Cantonments in India

I

CHAPTER- 1 INTRODUCTION

I

1

CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION

1.1

HISTORY OF CANTONMENT TOWNS IN INDIA Cantonment areas in India today are a legacy of the British Raj and are

basically a temporary or semi permanent military or police quarter. It was a British military settlement which was to spread out all over India wherever the British were present in sizable numbers. The majority of Indian army cantonments date back to the British era. They have now been remodeled and extended to suit modem day battles.

Initially it was a military base for British troops, after sometime cantonment also began to house civilians who were associated with servicing the military, and developed into a full-fledged mini-city of its own. The cantonment thus developed into a European town in India, whose main house type was the bungalow.

Meaning of cantonment The word “Cantonment” is derived from the French word “Canton”, which means comer or district. The word is often abbreviated to the more convenient “Cantt”.

During a campaign, cantonments are places of encampment formed by

troops for a more permanent stay, or while in winter quarters distributed among five Army Commands, (https://en.rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/cantonment) A Cantonment, according to the Webster’s International Dictionary, is a town or village, or a part of a town or village, assigned to a body of troops for quarters; temporary shelter or place of rest for an army. When troops are sheltered in huts or quartered in the houses of the people during any suspension of hostilities, they are said to be in cantonment, or to be cantoned.

Among all the potent factors which are attributed to the origin and development of the ‘Cantonments’ in India, the ancient skandhavara have played a prominent role for all time to come.’This indicates that the modem Cantonments had their origin in and devolved from the ancient skandhavara (which in their turn devolved from the still more ancient ‘Durga’).The modem cantonments of the British were devolved from and on the basis and pattern of the ancient durgas and 2

Skandhavaras followed by medieval forts and camps. (Headquarters central command lucknow!994) Number of Cantonments has remained static. But the growth of military stations has become prolific spread over the length and breadth of India. The majority of military stations are family stations where the army persons are allowed to keep their family with them.

In 1951 many of the cantonment towns throughout the country were classified or merged into their municipal counterparts like Vadodara, Laskar, Ujjain, Neemuch and Muzaffarpur. The census of 1971 recorded 58 urban places with the municipal status of a cantonment or a cantonment board. In 1981 it increased to 59 with the addition of Morar in Gwalior district of Madhya Pradesh. In 1951 Morar had been merged in Gwalior. At present there are 62 cantonment towns in India No cantonment has been established in the country since the early 1960s while Defense lands have increased four-fold since 1960 and now occupies over 22 lakh acres.In 1962, Ajmer was the last to be notified as a CantonmentMajority of Indian cantonments are spread across Northern, Northwestern and Northeastern India. In many cases the Civilian population in some cantonments has increase considerably. In fact, in some cases it has become the majority of the population and some neighboring towns or villages have also expanded and merged into the contiguous cantonments.

All the cantonments have a civilian segment that distinguishes or differentiates the cantonment from the military station. It is regarded as very essential that the character of the cantonment is maintained, they are islands of urban sanity, they area well maintained, better planned and the Government has no intention whatsoever to detract from the character of the cantonments in these country.

History of cantonment towns in India Cantonments were places where the army of colonial government had to be exclusively meant quarters assigned for lodging troops, a permanent military station created by the British government in India for the location of military formation away from the civilian towns and insulated from the Indian nationalist influences.

A little away from the noise and chaos of Indian cities the British created an almost completely separate living environment. The practice of separation of military officers and men from the civilians and the various military ranks from each other was 3

consistently followed. It was characteristic of British rule that the military were never to the fore. This deliberate decision to locate the military away at a separate, segregated site and to keep it out of visual contact ultimately resulted in the establishment of an independent spatial component its civil counterpart being the station or the civil lines.

All the ambitious European nations, keen to get rich and powerful as soon as possible, joined the race to trade with India. Soon however, the English established their undoubted supremacy. A trading company called the East India Company which came to India with the sole objective of carrying on commerce and trade build an Empire of its own.

With the success in trade English merchants thought of cantoning troops as it become necessary to maintain a standing Army, not only to protect its trade, but also its territories. The Mughals welcomed all traders. However, with their downfall, the trading nations competed with each other, employed locals as sepoys to protect their trading posts and the British started with their politics of divide and rule. This was the beginning of British Military power in India and the East India Company became a territorial power.

Lord Clive initiated the policy of setting up exclusive habitats for the company’s forces, slightly away from the then urban areas, and along the trade-route, like river Ganga. There was limited interaction between the Englishmen and local population in the interest of discipline. These places came to be known as Cantonments - the places where the Forces were cantoned. The first place marked as cantonment was Barrackpore in 1765. Many Cantonments were established after this.

As military requirements changed, and new Cantonments were established, some of the old Cantonments ceased to have relevance and were abandoned by army.

The Company acquired substantial real estate and infrastructure at many strategically important places. On 17th May 1773, the Parliament of England passed the following resolution: “That all acquisitions made under the influence of a military force or a treaty with foreign princes, do of right belongs to the State.� Thus, all the lands that came into the possession of the East India Company, and later the colonial Government, by conquest, appropriation, perpetual lease, treaty or acquisition came to

4

be recognized as theproperty of the Government through an Act of the Parliament of England.

The Company gave lands to English officers to build houses for themselves in the Cantonments.Queen Victoria took over the property of the Company and made it an integral part of British India. Though the East India Company was a trading Company it was governed by the rules and regulations of the British Parliament. The Charter of 1661 authorized the Company to empower the Governor and Councils of each of its factories or trading centers in Madras, Bombay and Calcutta to administer over its employees, the civil and criminal justice according to the English law at the time.

Civilians were encouraged to reside in cantonments in order to provide amenities to officers, soldiers and retainers of the Army. Besides, accommodation was needed for the military officers and civilians invested their capital in building bungalows and houses.

For administrative convenience, the military set up was divided into 3 parts known as the Bengal Army, the Madras Army and the Bombay Army and rules and regulations were framed by each of these commands with the agreement of the government thatthen existed in Calcutta, Madras and Bombay. Some of these Government Orders relate to the procedure to be adopted in case land was to be allocated to Army Officers.

After the British Empire in India was established and consolidated in the latter half of the 19th century, laws recognizing, prescribing, regulating and administering rights in lands and obligations arising there from were enacted in the Presidencies.

These were the Bombay Land RevenueCode 1879, the Punjab Land Revenue Act i

1887, the Madras Land Revenue Code, the Bengal Land Revenue Code, the United Provinces Land Revenue Code 1902, the Central Provinces and Berar Land Revenue Code etc. The Mughals welcomed all traders. However, with their downfall, the trading nations competed with each other, employed locals as sepoys to protect their trading posts and the British started with their politics of divide and rule. This was the beginning of British Military power in India and the East India Company became a territorial power.

5

Map No.: 1.1

ARMY COMMANDS IN INDIA

||ttt •**

.

*

Source : www.anywhen.com/2012/12/india-railways and cantonments-1928

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In 1889 the cantonment Act XIII, was passed which extended to all Cantonments in British India. It pro jaded for Establishment of a Cantonment Authority to deal with various muinicipal functions in the Cantonment. The Cantonment Magistrate was to be its miember secretary and the Executive Officer, in additions to being a Judge of the Court of small cases. The officer commanding the station is also to be a President of the Cainitonment.

When the British left in 1947, they retroceded to the respective Native States the jurisdiction they held over these Can onments and the British laws ceased to apply except for those that the Native States wished to continue.

1.2

NATURE OF CANTONMENT TOWNS A cantonment is a unique institution in India with no parallel in other parts of

the world. Each cantonment was essentially a well-defined and clearly demarcated unit of territory set apart for the quartering and administering of troops.

There are sixty two cantonments in seventeen different states not including smaller sub-cantonments in the same regional area.The British Army too was positioned for threats from across India's northern frontiers.

Cantonments and Military Stations There are 62 'notified Cantonments' and 299 Military Stations in India occupying an area of 1,57,000 acres: 25 in Central Command, 13 in Western Command, 04 in Eastern Command, 19 Southern command, and one in the Northern Command. In addition 15, 96,000 acres is in use for military garrisons, "quartering, camping, offices", and training areas.Cantonments and Military Stations in peace areas are towns designed to house troops along with their families. Cantonments are stations notified under the Cantonments Act 1924 for purpose of Local Self Government. Military Stations are not so notified.

The support services like up keep of roads, disposal of garbage, water supply, sewage services etc., are done in Cantonments by the static civilian population under the Cantonment Boards. These functions are performed by the concerned Station Headquarters in Military Stations. There is no fixed ratio of military and civil population in Cantonments or in Military Stations. There is no supporting civilian population in Military Stations and the minimum essential.

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Table No. 1.1 Cantonments and Commands in India S I 4o

