ( !

Diamel Diaorel Darou Sagor Kaïga Araldé ( ! ! ( !

Kelkome ( !

Vang ( Seo Toure ( ! ( !

Koba ! ( Sidak Barkedji ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( Diabel !

Gouye Sambabane ! ( ! ( ( ! ( !

Touba Boule Moure Seo ( ! ( !

Keur Ndame Gobak ( ! ( !

Dan Tiadi Bountou Mbar ( !

Maodo Darou Salam !

Nesséona Gapassel ( ( ! ( ! ( ! ( Mbar !

Guiné ( !

Pailar Bélé ( ! ( Diene Lagane ! ( Gossas ! ( Tioumbo !

Darou Salam ( !

Babane Oualof ( !

Sab Sabre ( Dianveli-Alassane !

Niapguel ! ( ! ( ( !

Mbégué ( !

Panal Damadji Ouadiour Rhaye Bayar Dam Gassel ( !

Boguel Loumbol ! ( ( Gnibi ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ( ( !

Missira Tioyene !

Binngel ( ! !

Gadada ( ! ( Diatmel Moussa ! ( !

Tieneba ( Mayaye ! ( !

Gouyaré ( ! ( !

Quarkere Bondié ( !

Dinnguier ( !

Loumbel Keli Sabar ( !

Koum-Koum Bam Djigane Taïf Tiom ( ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Galoulé Wore Lanel Kourou Loumbol ( ! ( ! ( Dioum Guennt !

Mbétét Mbos ! ( ! ( !

Ouadene Laneane! ( ( ! ( Até Ndiaye!

Waoumane ! ( ( ( !

Mbabane Médina Sambène ( !

Laloye Ourour Seli Diarhao ( ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Diouni Guel!

Bane Davene Bodé ( ! ( ! ( Goulo Koum Kourou Diobène ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Lévé ( !

Maka Baye Torodo Boulel ( Thioyene ! ( ! ( Darou !

Diote Kelbiram ! ( !

Diobene ( ( Tiadie Babou ! ( !

Tag Gueye ( Alouki ! ( Gainte Pathe !

Kounar ( Guinguinéo !

Tivaouane Delby ( ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Diaké Ndiolrhos Keur Babam ( ! ( ! ( !

Paffa ( Goubi ( !

Boudiéguel ! ( !

Nguékor Ngar Guèye ( !

Dianke Souf ( !

Kaye Boubou ( ! ( Bela ! ( !

Delbi Bayandour !

Boul Peul Tiobe ( Yassi ! ! ( Bak Gadiaga ( ( ! ( Paffa ! ( ! ( ! ( Bidiam !

Babanem Gnaba ( Ngouye Dieri !

Ndieng KongoliKirpa ( !

Sorokogne ! ( Diamaguene ( ! ( !

Darou Moussa ( ! ( ! ( !

Dodj ( Gati Peulh !

KaolackKahone ( !

Keur Aliou Sissé ! ( Medina Diam Diam Medina Fas ( !

Gayene Fas ! ( ! ( ( ! ( ! . !( !

Tanem ( !

Keur Sasndao Hokar Keur Modj Toune ( ! ( ! ( !

Taoua ( ! ( ! ( !

Taiba Ndioufene ( ! ( Gatie Naoude ! ! ( ! ( ( ! ( ! ( ! ( Bélogne Parassel Tobéne Fass Diayene ! ( Sintiou Kafate !

Kaffrine Birklane Korki Kanka ( ! . !

Kounias ( !

Ngouye Siouarh ( Ndakar !

Keur Yoro Barou ( !

Pete ( !

Keur Tierno Tala ( Tialene ! ( ( ! ( ! ! ( ( !

Arafa !

Tisse ( Sinntiou Adar ! ( !

Segre Seko ( ! ( !

Tiarene Sintie Alenndao Koïlal Lanta ! ( Taiffa Taiba Malem ( Por Rarame Maka Yop ! ( !

Kawil Keur Ali Gassam ! ( ( !

Kassassa ( !

Béné Djouma ( !

