EXPLORATION STUDY ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY FOR DESIGN CHAO CHEA 14004768
CONTENTS INTRODUCTION IBIZA ADAPTIVE ARCHITECTURE THE UNFAMILIAR LANDSCAPE CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION This semester began by looking at generation Y and asking what is different between this generation compare to the previous generation? Generation Y for me is the ability be individual and also part of the bigger community through various online social media that define this generation. The birth of internet has create new type of community, an global community where every one can connect with one and another. Internet allows more rapid ways of working and information sharing, social, politic and economy and technology thus have been rapidly expanded and developed in parallel with the grow of internet. This exploration study will take the generation Y as the main approach of the study, re-examining what the architecture of generation y should be? The study will focus on new ways of thinking and designing, borrowing ideas in influences from different disciplinary such as art and music, questioning the conventional ideas of space, to explore new kind of environment perhaps more suited for this generation Y.
IBIZA CONTEXT IBIZA OVERVIEW THE CLUBBING CULTURE NIGHT LIFE AND TOURISM
IBIZA OVERVIEW
PORTINATX Remote and most northerly resort on the island.
SANT ANTONIO Area: 48.95 sq mi Population: 22,136
SANT JUAN BAUTISTA Area: 46.98 sq mi Population: 5,477
PORT DE SANT MIGUEL Large beach resort resting on steep cliffs within a large cove.
CALA DE SANT VICENT Secluded holiday resort town
SANT ANTONI DE PORTMANY A town built on the foundations of a clubbing mecca.
SANTA EULÀRIA Area: 59.26 sq mi Population: 32,637
SANTA EULÀRIA DES RIU The 3rd largest town on the island and tends to stay away from the tourism industry
SANT JOSEP DE SA TALAIA The closest town to the famous El Vedrà and Atlantis; popular historical destinations for hippies
IBIZA TOWN Capital of Ibiza and home to some of the most famous nightclubs in the world. SANT JOSEP Area: 61.54 sq mi Population: 22,871
IBIZA Area: 4.28 sq mi Population: 49,516
Figure 2 Population statistics within the five municipalities of Ibiza
Figure 1 Ibiza map
POPULATION: 132,637 (JAN 2010) DENSITY: 599.8/SQ MI AREA: 221,07 SQ MI Ibiza is one of a series of islands called the Balearic Island located off the coast of Spain. It made up of five municipalities, where within these municipalities are 7 major towns that cater to tourist and locals alike. Figure 2 expands on these areas in greater detail and observes the distribution of the population with regard to surface area. Ibiza Town can clearly be seen at the cultural heart of the island as the population is higher than any other place but also has the smallest surface area.
IBIZA CLUBBING CULTURE Quick look into Ibiza clubbing culture shows in the time line below we can see the island has long been a place in which music plays a central role of the island, a place where one can experience new type of environment, generated by the rhythm of music, light and people. Time line
1960-1970 Hippy Culture, Island well known for it reputation of freedom of thought and expression, where numerous artist and writer come for inspiration.
1970-1980 The beginning of big clubs as an appetite for larger and excessive parties on the island increases, such as the beginning of Ku and Amnesia.
1980-1995 The arrival of famous DJs introducing new kind of house, electronic and trance music. Use of drugs such as LSD and ecstasy also increases as it complimented these new kind of music, drastically alter the experience of the clubbers.
1995-now World biggest nightclub privilege open it door to thousand of club goers. Every years more and more people are coming to this island as its popularity became worldwide.
NIGHT LIFE AND TOURISM Ibiza have been well known for its night life with numerous of bars and night clubs scatter across the island. The map on the right display the location of bars and clubs across the island. From a quick observation majority of clubs are located near port towns close to the sea front. Furthermore these are also the places where majority of the facilities and tourist accommodations are located also.
SANTA EULARIA SAINT ANTONI
IBIZA TOWN
accomodation facilites // interest nightclubs // entertaintment Figure 3 Ibiza Map- Club, Accommodation, Facility
The graph below represent the fluctuation in the island tourist population from 25000 in the low season to half million in the summer. Thus during the summer, the island can become over crowed, while in the winter most facility are closed down or unused.