Name of Cantonment

State

Population

Class

Command

1

Agra

Uttar Pradesh

56198

I

Central Command

2

Ambala

Haryana

55370

I

Western Command

3

Ahmednagar

Maharashtra

39941

II

Southern Command

4

Ahmadabad

Gujarat

14900

II

Southern Command

5

Ajmer

Rajasthan

2160

IV

Southern Command

6

Allahabad

Uttar Pradesh

26904

II

Central Command

7

Almora

Uttarakhand

2204

IV

Central Command

8

Amritsar

Punjab

12162

II

Western Command

9

Aurangabad

Maharashtra

19174

II

Southern Command

10

Babina

Madhya Pradesh

18078

II

Southern Command

LI

Badamibagh

J&K

13477

II

Northern Command

L2

Bakloh

Himachal Pradesh

1810

IV

Western Command

13

Bareilly

Uttar Pradesh

27953

II

Central Command

L4

Barrack Pore

West Bengal

22040

II

Eastern Command

15

Belgaum

Karnataka

23779

II

Southern Command

16

Kannur

Kerala

4699

III

Southern Command

L7

Chakrata

Uttar Pradesh

3499

III

Central Command

L8

Clement town

Uttar Pradesh

11216

II

Central Command

â– 19

Dagshai

Himachal Pradesh

2751

III

Western Command

io

Dalhousie

Himachal Pradesh

1964

IV

Western Command

21

Danapore

Bihar

28149

II

Central Command

/

12

Dehradun

Uttarakhand

30102

II

Central Command

13

Dehu Road

Maharashtra

46921

II

Southern Command

i i i

8

i i

1 S IVo

Name of Cantonment

State

Population

Class

Command

Delhi

Delhi

124917

I

Western Command

Deolali

Maharashtra

50617

I

Southern Command

Faizabad

Uttar Pradesh

13647

II

Central Command

Fatehgarh

Uttar Pradesh

14682

II

Central Command

28

Ferozepnr

Punjab

57418

I

Western Command

29

Jabalpur

Madhya Pradesh

66499

I

Central Command

Jalandhar

Punjab

40521

II

Western Command

51

Jalapahar

West Bengal

928

IV

Eastern Command

52

Jammu

Jammu and Kashmir

28791

II

Western Command

13

Jhansi

Uttar Pradesh

18582

II

Southern Command

i 34

Jutogh

Himachal Pradesh

2420

IV

Western Command

Kamptee

Maharashtra

13125

II

Southern Command

108035

I

Central Command

Ill

Western Command

24

26 1 1

V1 1

\

1l °

l 1

35 I 1 36 l I 37

Kanpur

Uttar Pradesh

Kasauli

Himachal Pradesh

3880

f8

Khas Yol

Himachal Pradesh

10775

II

Western Command

Kirkee

Maharashtra

77473

I

Southern Command

Landour

Uttar Pradesh

3250

III

Central Command

U

Lans Downe

Uttar Pradesh

12190

III

Central Command

[2

Lebong

West Bengal

370

IV

Eastern Command

13

Luck Now

Uttar Pradesh

53764

I

Central Command

Mathura

Uttar Pradesh

11958

II

Central Command

Meerut

Uttar Pradesh

96221

I

Central Command

46

Mhow

Madhya Pradesh

85024

I

Central Command

47

Morar

Madhya Pradesh

38522

II

Southern Command

i

!9

<10

i 1 l

-

9

5 p lo

Name of Cantonment

State

Command

Population

Class

1281

IV

Central Command

l

8

Nainital

Uttar Pradesh

L

9

Nasirabad

Rajasthan

49130

II

Southern Command

k

;o

Pachmarhi

Madhya Pradesh

20215

II

Central Command

ÂŁ

;i

Pune

Maharashtra

79454

I

Southern Command

i

52

Rani Khet

Uttar Pradesh

19055

II

Central Command

i

53

Saugor

Madhya Pradesh

30834

II

Southern Command

54

Shahjahanpur

Uttar Pradesh

20503

II

Central Command

55

St Thomas Mount

Tamilnadu

42439

II

Southern Command

56 l i 57 l

Varanasi

Uttar Pradesh

17246

II

Central Command

Ramgarh

Jharkhand

73434

I

Central Command

58

Roorkee

Uttar Pradesh

17762

II

Central Command

59

Secunderabad

Andhra Pradesh

207258

I

Southern Command

iSO

Shillong

Meghalaya

12385

II

Eastern Command

(SI

Subathu

Himachal Pradesh

5719

III

Western Command

(S2

Wellington

Tamilnadu

20217

II

Southern Command

i

1 I

.

Source: Cantonments in India (1994) The Cantonments are categorized as Class I, Class II and Class III, on the basis of the civil population. Class II Cantonments are, for administrative purposes, sub-classified as A, B and C.There are 36 class I cantonments with a civil population of more than 10000, 15 class II Cantonments with a civil population of more than 2500 and llclass III Cantonments with civil population of less than 2500.1n Class I and Class II Cantonments, the area populated mainly by the civilian population is notified as the Civil Area.

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Map No.: 1.2

CANTONMENTS IN INDIA 88'

76*

68

N. \

36'

V

A

j

• BADAMIBACH

f IjAMMI

INDIA LOCATION OF 62 CANTONMENTS

V .DAIHOISIE 7

R.F.-I: I

RAKISH* .KHASYcfv AMRITSA^K*

-DEHRADl’N AM BALA* [jgj—CLEMENT TOWN ROORKEE* LANSDOWNE , NAINlTXl DELHI* MEERIT BAREILLY. "V MATHURA* .

-SHAHAMUANPI.R AGRA

FATEHGARH •LUCKNOW

... sJ^LAPAH-

28° fJjULVOHC ATA

KANPl,R* .FAIZABAD ^ MORAR* .R4Riv a INA .ALLAHABAD .DANAPOR JHANSI* VARANASI*

r •SHILLONG ------------ 7>

SAl’GOR*

____.JUMGABH •JABALPI R •PAC HMARHI

BARRA( KPORE

•KAMPTEE

20

•Al RANGABAD

irkee^hmednagar •Pl'NE DEI!I ROAD • SECT 'NDERA BAD

r

<£>=•

BE1.GAHM

Source: Cantonments in India (1994)

ll

Table No.1.2 Classification of Cantonment Towns

Class

Civil Population

I

above 10,000

II

(A) Above 7500 but not exceeding 10,000.

(B) Above 5000 but not exceeding 7500.

(C) Above 2500 but not exceeding 5000

III

2500 and below.

The Boards are statutory bodies - a body corporate having perpetual succession and a common seal with power to acquire and hold property. Their main functions are, more or less, the same as those of municipal bodies. The Station Commander is the Ex-officio President of Cantonment Board. The legislated composition in respect of the Cantonment Boards is as under:

Table No.1.3 Composition of the Cantonment Boards in India Category of Member

Composition of the Cantonment Boards in India I

11(A)

11(B)

11(C)

III

Ex- officio

3

3

3

3

1

Nominated

5

4

3

2

1

Elected

7

6

5

4

1

Total

15

13

11

9

3

Many cities in the Indian subcontinent, such as Ahmadabad, Belgaum, and Mhow have permanent garrisons. In terms of regional distribution of cantonment towns Uttar Pradesh alone has twenty cantonments out of sixty two cantonment towns in India .On an aggregate level northern India has a greater concentration of cantonment towns as compared to its southern counterparts.

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Classificationof Defence Land The Ministry of Defence is the biggest landholder in the the country. The lands are of different need based classification occupied by the Army, Air Force, Navy, Central and State Government organizations, civilian population etc.

The Ministry of Defence owns approximately 17.54 lakh acres of land throughout the country which is managed by the three Services and other Organizations. Approximately two lakhs acres are inside 62 Cantonments and the rest 15.3 lakhs acres of land are occupied by Military Stations, Air Force Stations, etc. The Army has the maximum of the land holdings under its control and management i.e. 13.84 lakh acres followed by Air Force 1.40 lakh acres and Navy 0.44 lakh acres.The defense land inside the notified Cantonments is approximately 1.58 lakh acres and the remaining around 15.96 lakh acres lie outside the Cantonments.

Land in cantonments Towns is classified under the following major categories for the purpose of development Class -A: Reserved for specific military purpose. It is managed by military authorities.The land which is managed by the board is termed class â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Câ&#x20AC;&#x2122; land. The Defense Estate officer can any time, ask to produce any record, corresponding plan, under its control board will maintain General Land Register in respect of land in Bazaars. It is sub-divided further into two categories. Defence land outside Cantonment areas does not bear any classification.

Table No.1.4 Classification of Defence land inside a Cantonment Classification

Land description

Managed by

A1

In active occupation of the Forces and allied services

Local Military Authorities of the Service concerned.

A2

Vacant land which must not be built upon due to specific military reasons.

Defence Estates Officer.

B1

Land owned by the Ministry but in occupation of any other Ministry of

The Ministry concerned in occupation of land.

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Managed by

Land description

Classification

the Central Government.

B2

Land owned by the Ministry but under the control of the State Government.

State Government concerned in occupation of land.

B3

Land held by private persons under Old Grant terms, leases etc. Under which the Central Government Reserved or have reserved to the proprietary rights in the land.

Defence Estates Officer.

B4

Land which does not fall under any other class mentioned above or vacant land

Defence Estates Officer.

c

Land vested in a Cantonment Board for Municipal or other public purposes.

Cantonment Board.

Source; 164.100.47.134/lsscommittee/. ..Z15_Public_Accounts_89.pdf Table No.1.5 Percentage of Land in different categories in Mhow Cantonment Category

Total area in acre

Area (in %)

A1 Land

3000

71.43

A2 Land

86

2.05

B1 Land

216

5.14

B2 Land

7

0.17

B3 Land

500

11.90

B4 Land

130

3.10

CLand

261

6.21

Total

4200

100.00

Source: Defence Estate Office, Mhow 14

The nature of cantonments is such that there is only limited trade and business activity and practically no industry. Thus, cantonment boards are devoid of the resources that are normally available to any municipality of comparable size.

Because of the restrictive nature of the land policy regarding the re-development of old properties there has been very little building activity in cantonments. This has, further, reduced the possible income from property taxes, which, normally, constitutes the major source of income for local bodies. Cantonments are spread over large areas and the cost of providing civic amenities in them is, therefore, significantly more than in the municipal areas.

When the British ruled, the first barrack was built at Barrackpore thus giving the region its present name. Barrackpore was the venue where the Government House and Estate was built as the residence of the viceroy. Barrackpore saw the 1857 mutiny. This is the place where MangalPandey the Indian soldier attacked a British Commander.

British cantonments have colonial design of towns with a population that consisted of residents from other parts of India and Britain.Cantonments is laid on grid pattern. The juxtaposition of their constituent parts may be different or some specific institution may even be absent, these generally conformed to a standard plan with roads lined with trees and backed by bungalows, each with a verandah on three sides set in its own compound, large parade grounds, clubs, the regimental mess, and the church. This plan was typical to all cantonment town landscape.

Land-use details are available with the cantonment but are restricted, due to security reasons. Cantonments were always considered as high-security areas, and were insulated from civil populations. These towns have several pre independence era bungalows, some of them in good shape maintained by army .Many cantonment towns are inside the wall more regular in planning of their streets than those towns which were always open.

The nineteen largest cantonment towns are Secunderabad, Jabalpur, Mhow, Pune, Kirkee, Deolali, Ahmednagar, and Dehu Road, Delhi, Sagar, St. Thomas Madras, Dehradun, Agra, Lucknow, Kanpur, Meerut, Ambala, Jalandhar and Firojpur.

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The existence of walls had functional as well as morphological effects. The wall was the limit of civic law as well as civic protection. Thus those living beyond it were literally outlaws outside the restrictions as well as the protection of civic order, taxation, guild control, or social conformity.

As demographic units also the cantonment towns have retained many of their traditional attributes, e.g. lower density and sex ratio, higher literacy and workforce.

Their population growth pattern is also different from that of rapidly urbanizing urban India. In totality thus, the cantonment towns have been able to avoid many of the drawbacks associated with a rapid pace of urbanization.

1.3

SALIENT FEATURES OF CANTONMENT ACT OF 1924 AND 2006 The cantonment Act 1924 was brought in the operation on 1st may 1924.The

Cantonment Act 1924 is “An Act to Consolidate and amend the law relating to the administration of Cantonments.” Today the Cantonments all over India are administered under the Cantonments Act 2006. The Cantonment Act 1924 was introduced

in the

legislative

Assembly

on

26/03/1924

for

Cantonment

Administration. The Cantonment Act lays down both the mandatory and discretionary functions of the Board such as education, public health, sanitation, roads, street lighting, water supply and birth and death registration.

Laws in Cantonments evolved from the initial “Support of the police and Maintenance of peace within the limits of the Cantonment “to setting of crimes such as petty offences especially between military personnel and the civilians. By 1837, it was declared lawful to appropriate a portion of taxes for cleaning and repairing towns. The objectives expanded to cleaning, lighting, drainage or washing of public streets, roads, drains or tanks. Another major task was payment of the ‘Chowkidars’ even today the House tax is called the Chowkidari tax.