Katial Niahène Katakel Koumbal ( ! ( ( ! ( Koungheul ! ( !

Bandioul Bante ( ! ( ! ( !

Nguiedj !

Seyane ( !

Ngouye ( ! ( !

Darou Koudous Bali ( !

Keur Sosse Keur Saïdou ( ! ( !

Kalial Gotou Peul ( !

Koulegna ( ! ( ! ( Mbaye Mbaye ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Nandjigui ! ( Touba Diambour Dioli ( !

Diokoul Koutia Bailar Gobak Katiaouane Katiot Taoua Taiba ( !

Mbadio ! ( ( ! ( ! ( ! ( Keur Tianderi ! ( ! ( !

Kerma Fass ( ! ( !

Ndiaouara Ndiankot ( ( !

Ndianiene !

Nguiere Demissira Mabo Saham Diébel ( ! ( ! ( !

Ndieme Goundl ! ( ! ( Tialene ! ( ! ( N'Dofan ( !

Mousdalifa ! ( ! ( ! ( ( ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Sinntiou Vanar ( !

Keur Biram Bouma Keur Samba Dioubane Keur Diabel Mara Dioubene Taiba Medina ( !

Pete Tiangaye ( ! ( ! ( ! ( Ndioli !

Diapto ( ! ( ! ( !

Kaifara ( !

Pakala ( Daro Koudous ! ( Keur Madiabel ! ( !

Minal Sine Moktar Ndankou ( ! ( !

Touba Ali Fana Layene Koredia ( !

Koho Sossé Keur Male ( ! ( !

Keur Moussa Intia ( ! ( ( !

KoudomDaga Bani Tioubene ! ( Nganda ! ( !

Dafar ( ! ( !

Keur Manoumbe Ndiayene ( !

Ndakhar Dertadi Tubassaloum ( Diama Palene ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Keur Amat Fal ( !

Loungue ! ( Kaymor Dieme Tievi ( Kabakoto ! ( Wack Ngouna ! ( ! ( ! ( Nioro Du Rip Garan Keur Abibou !

Gowane

( !

20°N

16°W

15°W

Scale 1:1,000,000 20

30

40

> = 20

eas ure e is a m rmined im t l e Trav y dete ken s sib ilit of acce e (hours) ta ntre, im ce t n e a in th t urb neares a p opulation e th to f or e r city o town o 0 people or m of s 0 n of 50,0 ifferent mea unt) o d c c g a in (tak n into ortatio p s n a tr

50 Kilometers

1 cm = 10 km

Kaffrine CCAFS sampling frame

Citation: Nelson (2008)

19

Poverty ( !

15°W

10°W

14°30'N

ATLANTIC

SENEGAL

GUINEA-BISSAU

OCEAN

G U I N E A

( !

( !

( !

Medina

Keur Ndari

Koutango

Saboya

SIERRA LEONE International boundary

( !

( !

0

Keur Nala ! (

Keur Alassane Khodia

Nighatnor Ya ( !

( !

( !

Keur Diata

Kohel

( !

( !

16°W

Town

Settlement

13°30'N 15°30'W

International Boundary Road River

River Bed

0

5

10

10°W

Scale 1:12,500,000

125

250

Percentage of People living on less than 2 US$ per day < = 10 10 - 20 20 - 30 30 - 40

. !

15°W

500 Kilometers

Corresponds to the map on the left

Keur Ayip

THE GAMBIA

13°30'N

10°N

14°N

M A L I

THE GAMBIA

10°N

14°N

15°N

14°30'N

M A U R I T A N I A

15°N

Kael

( !

20°N

15°30'W 15°W Demba Koura ( !

Balol ( Tané ( ! !

Patakour ! ( Domak Gaima Tapsir ! ( Gaina ( Grinel !

Alika ( !

Ouada Darou Mbake ( Tévè Keur Massé !

Leve ( ! ( ! ( !

Dargouyé ( ! ( ! ( Colobane !

Ndiodori Ndioumane ! ( Yari Gouye ( ! ( !

Diamel Diaorel Darou Sagor Kaïga Araldé ( ! ! ( !