Figure 5 Ibiza population graph SANTA EULARIA SAINT ANTONI
IBIZA TOWN
accomodation facilites // interest nightclubs // entertaintment
high seasonal fluctuation of tourists population Figure 4 Ibiza Map- Tourist heat map
Total Number of Tourists Per Year 2013: 2,447,575 2014: 2,764,442
Figure 6 Ibiza- high and low season
The high and low Images on the right illustrate the different between the two season. Every summer, thousand of holiday makers flock to the Island looking for good music and cheap booze. Thus the Island’s economy is heavily dependent on its tourism. Today increasing number of bar and clubs have been opening across the island as more and more generation Y holiday makers are arriving to the island every summer. However most of the venues in Ibiza are only open during the summer vacation, and close for the rest of the year as the clubbing season end. This raises several important questions such as; How can we put in use these empty buildings during the off season? All the equipments, electrical components and furnitures that stored away, can we use it in some way? Rather constructing new building using traditional method, should we consider deployable architecture?
ADAPTIVE ARCHITECTURE WHAT IS MODERN? NEW ARCHITECTURAL ENVIRONMENT STUDIO DRAWING NEW MATERIAL EXPLORATION CRYSTAL GROWING EXPLORATION
WHAT IS MODERN?
Figure 7 Quantum computer
My initial thoughts on Generation Y lead to questioning what is currently modern? As I believe this question has an importance role in the project. Driven by the advancement in technology, Modern is what determine and alter our environment. Images on the right are 3 different technologies in which I believe play a significant role in this generation Y, and will continually further influence the future generation. Figure 7 Quantum computer Whereas digital computer requires data to be encoded into binary digits (bits), each of which is always in one of two definite states (0 or 1), quantum computation uses quantum bits (qubits), which can be in superposition of states. This allows quantum computer to store and process much more date compare to digital computer. Thus it has the ability to solve complex problem such as in medicine, Robotic AI, space explorations. Figure 8 Bionic The advancement of robotic technology has allows new way to integrate electronic parts or components with physical human body, which can assist human in normal day life or perform difficult, dangerous or intricate task. Therefore this could alter how we live and use space, as the society changes through time, should architecture responses to this change? Figure 9 Internet and Social media Invention of internet has not only allow greater and wider way to connect, it is also able its users to create an digital environment in which they can have a total control and fabrication of there own image to the wider online community. Internet, a immaterial thing which has been a major influence of us, not just the individual but the whole world and in this information age, it becomes the most essential elements in our daily life and I believe it will go on and shape our future.
Figure 8 Robotic
Figure 9 Social media
NEW ARCHITECTURAL ENVIRONMENT Images on the right depict the ideas of a non-solid or static space, a new architectural environment that response and informed by the social, economic and cultural change of this new generation. As generation Y has become more and more connective, we have become a global network, with vast information available through social networks and media thus this generation are constantly in the state of change. Therefore should architecture still in traditional sense be view as a whole and cohesive structure but instead in an unstable series of system, in a continual transformation constantly reorganise and rearranging itself through process of both expansion and retraction.
Figure 10 Moving architecture
STUDIO DRAWING Picture below is Zone 5 studio space, envisaged by me which is influenced from previous idea of adaptable structure. Escape from the constraints of static wall and ceiling, the new scaffolding structure will allows Zone 5 student to manipulate and alter their studio space suitable for there needs and activity.
Figure 11 Scaffolding studio
Zone 5 Studio Space Experiments with scaffolding structure I decided to build a small photography room within the studio space using scaffolding as the structure.
Figure 12 Photography room interior
Figure 13 Photography room exterior
Photography room
Photography room analysis Drawings on the right figure 14 and 15 illustrate the relationship between the new scaffolding structure and the existing studio layout. One of the interesting factors I noticed was how the new photography room affects the studio space around it. The most obvious thing is that the Zone 5 Studio working areas had been decreased. However we were able to adapt to this change and reorganise the studio layout of furnitures to maximize the available space in the studio. In regards to the photography room itself, use of artificial lighting has created a significant amount of heat within the room, shown in figure 15 which was easy resolved by putting in place several small air vents on the roof of the scaffolding structure.