In the first quarter of the 19th Century certain regulations were promulgated which deal with local government .By regulation X of 1801 certain duties were imposed on Bengal towns, and united Provinces. By regulation III of 1809, the support of police and maintenance of peace within the limits of the Cantonments 16

which were originally military Camps. The powers of the officer commanding were restricted by the regulation. He was also to fix the limits of the Cantonment and military Bazaars in Concert with the District Magistrate whereas serious breaches of peace were reserved for the Magistrate.

Bengal Regulation xx of 1810 provided for the demarcation of areas within which stricter rules were to be enforced by the officer commanding in Consultation with the Magistrate. Similar regulations were framed, in Madras and Bombay presidencies.

By regulation XIII of!813, Chowkidari Tax for watch and ward was levied certain towns in Bengal. Regulation XXII of 1816 as amended by Act XV of 1837, it was declared lawful to appropriate a portion of the taxes for cleaning and repairing of towns. (Cantonment act 1924) The first real legislation for Creation of a modem Municipality was Conservancy Act X of 1842 which applied only to Bengal. It gave towns thirds of the house-holders of any towns, district or place of public resort, who were desirous of making better provisions for repairing, Cleaning lighting, draining or washing of public streets,roads,drains or tanks, or any other purposes to apply to local Government which may set up a Committee.

A consolidated Cantonment Act XXX of 1889 was passed for the whole of India which recognized for the first time the necessity of maintaining special laws to replace the military administration. This Act was repealed by the Cantonment Act XV of 1910 which contained only 32 sections. The only municipal subjects it touched were the taxation and Cantonment fund. All other matters were left to be regulated by the rules known as Cantonment Code, 1912. The Cantonment Committees constituted there under were dominated by military nominees but for the first time Indian civilian nominated members were brought into being.

The Government of India Act, 1919 transferred the local self Government of the provinces to ministers .These reforms of 1919 was not able to Change the Cantonment Administration. Therefore the government of India appointed a regular Cantonment Reforms Committee in 1921 consisting of four official members appointed by the Government of India and four non official members nominated by the All India Cantonments Association.

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Government appear to have encouraged this form of development as providing a simple solution to varying demand for officerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s quarters and shops and houses in the bazaars and to have recognized, subject to certain restrictions, right of private ownership in the buildings, while at the same time retaining in themselves the proprietary right in the soil. This is referred to as military or cantonment tenure or old grants.

Thus the Rule that whatever affixed to soil belongs to the soil was not made applicable to India. This led to the issue of certain rules, regulations and orders by the Government of Bengal, Madras and Bombay presidencies between the years of 1789 and 1899.

The regulations were mostly identical in nature. Two objectives were mostly kept in mind first that of ensuring sufficient accommodation for military officers, and secondly that of regulation of the grant of land sites. Inspite of these provisions in the regulations, difficulty was still being experienced in procuring suitable accommodation for military officers in the cantonments. Therefore, in 1898, the Government introduced the cantonments (House Accommodation) Bill which was passed after four years of discussion in 1902. Hence it was enacted as Cantonments (House Accommodation) Act 1902 which was replaced by the Cantonments (Houses Accommodation) Act, 1923 (VI of 1923).

Due to repeated demand for reforms by the representatives of cantonment population, the Cantonments Act, 1924 was enacted to introduce local selfgovernment in the cantonments, which contained substantial civil population.

Features of 1924 act >

The Cantonments Act, 1924 is a model municipal Act but in its implementation,

decentralization

and

democratic

norms

are

largely

compromised because of the status of the citizen who occupies the property only as a licensee of the Government. Land administration and municipal administration overlap and lose their identities as such. >

Cantonment act plays the role of providing guideline to cantonment board. It is the list of rules and regulation laid down by the government for administering all 62 cantonment spread all over the country. The act of 1924 defines and delimits the cantonments all over India. It also provides for the 18

alteration of limits. However, this law does not apply to area outside limits unless the same have been extended. >

In the first half of the 19th century, some sort of local government in towns was developed as a measure of decentralization in Cantonment towns which had a big population, the civilians were continued to be treated as army followers and were ruled and administered by military authorities.

>

There are seventeen chapters and six schedule in the act of 1924.chapter one deals with the history of cantonment laws and Indiandefense estates service, chapter two provides definition and delimitation of cantonments, chapter three gives detail laws regarding cantonment board it has

from 10 to 55

sections ,chapter four deals with spirituous liquors and intoxicating drugs, chapter five includes imposition of taxation its section starts from60 to section 105,chapter six has only six section which comprises cantonment fund and property,chapter seven for contracts only four sections are there, chapter eight on duties and discretionary functions of boards, chapter nine public safety and suppression of nuisances, chapter ten sanitation and the prevention and treatment of disease, section 128 to sectionl 78,chapter eleven on control over buildings, streets, boundaries, trees, etc.,chapter twelve on markets, slaughter houses, trades and occupations ,chapter thirteen states water supply, drainagelighting, chapter fourteen removal and exclusion from cantonments and suppression of sexual immortality, chapter fifteen powers, procedure, penalties and appeals section 241 to 285 sections,chapter sixteen on rules and bye-laws ,chapter seventeen on supplemental provisions >

In 1924 section number 12 have been omitted as its useability ends. Section 24-A concerning duties of executives officer , section 35-A member of the board to be deemed a public servent,section 3 6-A cantonment servant to be deemed a public servent,section 43-A committees for civil areas, section 45-A Report on administration, section 63-A power of central Government to issue directions to the board, section 77-A Notice to be given of the circumstances in which remission or refund is claimed, section 92-A interest payable on taxes due, section 94-A ,99-A,116-A,117-A,130-A,178-A,180-A,181-A,183-A,234A,234-B,256-A,268-A,286-Aare the sub sections of main section.

19

A

Under List II of the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution and the army should be given representation or right to have a say o n any decision of the local authority which goes against the health, welfare, discipline and security of the troops. The civic amenities for the troops within the military area can continue to be with the defense authorities and the Cantonments will regain its original connotation of a place where the troops are quartered. The Cantonments Act, 1924, therefore, as on date remains substantially as it was in the year 1924.

A

Elections to the Cantonment Board are held on expiry of term of the elected members every five years. In exercise of the powers conferred by Section 31 of the Cantonments Act, 1924, Central Government has framed certain rules called the Cantonment Electoral Rules, 1945 for the Purpose.

A

The Cantonments Act, 1924, lays down the duties and discretionary functions of the Board and the manner in which these are to be performed. But the duties can be performed only subject to the availability of funds at its disposal (section 116 of the Act). The Boards are also empowered to frame regulations relating to the administration of the Boards and bye-laws controlling various spheres of activities such as erection/re-erection of buildings, sanitation, hygiene, etc., with the prior approval of the Central Government.

A

The constitutional responsibility of ensuring that the Cantonment Boards carry out their functions in accordance with the law vests in the Government of India. It is the duty of the Government of India to ensure not only delimitation but also the functioning of local self-government in such areas. This constitutional responsibility is discharged through the Officers of the Indian Defense Estate Service (and its predecessor services), the Cantonment Officer at the Board level and the Director (Defense Estates) at the command level and the Ministry of Defense at the Government level.

A

The GOC-in-C of the Command continues to be in enigma in the administrative set up of Cantonment Administration. He exercises certain powers of control under the provisions of the Cantonments Act, 1924, the Cantonment Account Code, 1924, the Cantonment Land Administration Rules, 1937, the Cantonment Fund Servants Rules, 1937, etc. The Act does not define him while it has defined the area commander who has no role to play under 20

the Cantonments Act but he has been given sweeping powers not relating to health, welfare and discipline of the army to override the decisions of the Board without any guidelines under Section 52 of the Act. As per the provisions contained in section 274 read with Schedule V of the Act, the Officer Commanding-in-Chief, the command or other authority authorized by the Central Government shall be the Appellate Authority in respect of appeals against order under sections 126, 134, 138, 140, 142, 176, 181, 185, 187, 188, 206. All these sections have nothing to do with health, welfare and discipline of the troops but purely with local self-government decisions of the Board.

Similarly, under Section 181 A, the Officer Commanding-in-Chief can sanction the general scheme to restrict building activity for prevention of overcrowding. Again, under Section 185(2), he has power to stop erection or re-erection or to demolish a building on land not under the management of the Board. Also, the Board cannot compound any building offence not violating a bye-law without the prior approval of the office of the GOC-in-C. Section 192 (I) gives him powers to close and open streets in the Cantonment. Under the Cantonment Account Code, he controls the budget, expenses, losses, reappropriation, revision of establishment, etc. Similarly, under Cantonment Fund Servants Rules, he has the appellate and original powers.

Under Section 60 of the Cantonments Act, 1924, a Cantonment Board is empowered to levy within the Cantonment area, with the prior sanction of the Central Government, any tax which may be levied by a municipality in the State in which the Cantonment is situated. The main sources of income of a Cantonment Board are local taxes such as house tax (property tax), conservancy tax, water tax, lighting tax, and trade and profession tax.

Expenditure is mostly on establishment and contingencies connected with rendering civic services including maintenance of hospitals and schools.

The Cantonments Act like any other municipal Act has provisions conferring powers of taxation, control powers in the interest of public safety, provisions relating to sanitation, prevention of disease, building activities, markets, licensing, etc. It has positive roles to play in running hospitals and dispensaries

and institutions providing water supply, drainage and lighting, etc. >

Under the cantonment act, 1924 the cantonment land administration rules 1925were framed .This led to the lands branch of the cantonment department in which most important functionary was the military estates officer now known as Defense estates officer. He is the agent of government of India for the administration of lands, the property of the central government. He will supply information to the military authorities.

>

The post of Cantonment Magistrate abolished and was replaced by post of Cantonment Executive Officer with only executive powers whereas Judicial powers of CEO was transferred to Civil Judicial staff of local governments.

Features of 2006 act >

The Cantonments Act, 1924 was replaced by the Cantonment Act, 2006 with a view to impart greater democratization and improve the financial base of cantonments to make provision for developmental activities, etc. According to Cantonment Act 2006 the cantonment performs most of the mandatory functions of the urban local bodies as per the 74 Constitutional Amendment.

>

In 2006 sequence of many chapters differs from that of 1924 act like chapter four of 1924 act deals with spirituous liquors and intoxicating drugs and in 2006 act it deals with duties and discretionary functions of boards. In the same manner chapter eight focuses on duties of board in 1924 but in 2006 act it deals with sanitation and the prevention and treatment of disease. Like this chapter nine, ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen and fourteen differ in sequence of chapter.

>

Some new sections have been added in cantonment act 2006 like section 23 which is allowances to vice-president and members, section 46 on civil area and section 47 deals committees for civil area, section 57 i.e. power of central government to review, section 67 on charging of fees, section 68 on norms of property tax, section 99 public notice for taxes due, sectionl21 power of board to borrow money, section 141 special provisions for collection of rubbish and solid waste management, section 156 blood bank, section 160 power to require names of patients or customers of a medical practitioner of paramedical workers thesesections are not there in old act of 1924.