Kelkome ( !

Vang ( Seo Toure ( ! ( !

Koba ! ( Sidak Barkedji ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( Diabel !

Gouye Sambabane ! ( ! ( ( ! ( !

Touba Boule Moure Seo ( ! ( !

Keur Ndame Gobak ( ! ( !

Dan Tiadi Bountou Mbar ( !

Maodo Darou Salam !

Nesséona Gapassel ( ( ! ( ! ( ! ( Mbar !

Guiné ( !

Pailar Bélé ( ! ( Diene Lagane ! ( Gossas ! ( Tioumbo !

Darou Salam ( !

Babane Oualof ( !

Sab Sabre ( Dianveli-Alassane !

Niapguel ! ( ! ( ( !

Mbégué ( !

Panal Damadji Ouadiour Rhaye Bayar Dam Gassel ( !

Boguel Loumbol ! ( ( Gnibi ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ( ( !

Missira Tioyene !

Binngel ( ! !

Gadada ( ! ( Diatmel Moussa ! ( !

Tieneba ( Mayaye ! ( !

Gouyaré ( ! ( !

Quarkere Bondié ( !

Dinnguier ( !

Loumbel Keli Sabar ( !

Koum-Koum Bam Djigane Taïf Tiom ( ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Galoulé Wore Lanel Kourou Loumbol ( ! ( ! ( Dioum Guennt !

Mbétét Mbos ! ( ! ( !

Ouadene Laneane! ( ( ! ( Até Ndiaye!

Waoumane ! ( ( ( !

Mbabane Médina Sambène ( !

Laloye Ourour Seli Diarhao ( ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Diouni Guel!

Bane Davene Bodé ( ! ( ! ( Goulo Koum Kourou Diobène ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Lévé ( !

Maka Baye Torodo Boulel ( Thioyene ! ( ! ( Darou !

Diote Kelbiram ! ( !

Diobene ( ( Tiadie Babou ! ( !

Tag Gueye ( Alouki ! ( Gainte Pathe !

Kounar ( Guinguinéo !

Tivaouane Delby ( ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Diaké Ndiolrhos Keur Babam ( ! ( ! ( !

Paffa ( Goubi ( !

Boudiéguel ! ( !

Nguékor Ngar Guèye ( !

Dianke Souf ( !

Kaye Boubou ( ! ( Bela ! ( !

Delbi Bayandour !

Boul Peul Tiobe ( Yassi ! ! ( Bak Gadiaga ( ( ! ( Paffa ! ( ! ( ! ( Bidiam !

Babanem Gnaba ( Ngouye Dieri !

Ndieng KongoliKirpa ( !

Sorokogne ! ( Diamaguene ( ! ( !

Darou Moussa ( ! ( ! ( !

Dodj ( Gati Peulh !

KaolackKahone ( !

Keur Aliou Sissé ! ( Medina Diam Diam Medina Fas ( !

Gayene Fas ! ( ! ( ( ! ( ! . !( !

Tanem ( !

Keur Sasndao Hokar Keur Modj Toune ( ! ( ! ( !

Taoua ( ! ( ! ( !

Taiba Ndioufene ( ! ( Gatie Naoude ! ! ( ! ( ( ! ( ! ( ! ( Bélogne Parassel Tobéne Fass Diayene ! ( Sintiou Kafate !

Kaffrine Birklane Korki Kanka ( ! . !

Kounias ( !

Ngouye Siouarh ( Ndakar !

Keur Yoro Barou ( !

Pete ( !

Keur Tierno Tala ( Tialene ! ( ( ! ( ! ! ( ( !

Arafa !

Tisse ( Sinntiou Adar ! ( !

Segre Seko ( ! ( !

Tiarene Sintie Alenndao Koïlal Lanta ! ( Taiffa Taiba Malem ( Por Rarame Maka Yop ! ( !

Kawil Keur Ali Gassam ! ( ( !

Kassassa ( !

Béné Djouma ( !

Katial Niahène Katakel Koumbal ( ! ( ( ! ( Koungheul ! ( !