Figure 14 Studio Plan
Air vent
Air vent
Artificial Lighting
Scaffolding Photograph Object
Figure 15 Studio Section
Hammock Scaffolding Exploration Other experimented with the scaffolding was to create a hammock for the studio. Figures 16, 17 and 18 are quick exploration into different layout and assembly of the scaffolding, to find out which is the most comfortable and space efficient. Figure 16 Hexagon scaffolding structure, with hammock tie at both end. One of the downside for this layout is that large area of studio space is required. Figure 17 Square scaffolding structure, with hammock tied at both end which have small footprint area, however it was not completable to sit on. Figure 18 Keeping the scaffolding in the square form, we altered the hammock into a triangular form, which create a larger and comfortable areas of sitting.
Figure 16 Hexagon scaffolding layout
Figure 18 Triangular hammock
Figure 17 Square hammock
New material exploration Self-repairing trainers 3D-printed from biological cells by Shamees Aden Flip. London designer and researcher Shamees Aden is developing a concept for running shoes that would be 3D-printed from synthetic biological material and could repair themselves overnight. Shamees Aden’s Protocells trainer would be 3D-printed to the exact size of the user’s foot from a material that would fit like a second skin. It would react to pressure and movement created when running, puffing up to provide extra cushioning where required (Dezeen, 2013). What is Protocells? Protocells are very basic molecules that are not themselves alive, but can be combined to create living organisms. By mixing different types of these non-living molecules, scientists are attempting to produce artificial living systems that can be programmed with different behaviours, such as responsiveness to pressure, light and heat. “The cells have the capability to inflate and deflate and to respond to pressure,” Aden told Dezeen at the Wearable Futures conference in London. “As you’re running on different grounds and textures it’s able to inflate or deflate depending on the pressure you put onto it and could help support you as a runner.” (Dezeen, 2013).
Figure 19
Figure 20
Figure 21
CRYSTAL GROWING EXPLORATION Sodium chloride crystals in their typical simple cubic symmetry
Figure 23 Dissolving salt
Inspired by Protocell 3D print trainer, I decided to grow my own crystal as part of my tech study as I am interested in the ideas of living architecture, an architecture that can change, alter, adapt to the user needs. The process involved by saturating boiling water with table salt until no salt can be dissolved. I then placed various material in the solution and left it for several day for it to grow.
Figure 22 Crystal structure in micro scale
Sodium chloride crystals Lattice structure
Figure 24
THE UNFAMILIAR ENVIRONMENT IBIZA SURFACE THE ROMANTIC LANDSCAPE UNFAMILIAR ENVIRONMENT
IBIZA SURFACES Beside from the party scene, Ibiza is full of beautiful landscape with rich textures and surfaces. I particular interested with the texture of Ibiza cave and cliff faces.
Figure 25
Below are the images taken in Ibiza inspired by it natural beauty
Figure 26 Surfaces and light
Model Making Exploration with material texture and surfaces.
Figure 27 artificial surface
Form and Material exploration Inspired by the textures and the surface of Ibiza I decided create a similar texture using traditional material such as metal mesh and plaster. Figure 28 and 29 is my initial test to find the right consistency in the plaster and how it behave with the different meshes? The first type of mesh is a metal mesh which has the opening of around 10 mm, while the second mesh was a fibreglass mesh and it has opening of 2 mm. The experiment produce different results. However with the fibreglass mesh, it contains the plaster better. The consistency in the plaster also plays an important role, running plaster meant it could not hold it form while the thicker plaster could not be easy shaped. Figure 31 are the series of the model framework, the model was constructed with interval of plaster applied.
Figure 28 Plaster consistency exploration v1
Figure 29 Plaster consistency exploration v2
Figure 30 Plaster mixing
Figure 31 Model making process
Figure 32 Surfaces and Textures
THE ROMANTIC LANDSCAPE Colour and Light
Ibiza and its Beautiful sunset, these images below have been filtered with different colours as a way for me to express the romantic experience of Ibiza.
