Building Technology I: Construction Solutions

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING & DESIGN (SABD) BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (HONS) IN ARCHITECTURE

BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 1 [BLD 61403]

ASSIGNMENT 2:

CONSTRUCTION SOLUTIONS

NAME : CHAN YI QIN STUDENT ID : 0315964 TUTOR : MR. RIZAL

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/ TA B L E O F C O N TE N TS TITLE 1.0 Introduction 2.0 Precedent Study & Analysis of Construction Systems 2.1 The Structural System - Jodlowa House / PCKO 2.1.1 Steel Structure

PA G E N U M B E R 2

3-4

2.2 The Flooring System - Carpark Extension / BAC Group Architects 2.2.1 Steel Decking with Composite Floor Slab

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2.3 The Facade System 1 - Surry Hills Library & Community Centre / FJMT Studio 2.3.1 Automatic Steel Louvres Facade

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2.4 The Facade System 2 - MANOR Works / Architecture 00 2.4.1 Perforated Aluminum Facade

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2.5 The Roof System - Disneyland / GENS 2.5.1 Steeply Pitched Timber Roof Structure

11-12

3.0 Facade Design 3.1 Design Scheme 1 3.2 Design Scheme 2

13-14 15-16

4.0 Sectional Perspectives 4.1 Space A 4.2 Space B 4.3 Details

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5.0 References

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/ I N TR O D U C TI O N L O C AT I O N P L A N ( N . T. S )

SITE PLAN AR Jalan T

( N . T. S )

As part of the Design Studio 5 integrated module, this project is to focus on the more technical aspect of the overall design proposal.

With a given urban infill site at Jalan Tuanku Abdul Rahman (TAR), whereby the proposed building will be an intermediate shop lot, sandwiched by 2 other shop lots.

Along with a few affordable living spaces, the new proposed building is going to be built as a Community Library. The biggest challenge of the site is the challenge of bringing more natural lighting into the interior space of the building as there are only front, rear facades and a roof contacted to the exterior. Besides that, traffic induced noise from the front of the site also poses as an issue which needs to be resolved.

Proposed Site

Jalan TAR

Certain materials were carefully selected after several attempts made at site analysis, such as a steel structure construction which is used to minis on site storages and machineries, composite slab flooring system which is used to reduce on site works and labour forces; while semi-permanent mesh facade allows more natural lighting in. This perforated facade acts as a sound barrier as well as for ventilation purposes.

Last but not least, these materials and products are detailed in order to bring forth an aesthetic, effective and economical outcome. While the Community Library is designed to be human centric, it must be able to provide the best thermal comfort at an economical rate, while also allowing for a quiet place to catch a read and run community meetings. The end outcome is to create a vibrant and interesting place for the community, while welcoming individuals of all ages and all foundations. This will be a centre for an assortment of social, learning and recreational opportunities.

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2.1 THE STRUCTURAL SYSTEM

Jodlowa House

K R A K O W, P O L A N D / BY PCKO ARCHITECTS

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Jodlowa House, PCKO

2 . 1 . 1 S TE E L S TR U C TU R E

1. Positioning of Joists

Description Type/ Construction

The Structural System

Construction System This concrete and steel structure, called fire resistive when first built at the turn at the century, is supposed to confine a fire by its construction. This type of construction are of non-combustible material, such as concrete or steel.

Details & Method

The joists are placed on the walls or beams.

2. Roll bars

Reason of Choice Steel & Reinforced Concrete

has great strength, uniformity, light weight, ease of use, and many other desirable properties makes it the material of choice. This steel structure can be prefabricated offsite and only deliver to site when is needed. Hence, it does not require huge storage on site. Moreover, it is less labor intensive when operating this type of construction.

The roll bars are designed to support the plywood forms, concrete construction load. Bottom chords are fabricated with clips to accommodate roll bars.