Bandioul Bante ( ! ( ! ( !

Nguiedj !

Seyane ( !

Ngouye ( ! ( !

Darou Koudous Bali ( !

Keur Sosse Keur Saïdou ( ! ( !

Kalial Gotou Peul ( !

Koulegna ( ! ( ! ( Mbaye Mbaye ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Nandjigui ! ( Touba Diambour Dioli ( !

Diokoul Koutia Bailar Gobak Katiaouane Katiot Taoua Taiba ( !

Mbadio ! ( ( ! ( ! ( ! ( Keur Tianderi ! ( ! ( !

Kerma Fass ( ! ( !

Ndiaouara Ndiankot ( ( !

Ndianiene !

Nguiere Demissira Mabo Saham Diébel ( ! ( ! ( !

Ndieme Goundl ! ( ! ( Tialene ! ( ! ( N'Dofan ( !

Mousdalifa ! ( ! ( ! ( ( ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Sinntiou Vanar ( !

Keur Biram Bouma Keur Samba Dioubane Keur Diabel Mara Dioubene Taiba Medina ( !

Pete Tiangaye ( ! ( ! ( ! ( Ndioli !

Diapto ( ! ( ! ( !

Kaifara ( !

Pakala ( Daro Koudous ! ( Keur Madiabel ! ( !

Minal Sine Moktar Ndankou ( ! ( !

Touba Ali Fana Layene Koredia ( !

Koho Sossé Keur Male ( ! ( !

Keur Moussa Intia ( ! ( ( !

KoudomDaga Bani Tioubene ! ( Nganda ! ( !

Dafar ( ! ( !

Keur Manoumbe Ndiayene ( !

Ndakhar Dertadi Tubassaloum ( Diama Palene ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Keur Amat Fal ( !

Loungue ! ( Kaymor Dieme Tievi ( Kabakoto ! ( Wack Ngouna ! ( ! ( ! ( Nioro Du Rip Garan Keur Abibou !

Gowane

( !

20°N

16°W

15°W

Scale 1:1,000,000 20

30

40

40 - 50 > = 50

lobal cted g ons tru erty th at c N I f CIE S t s of pov ates o e data s d on estim rtality se mo are ba nal infant n d ata, io tio subn a d malnut rit h are t o hil c b t d a n a ing th rty an d iz n g o rec ove s for p n proxie rather th a e r a . lf s e e r w measu direct

50 Kilometers

1 cm = 10 km

Kaffrine CCAFS sampling frame

Citation: CIESIN (2005)

20

Conservation Areas ( !

15°W

10°W

14°30'N

ATLANTIC

SENEGAL

GUINEA-BISSAU

OCEAN

G U I N E A

( !

( !

( !

Medina

Keur Ndari

Koutango

Saboya

Settlement

0

Keur Alassane Khodia ( !

( !

( !

Keur Diata

Kohel

( !

Conservation Areas

( !

15°30'W

International Boundary Road River

River Bed

0

5

10

15°W

National Park Hunting Reserve

15°W

Scale 1:1,000,000 20

Natural Park

30

40

50 Kilometers

10°W

Scale 1:12,500,000

125

Corresponds to the map on the left

Keur Ayip

13°30'N

13°30'N

International boundary

Keur Nala ! (

Nighatnor Ya

16°W

Town

SIERRA LEONE

( !

( !

THE GAMBIA

. !

10°N

14°N

M A L I

THE GAMBIA

10°N

14°N

15°N

14°30'N

M A U R I T A N I A

15°N

Kael

( !

20°N

15°30'W 15°W Demba Koura ( !

Balol ( Tané ( ! !

Patakour ! ( Domak Gaima Tapsir ! ( Gaina ( Grinel !

Alika ( !

Ouada Darou Mbake ( Tévè Keur Massé !

Leve ( ! ( ! ( !

Dargouyé ( ! ( ! ( Colobane !

Ndiodori Ndioumane ! ( Yari Gouye ( ! ( !

Diamel Diaorel Darou Sagor Kaïga Araldé ( ! ! ( !

Kelkome ( !