Figure 33 Light and romantic landscape
Immersive Environment Inspired by the colour and light of Ibiza, I decided to create a fully immersive space. By projecting the images I took in Ibiza, I want to evoke or re-enact the romantic experience of Ibiza.
Figure 34 Immersive space
Light Refraction Study Figure 35 diagram illustrated how some of the light being reflected and refracted by the perspex sheets to create a dynamic 270 degrees immersive environment. Figure 36 represents how the light ray behaves, as the light ray hit the perspex, small amount of light waves are being reflected back of the surface while the rest are being refracted as it pass through the material. Figure 37 illustrates the layout of the perspex, arrange in certain angle to achieve certain angle of reflection.
Figure 35 Refraction
Reflected ray
Incident ray
Transmitted ray
Perspex Figure 36 Incident ray
Figure 37 Refract rays
Figure 38 Model set up
Distorted Perception Figure 39 are the images explore new type of space and environment using distorted light. In context of Ibiza, known for its hedonism, this experiment with light challenge a new architectural environment, free from the conventional ideas of space, the experiment looks deep into one’s distorted perception through the simple act of distorted light ray from the projector. Figure 40 illustrate the basic set up of the space, with projector connected to the laptop projecting Ibiza images. Figure 41 illustrate how the projected images were then being distorted, by placing various translucent items such as glass, water, crystals, plastic in front of the projector.
Figure 40 Projection
Figure 41 Distorted projection
Figure 39 Distorted light
Figure 42 Distorted light
UNFAMILIAR ENVIRONMENT I decided to explore the idea of distort perception further in form of movie. By collage and juxtapose different Ibiza images against the distorted images I created in previous experiment I hope to generate an interesting effects and emotions, a new alien environment.
Figure 43 Still images extracted from Fragmented video
Bismuth Metal Crystal Intrigued by light, colour and the ideas of unfamiliar environment, I decided to do some research into Bismuth Metal. Bismuth metal is an interesting metal alloy that has lower melting point compare to the other metals. I was fascinated by it interesting form and the iridescent colour apparent shown in figure 44. The form of the metal occurred naturally through the cooling process of the metal. Furthermore I was also interesting in the similarity in form between the mysterious Ibiza’s Alantic city in figure 45 and the Bismuth metal crystal.
Figure 45 Atlantic city
Figure 44 Bismuth metal
Figure 47 Bismuth oxychloride (BiOCl) structure
Figure 46 photo of a bismuth crystal, at 100x magnification.
Making of Bismuth Crystal My first attempt wasn’t successful as the molten metal temperature was too great which led to a large crack on the ceramic bow shown in figure 48. However i was able to re- heat the metal again. Figure 48 Bismuth metal
Images on the right are snapshots of the Bismuth crystal from my experiment, the result is quite different from what I tried to achieve. However metal still possess interesting elements, such as colour, light and form and distorted form.
Figure 50 Melted Bismuth metal
Figure 49
My second attempt I decided to use foil as the mould for the molten metal as it can resit greater temperature. There are certain issues I noticed from the experiment. First the purity of the metal seem to be decreased compare to the first experiment, this perhaps due to contamination with the equipments as I reheated it again in the second time.
Macro lenses was used to capture the surfaces qualities of the bismuth crystal
Figure 51 Distorted Bismuths
Iridescent colour in butterfly wings Captivated by the multitude of colours on the surface of Bismuth metal, I decide to look into Iridescent colour that existed in nature and man-made materials. Iridescent colour occurred as a result of interference, as the object’s surfaces appear to change colour as the angle of view or the angle of illumination changes (Kinoshita, 2008) .