22

>

section 187 on terms of water-supply, sectionl88 which focus on the role of board to carry out survey and formulate proposals, section 205 water supply for domestic consumption, section 209 special provisions concerning drainage and sewage, section 210 construction of and control of drains and sewage collection and disposal works, section 211certain matters not to be passed into cantonments drains, and from section 212to 232 and 275,278,281,359. All the above mentioned sections are not there in the old act of 1924.

>

In new act of 2006, town planning and control over building has been introduced. It has section from 233 to section 264.in 2006 act annexure are not given which there in 1924 act. There are ten annexure in 1924.

>

Section 67 of publication of assessment list, section 90 of presentation of bill section 97power to prohibit or exempt from taxation, in cantonment act 1924 has been omitted in 2006 act.

>

As more sections have been included in 2006 the total number of sections has rised from 292 to 360 sections but schedules have reduced from six to five.

>

In 2006 act sub section like 94-Ahas been assigned a new section of 105.this has increased the number of sections in 2006 act.

>

No person shall erect or re-erect any building on any land in a Cantonment without obtaining previous sanction of Board/competent authority as envisaged in section 234, 235 and 246 of the Cantonment Act 2006.

Benefits of cantonment act 2006 Cantonment act1924 has been critised on many grounds. It was considered non-democratic, anti- civilian and non-developmental hence to overcome these shortcoming new cantonment act 2006 has been brought into force.

The Cantonments Act 2006 repealed and replaced the Cantonments Act 1924.

It introduced greater democratization process by actually introducing parity of civil members with military members. In conformity with the 74th Amendment to the Constitution, reservation to the extent of l/3rd of the seats for women was introduced. >

The new Act categorized the Cantonments into four categories on the basis of the population. The Member of Parliament and the Member of Legislative 23

Assembly, representing the constituency which comprises wholly or partly the Cantonment area, are special invitees for the meetings of the Board without a right to vote. >

Administrative control over the Cantonment Boards is exercised by the Central Government (Ministry of Defense/DGDE) through the General Officer Commanding-in-Chief, the Command and the Principal Director Defense Estates.

>

Property tax is a major source of revenue. As Government property is exempted from tax, in lieu thereof the State Governments pay Service Charges to the Cantonment Boards. (Section 66)

>

Grant-in-aid is also provided by central Government to deficit Boards. All the Executive Officers of the Cantonments were appointed under the Cantonments Act, 1924. They were bom on a cadre governed under the Executive Officers Service Rules, 1925, made under the Cantonments Act, 1924, and appointed by the Central Government.

>

Clauses 12(3) and 12(4)(b): These stipulate that the Board for Category I and II Cantonments respectively shall consist of, among others, “the District Magistrate nominated by him”. We propose that the clause should read, “The District Magistrate or an Executive Magistrate not below the rank of Sub Divisional Magistrate nominated by him”. The Additional District Magistrate is not headquartered at the Cantonment, and is inundated with a huge workload, which would preclude him from effectively.

>•

The section 46 and 47 for civil area and committees for civil areas has been incorporated in 2006 act which was not there in 1924 act board. As per this new section board is require to undertake review of the boundaries of the civil area in each cantonment.

^

Section 57 gives power to central government to review any decision or order of the board or the general officer commanding- in -chief, the command.

^

Section 121 enables cantonment board to borrow money from another board for any schemes or projects.

>

Section 141 makes provision for collection of rubbish and solid waste 24

management in cantonment town. This section was not there in old act of 1924. >

Section 156 makes provision for establishment of blood bank or any centre where blood, plasma and marrow could be collected. This was the great provision incorporated in 2006 act.

>

Chapter ten of new cantonment act has provision for town planning and control over building.

1.4 THE BACKGROUND OF STUDY Initially the word “cantonment” meant temporary or semi-permanent military quarters, later on the term was extended to describe permanent military stations.

Cantonments were established in India under the British regime to serve as military headquarters, with the sole purpose to control and administer the British India and the princely states. These were covered under the Cantonment Act of 1924 where land administration and the municipal functions overlapped to an extent, to lose their identities. Under this act the government was the sole owner of the land and the occupants were only the licensees of the government. In a report submitted to the Government of India these have also been called as “Colonial Jurassic Park’s” (Govt, of India, 2001). During the British period these cantonment areas were having a small civil population, and most of them were settled there to serve the needs of the army. With the change of time the population, functions and the economy of these towns changed significantly, causing diverse problems related to growth of residential population, economy and administration.

In India there are 62 cantonment areas in 17 different states, out of which in most of them the cantonment area is different from the civil area and both are administered by separate bodies. However, there are some cantonments which are solely controlled by the cantonment act. These towns are facing special problem due to many fold increase of the civil population, together with their changed economic and social structure. Mhow is one of such cantonment towns where the existing population is over one lakhs, while the area occupied by the civil population remains

25

more or less the same, creating a problem of congestion, unauthorized construction, and lack of opportunities for economic growth.

From its basic structure of a total dependence on the army for its sustenance and economy, there has been a drastic change. Besides swelling of its number, due to the economic nodes of Indore and Pithampur, there has been a total departure in the priorities of the town, initially perceived. A number of problems, like, lack of space for expansion, exorbitant land cost (unofficial), unauthorized construction and encroachments, congested living space, thousands of daily commuters and growing conflicts between army and civil administration have crept in.

With the background, as above, it will be interesting, both academically and operationally, to study the urban geography of Mhow town with a special focus on its historical growth, in the light of emerging economy of the commercial hub of Indore and the newly founded industrial town of Pithampur, with a backdrop of limitations put under the cantonment act where there is no provision for the expansion of civil area.

1.5 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM During British period cantonment towns were established with a sole purpose to serve the needs of the British army. With the change of time the population, functions and the economy of these towns changed significantly causing diverse problems related to the growth of residential population, economy and administration.

Mhow is one such town which is entirely administered under the cantonment act, with no separate civil area. However, due to the proximity of a million city of Indore and a growing industrial centre of Pithampur, its role and economy has transformed drastically, as compared to that, conceived initially.

The research problem of the proposed study is toa)

Analyze the changes in its basic structure, population, economy, and social set up, in the back drop of the very purpose for which the town was initially settled.

26

f

b)

Impediments to its growth and development due to the existing administrative structure.

c)

And to envisage the future needs and the course of action thereof.

1.6

RELEVANCE OF THE STUDY

(i)

In spite of the fact that the literature on the urban geography of a number of Indian towns is available, no study was recorded with reference to the wholly administered cantonment towns which have their special status, functions and problems. The proposed study, is therefore, expected to provide a new dimension to the study of urban geography in India.

(ii)

The study may be helpful in assessing the problems and future needs of Mhow that may be helpful in building a future vision for this congested town.

1.7

OVERVIEW OF LITERATURE In India the pioneer attempt to bring urban geography in focus was made by

Prof. R. L. Singh in 1995 who wrote the book on “Urban Geography of Banaras” A number of Standard text books on urban Indian Geography have been written by foreign as well as Indian Writers. A variety of works involving analytical and advanced approach in urban are available Historical, Social and Ecological aspects of towns and the process of urbanizations have also been dealt by a number of writers.

Following are the few reviews on the available literature on the topic under study: Functional classification of the town has been undertaken bymahy authorsof various Indian cities. Nelson’s method has been applied to classify functionally the towns of Ganga- Yamuna Doab .It is found that function and economic growth of the town is interlinked. (R.P Singh and M.P. Dabrall972).The functional zones of Itarsi town has been discovered with the help of article and it is concluded that Itarsi has emerged as commercial centre, though few functional zones need some modification A.N. Singhl967).Certain basic principles of classifying towns functionally has been suggested and few rules for classifying towns provided. (Om Prakash Singhl977).

27

The growth of Lucknow city shows a tendency to the segregation of functions into separate regions. He further explains Lucknow a diversified city .The chief business area occupies its inner zone, while residential area has a tendency to hold the peripheral position (M.N Nigam 1964).

The paper attempts to investigate trends of urbanization in Birbhum district of West Bengal which essentially an agricultural district and conducts analyze of the overall performance of such towns and Government role towards its development.

(Parbati Nandil993). The present paper measures the urbanizing influence of Agra city on its adjoining country side and the availability of some of the social amenities to the population of the villages. (Kamla Guptal983).The process of urbanization in the Chandigarh periphery zone has been examined in the context of violation of the periphery control act of Chandigarh. The entire analysis is based upon the development of urban centre in the peripheral zone of Chandigarh in contrast to the provision of the peripheral control act. (P.K. Sharma and komila Parthi2002).

Urban sex ratio and its spatial variation in west Bengal has been analyzed in the present study. Correlation technique has been utilized to explain variations in terms of various factors like growth rate, population size and level of industrialization of the urban centres of the state. Author has found that West Bengal is characterized by an exceptionally low urban sex ratio and that areal of variation of sex ratio indicates the influence of variations in population size and the industrial component of the working population of the urban centreâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s rather than their rate of growth. (Sriparna Bose 1990). The paper attempt to analyze spatial trends of urbanization in Uttar Pradesh, which has been one of the less urbanized states. The study helps to understand the process and pattern of urbanization in the state. As indicated by the author the process of urbanization is progressing well in Uttar Pradesh. (R. M. Tripathil999).The evolution, growth, land use morphology, population and size of six urban centres were affected by presence of river. (Mohd.Ataullah 1985). The relationship between economic development and urbanization in India is critically examined. It manifests the nature of the urbanization at the regional level as well as in relation to the high concentration of urban population and activities in cities. It attempts to provide a ground level view of the complexities of economic development in all its intricacies.

(Satish Sharma2002)The urban structure process, spatial movement and linkage patterns of Nasik city has been Studied. Quantitative method is used to understand the 28

structure and function of the urban landscape of Nasik city and its future possibilities.

Internal structure of the city is also analyzed. (K.M Kulkarnil981)Present research paper analyzes spatial trends of urbanizationin Uttar Pradesh, which has been one of the less urbanized states. The study helps to understand the process and pattern of urbanization in the state. As indicated by the author the process of urbanization is progressing well in Uttar Pradesh. Except for the size classes defined in the census the concept of hierarchy is not brought out (R. M. Tripathil999) .A study was conducted on urbanization in the Chandigarh periphery zone to examine the process of urbanization in the context of violation of the periphery control act of Chandigarh.

Census data has been used for the study. Various sections of the act have been discussed and development has been seen in the context of the provisions of each section. (P. K. Sharma and K. Parthi 2002) Urban growth of Rajasthan state has been presented in this study. It has long feudal history with relatively low colonial impact .It is a mosaic of desert and plain with subsistence and commercial agriculture. It is concluded that both prosperous and subsistence agricultural region accounted for urbanization at a different scale. (Raj Balal997)The urbanization process of a medium town of Hospet in Karnataka is explained by the scholar. It examines the growth of the town and its socio economic structure by utilizing sample survey techniques. Finding shows that there is a considerable gap in the socio- economic environment of Hospet.

