Pop-up Poplar - A Holistic Approach to Sustainability by Catherine Chao

PO PL A R

A h o lis t ic a p p r o a c h t o s u s t a in a b il i t y

UCL Bartlett School of Planning || BENVGPD4 Sustainable Futures by Design || 2017 - 2018 Ca th erin e Ch a o

INTRODU CTION

SUSTAINABLE FUTURE

CITY & NATURE

13 - 18

CHARACTER & HERITAGE

19 - 24

COLLABORATIVE URBANISM

25 - 30

SUSTAINABLE VISION

31 - 36

REFERENCE

3 - 6 7 - 12

00 INTRODUCTION Study ar ea : Po plar, Lo n do n , Un it ed Ki ng dom A ho l i s ti c a p p r o a c h to a l l a s pec ts o f s us tain ability, i nc l udi ng s o c i a l , c ul tur al , ec o no mi c , and envi ron me n tal, i s ex ami ned i n thi s r ep o r t. Po s s i b l e s us tai na b le future of Po pl ar i s r efl ec ted by ana l ys i ng the p r es ent situation s, and addr es s i ng i s s ues tha t a r e c ur r entl y a t th e fore fron t o f d ebate o n ur ban des i gn and c i ty p l a nni ng: h ow to make Po p l a r mo r e i nc l us i ve, c o l l a b o r a ti ve, l ess spatially and s o c i al l y d i vi ded , c o ns ume l es s r es o ur c e s, in te ract w i th natur e, and i nno vati ng the d es i g n and plan n in g of Po pl ar w hi l e ma i nta i ni ng i ts her i tage.

00 INTRODU CT I O N

Stratford

City of London

LBTH

Lansbury Poplar London City Airport

Canary Wharf Isle of Dogs

Fig ure 1. Lo nd o n B o rough of Tower H amlets

Fi g u r e 2. Pop l a r a n d t h e w i d er c on t ex t

LO CAT IO N S t u d y a r ea : Popl ar, L ondon, U ni t ed K i n g d o m Pop l a r i s l oc a t ed i n Lon d on B or ou g h of To we r H a ml e ts ( LB TH) , E a s t Lon d on . Pop l a r t ow n c e n tr e i s i n th e m i d d l e of 2 w a r d s – La n s b u r y w a r d a n d Po p l a r wa r d . Ru n n i n g a c r os s Pop l a r i s t h e Ri ver Lea , wh e r e i t me e ts t h e Ri ver Th a m es a t B ow Cr eek . O n t h e s o uth s i d e of t h e h i g h w a y a n d t h e Pop l a r DLR s ta ti o n l i e s o n e of t h e m a j or f i n a n c i a l d i s t r i c t s i n E u r o p e – C a n a r y W h a r f. Th e n or t h s i d e of Pop l a r i s a n a re a w i th s o c i a l h ou s i n g a n d l ow - i n c om e h ou s eh ol d s .

Figu r e 3. A eri a l v i ew of Pop lar (study ar ea)

0 0 INT R ODU C T ION

Fuel poverty

K E Y ISS UES Fu e l p o v e r ty, a i r p o l l uti on, l ost of her itage, lac k of affo r d a b le housi ng, a nd und eruse and polluted c anal ar e s o m e o f the key i ssues o f Poplar. In this r epor t, e a c h o f t h ese i ssues i s a d d ressed in 5 pr ojec t themes t h r o u g h d i fferent i nterv enti o ns and pr oposals. By do in g s o , i t i s hop ed tha t a m or e sustainable Poplar c an b e ac hi ev ed .