Figure 52 Micro-photo of Butterfly wings
Figure 53 Butterfly wing diagram
Iridescent butterfly wing The delicate beauty iridescent butterfly wings are created by optical effect, the interference , refraction and diffraction of light. The wings of butterflies consist of a colourless translucent membrane covered by a layer of scales. Each scale is a flattened outgrowth of a single cell and is about 100 µm long and 50 µm wide. The scales overlap like roof tiles and completely cover the membrane, appearing as dust to the naked eye (Kinoshita, 2008) show in figure 52. Figure55 is diagram illustrate how light is reacted with one of the butterfly film. As the light waves hit the butterfly film, small amount of light waves is reflected from the top surface while other light waves travel through the film until it meets the lower surface where again some is reflected. The light reflected from the bottom surface travels back and rejoins that reflected from the top surface show in diagram 54. Due to its journey within the film and through reflection from the bottom surface, this reflected light waves may have a different phase to the light reflected from the upper surface. The extent of phase difference depends on the thickness and refractive index of the film, the angle at which the light strikes the film surface and the colour of the light. The wings of butterflies and moths have multilayer structures on their surfaces that act in this manner to give the observed iridescence.
Figure 54 Butterfly membrane
Figure 55 Light ray diagram
Iridescent in soap bubble What is a soap bubble? A soap bubble is a very thin sheet of water sandwiched between two layers of soap molecules shown in figure 57 . Soap molecules have one end that repels water, and one that attracts it, and these molecules move to the inner and outer surfaces, thrusting their water-repelling ends out into the air, and their "heads" inwards. Without such molecules on the surface, the bubble would spontaneously break apart into tiny water droplets. Surface tension causes the bubble to be spherical, which is the shape that gives the minimum surface energy - the lowest ratio of surface area to volume (Oprea, 2000).
The iridescent colour in bubble created by the thickness and thinness of the film. As light waves pass through the transparent soap film, some of it light waves are being reflected back in and with different thickness of soap skin means the light waves reflected and refracted differently with different frequency Thus creates different colours effect. Figure 59 illustrates how different garde of colours correspond to different thickness of the soap bubble film. Incident light ray
Soap film
Transmitted light ray
Figure 57 Soap bubble diagram
Figure 56 Bubbles
Reflected light ray
Figure 59 Colour and bubble skin thickness
Figure 58 light ray diagram
Figure 60 Your Atmospheric colour Atlas
Your Atmospheric Colour Atlas Inspired by the artist Olafur Eliasson, How light and colour being used in his art work, I decided to look into one of his art installation call Your Atmospheric Colour Atlas. The installation comprises condensed banks of artificially produced fog in a gallery. The fog is infused with the additive colours red, green and blue, emitted from hundreds of fluorescent lights that are installed in the ceiling as a colour grid, thus indirectly introducing a scale of measurement of the space. At each colour boundary, two hues blend to create transitional slivers of cyan, magenta, or yellow, adding up to a zone of pure, white light in the middle where all the colours meet. Walking through the dense, illuminated atmosphere, visitors navigate the space by using this intuitive colour atlas (Eliasson, 2009). Our perception plays important role in constructing the environment which we inhabit. What happen when our senses are expose to the new kind of environment? How would we react? What is our experience ?
Figure 61 still images
Exploring this ideas impaired perception, these are series of images extracted from the movie.
TIME BASED ARCHITECTURE EVENT SPACE ULTRA MUSIC FESTIVAL 2015 GLASTONBURY FESTIVAL
EVENT SPACE
In context of Ibiza, nightclub is event space that continuously changing, adapting it self. Light, music, Smoke are working in harmony to create a specific environment to enhance the user experiences.
Figure 62 Event space collage
Images on the left illustrate how light also plays an important role in created a immersive environment. Light, sound, people become the main protagonists in the architecture, while the physical architecture disappeared in the shadow.
Figure 63 still images
Mark Fisher, a Time base architect well known for his stage design for large rock concert. He took interest in the ideas of create an environment that able to respond quickly to a user’s changing physical requirements. Figure 64 are the images of Dynamat project during his diploma in AA (Herzog, 1976).
Figure 64 Dynamat by Mark Fisher and Simon Conolly
Figure 64 Mark Fisher
ULTRA MUSIC FESTIVAL Stage Construction Time-Lapse
Quick look into the ideas of deployable structure, such as festival stages. Below is the still images taken from a time lapse video of a Ultra music festival in Miami. The process from start to finish takes 2 days, what interesting is how the plaza being transformed in a short period of time. Figure 65 Ultra music festival still images
GLASTONBURY FESTIVAL
Figure 68 Glastonbury
I decided to look at Glastonbury Music Festival as I was interested on the engineering and the architecture of the festival’s stage design, its sheer scale and complexity. Figure 66 and 67 are the aerial site photos capturing the site before and during the festival. Hundred thousand of people are attracting to this 5 days festival every year for this Glastonbury experience. Numerous stages, objects, sculptures elements are all working in harmony to create a specific atmosphere and environment.