3. Plywood Forms

Advantages • • • • • • • • • •

Improve visual appealing; Properties of steel do not change as oppose to concrete; Proves to be strong, durable and stable; Environmental friendly; Ability to encourage freedom of expression and design creativity; Speed of construction is fast as compared to other materials; Component of the building structure can be reused; Able to withstand extensive deformation without failure under high tensile stress; Resistant to fire; Less labor intensive as compared to concrete.

Together, the plywood and the roll bars form a rigid diaphragm during construction, providing a safe platform for workers.

4. Sheets of Mesh

Types of Joining Method Welded wire mesh serves as the standard catenary for the slab. The top chord acts as a high chair.

5. Concrete Pouring and Finishing

Disadvantages • •

High rate of conductivity of heat; Corrosion and rusting is the major drawback in opting for steel and masonry construction.

1. Bolting

2. Riveting

3. Welding

When pouring and finishing a Hambro slab, it is not necessary to complete the entire deck in a single pour.

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2.2 THE FLOORING SYSTEM

Carpark Extension BRISBANE QLD. / BY BAC GROUP ARCHITECTS

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Carpark Extension, BAC

2 . 2 . 1 S TE E L D E C K I N G W I TH C O M P O S I TE F L O O R S L A B

Description Type/ Construction

The Flooring System

Sequence of Construction Work

Construction Details This construction consists of profiled steel decking with an in-situ reinforced concrete topping. The decking not only acts as permanent formwork to the concrete, but also provides sufficient shear bond with the concrete to that when concrete has gained strength, two materials act together compositely.

Offload and hoist packs into place

Install props Install fall arrest system

No

Are props required prior to placing decking?

Reason of Choice Profiled Steel Decking & Reinforced Concrete

Yes

Composite slabs are an excellent choice to increase the speed of construction. Bundles of decking are lifted into place on the steel structure, for the distribution by hand. Hence, the number of crane lifts needed, when compared with the precast alternative, is greatly reduced. The ability to stack the pieces of decking into bundles also reduces transport time and costs.

Advantages • • • • • • • •

Versatile and robust; Reduces structural steel frame cost, highly economical; Lightweight; Floor depth reductions reduce the cost of services and the building envelope; Stiffer floors; Time savings on site; Fast and easy to install with less handling required; Excellent spanning capacities for greater strength and less deflection.

Install fall arrest system

Position floor deck edge trims and end closures and fix to steelwork

Bondek II profile dimension & reinforcement

Fix: Reinforcement at slab openings and cantilevers, transverse reinforcement, and ‘fire’ reinforcement, as necessary

• • •

The biggest problem is cracking because all composite will crack sooner or later; Composites are more brittle than wrought metals and thus more easily damaged; Materials require refrigerated transport and storage and have limited shelf lives; During placement of concrete, care should be taken to avoid overloading the decking or supporting structural members.

Are props required prior to casting slab?

Fix reinforcement

Bondek II profile steel decking dimension

Limit potential for grout loss

Form slab construction joints

Including fibre reinforcement, when specified

Place concrete

Disadvantages •

Fix shear connectors, if any

Prepare slab surface Consider concrete strength Carry out additional cube tests?

Consult structural designer?

Composite floor slab installation

Remove props

Yes

Install props

No

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2 . 3 T H E FA C A D E S Y S T E M

Surry Hills Library & Community Centre S Y D N E Y, A U S T R A L I A / BY FJMT STUDIO

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Surry Hills Centre, FJMT

2 . 3 . 1 A U TO M A TI C S TE E L L O U V R E S F A C A D E Description Type/ Construction

The Facade System

Construction Details The automatic louvre system is applied on facades acting as sun-shading devices. The automatic system is controlled by solar-tracking system which connect to the computerized building management and control system of the building.

It has a solid section of timber U form, which made of automated louvre systems that filter and control sunlight and view. This warm timber form is lifted above the ground to create transparency and accessibility.