(H.G.

Hanumappal981) Author tried to explain through this paper the phenomenon of urbanization in India with special reference to Sibsagar Assam. Different aspects of urbanization are included in the study. Finally it is observed that urbanization process is very slow and there is a need for planned urban growth. (Manirul Hudal990)This article focuses on the urbanization process in Punjab during the traumatic eighties when security consideration and resource constraints contained the development process. Author suggests that major importance should be given to urban development programmes for that purpose Punjab urban development authority is constituted and reformed land development policy created (Gopal Krishnan 1994). It is investigated that Indian urbanization decelerated during the 1971-81 to 1981-91 periods. This trend is attributed to decline in rural to urban migration which is due to the success of the agricultural /rural development and industrial /urban dispersal programme.

Because of high rate of natural increase of urban population migrants are forced to 29

take residence in peripheral villages rather than with in the cities themselves. (Gopal Krishnan 1993) Author attempted to study trend and future prospect of urbanization and the problems raised and there probable solution suggested.( P .Dayal 2004)The level of urbanization and the causes responsible for the variation in the level of urbanization at the district level in Jammu and Kashmir is examined by using composite urbanization score. Author found that disparity in the level of urbanization arises due to the variation in industrial and agricultural resource base, topography, lack of regional accessibility to transport and communication and isolation of some district from the main stream of economic, social and political life (Mohd. Sultan Bhattl994).The trend of urbanization in India has been discussed since 1901-81. The state level analysis of urban growth indicates that there is no uniformly found in trends of urbanization (S.K dixit 1991).It illustrates an approach of spatial dimensions of planning at district level of North kanara district (Karnataka) as a case study. The study helps in formulation of development strategy appropriate for the district. (L.S Bhattl987) Author carried out this study on the internal dynamics arising from the contemporary developmental ethos .This book attempts to look at the actual workings and operation of institutions, organizations and programmes. It explores the reason for the prevailing state of affairs which can be summed up as the more thing change, the more they remain the same. (Mohammad A. Qadeerl983)The present paper examines the rapid physical development process operating in the rural- urban fringe areas outside Ahmadabad city in absence of a statutory development plan, and Suggests broad strategies to streamline peri -urban development (Utpal Sharma and shobhit Tayal2002). Author has tried to establish the relationship between urbanization, economic development and social structure in Uganda .It highlights the extent to which Uganda4 s urbanization process has reached and some of the prominent changes taking place in its urban social structure .it is found that the rate of urban growth is higher than rest of the nation at large. (Alvin H. Scaffl967) This study stresses on the problems faced by the inhabitants of Allahabad over a year due to the lack of sound management by the governmental authority. It emphasizes on the negligence on the part of the policy makers and executives which resulted in human living condition of the city dwellers. It is observed by the author that Allahabad municipal board has formed the improvement trust to look after the civic 30

administration. (Ujagir Singhl961) Authors carried out study which aims to analyze on scientific basis for the rational and optimum utilization of the resources of the region, without endangering the life-Supporting capacity of the ecosystem in the interest of man himself .Thus author suggests that local peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s participation in maintaining and preserving ecosystem would help to a great deal. (S.L. kayastha and R.S. Yadavl982) The phenomenal growth of the industry was accompanied by a rapid increase in population and hence the rapid development in the city, this article described the various stages involved in the development of Bombay metropolitan city It has attained saturation point of its growth hence many problem have arised due to over population. (B. Arunachalaml955) Delhi has seen many rise and fall throughout history. Once it was Mughal kingdom then became the Capital of British Empire. Author examines that military security has affected the growth and development of this legendary city .During British period defense function top the list.

It was not compromised at the cost of development of the city. The purpose of army is to provide security to the inhabitants. Hence the city has not seen that development which it deserves to have due to army interference. (Narayani Guptal971)Present piece of work highlights the changes that Allahabad civil lines have undergone and identify the issues, which need immediate attention. Colonial impact is seen in Allahabad civil line. (Aushutosh Joshi2007) Author explains the barriers which are faced by the policy implementing bodies due to untrained and in adequate staff, general apathy, vested interests and above all paucity of funds. Author recommends a sound legal framework conducive for public private partnership in the infrastructure development. (A.K. Lai 1998) The study has presented indicators of development such as demographic, social, economic and infrastructural aspect has been taken into consideration. The data regarding the use of modem amenities, availability of efficient and sufficient modem urban amenities are analyzed and the study further focuses its attention on the level of development of town and brings out the underlying relationship between city size and various functions. (Manjula Davel991)According to authors all developmental activities have to be effectively planned, programmed, implemented and managed through a people oriented institutional mechanism. Author has suggested for the universal recognition to the need for restricting the unabated growth of metropolitan decentralization and accelerated development of small and medium 31

sized secondary cities in the metropolitan region. (R.C. Guptal999) .Attempts is made to evaluate the spatial growth of Calcutta metropolis in the background of its economic growth since the colonial era. It is emphasized that revitalization of the regional economy has important bearings on the future of metropolis (Sumita Gupta and Nisit Som (1997).

Authors attempts to understand the role of urban growth and anthropogenic forces in changing metropolitan atmosphere quality. They also tried to study the environment of metropolitan cities of India. (Bhuwan Kumar and R.B. Singh2003) Book has been written on African cities. It is a refreshing, theoretically mature study of African cities and their role in world economy .Author explores in great detail about post colonial urban development in sub Saharan Africa. (David Simonl993) Authors togetherattempted to suggest an ideal framework at micro- level for the socio- economic development to achieve the objectives of growth and distributive Justice after identifying the existing system of service centreâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s, their complimentary regions and the spatial functional gaps in the study area. (S.C. Sharma and Rajan Sharmal993) The present study focuses on the single Indian city which is quite similar in methodology and contents with other urban geographers. He has introduced Mohallas the unit of plotting for a number of non-demographic elements. The spatial functional structure of the Umland of Rohtak was studied through the spatial organization of the central places located within the Umland (Krishnan Dutt Sharma 1981). The present studyexplores the decline witnessed by Hyderabad, a four centuries old city. Through this paper author examines factors as well as the institutional arrangements made to overcome it. Polices and strategies adopted for its upliftment are discussed at length. (A.S Ansari2000) This article shows the growth and functional structure of the town. Author has explained how the growth of the three town of Khartoum has grown against all odds. Its functional structure is influenced by Burgess concentric zone Model. (G.Hamdanl960) The growth pattern of small towns in Gujarat state has been examined during the three census decades with focus on the 1951-1961 decade. The results of this exploratory exercise is of some relevance for comprehensive urban and regional planning which gives due consideration to relevant spatial and locational elements. (K.B.Suril972) Anal identifies various morphological characteristics of the towns of North Bihar to describe the evolution of them. The impact of different physical and cultural 32

influences on the evolution and morphology of towns has been examined. A thorough study of residential,

Morphological

and commercial

area are conducted.

(A.K.Singhl990) The process of urbanization of a small town of Uttar Pradesh is studied in this book. It traces the development of the town as an epitome of the Indian class III town with no significant religious, political or industrial past. The historical and Morphological aspects of Ballia have affected the growth of the town. (Lalta Prasadl985) The study is based on census classification of towns as well as on the nature of services available in different towns. It also focuses on determining the different levels of growth foci in India. The spatial analysis of towns has been done (Vashistha Narayan Singhl986). The nature and patterns of urban growth in West Bengal has been studied. Author also analyzes Spatio - temporally the emerging new urban settlements. It also investigate district wise urban growth from 1951-2001.

Author found the Colonial impact on the towns of west Bengal. (Sandip Tah2009) The growth of a new Amazonia town is explained in this study. Squatter invasions are analyzed in the context of household survival strategies and local politics. The Dynamic interactions among Squatters, land owners and political factions are examined (J. Timmons Robertsl992).Author has visualized the changes that are likely to occur in modem cities of the world in general and India in particular during the twenty-first century in respect of population growth, urbanization, poverty, pollution, infrastructure, housing, traffic and transportation, economic base, social profile, resource needs settlement pattern, urban management and related issues and to suggest planning methods for the foreseeable future. (L.R. vagale!999) The urban growth in India is dealt in general with relevance to urban agglomeration by using 1991 census. Due to urbanization many problems have erupted such as congestion, haphazard development of urban spaces, increases of slums, unemployment etc. (B.K.Royl993). The present paper aims at focusing on the urban growth and prospects in the state of west Bengal in terms of levels of urbanization, population. Concentration and Components of population change during 1981-1991. (Anuj Kumar Sahal995) The objective of the study is to assess the impact of history on growth and decay of towns in Andhra Pradesh and to analyze the pattern of growth of historical towns. The study is based on historical data from secondary sources (K. Krishna, D. Babu, et. al.2004). The present studyportrayed the perception of the residents of some core areas of the Ahmadabad. Focus is placed 33

on the role of perception and behaviour of the people in cognizing their spaces and living preferences in Ahmadabad City. She suggested for a strong economic base which will reduce the spatial contrast in life style between the poor core and the rich periphery. (Anjana Desail990)The quality of life is positively associated with per capita income. It is very well presented through this article. Different indicators are used to show the quality of life. (William Easterlyl999)A study on urban growth in India shows that there is a positive relationship between size of town and their growth. This article explains the differences in the rate of growth of towns. The objective of this study is to test empirically the hypothesis of a positive relationship between the growth of urban population and the size of the locality. It is found that urban growth in terms of economic structure of towns shows a positive relationship between industrial development and growth of urban areas. (K.B. Suril968)The growth behaviour of the towns isexamined in relation to their functional category and functional diversification. The growth of multifunctional and bifunctional towns was somewhat faster than that of mono functional towns. The study revealed that during 1961-71 medium sized towns recorded a moderate to rapid growth rate (P. Rana and G. Krishnal981). It is an extensive case study on the growth and urbanization of a typical Indian town, namely Roorkee situated in western Uttar Pradesh. The paper traces all aspects of development including demographical, social, economical, administrative and environmental of Roorkee in the nineteenth and twentieth centuryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s. Finally it identifies the environmental and developmental problems associated with urbanization of the town. (D.S. Arya and S.A. Abbasi and H. Joshil995)The study aims at focusing on urban growth and prospects in the state of west Bengal in terms of level of urbanization, population concentration and components of population change during 1981-91. The study is totally based on primary data collected from the field through interview schedule (A. K. Sahal995).The first attempt for preparing a master plan was undertaken for Delhi and it became the model for the rest of the countryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s planningâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s departments. Alternative planning methods are required for India and its problems. Master plan and structure plan may not be the suitable solution for planning in India. But strategy plan may prove helpful. A task force appointed by the institute of town planners must explore and suggest better alternative methods to change the plan making techniques in India (Jamal H.Ansari 1997).