Air pollution

Lost of heritage

Poplar

Lack of affordable housing

Underuse & polluted canal 5

00 INTRODU CT I O N

S I TE S OF KEY IN TERVEN TI O NS

Pop l ar Ga s h o l d e r L i m eho use C ut

Chr isp Str eet M ar k et

Pop l a r Rou n d a b o ut

Rob i n Hood G a r d en s 6

01 SUSTAINABLE FUTURE Chosen discipline: Renewable energy engineering An interdisciplinary approach to energy sustainability is explored in this section. One of the pressing issues in Poplar is fuel poverty where some residents are unable to afford to keep their home adequately heated and well-lit. Whilst currently a community project led by Poplar HARCA is helping residents to overcome fuel poverty, there are opportunities to initiate innovative schemes to serve a wider range of people. This is examined through learning how the work of renewable energy engineers can further contribute to a more sustainable future for Poplar using clean energy. This knowledge has been transformed into a ‘sustainable action’ – an intervention that can be replicated in different contexts and help building sustainable futures.

01 S USTA I N ABL E F U T U R E

B ACK GR OUN D

Issu es: Fue l Po v e rty | f o ssil fue l re so u r ce s d e p l e t i o n | p o l l u t i o n | g l o b a l wa r m i n g

W HAT IS S US TAIN ABLE ENER GY ?

G LO BAL L E V E L

S u s t ain ab le energ y i s energ y system that meets p r e s e n t de ma nd fo r energ y wi th out c ontr ibuting to g lo b a l w ar mi ng a nd co m p rom ising the ability of f ut u r e g e n e ra ti o ns to m eet thei r ener gy needs. One o f t h e m a n y wa ys to a chi ev e ener gy sustainability is to g e n e r at e e n erg y wi th renewa b l e r esour c es.

The U nited Nati on s s et s 17 g oa l s of s u s t a i n a b l e d evel op m en t . G oa l 7 is to “ensur e ac c es s t o a f f or d a b l e, r el i a b l e, s u s t a i n a b l e a n d m od er n ener gy for all” ( U N, n o d a t e) . B y 2030, i t i s h op ed t h a t 3 m a j or objec tives will be a c h i eved : 1 . Ensur e u n i ver s a l en er g y a c c es s t o m od er n en er g y s er vi c es 2 . Impr ove en er g y ef f i c i en c y 3 . Inc r eas e r en ew a b l e en er g y u s e i n g l ob a l en er g y (Sus t a i n a b l e Devel op m en t Kn ow l ed g e P l a t f or m , n o d a t e)

CITIES AN D EN ERGY C it ie s ar e t h e l a rg est co nsum ers of ener gy. They use a b o u t 75% of g l ob a l p ri m a ry ener gy (UN H abitat, no d a t e ) . En e r gy i s need ed fo r tra n spor t, industr ial and co mm e r c ial a cti v i ti es, b ui l d i ng s and infr astr uc tur e, w a t e r dis t r ibuti on, a nd fo o d p roduc tion. Major ity of t h e e n e r gy sup p l y com e fro m fossil fuels (oil, c oal and g a s ) , h o w e ver fo ssi l fuel reso ur c es ar e not infinite a n d is fa c in g d ep l eti o n, a l so i t is well-k nown that t h e bu r n in g a nd usa g e of fossi l fuels c ause sever e e n v ir o n me n ta l p rob l em s such a s pollution and global w a r min g. Most co untri es a cknowledge the ener gy p r o b le m s and cri si s tha t thei r ci ties ar e fac ing, henc e d if fe r e n t in iti a ti v es ha v e b een ta k en at var ious sc ales t o e n s u r e s usta i na b l e use o f ener gy in c ities.

NAT I O NAL L E V E L The UK sustain a b l e en er g y g oa l i s t o a c h i eve 15% of f i n a l en er g y c onsumption to c om e f r om r en ew a b l e s ou r c es b y 2020. Th e U K adopts r enewab l e t ec h n ol og i es s u c h a s b i om a s s , w i n d a n d s ol a r. In 2 0 1 6 , a quar ter of t h e U K’s el ec t r i c i t y w a s g en er a t ed f r om r en ew a b l es (D epar tment for B u s i n es s , E n er g y & In d u s t r i a l S t r a t eg y, 2017, p .153) . The new 2 0 1 7 Lon d on P l a n h a s p ol i c i es t h a t p r om ot e s u s t a i n a b l e use of ener gy. B or ou g h s a r e r eq u i r ed t o p r ep a r e en er g y s t r a t eg i es that aims to mi n i m i s e g r een h ou s e g a s em i s s i on s , en er g y d em a n d s , and establish en er g y ef f i c i en t m ea s u r es ( G r ea t er Lon d on A u t h or i t y, 2 0 1 7 ).