Figure 66 Aerial photo of Glastonbury
Figure 67 Glastonbury site during the festival
Quick look into the architecture in Glastonbury, we can see all the architecture are made from simple and light weight material, prefabbed off site and assemble on site using various joining technique. Mobility and transportation become important factors. The design of the structure are thus always seek for the simplest and most efficient design methodology, as time play a important factor in the success and profitability. Figure 69 Pyramid stage construction
Arcadia Spider One of the spectacular aspect of Glastonbury caught my attention is Arcadia Spider. Arcadia is a Bristol based company, who decided to combine sculpture, lighting, special effects, music, circus performance and pyrotechnics to create of the most audio and visual experience. Built from recycle scrap military hardware, the concept of this large spider is to create a massive playground out of the unwanted material, to create something interesting and special. Can architecture become a playground too??
Figure 72 Arcadia in Glastonbury
Figure 70 Arcadia perspective
Figure 71 Arcadia plan
Figure 73 Arcadia light and performance
CONCLUSION This document briefly explain different aspects in which I am interested in both for my technology exploration study and for my design project. I would like to carry on investigate all my interests in this document further, such as light and colour, adaptive architecture and the unfamiliar landscape, to form the basic for my design project. In additional to this tech report, I also have my own person online blog, as a way to keeping records of various subjects and themes of interest in both technology and design. Blog link: http://chaochea.tumblr.com/
Bibliography Books and online Dezeen (2013) Self-repairing trainers 3D printed from biological cell [Online] Available from: http://www.dezeen. com/2013/12/11/3d-printed-trainers-synthetic-biology-protocells-shamees-aden-wearable-futures/. [Accessed: 01 December 2015] Herzog, T (1976) Pneumatic Structures 1st ED.. New york: Oxford University Press Holding, E. (2000). Mark Fisher, Staged Archtiecture. John Eiley & Sons. Kinoshita, S ( 2008) Structured-color-physics. Available from: http://www.iap.tuwien.ac.at/~GEBESHUBER/Structured-colorphysics.pdf. [Accessed: 30th December 2015]. Oprea, J (2000). The Mathematics of Soap Films – Explorations with Maple. 1st Ed. American Mathematical Society.
Images
Figure 1 Ibiza Map Figure 2 population statistics within the five municipalities of Ibiza Figure 3 Ibiza map-club, accommodation and tourist facility Figure 4 Ibiza map – tourist heat map Figure 5 Ibiza population graph Figure 6 Ibiza high and low season Figure 7 Quantum computer Figure 8 Robotic Figure 9 Social media Figure 10 Moving architecture Figure 11 Scaffolding studio Figure 12 Photography room interior Figure 13 Photography room exterior Figure 14 Studio plan Figure 15 Studio section Figure 16 Hexagon scaffolding Figure 17 Square hammock Figure 18 Triangular hammock Figure 19 Protocell, 2013. Avialable from: http://www.dezeen.com/2013/12/11/3d-printed-trainerssynthetic-biology-protocells-shamees-aden-wearable-futures/. [Date accessed: December 2015] Figure 20 Protocell. 2013. Avialable from: http://www.dezeen.com/2013/12/11/3d-printed-trainerssynthetic-biology-protocells-shamees-aden-wearable-futures/ [Date accessed: December 2015] Figure 21 Protocell. 2013. Avialable from: http://www.dezeen.com/2013/12/11/3d-printed-trainerssynthetic-biology-protocells-shamees-aden-wearable-futures/ [Date accessed: December 2015] Figure 22 Crystal structure in micro scale. 