34

The economic base of the city has been explored by using 1981 census data, industrial statistics and reports of sales turnover. It is revealed that Lucknow city, unlike other urban centers of utter Pradesh, is primarily a business and service centre.

Thus from above study it is concluded that the economic base of Lucknow rests on service sector. (A.K. Singhl991)Author has tried to investigate different aspects of the towns of Haryana viz. origin, evolution and growth of towns during ancient, medieval and modem period. Distributional pattern, hierarchy and spacing have been discussed. These towns are analyzed functionally and urbanization pattern during the 20th century in Haryana has been analyzed. He also discussed the distributional pattern, hierarchy, spacing, functional structure and functional classification of the towns. (Pranay Sharma2000) The function and growth of the towns of upper Ganga Yamuna Doab region has been studied. It is stated that urban growth of a region is caused by two processes one is integration and other one is integration. Two types of indices have been employed in the functional classification of townâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s i.e. functional centrality index and functional specialization index. (Herendra SinghI984)It is an attempt to find out the general tendencies inherent in the demographic history of towns and at the same time indicating the wide bounds with in which individual places may grow more are less rapidly than other places of comparable size. For the small towns there is considerable scope for individual variation while for the large towns it is relatively less. (Ashish Sarkarl989)Delhi is a legendary city of India. It has seen many dynasties in its life. The Rajputs, the pathans, the Mughals, the Marathas and the British rulers have ruled over Delhi and left their impact on the city like its morphology, function etc. Delhi was carefully planned. It has experienced phenomenal growth in recent years owing to a variety of factors such as the growth of the industry, trade and commerce. (Ashok Diwakar and M,H. Qureshi 1996)Study focuses on the urban order of an Indian city as Indian cities are characterized by heterogeneity of local and migrant population. The author states that with increasing trend of communal identity and competition in the present day situation social harmony is a fundamental requirement for survival of human beings (Anjana Desail993).A study conducted on the rapid industrialization in the lower Damodar valley region which has taken place over the last four decades.The study shows that the rapid industrialization in the lower Damodar valley has given birth to two huge urban Conurbations, one along the Hoogly levee from the Howrah Northward and

35

another along the bank of the Damodar stretching westward from Durgapur. (Swapna Basu 1992) It investigates the expansion of Aligarh city during the last fifty years (1951 to 2001) and its impact on the countryside. This paper focuses on the loss of cultivated land and agricultural land put to non- agricultural uses. It is found that mostly cultivated lands are utilized for residential purposes with lack of infrastructural facilities like Water, sanitation, electricity, roads etc. (Abha Lakshmi2008))Author attempted through this volume to redress the imbalance by demonstrating geographical importance of defense in many of vital areas. As defense against military attack by an enemy has had a considerable geographical impact. (Michael Bateman and Raymond Riley 1987)

Many towns and small cities in developing

countries do not attend their potential for promoting equitable development.

Developmental policies for towns must be focused on strengthening their capacity to stimulate agricultural production and marketing of its goods to support small scale agro processing establishment, and to diversify the economic base of market centres (Dannis A. Rondinellil983). Attempts are made to analyze the growing pattern of socio economic disparities among different bodies from various religious, language and social groups of society in Guwahati city and the factors influencing them. But a very low-income group of the population has been neglected in this study. It also suggests measures for checking such disparities (P. Borgohain and H. N. Sharmal997).

The study aims at searching for processes that are responsible for the residential pattern of the suburbs of Ahmadabad city during 1961-1981. The study has demarcated residential suburbs from the total suburbs of Ahmadabad city, based mainly

on

landuse,

demographic

composition

and

Connectivity.

(Smita

Senguptal987)The advantage of aerial photo-interpretation technique has been highlighted for the study of Landuse and settlement. This technique is advantages in terms of time, effort & accuracy. But the technique cannot be considered as a complete system for data acquisition .Research and development on this technique is needed to develop a more functional classification system for urban landuse study.

(N.C. Gautaml975)The study explains the effectiveness of the administrative machinery, designated in a medium sized town in India to implement a central government scheme.This study is going to be used by government for analyzing his organization and organizational goals for changing it. (Raj Nandyl985)This article 36

examines the growth, functions and population changes of chinaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s towns in recent years, using Guangdong province as a case study. Authors have examined the relationship between towns and the nationâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s rural economic growth, with emphasis on the roles of towns in rural population migration. (Laurence J.C. Ma and chusheng Linl993) Author has stressed that sheer administrative mis-management of cities which is responsible for the total mess that urban areas are in today .Author has provided suggestions in order to make cities pleasant place to live and work in. There is a need to make a gigantic effort to replan, reshape and rebuild cities. (B.G. Fernandezl999)There are several basic differences between college towns and other types of cities. The study considers why the college town is largely an American phenomenon and distinguishes among types of college towns, and examines some of the characteristics that make them distinctive. This study fills a gap in the literature by presenting a concise portrait of collage town in the United States. (Blake Gumprecht 2003)For the first time an attempt is made to create self - contained and balanced communities. Many new towns in India are planned towns. Findingssuggest having a good master plan and rapid construction for planed town is essential. (Ottoh koenings Bergerl952)An analytical study on small and medium towns of Madhya Pradesh has been carried out by the authors. It analyzes growth and causes of decline of small towns. They studied the pattern of urbanization of Malwa region which includes 13 districts mainly of western and to small extent of inland western region of Madhya Pradesh socio- economic aspects of these towns have been studied for formulating right policies.(A.C. Minocha, H. S. Yadavl989) Near-neighbour technique has been applied for describing the spatial distribution of towns in the Hamirpur district of Uttar Pradesh .Author found that towns are uniformly distributed .The relationship between size and spacing of towns is weak but positive. The author has seen a number of factors such as transportation and drainage lines, density of population agricultural productivity and socio cultural factors have played a role in the specific spatial distribution pattern (K.K. Misral990).A detailed study of walled city of Hyderabad is attempted. The problems faced by the residents of walled city are identified by the author .The historical and structural factors which make the walled city congestion- prone are studied here. Various reasons were mentioned for its backwardness .Many policies and programmes were framed to develop the walled city. (Ratna Naidul990)Udaipur city was laid down by Maharana Singh in 1559

37

A.D. In 16th century building activities were around the palaces. In the 17th century, ribbon shaped developments took place along the main roads of clock Tower Hathipole and clock tower surajpole. In the 18th century the open spaces around the major roads and lanes were fully built up. (S.S. Dhabriyal964)Author analyses the characteristics of small towns in 1971 to 1981 and made comparative study of the temporal changes in the characteristic and to account for the spatial variations therein.

The study reveals that the structure of the towns has been changing from one of public services to a mix of agricultural and industrial functions (S. Malathil993).This article examines the effect of rapid urbanization on small towns of china. These towns play crucial role in the level of Chinese urbanization and to achieve other governmental goals. Problems and prospects of small towns as growth poles in the urban geography of china is studied. (K.C .Tan 1986) Study explores that small town are neglected in the way of development. It indicates the prominent features of the economies of small towns by taking into account the pattern of distribution of the work force among the different sectors. (M.P. shreevastava and K.K. Tandonl968) the growth, evolution and functional structure of Jabalpur city have been studied by the author. It has developed as unplanned big town. Hence all the drawbacks of unplanned town are found in this city. Proper policies and strategies are required to have liveable city for its residents. (K.N.Varmal962) The factor which leads to changes in town boundary of Rajasthan has been examined by the scholar. Any analysis of urban growth must take into account the change in the territorial jurisdiction of towns while explaining their growth behaviour. Strict and appropriate guidelines should be framed for any change in the jurisdiction of towns. (Dr. Rajbala 1987)Ranchi town represents a very interesting picture of two cultures. Though both are indigenous and oriental, locally they are known as tribal and non tribal. It can be observed in its different growth phases. The study highlights the detail of the historic settlements of the people as well as to study the plan element of this plateau town. (Ram Kumar Tiwaril997)Author evaluated the role of market towns in the regional development, selecting the case of Rajasthan. The nearest neighbouring technique was used to see the spatial pattern of the towns. The study shows that four patterns random, approaching random, approaching clustered And Approaching uniform maybe identified. The study highlights need to develop small market towns which is serve as collecting centreâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s or agricultural produce and service centre.( H.M. Saxenal984)Author made an attempt 38

to study medium towns as development nodes. The author have made a case study of Maharashtra to throw light on the reasons behind the stagnation of medium towns, the constraints which operate against thin growth and proposed remedies for the growth of these towns. Feeble manufacturing today has been stated as the most significant reason (Jaymala Didee and Octanial933).Authors carried out a study to determine the demographic zoning of the Ranchi town in a spatial perspective by studying the different demographic variables of the town. By using simple potential techniques and equi-potential lines he carried out three demographic zones in the town viz., the inner zone, the intermediate zone and the outer zone (Ram K. Tiwari and D. C. Mishra2002).The present paperanalyses the dynamism of small towns in Gujarat. The viability of small towns does depend on their size location and interactions and economic functions. Author tried to understand the processes underlying the development of small towns in Gujarat. (Anjana P. Desai and Ami U. Rawail993)The main objectives of the study are to study the nature of economic structure of all towns and to classify them based on function. It shows that the economic structure of agricultural towns is weak. In conclusion it is noted that a large number of low mixed types of towns in the data, which have no single predominant urban function exists they are not balanced or diversified. (Mukherjee, Shehar 1966) Many writers wrote on Mhow some of them have been reviewed in this study.

Mhow cantonment like any other cantonment is facing problem of congestion, overcrowding and many other such type of. Lack of civic amenities has put the residents into trouble. These grievances of the civilians have been pointed out and suggestion provided to solve it. (Mukti shreevastaval990).An extraordinary book was published which narrates the pride arrogance and prejudice of army life. This story took place in 1862 in infantry school. It is about a scandal in Mhow which occurred when the 6th battalion of the Inn skilling Dragoons was posted here. The commanding officer was accused of extreme cruelty sergeant major Lilly and his wife. This cruel court martial had changed the procedures of court martialing a culprit (Arthur Hawkeyl969).A fiction was written by an English lady who return to Mhow with the daughter of her dead sister, four decades after she had left to England. They visit chineryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s hotel which was built by her parents during the Raj period. The novel is interplay of past and present. This book explores these issues in an extremely well written and competent manner (Jay Singh Birj2005). Mhow is mentioned in some of 39

the works of English writers. These includes poem “The Ladies”, a reference to the train from Ajmer to Mhow in Chapter 1 of ‘The man who would be king ‘and a reference to Mhow in chapter 11 of Kim. This book presents a vivid picture of India, its teeming population religions and superstitions and the life of the bazaars and the road. (Rudyard Kiplingl865-1936)Being a cantonment area Mhow is ruled by the cantonment laws enacted from time to time .Several restrictions are imposed on the civil population which hinders their fullest growth researcher has cited many judicial cases to prove her argument for injustices done by the army on the civil population. Author has brought to limelight the grievances of people of Mhow. This study brings to light some of the arbitrary proceedings, exorbitant demands and non­ accountability that have led to serve human rights denial. (Pervin Jahangir2001)An edited magazine attempts to describe the glorious past, challenging present and bright future of this historical town.Historical growth of town has been depicted in this magazine .It includes events, facts, famous personalities from various fields, social workers ,about social life and political scenario, mentality of Mhow people, opinion of

youth

.festivals

celebrated

in

Mhow

Tahsil.(ShahidMitra

Mandal,

Mhowl983)This book explains the causes and consequences of 1857uprising in Malwa region of central India. Mhow also witnessed the mutiny. Author very nicely narrates the events which took place in 1857. It also throws light on inefficient police system. It provides a vivid picture of the chronological happening of the revolt.