Reason of Choice Timber Cladding & Perforated Steel

The louvre system is chosen to control the amount of sunlight entering the building as well as the views. This facade design can thus provide shade and also privacy to the internal space. In addition, the use of timber increases the acoustic performances, granting an excellent behavior with regard to rain and hail as well as closing off external noises.

Fully adjustable and electrically powered system

Spacing guide

Advantages • • • • • • •

Lightweight, easy to transport and handle; Low carbon footprint and low energy consumption; Aesthetically pleasing, as a naturally warm material; Accurately control the amount of daylight; Promote cross-section ventilation; High adaptability, as it can be equally adapted to offsite/ factory construction; Flexible, as it can be made into various forms and orientations.

Disadvantages • • •

Time-consuming during installation; Costly computerized system; High skilled contractor required.

70mm Operable Aerobrise

Construction Method Stages/ Process

1. Assembly louvre and end cap with mired joint and reveal plate.

2. Ensure two sides of reveal plate are true to horizontal.

3. Alignment of the louvres are 45 degree to the vertical.

4. Reveal plates fixed to the louvre ends with four screws.

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2 . 4 T H E FA C A D E S Y S T E M

MANOR Works SHEFFIELD, ENGLAND / BY ARCHITECTURE 00

P E R F O R AT E D A L U M I N U M C L A D D I N G A S FA C A D E

P E R F O R AT E D A L U M I N U M PA N E L AS FOLDING SCREEN

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MANOR Works, 00

2 . 4 . 1 P E R FO R A TE D A L U M I N U M F A C A D E

The Facade System

Facade Details

Description Type/ Construction

Disadvantages

Perforations Close-up

The construction of this double skin facade provides the architect with a very dynamic form of external sun control. Its semi-permeable characteristic helps indirect screening to the interior of the building. A buffer gap in between the spaces inside and the exterior noise can thus be created. In addition, the architect chose a perforated aluminum cladding that is secure but will also remain resilient and attractive over time.

• • • •

Initial installation is costlier than normal paint; Engineering expertise required; Contractor expertise and experience required; Thermal insulation is insufficient, as aluminum being a good thermal conductor.

Reason of Choice Perforated Aluminum Panels & Aluminum Frame

Perforated aluminum panels is ideal for our local climate because it is highly resistant to corrosion, making it ideal for indoor and also outdoor applications. Perforated aluminum facade helps to improve ventilation and bring natural lighting to the building. In addition, this facade provides shade and privacy to the internal space. At the same time, it can create a sense of transparency as the activities inside can be seen partially from the outside. This system also acts as a sound barrier between the busy street and the building.

Cladding-to-wall Connection

Advantages •

• • • • • • •

Allows interaction with natural and artificial light, both as means of creating night-time lighting effects, media walls and providing solar shading during the day; Lightweight, reduces loadings on the structure of a building; Offers building designers a solution for noise control; Improves building security; Ease of construction; Panels can be prefabricated and then installed on site; Wide range of colors, textures, sizes, shapes of perforations; Frame for vegetation to grow over.

Vertical Joint

Horizontal Joint

Perforated aluminum panel as folding screen

Construction Method Stages/ Process

The perforated aluminum panel, constructed from 1mm to 5mm thick sheet metal. The panel system is supported by the unique engineered system of aluminum carriers and ancillary components, which installed on the wall. In certain applications, these carrier system will be designed to span between structural floors to remove the requirement for secondary structure.

This facade is a secondary structure without beams, the panel is subjected to the horizontal tension.

1. Use drill to drive the screw through each panel to the vertical joint.

2. Vertical joint is screwed into the wall.

3. A wall bracket is installed as horizontal joint, to again connect the vertical joint to the wall.

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2.5 THE ROOF SYSTEM

Disneyland Z U T Z E N D O R F, F R A N C E / B Y G E N S A S S O C I AT I O N L I B E R A L E D ’ A R C H I T E C T U R E

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Disneyland, GENS

2 . 5 . 1 S TE E P L Y P I TC H E D TI M B E R R O O F S TR U C TU R E

The Roof System

Description Type/ Construction

The architects included a steeply pitched oversized roof that references the shape and incline of a neighboring house and overhangs a partially glazed ground floor. The house shows a concrete tile covered gable roof, which hiding the contemporary loft underneath. The exposed structure is complex yet showing a traditional mountain architecture.