LO C AL L EV E L - P O P L A R

Fi g u r e 4. E n er g y c o n s ump ti o n b r ea k d ow n

The Tower H am l et Loc a l P l a n ( 2013) d et a i l ed a d evel op m en t management p ol i c y t h a t a i m s t o a c h i eve a z er o c a r b on b or ou g h and addr ess c li m a t e c h a n g e ( DM29) . Th e b or ou g h t a r g et f or c a r b on r educ tion is 6 0% b el ow t h e 1990 l evel s b y 2025. Th e p ol i c y f oc u s es on c umulative s t ep s of t h e en er g y h i er a r c h y t o d el i ver c a r b on emission r educt i on s a b ove B u i l d i n g Reg u l a t i on s 2010, a n d r eq u i r es the maximum u s e of r en ew a b l e en er g y t ec h n ol og i es i n a l l n ew developments. In Poplar, a c omm u n i t y p r oj ec t l ed b y Pop l a r HA RCA h a s b een c a r r i ed out to maximise en er g y ef f i c i en c y, ex p l or e t h e u s e of r en ew a b l e en er g y in r esidential es t a t es , a n d t o h el p r es i d en t s over c om e f u el p over t y. The pr ojec t has s u c c es s f u l l y i n s t a l l ed r oof t op s ol a r p a n el s on 4 of Poplar H ARCA’s c om m u n a l b l oc k s t h a t c a n g en er a t e c l ea n en er g y f or 8 0 0 households ( Lon d on A s s em b l y, n o d a t e) . 8

Fi g u r e 5. S ol a r p a n e l s o n Po p l a r HA RCA’s c o mmun a l b l oc k s ( Lo n d o n A s s em b l y, n o d a te )

0 1 S US TA INABLE FU T U R E

S IT E LOCATION

Ch r i s p S t r eet Ma r k et w a s t h e f i r s t p u r p os e - b u i l t p ed es t r i a n s h op p i n g m a r k et i n t h e U K . B u i l t a s p a r t of t h e Fes t i va l of B r i t a i n i n 1 9 5 1 , t h e m a r k et i s s t i l l t h e b u s i es t l oc a t i on i n Pop l a r. Peop l e c om e to th i s m a r k et f or l oc a l l y r u n m a r k et s t a l l s , s m a l l r et a i l ou t l et s , a n d c a f Ã© s a n d r es t a u r a n t s . It i s a l s o t h e h om e t o Th e Id ea S t or e w h i c h o f f e r s l i b r a r y s er vi c es a n d a d u l t l ea n i n g c ou r s es , c om m u n i t y even t s a n d a c t i vi t i es . Th e w i d e r a n g e of u s es a n d a c t i vi t i es i n Ch r i s p S t r eet M a r ke t a t t r a c t h i g h f oot f a l l , t h i s c ou l d b e a f a vou r a b l e c i r c u m s t a n c e f o r a d d r es s i n g p over t y f u el a n d en er g y s u s t a i n a b i l i t y t h r ou g h i n n ov a ti v e i n t er ven t i on s .