(Khushhalilal Srivastaval966).The main purpose behind this endeavor is to bring to light the issue of Mhow and create an understanding towards the sufferings of the civilians. The author’s vision on this issue is a solution acceptable to all duely on the merits of the rights of individuals as well as institutions. According to authors burning issue is ownership of land. This interested the author and they together mined out historical chronicles to get into the root of the issue (P. Naraharl and Pervin Jahangir2008).This magazine covers all the aspects viz. Social, political, cultural and academic life of communities residing in Mhow since its existence. Hindu god lord Parshuram, Parsi community and its eminent personalities were mentioned in this .Few photographs are also included in magazine to a make it interesting and readable.

(Niyati Darpan2012)This book provide a rich blend of past history, living legend and pieces from researched information .Mutiny at Mhow, Mhow fort, social life in Mhow, buildings tourist spots surrounding Mhow and regiments which were there at

40

Mhow and few rare images of Mhow etc. are incorporated in this book. (Glimpses of Mhowl986)An eminent authority on the history and culture of Mhow is an avid collector of the history of Mhow which is also being compiled in several books from time to time. He has to his credit a number of books on Mhow which lucidly narrates the captivating tale of the city. The stories in of the books are a fascinating account of small cantonment town and related history.The book possess pictures taken from varied sources. Books are exhaustic collection of those people who contributed in some or the other way in the history of this small cantonment. This is an attempt to record rich history and legacy of memorable events of yesteryears. (Denzil lobo2009) Violet Jacob was Scottish wife of a British Army Officer in India.She paints an evocative picture of India during the Raj with great vividness and humour. Violet recorded her experience of residence from 1895-1900 in letters to her mother. It becomes a valuable historical document. It shows an abusive relationship of the ruler and the ruled. (Diaries and Letters from Indial900)Author was a soldier and diplomat in British India and Persia. He compiled material which was published as a memoir of central India. It was publishedin two volumes ini 882 as report of the province of Malwa and adjoining districts later as a memoir of central India including Malwa and Adjoining provinces in 1823. The book contains the collection of facts, illustration of the genuine history and character of the natives of central India.lt is a fascinating account of British imperial relations with the princely states. The author provided map of central India which was entirely composed from original and authentic materials (John Malcolml823).

Transferring of responsibility to local bodies without examining their economic base and resource raising capacity would have serious socio-economic impact. Empowering the ward committees to decide about the level and quality of a few services may have disastrous consequences. (Amitabh Kundul999) It is analyzed that municipal bodies would have to position themselves to raise recourses from the capital market. The overall trend in the economy only serves to underscore this need. The study emphasized the role of local self Government. (Himmat Singh2001)Author suggests that regular citizen report cards system at the regular interval to improve the status of municipal services, transparency and accountability of the local governments in these towns. The present paper review the existing scenario of the urban governance in the small and medium towns of India with 41

reference to citizen participation and urban reforms under Jawaharlal Nehru National urban renewal mission .Author has provided suggestion to overcome the problem (Satpal Singh2011).The paper attempts to prescribe the outlines of a model after tracing a history of the developments of the Cantonments, the legal lacunae, the necessity for reforms in the constitutional context and prescribe a local selfgovernment model in the plan sector where fund flow may not be restricted, with an administrative structure which will give full scope for decentralization, devolution and development with optimal and adequate safeguards for the health, welfare and discipline of the army. Author suggests that democratic administration of cantonment towns should be allowed. (Shri R. Srinivasan2001) This paper examines how for the constitutional provisions have helped urban local bodies in perceiving and improving their role and responsibility. Author has observed that Madhya Pradesh has taken pioneering

initiatives

for

decentralization

and

good

governance,

through

empowerment of local bodies, facilitating community participation and increased citizen awareness. (Arum K. Singh2009)Ward level composite facility indices have been examined of Durgapur Municipal Corporation, Lorenz Curve and Giniâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Coefficient have also been worked out to assess spatial inequality in distribution of urban amenities. Author has found that there is no uniformity in distribution of urban facilities and available facilities are mostly concentrated in the city centre and its surrounding areas (Rituparna Ghosh2010).

This book will serve as a repository of information as well as a handy guide­ book for a heritage tour of Meerut cantonment and preserve the heritage better and also describes the history of a British cantonment which has unique place in history of India in general and the Indian army in particular.Itdescribes important landmark of the cantonment and its vicinity. Since, the Meerut region has very vibrant martial past all the gallantry award winners of the region have been mentioned at the end of the book, as a mark of respect to these great soldier. (Colonel Arunharan 2013)The cantonment towns are a discrete group of urban places have been left behind in the overall process of socio -economic development and urbanization during the post­ independence period. Thus author has examined the attributes of cantonment town and the problem associated with such towns. (K.D. Sharmal993)This paper explains the mosquito menace in cantonments and shipyards of America. Various reasons which causes malaria and to prevent that control measures were instituted many 42

officer were entrusted of duty to control mosquito production within the military cantonment and make camp life pleasant for sailors and soldiers. (J. A. Le prince!919) This program meets urgent national needs by outlining health activities which are practicable which may be accomplished and which will yield the maximum result in protecting the health and conserving the man power of the nation. Measures are for communities congested by the establishment of cantonments or of war industries and which fall below minimum health standards. (Public health reports 1896-1970)The intensive extra cantonment sanitation has been made possible on account of the war, which has justified the expenditure of more money than the local communities could be expected to contribute, one indirect result of our efforts will be the advancement of health education those people who have experienced the comfort and satisfaction derived from good sanitation and the feeling of security afforded by a well -equipped health department, that deals promptly and vigorously with all communicable diseases. (S.B. Grubbsl918)This article also deals the sanitation works in extra cantonment zone. Various measures have been adopted to secure a good sanitation for the residents. Growth of population also presents a problem which requires a great deal of time. Lack of a general public health conditions and the absence of knowledge in community resulted in maintenance of a rigid control measures for the adoption of prevention of spread of communicable diseases. (J.A. Watkinsl917)A

study has been undertaken on functional and structural

transformation of a Class I Cantonment i.e. Secunderabad cantonment. Residents of these areas were agitating for considerable time to release the restrictions imposed by the cantonment authorities on the use of land. The study refers to the functional transformation that is taking place in the wake of the building relaxation act of 1970 and for understanding the implications of this change. Finally it can be conclude that because relaxing of the present security restriction various positive developmental changes have been witnessed by the residents. (Dr. K.V Reddyl984)Author attempts to investigate the reason for deserting a cantonment town called Burgwin in New Mexico by Army. Poor infrastructural facilities resulted in leaving this place. This cantonment has become extremely dangerous and unsafe either man or beast cannot reside here. It faces twin problem, one of isolation and other by drunkards. Lack of proper accommodation forced army to officially evacuate the cantonment. High rate of desertion and frequent drunkenness among both officer and man caused constant

43

concern. (Lawrence R. Murphyl973)Writer of the book enlights about the growth, development and present state of cantonments in the country. This book is very comprehensive, informative and readable account of cantonments in India. Evolution and growth of cantonments were studied in this volume. The book traces the beginning and growth of cantonment in India, during the days of the East India Company, also deals with the importance of the institution in the defense set up of post independence India. (T. Jacob 1994) Authors attempted to study problems of management and disposal of urban solid waste in Lucknow city, and the impact of the wastes on the diseases that arise and health of the population in the city. (Singh Onkar and Srivastava, Neena 1999)The present paper analyses the traffic problem of Jammu city and some suggestions are given to overcome this problem. The failure of public transport system has led to phenomenal increase in number of private vehicles and two wheelers. (Rakesh Jasrotier2011)The study aims to focus on environmental problems which are faced by residents of Varanasi metropolis and also their adverse impact on human welfare with a comparative glimpse of such issues in four mega cities of India. Environmental education and training programmes need to be initiated by government agencies in order to promote awareness among citizens so as to make the environment of city clean and pollution free. (K.K. Dube and C.S. Kumar 1997)The researcher has made effort to investigate the practices carried out for solid waste management in Mhow cantonments. She observed that sufficient arrangement is not done by the concerned authority. Hence there is an urgent need to develop efficient land filling practices for disposal of solid waste. Based on the situation analysis of the existing system and projected scenario for the future issues have been identified and prioritized. Cantonment Board Mhow needs to pay more heeds towards this issue. (Kamaljeet kaur gill 2007-2008)Researcher evaluates the scarcity of potable water in Agra district. It was observed that water shortage is severe in the towns of Agra and contamination is high and wastage of water is done. Through government initiatives problem of inadequacy of water has been overcome by adopting various measures.(Prabha Kumari2002) Pakistan has experienced rapid population growth since the 1950â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s owing to a decline in death rates. Urban employment, the unsustainability of intense agrarian production in fragile rural areas and downstream impacts of their ecological deterioration on the irrigated plains; a 44

carefully channelled urbanization is essential for meeting the aspiration of a growing population for sustainable development (Sayed Ayub Qutub 1992).Paper examines the degree to which the implications of small urban size produce inconvenience and dissatisfaction for the firms and residents of two such towns, thetford and Haverechill in East Anglia. Problems arising from small urban size in the present study relates particularly to employment and to the level of amenities that the town can support.

(Malcolm J. Moseley1973)The major factors contributing to the pollution in Delhi are the ever-increasing population in Delhi. Since 1971 to 1991 it has increased four times, mainly due to inter-urban migration and rural urban migration. The maximum pollution generated is due to two and three wheelers.

(Sharma, Poonam

1999)Guwahati has been facing the problem of increased discharge and reduced ground water infiltration in the recent years. The population and the built up area have increased from 1911 to 1991. The study recommends building of a large number of storm water drains. Methods for proper treatment and prevention of pollution of water bodies must be carried out (Kar Manik 1997).The present study analyses the impact of the solid waste on the environment and health of the people. The environmental impact assessment is an activity designed to identify and predict the impact on health and well being of legislative proposals, policies, and programs (Priya, T.M. Meera N. and Soundram, S.V. 1999). The study points towards the poor state of drainage conditions of Aligarh city. Water logging problem in Aligarh City is very acute because of saucepan shaped topography of district and city lies exactly in the centre of this depression. (Singh, Abba Lakshmi and Rehman, Atiqur 1998)The physical landscape of Nagpur has been studied for the purpose of integrated planning. The author points out that residential development and industrialization are taking away fertile agricultural and forest land leading to misuse of land and water thus necessitating a judicious integrated plan for the development of Nagpur metropolitan area (R.M. Pofalil990).