2013, Avialable from: http://www.huffingtonpost. com/2013/10/26/micro-or-macro-amazing-nature-images_n_4151127.html?utm_hp_ ref=technology&ir=Technology[Date access: December 2015] Figure 23 Dissolving salt Figure 24 Salt crystal Figure 25 cave Figure 26 Light and surfaces Figure 27 Artificial texture Figure 28 Plaster consistency exploration v1. Figure 29 Plaster consistency exploration v1. Figure 30 Plaster mixing Figure 31 Model making process Figure 32 Surfaces and Textures exploration Figure 33 Light and romantic landscape Figure 34 Immersive space Figure 35 Refraction Figure 36 Incident rays Figure 37 Refraction rays Figure 38 Model set up Figure 39 Distorted light Figure 40 Distorted projections Figure 41 Projection Figure 42 Distorted Light Figure 43 Still images extracted from fragmented video
Figure 44 Bismuth metal, 2010. Available from: http://www.amazingrust.com/Experiments/how_to/ Images/Bismuth_Crystals/Crystals/1/crystals_1_5.jpg [Date accessed: December 2015] Figure 45 Atlantic city Figure 46 photo of a bismuth crystal, at 100x magnification. Paul, 2010. Available from: www. paulslab.com. [Date accessed: December 2015] Figure 47 Bismuth oxychloride (BiOCl) structure Figure 48 Bismuth metal Figure 49 Figure 50 Melted Bismuth metal Figure 51 Distorted Bismuth Figure 52 Micro-photo of Butterfly wings. by Linden Gledhill. Available from: http://wordlesstech. com/macro-shots-of-butterfly-wings-microphotography/. [Date accessed: December 2015]. Figure 53 Butterfly wing diagram Figure 54 Butterfly membrane. Available from: http://emps.exeter.ac.uk/physics-astronomy/research/ emag/themes/naturaldisorder/natural-photonics/interferenceinmultilayers/. [Date accessed: December 2015] Figure 55 Light ray diagram. Available from: http://emps.exeter.ac.uk/physics-astronomy/research/ emag/themes/naturaldisorder/natural-photonics/interferenceinmultilayers/. [Date accessed: December 2015] Figure 56 Bubbles. Available from: http://www.webexhibits.org/causesofcolor/15E.html. [Date accessed: December 2015] Figure 57 Soap bubble diagram. Available from: http://www.webexhibits.org/causesofcolor/15E.html. [Date accessed: December 2015] Figure 58 light ray diagram Figure 59 Colour and bubble thickness. Available from: http://www.webexhibits.org/ causesofcolor/15E.html. [Date accessed: December 2015] Figure 60 Your Atmospheric colour Atlas by Olafur. Available from: http://www.olafureliasson.net/. [Date accessed: December 2015] Figure 61 still images Figure 62 Event space collage Figure 63 Event space still images Figure 64 Mark Fisher. Available from: http://cyberneticzoo.com/not-quite-robots/1971-dynamatmark-fisher-simon-conolly-british/. [Date accessed: December 2015] Figure 64 Dynamat by Mark Fisher and Simon. Available from: Conolly http://cyberneticzoo.com/ not-quite-robots/1971-dynamat-mark-fisher-simon-conolly-british/. [Date accessed: December 2015] Figure 65 Ultra music festival still images Figure 66 Aeria photo of Glastonbury Figure 67 Glastonbury site during the festival Figure 68 Glastonbury Figure 69 Pyramid stage constructions. Available from: http://www.gettyimages.co.uk/detail/newsphoto/festival-workers-build-the-scaffold-support-for-a-structure-news-photo/170931254. [Date accessed: December 2015] Figure 70 Arcadia perspective. By Arcadia. Available from: http://www.metals4u.co.uk/blog/index. php/case-study-arcadia-at-glastonbury-festival/. [Date accessed: December 2015] Figure 71 Arcadia plan. By Arcadia. Available from: http://www.metals4u.co.uk/blog/index.php/casestudy-arcadia-at-glastonbury-festival/. [Date accessed: December 2015] Figure 72 Arcadia in Glastonbury. Available from: http://www.arcadiaspectacular.com/the-show. [Date accessed: December 2015] Figure 73 Arcadia light and performance. Available from: http://www.arcadiaspectacular.com/the-sh [Date accessed: December 2015]