Vang ( Seo Toure ( ! ( !

Koba ! ( Sidak Barkedji ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( Diabel !

Gouye Sambabane ! ( ! ( ( ! ( !

Touba Boule Moure Seo ( ! ( !

Keur Ndame Gobak ( ! ( !

Dan Tiadi Bountou Mbar ( !

Maodo Darou Salam !

Nesséona Gapassel ( ( ! ( ! ( ! ( Mbar !

Guiné ( !

Pailar Bélé ( ! ( Diene Lagane ! ( Gossas ! ( Tioumbo !

Darou Salam ( !

Babane Oualof ( !

Sab Sabre ( Dianveli-Alassane !

Niapguel ! ( ! ( ( !

Mbégué ( !

Panal Damadji Ouadiour Rhaye Bayar Dam Gassel ( !

Boguel Loumbol ! ( ( Gnibi ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ( ( !

Missira Tioyene !

Binngel ( ! !

Gadada ( ! ( Diatmel Moussa ! ( !

Tieneba ( Mayaye ! ( !

Gouyaré ( ! ( !

Quarkere Bondié ( !

Dinnguier ( !

Loumbel Keli Sabar ( !

Koum-Koum Bam Djigane Taïf Tiom ( ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Galoulé Wore Lanel Kourou Loumbol ( ! ( ! ( Dioum Guennt !

Mbétét Mbos ! ( ! ( !

Ouadene Laneane! ( ( ! ( Até Ndiaye!

Waoumane ! ( ( ( !

Mbabane Médina Sambène ( !

Laloye Ourour Seli Diarhao ( ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Diouni Guel!

Bane Davene Bodé ( ! ( ! ( Goulo Koum Kourou Diobène ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Lévé ( !

Maka Baye Torodo Boulel ( Thioyene ! ( ! ( Darou !

Diote Kelbiram ! ( !

Diobene ( ( Tiadie Babou ! ( !

Tag Gueye ( Alouki ! ( Gainte Pathe !

Kounar ( Guinguinéo !

Tivaouane Delby ( ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Diaké Ndiolrhos Keur Babam ( ! ( ! ( !

Paffa ( Goubi ( !

Boudiéguel ! ( !

Nguékor Ngar Guèye ( !

Dianke Souf ( !

Kaye Boubou ( ! ( Bela ! ( !

Delbi Bayandour !

Boul Peul Tiobe ( Yassi ! ! ( Bak Gadiaga ( ( ! ( Paffa ! ( ! ( ! ( Bidiam !

Babanem Gnaba ( Ngouye Dieri !

Ndieng KongoliKirpa ( !

Sorokogne ! ( Diamaguene ( ! ( !

Darou Moussa ( ! ( ! ( !

Dodj ( Gati Peulh !

KaolackKahone ( !

Keur Aliou Sissé ! ( Medina Diam Diam Medina Fas ( !

Gayene Fas ! ( ! ( ( ! ( ! . !( !

Tanem ( !

Keur Sasndao Hokar Keur Modj Toune ( ! ( ! ( !

Taoua ( ! ( ! ( !

Taiba Ndioufene ( ! ( Gatie Naoude ! ! ( ! ( ( ! ( ! ( ! ( Bélogne Parassel Tobéne Fass Diayene ! ( Sintiou Kafate !

Kaffrine Birklane Korki Kanka ( ! . !

Kounias ( !

Ngouye Siouarh ( Ndakar !

Keur Yoro Barou ( !

Pete ( !

Keur Tierno Tala ( Tialene ! ( ( ! ( ! ! ( ( !

Arafa !

Tisse ( Sinntiou Adar ! ( !

Segre Seko ( ! ( !

Tiarene Sintie Alenndao Koïlal Lanta ! ( Taiffa Taiba Malem ( Por Rarame Maka Yop ! ( !

Kawil Keur Ali Gassam ! ( ( !

Kassassa ( !

Béné Djouma ( !

Katial Niahène Katakel Koumbal ( ! ( ( ! ( Koungheul ! ( !

Bandioul Bante ( ! ( ! ( !

Nguiedj !