Reason of Choice Timber Truss & Rafter; Concrete Roof Tiles

This steeply pitched oversized roof is an aesthetic design but required more roof space to achieve it. Therefore, some adjustment can be made to the structure design in order to simplify it and minimize the roof loads to the steel structure. Besides, concrete tiles can be used in this community library as it fits in contextually due to high thermal mass and cost effective.

Advantages •

• • • •

Highly efficient metal due to high thermal mass and insulating air space beneath the tiles; Durable and long lasting; Cost effective; More usable attic space; Mixed materials provide longer span, creates more interesting elements to lead to exposed structure.

Disadvantages •

• •

Subjects to UV radiation and atmospheric pollutants, it will weather with age to a matte finish over time; Lichen or moss will grow on tiles after long period; The larger truss requires more space to install.

Construction Method Stages/ Process

1. Ground excavation and foundation preparation.

2. Steel columns and beams are prefabricated in the factory and delivered to site.

3. Column Base - Consist of single plate fillet welded to the end of the column and attached to the foundation with four holding down bolts.

The bolts are casted into the concrete base in location tubes or cones and are fitted with anchor plates to prevent pull out. High strength grout is poured into the space below the plate.

4. Simple Beam to Column Connections - Bolted connection with angle cleats. Cleats may be welded to either member as an alternative.

5. Beam to Beam Connections - The beam to be connected is higher than the main beam. This design is rather cheap to fabricate. The hinge will be welded to the web.

6. Anticorrosion spray are applied to all connections.

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/ FACADE DESIGN

3.1 DESIGN SCHEME 1 F R O N T E L E VAT I O N SCALE 1:100

DESIGN SCHEME 1 TIMBER LOUVRE

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/ FACADE DESIGN

3.1 DESIGN SCHEME 1 B A C K E L E VAT I O N SCALE 1:100

DESIGN SCHEME 1 TIMBER LOUVRE

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/ FACADE DESIGN

3.2 DESIGN SCHEME 2 (CHOSEN) F R O N T E L E VAT I O N SCALE 1:100

DESIGN SCHEME 2 ALUMINUM MESH

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/ FACADE DESIGN

3.2 DESIGN SCHEME 2 (CHOSEN) B A C K E L E VAT I O N SCALE 1:100

DESIGN SCHEME 2 ALUMINUM MESH

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D

/ S E C TI O N A L P E R S P E C TI V E S

4.1 SPACE A SCALE 1:30

E Dust-proof clear paint trowel mortar autoclaved lightweight concrete, t = 100mm

Steel plate, t = 1.6mm h = 194 x 150 x 6 x 9mm

Fixed double glazing Paulownia flooring, t = 15mm wax finish Lauan plywood, t = 15mm Autoclaved light-weight concrete, t = 100mm

Paulownia wood, t = 9mm wax finish

Timber flooring, t = 15mm, bees wax finish Underfloor heating, t = 12mm Structural plywood, t = 12mm Floor joist 30 x 60mm @300mm Rigid insulation foam, t = 45mm Structural plywood, t = 12mm

Exposed autoclaved light-weight concrete

200mm anti-corrosive paint Ground sill: 105 x 150mm Grand still packing

Sleeper: 120 x 180mm

Concrete sub-slab, t = 50mm Crushed stone, t = 150mm

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4.2 SPACE B

/ S E C TI O N A L P E R S P E C TI V E S

C

SCALE 1:30

Flashing Asphalt layer, 0.4kg/m2 Waterproof plywood, t = 12mm Rafter, 60 x 90mm @450mm Rigid insulation foam, t= 50mm Vapor permeable waterproof membrane