01 S USTA I N ABL E F U T U R E K EY INTERVEN TION ENERGY H ARVES TI N G TI L ES & E NE R GY G E NE R AT ING P LAY SE T C u r r e n t ly, p o l i ci es a nd i ni ti a ti ves on sustainable ener gy in Poplar ar e pr ed om i n a n t l y f oc u s ed o n bu ild in g s of resi d enti a l a nd non-r esidential developments. This is li m i t ed a p p l i c a t i on of in t e r v e n t ions tha t p ro m o te a nd pr ac tic e sustainable use of ener gy in pub l i c r ea l m . T h e k e y in terv enti o n i s to co nv er t k inetic ener gy into elec tr ic al power thr o u g h r ep a vi n g Ch r i s p S t r e e t M a rket wi th EN ERGY H ARVESTING TILES, plus impr oving the exi s t i n g p l a yg r ou n d i n C h r is t S t r eet Ma rket wi th ENERGY GENERATING PLAYSETS. T h e e n e r gy ha rv esti ng ti l es co nver t k inetic ener gy fr om footsteps into r enew a b l e en er g y. E ver y t ime s o m eone wa l ks o v er them, elec tr ic power will be gener ated and stor ed or u s ed t o r u n ap p lic a t io ns. T h e in t e r acti v e outd o o r p l a ysets har vest ener gy and tr ansfor m it into ele c t r i c i t y. Not on l y d o t h e y c a n p ower the i l l um i na ti on and sound effec ts of the play sets, they a l s o p ow er s t r eet f u r n it u r e . These p l a y sets co m e in var ious designs that c an matc h the them e of t h e p l a yg r ou n d an d c h a r acter of the nei g hb our hood. T h e L C D screen p ro v i d es i nfo rmation on how muc h ener gy has been gen er a t ed .

GREAT ! 350 kJ has been generated today! equivalent to light a 60W light bulb for

1.53 hours

Chrisp Street Market, Poplar

NEW energy generati ng pl ayset

Ex i sti ng pl ayset

0 1 S US TA INABLE FU T U R E

Energ y g enera ting playset

E n er g y h a r ves t i n g t i l es i n Ch r i s p S t r eet Ma r k et

HOW IT WORKS E l ec t r om a g n et i c g en er a t or s a r e p l a c e d un d e r n e a th t h e en er g y g en er a t i n g t i l es . W h e n s o me o n e s te p s oven t h em , t h e t i l es s i n k a n d p us h d o w n th e s w i t c h es . Th e el ec t r om a g n et i c g e n e r a to r s a r e th e n a c t i va t ed . S i m i l a r l y, t h e en er g y g e n e r a ti n g p l a y s e t c on s i s t s of g en er a t or, c a p a c i to r, a n d c o n tr o l l e r. W h en c h i l d r en p l a y on t h e p la y s e t, th e ki n e ti c en er g y c a u s es t h e m a g n et i n s i de th e g e n e r a to r to p a s s t h r ou g h a c op p er c oi l a n d i n d uc e s c ur r e n t. Th e i n d u c ed c u r r en t of b ot h t h e ti l e s a n d p l a y s e ts a r e t em p or a r i l y s t or ed a n d d i s tr i b ute d to s tr e e t f u r n i t u r e i n c l u d i n g s t r eet l i gh t, b us s to p L E D d i s p l a ys , a n d t r a f f i c l i g h t s

02 CITY & NATURE There is a close relationship between urban areas and the environment. We need to incorporate and balance the natural world so as to achieve one of the three main pillars of sustainability. The following section looks at how to use an art installation to invite critical reflection on the relationship between city, people and nature.

02 CITY & N AT U R E

B ACK GR OUN D

Issu es: Fue l Po v e rty | f o ssil fue l re so u r ce s d e p l e t i o n | p o l l u t i o n | g l o b a l wa r m i n g