Seyane ( !

Ngouye ( ! ( !

Darou Koudous Bali ( !

Keur Sosse Keur Saïdou ( ! ( !

Kalial Gotou Peul ( !

Koulegna ( ! ( ! ( Mbaye Mbaye ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Nandjigui ! ( Touba Diambour Dioli ( !

Diokoul Koutia Bailar Gobak Katiaouane Katiot Taoua Taiba ( !

Mbadio ! ( ( ! ( ! ( ! ( Keur Tianderi ! ( ! ( !

Kerma Fass ( ! ( !

Ndiaouara Ndiankot ( ( !

Ndianiene !

Nguiere Demissira Mabo Saham Diébel ( ! ( ! ( !

Ndieme Goundl ! ( ! ( Tialene ! ( ! ( N'Dofan ( !

Mousdalifa ! ( ! ( ! ( ( ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Sinntiou Vanar ( !

Keur Biram Bouma Keur Samba Dioubane Keur Diabel Mara Dioubene Taiba Medina ( !

Pete Tiangaye ( ! ( ! ( ! ( Ndioli !

Diapto ( ! ( ! ( !

Kaifara ( !

Pakala ( Daro Koudous ! ( Keur Madiabel ! ( !

Minal Sine Moktar Ndankou ( ! ( !

Touba Ali Fana Layene Koredia ( !

Koho Sossé Keur Male ( ! ( !

Keur Moussa Intia ( ! ( ( !

KoudomDaga Bani Tioubene ! ( Nganda ! ( !

Dafar ( ! ( !

Keur Manoumbe Ndiayene ( !

Ndakhar Dertadi Tubassaloum ( Diama Palene ! ( ! ( ! ( !

Keur Amat Fal ( !

Loungue ! ( Kaymor Dieme Tievi ( Kabakoto ! ( Wack Ngouna ! ( ! ( ! ( Nioro Du Rip Garan Keur Abibou !

Gowane

( !

20°N

16°W

250

500 Kilometers

Areas reas vation Cons er t p rot ected a , n N e C s repre g t o I U ograph ic cordin c e a g t, d a e th d fin ed icate arly d e are cle ecogn ized, d legal or r h , s g u space d t hro anage s, to and m ective mean ervat ion ff ns e o r c ot he -t erm e long associated achiev re w ith of natu m services te s y ecos alue. ltural v and cu

1 cm = 10 km

Kaffrine CCAFS sampling frame

Citation: UNEP and WCMC (2012)

21

References and Data Sources Regional Map Sijmons K. 2013a. Digital Satellite Image based on, MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer ) NASA, 2009, Ground resolution : 1 Kilometer. GTOPO30, (DEM) Global Digital Elevation Model U.S Geological Survey, Ground resolution: 1 Kilometer. Topographic Features derived from: Global GIS, U.S. Geological Survey and Google Earth. Projection: Geographic, Lat/Long, WGS84 Topographic Map Sijmons K. 2013b. Relief represenation derived from Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission) 2000, Ground resolution 90 meter and ASTER GDEM, Ground resolution 30 meter, NASA. Topographic Features digitized from Google Earth Projection: Geographic, Lat/Long, WGS84

assessment. Version 1, 2002. CD-ROM and Userâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Manual. CIAT, AA6713, Cali, Colombia, 87 pp.

Aridity Index Trabucco, A., and Zomer, R.J. 2009. Global Aridity Index (Global-Aridity) and Global Potential Evapo-Transpiration (Global-PET) Geospatial Database. CGIAR Consortium for Spatial Information.

Published online, available from the CGIAR-CSI GeoPortal at: http://www.csi.cgiar.org/ Altitude Jarvis, A., H.I. Reuter, A. Nelson, E. Guevara, 2008, Hole-ďŹ lled SRTM for the globe Version 4, available from the CGIAR-CSI SRTM 90m Database. Available at http://srtm.csi.cgiar.org Soil Type FAO/IIASA/ISRIC/ISS-CAS/JRC. 2009. Harmonized World Soil Database (version 1.1). FAO, Rome, Italy and IIASA, Laxenburg, Austria.