This study is a modest attempt to analyze the spatial

distribution, nature and problems of slums to suggest improvement there to with reference to Nagpur city .This is the study of land used in an uncontrolled manner, on the one hand and a study of social life in such areas on the other. (N.G. Jainl978)The problem faced by the Calcutta metropolis has been examined with regard to progressive deterioration of the metropolitan landscape and the strategies that have been evolved to solve them. According to author the largest and most populous city of

45

the sub-continent has now attained a super metropolitan status. Author suggested that only sustained human efforts can save the city from an impending disaster. (Bireswar Banerjeel990) The objective of the study is to understand the occupational structure of small towns especially their underlying dimension, hierarchical grouping, and the factor analysis with principal component solution is employed to small towns of Tanjore district in Tamil Nadu (S. Seetharamanl985). This paper explores the nature and facts pertaining to occupational change in Himalayan town of Kumaun. The changes in occupationshas been calculated in terms of percentages of total working population and enumerated by growth rates. The author state that the process of urbanization is getting momentum, exhibiting a marked shift in the occupational structure (R. Pantl992).

Many urbangeographer studied morphology of the Indian towns. Nature and physical growth of the urban centres of the region were studied by comparing urban zone and models (Reeta Grewall991). The morphology of Chittaranjan town of West Bengal has been analysis and it reveals that inspite of the problems, development is taking place. (S Battacharjee and Taraknath Basakl970). Four geographical features viz. site, Street system, plot pattern, building fabric and impact of river has been taken to show the morphology of the town.

(Awdesh Kumar Singh

1972)Authors evaluate the morphogenesis and spatial growth pattern of the city over the last 650 years. They also explore the morphology of the city as it has evolved and transformed through different period of time and the proximate processes involved therein.(Manoj Kumar and M.S. Jaglan2009). The paper attempts to study the changes in the morphology of Himalayan Gateway town of the Kalka over the three different periods, i.e. Pre- British, British and Post -Independence periods and to see the relationship of its morphological attributes with changing functions. It is found that the major problems of the town are those of inadequate drinking water supply, lack of adequate sewage disposals facilities and traffic congestion (D. Kishore and H. Singhl994) .The present study deals with the urban morphology and ecological set up of Ananthapur town.In spite of isolation and inaccessibility there is a slow transformation in the area. A smooth transition in demographic and cultural patterns is emerging (Ramanaiahy, V. Bheemanna, k. and Chendrayudu, A1996).

From above discussion it can be concluded that as such much work has been 46

done in the areas related to growth and development of towns, cities and urban centreâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s, hierarchy, morphology, problems, structural and functional transformation but very few work is focused especially on Cantonment towns. The work in this field is negligible or in other words we can say that there is dearth of literature. Hence the present study has been undertaken to overcome the gap in literature.

1.8

OBJECTIVES The objectives of the proposed study are to:

1.

Analyze the site, situation, history and growth of Mhow town, together with its peripheral colonies;

2.

Describe its present morphology, demography, economy, social structure and the nature of its commuting population;

3.

Analyze the changes in the basic economy and social structure, as compared to the basic purpose for which the town was initially settled;

4.

Bring out the overall and specific area wise problems and the impediments to its growth and development; and

5.

Build a future vision, based on the above study.

1.9

HYPOTHESIS AND VARIABLES The general hypothesis of the proposed study is that due to the proximity of a

metropolitan city of Indore and the newly developed industrial centre of Pithampur, the civil population of the cantonment town Mhow has overgrown many times as compared to its capacity and its socio- economic structure has transformed, and therefore, many problems have crept in due to the restrictions posed under the cantonment act.

The basic design of the study is, however, inductive. As such, a number of variables related to growth, development and problems will be collected from the field. These will be analyzed in the historical context to work out the changes which the town has undergone, as compared to the purpose for which it was settled.

47

1.10 METHODOLOGY The study is carried out to understand the impediments on the way of growth and development of a cantonment town, its socio-economic set up and the problems arising out of congestion and unplanned growth of the town. The present study comes under the domain of exploratory research. The researcher is the resident of the Mhow town and she herself faces the problem. Hence this study is undertaken to study in detail the problems of the residents and impediment to its growth and development.

Area of study: The cantonment town of Mhow, situated 21 km from Indore city, towards Mumbai, is the area of this study. It is on the southern comer of Malwa plateau at 22° 33’ North and 75° 46’ East.

Unit of Study: Ward has been chosen as unit of study. The town is divided into eight wards.

Source of Data: The proposed study is based on the secondary sources, like census, cantonment board records, and historical sources and from various state and central government offices. Primary information is collected through observation charts; directional discussion with selected groups and persons and also through structured schedules canvassed among respondents selected purposively, to assess the nature of problems faced.Data for demographic attributes has been taken from various volumes of census of India. To find out the birth and death data of Mhow cantonment estimated data of cantonment board has been taken. Map of study area is procured from cantonment board Mhow.

Secondary sources of data: The secondary data has been collected from both published and unpublished sourses: 1.

Census

2.

Cantonment Board Records

3.

Toposheet 46— 14

4.

Books 48

5.

Magazines

6.

Newspapers

7.

Research Journals

8.

Websites

9.

Google Map

Primary Sources of Data: Three types of statistical tools are used: 1.

Observational Charts,

2.

Directional Discussion Schedule and

3.

Pre Coded Interview Schedules.

Sampling and the Tools: Since the problem mainly aims to record the ground situation and the nature of problems faced by the people hence does not require estimates from sample, no elaborate sampling procedure has been planned; rather respondents has been selected purposively, depending upon problem areas and the groups who face specific problems.

For the collection of primary data based on schedule and observation charts, purposive sampling technique has been used.Total hundred respondant has been selected for the field study. Fifty percent respondents were above fifty years of age and fifty percent belongs to twenty to fifty age group.All religion, sex, caste, creed, class and ward people were surveyed. To know the economy of the town 15 shops have been selected. 150 family and 75 worker chosen for the survey.

Pre Coded Interview Schedules has been constructed for the collection of information on religion, caste,occupation, educational status of the family, commuters and problems of the residentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s etc.Thus survey is conducted to gather data from the field.

Statistical Technique: For the analysis of demographic data different Statistical techniques has been used.They are as follows:

49

Growth of Population: Growth Rate =

Current Year - Base Year

...

------ bSJyS------ xl0° 10

Schedule Caste Population: o i. j i ^ . r, w Wardwise Schedule Caste Population ,..

Schedule Caste Population =----------------------------------- -- ---------x 100 Total Population Literacy Rate: Literacy has been calculated by using two formula. One which is used

by Cencus of India till 1981 and other one by excluding (0-6) population from the total population since 1991.

Literacy Rate = Number of 1Literate Population x 100 Total Population

Literacy Rate =

_____ Number of Literate Population_____ xlOO Total Ward Wise Pop - (0-6) Age Group

Sex Ratio: Sex Ratio =

Total Number of Female x 1000 Total Number of Male

Density: Density =

Total Population Total Area

Total Male Worker: T, 10, t , Total Male Worker Total Male Worker =--------- --------------------xlOO Total Male Population

Agricultural labourer: Agricultural Labourer = Agricultural Labourer ^ ^ ^ Total Worker Cultivator: â&#x20AC;&#x17E; ,.

Total Cultivator Cultivators =---------------------xlOO Total Worker 50

Size of Family: „.

Total Population Size of Family =---------------------------------Total Household Population Birth Rate: R1

CBR=—xlOOO P Where, B1 stands for live births during a year.

P stands for the estimated mid year population.

Connectivity: It may be defined as the degree to which nodes of a network are directly connected to each other. It is mainly useful for public transport system. Following index are used to find out connectivity.

•

Alpha (a) Index =a = T— e -V +P-----[V(V-l)/2]-V-l Where e = Number of edge or routes V = Number of Centres & P = Number of unconnected graphs

•

Beta (/?) Index = p =

•

Gamma (v ) Index =v = ■=-------------[V(V-l)/2]

•

Connectivity Index =C.I.=----------2 n(n-l) Where, e= Edge (Route or Link) n= Maximum Number of Links possible.

Index Below .5

=

Low 51

.5-.75

=

Low Medium

.75-.99

=

High Medium

Above 1

=

High

Connectivity of Mhow to Indore: v

=

4

<2

=

6

a

=

1.0

P

=

1.5

y

=

1.0

Connectivity of Mhow to Pithampur: v

=

4

e

=

5

a

=

0.67

P

=

1.25

y

=

0.83

The connectivity ratio between Mhow and Indore is high whereas between Mhow and Pithampur is high medium. â&#x20AC;˘

Gravity Model: In 1909 WJ. Reilly postulated that the movement of persons between two

urban centres would be proportional to the square of distance between them. Gravity model is applied to show the commuting pattern of Mhow cantonment. Accordingly, the index of migration can be expressed as under: PP MI = K^d2 Where, MI is the Migration Index, K is the proportionality constant, PI is the population size of settlement I and P2 is the population size of settlement 2 and d is the distance between the two settlements.

52

r Cartographic Technique: To show the trend of various demographic, social and economic characteristics of Mhow cantonment, line graph, simple bar graph and comparative bar graph has been used. The categorization of data for mapping has been carried out by using quartile and arbitrary methods.Choropleth technique has been used for presentation of spatial distribution.

Average

Quartile

- Yx

x = ------

Qx =

02

n +1 T~

3(« + l) 4

~~

1.11

LIMITATIONS OF STUDY

•

Very few study has been undertaken on cantonment towns in India because data and information is not easily accessible and chances of getting information is negligible hence scanty work is done .Following are the few limitations of the present study:

•

Ward wise data of birth and death was not available due to poor maintenance of records in cantonment office.

•

Data on commuting population of Mhow cantonment is not available anywhere. No record is found in any government office as to how much daily commute to various places from Mhow.

•

Religious data of many years and also ward wise is not available.

•

1951 census data has been excluded due to presence of thirty wards. Before 1951 there was no division of wards. Data also creates confusion in its handling hence it is omitted. Therefore to present changing pattern 1961 has been considered as base year instead of 1951.

53

â&#x20AC;˘

There is paucity of available literature on cantonment towns in India .Inspite of the visits made to reputed libraries of India, very few work centered on cantonment towns,

â&#x20AC;˘

If there is some lacuna in this work, they are mainly due to the fact that the concerned archives and offices have not bothered to keep their old records in proper order and hence were unable to provide valuable source material in spite of the best efforts of the researcher.

â&#x20AC;˘

District census handbook of Indore District 2011 is not available. Hence some of the data related to town has not been procured.

54