Clerestory: wooden fittings natural resin varnish finish with window operator

Structural plywood, t = 12mm wax finish Exposed beam 60 x 150mm @450mm Exposed beam 120 x 210mm

Beam 120 x 150mm

Galvanized steel sheet, t = 0.4mm Spandrel, w = 105mm Furring strips 25 x 36mm @450mm Rigid insulation foam, t = 50mm Vapor permeable waterproof membrane

B

Conifer plywood, t = 12mm Polyurethane resin enamel paint

Insulating fiber board, t = 6mm Puttied cheese-lath emulsion paint finish Ceiling joist 30 x 45 mm @303mm

A

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4.3 DETAILS

4 . 3 D E TA I L S

SCALE 1:10 Curved flat bar welded to the expanded metal L-shape bended flat bar, w = 40, t = 5mm

Structural plywood, t = 15mm

Insulation with water proof Backup stud

Rigid insulation foam, t = 25mm

A

S: 1/10

Floor joist, 60 x 150mm = 910mm

Slab Detail S: 1/10

Roof Detail

B

Rigid insulation foam, t=80mm

Eave hardware: galvanized steel sheet, t = 0.4mm

Aluminum composite panel, t = 5mm

Vent metal borer proof net

Two layers glass-mat-faced gypsum sheathing Frame: pain gluelaminated timber

Flashing: steel sheet, t = 3mm

Wooden fittings Top-hinged outswinging window operator

Expanded aluminum mesh

Glass-fiber batt insulation

Aluminum liner panel Gypsum board

Mesh clip

Spacer

Plywood Aluminum flat bar 10 x 1.2mm

C

Window Detail S: 1/10

Elevation

Prefinished flashing

Steel stud framing

Slide clip attachment for liner panel

Section

Horizontal Section (Plan)

Galvanized hat channel on drainage shims

Laminated foil vapor retarder

Vapor-permeable air barrier

D

Steal column with spray-on fire proofing

Exterior Wall Detail S: 1/10

E

Facade Detail S: 1/10

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/ REFERENCES

Akasamija, A. (2013) Sustainable facades : design methods for high-performance building envelopes.

Hoboken, N.J. Hoboken, N.J. : Wiley Arch Daily. (2010) Surry Hills Library and Community Centre / FJMT. Retrieved 20th June 2017, from Hoboken, N.J. http://www.archdaily.com/57339/surry-hills-library-and-community-centre-fjmt Arch Daily. (2016) Disneyland / GENS association libérale d’architecture. Retrieved 20th June, 2017, Hoboken, N.J. from http://www.archdaily.com/785315/disneyland-gens-association-liberale-Hoboken, N.J. Hoboken, darchitecture Atelier, B. W. (2014) Graphic Anatomy 2. Tokyo : Toto Publishing BAC Group. (2012) Powerlink Carpark Building. Retrieved 20th June, 2017, from http://Hoboken, N.J. Hoboken, N.J. www.bacgroup.com.au/projects/industrial/powerlink-carpark/ Dezeen. (2015) Architecture 00's metal-clad community building in Sheffield provides facilities for local Hoboken, N.J. entrepreneurs. Retrieved 20th June, 2017, from https://www.dezeen.com/2015/06/21/ Hoboken, N.J. architecture-00-metal-clad-community-building-sheffield-provides-facilities-local-Hoboken, N.J. Hoboken, entrepreneurs-manor-works/ Herzog, T. (2004) Facade Construction Manual. Boston : Birkhäuser-Publishers for Architecture Home Dezen. (2014) Jodlowa House by PCKO & MOFO Architects. Retrieved 20th June, 2017, from Hoboken, N.J. http://www.homedezen.com/jodlowa-house-pcko-mofo-architects/ Understand Building Construction. (n.d.) Steel Frame Structures. Retrieved 20th June, 2017, from http:// Hoboken, N.J. www.understandconstruction.com/steel-frame-structures.html

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