Satellite Image RapidEye Satellite Image, 5 meter ground resolution, Image acquisition, 17-01-2011

Agro-Ecological Zones Fischer, G., F. Nachtergaele, S. Prieler, H.T. van Velthuizen, L. Verelst, D. Wiberg, 2008. Global Agroecological Zones Assessment for Agriculture (GAEZ 2008). IIASA, Laxenburg, Austria and FAO, Rome, Italy

Annual Rainfall Hijmans, R.J., S.E. Cameron, J.L. Parra, P.G. Jones and A. Jarvis, 2005. Very high resolution interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas. International Journal of Climatology 25: 1965-1978.

Landcover Arino, O., Perez J. R., Kalgirou V., Defourny P., Achard F. 2009. GlobCover. Version 2.3 Global.

Accessed at http://ionia1.esrin.esa.int/

Annual Rainfall Graph Jones P G, Thornton P K, Diaz W and Wilkens P W. 2002.

MarkSim, a computer tool that generates simulated weather data for crop modeling and risk assessment. Version 1, 2002. CD-ROM and Users Manual. CIAT, AA6713, Cali, Colombia, 87 pp.

Landuse Natchtergaele F., Petri M., 2010. Mapping Land Use at global and Regional Scales for Land Degradation Assessment Analysis (LADA).Version 1.1.

LADA Project FAO/UNEP GEF/. http://www.fao.org/geonetwork/srv/en/metadata.show?id=37139&currTab=simple

Annual Temperature Hijmans, R.J., S.E. Cameron, J.L. Parra, P.G. Jones and A. Jarvis, 2005. Very high resolution interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas. International Journal of Climatology 25: 1965-1978.

Length of Growing Period 2000 Thornton P K, Jones P G, Owiyo T, Kruska R L, Herrero M, Kristjanson P, Notenbaert A, Bekele N and Omolo A, with contributions from Orindi V, Adwerah A, Otiende B, Bhadwal S, Anantram K, Nair S and Kumar V. 2006. Mapping climate vulnerability and poverty in Africa. Report to the Department for International Development, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya, 200 p.

Annual Temperature Graph Jones P G, Thornton P K, Diaz W and Wilkens P W. 2002.

MarkSim, a computer tool that generates simulated weather data for crop modeling and risk

Length of Growing Period 2030 Thornton P K, Jones P G, Owiyo T, Kruska R L, Herrero M, Kristjanson P, Notenbaert A, Bekele N and Omolo and Kumar V. 2006. Mapping climate vulnerability and poverty in Africa. Report to the

22

Department for International Development, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya, 200 p.

Conservation Areas UNEP-WCMC (2012). Data Standards for the World Database on Protected Areas. UNEP-WCMC: Cambridge, UK.

Crop Suitability FAO-IIASA 2007. Mapping biophysical factors that inďŹ&#x201A;uence agricultural production and rural vulnerability. Food and Agriculture Organization and International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Rome 2007.

Livestock Production Systems FAO. 2007. Gridded livestock of the world 2007, by G.R.W. Wint and T.P. Robinson.Rome, pp 131.

Livestock Density Wint W, Robinson T, 2007. Gridded Livestock of the World.

FAO, 131 pp.

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Human Population Density Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN)/Columbia University, and Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT, 2005. Gridded Population of the World, Version 3 (GPWv3): Population Density Grid, Future Estimates, Edition: 3.0. NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC. Online_Linkage: http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/data/set/gpw-v3-population-density-future-estimates Market Access Nelson, A. (2008) Estimated travel time to the nearest city of 50,000 or more people in year 2000. Global Environment Monitoring Unit - Joint Research Centre of the European Commission, Ispra Italy. Available at http://www-tem.jrc.it/accessibility (accessed 06/03/2004) Poverty Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University, 2005. Small Area Estimates of Poverty and Inequality (SAEPI) database. Palisades, NY: CIESIN, Columbia University. Available at http://www.ciesin.columbia.edu/povmap. ( Version 1.0) Available at http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/theme/poverty

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