With the current l ev el of ur ban development, it is not sur pr isin g t h a t po ll uti on l ev el s ca n b e high in London. Air pollution, in par tic u l a r, i s an i nv i si b l e enem y fo r people. Poplar is one of the ar eas in East Lon d on w h o a l rea d y ha v e to e ndur e toxic levels of air pollution. This i s ver y lik el y d ue to the p resen c e of multiple tunnels, and the A1 2 highwa y a n d r o und a b o ut on the so uther n par t of Poplar. A study per for med a c r os s v a ri ous hotsp o ts i n L B T H and London Bor ough of Newham showed t h a t n it r o g en d i o xi d e p o l l ution level was two times above the EU legal l i m i t e o f 40 m i cro g ra m m es p er c ubic metr e (Chamber lain, 2 0 1 5 ). In ad d i t i on , t h e â&#x20AC;&#x153;A na l ysi ng A i r Pol l ution Exposur e in Londonâ&#x20AC;? r epor t r eveale d t h a t t h ree of the to p fi v e schools exposed to high nitr ogen dioxide level s a r e in L B TH (Fi l cher, 2016). This has pr oven that air pollution has n ot on l y c r ea ti ng i m p a cts on the envir onment, but also on the health an d w el l be ing o f p eo p l e l i v i ng i n Poplar. I n ord er to i nv i te p eo p l e to r eflec t c r itic ally on the r elationship b et w een c it ies, a i r q ua l i ti es, a nd people, an ar t installation is pr oposed t o b e placed i n Po p l a r. The name of the ar t installation is THE HALVED C A R A I R P O L LUTI ON VI S UALISER.

Fi g u r e 6. S m og i n LB TH ( Fi l c h er, 2016)

Fi g u r e 7. Loc a l r es i d en t s p r ot es t i n g a g a i n s t B l a c k w a l l Tu n n el r oa d p ol l u t i on a n d t h e c on s t r u c t i on of S i l ver t ow n Tu n n el n ea r Pop l a r ( B r ook e, 2017)

0 2 C IT Y & NAT U R E

C ON CEPTUALIS ATION W h at is tri cky a b out a i r p o llution fr om vehic les is that the pollutant s an d h e a t p ro d uced from v ehic les ar e often invisible to r egular c itizen s . Ev e n w h en a i r q ua l i ty d a ta ar e c ollec ted, analysed, and visualised, th e v is u a lis ati o n of thi s i nfo rm a tion c an be diffic ult to r ead and under stan d f o r pe o p l e who d o not ha v e that level of k nowledge. H enc e the c onc ept o f t h e p rop o sed a rt i nsta l l a tion is to use adaptable and str aightfor war d me t h o ds to v i sua l i se a i r q uality infor mation so that people of all age s an d fr o m a ny d i sci p l i ne ca n under stand the impac t of air pollution an d r e f le c t on thei r l i festyl e a nd behaviour.

Fi g u r e 8. V i s u a l i s a t i on of a i r q u a l i t y d a t a ( i n t h ea i r, 2008)

Fi g u r e 9. Pol l u t a n t s f r om veh i c l e s ( Di S t a s i o, 2015)

ART IN S TALLATION TH E H ALVED C AR â&#x20AC;&#x201C; AI R POL LUT IO N V ISUA L ISE R

LCD sc r een

S ea t s H a lf a ca r wi th ca m era a nd po llu t i o n a nd sm o ke sensor

Cl i m b i n t o t h e s ea t s of vi s u a l i s er i n s t a l l a t i on t o vi ew c on t en t on LCD s c r een

02 CITY & N AT U R E

THE HA LV E D CA R – A IR P O LLU TIO N V IS UA L I SE R i s p r op os ed t o b e p l a c ed i n a n op en s p a c e c or n e r n e x t to Pop l a r t r a f f i c h ot s p ot – E a s t In d i a Doc k Roa d a n d th e A 1 2 h i g h w a y / r ou n d a b ou t . Th e f r on t of THE HA LV E D C A R f a c e s t h e h i g h w a y s o t h a t t h e c a m er a , a n d p ol l u t a n t a n d s mo ke s en s or c a n d et ec t t h e h ea t a n d p ol l u t a n t s em i tte d b y th e p a s s i n g veh i c l es .

C O NC EP T D ESI G N 16

0 2 C IT Y & NAT U R E M O D E 1: Hea t a nd Po l l uta nt v ision

M O D E 2: Qui z

O n t h e i n s i d e of THE HA LV E D CA R – A IR P O LLU TIO N V IS UA LIS E R i s a LCD i n t er a c t i ve m on i t or. It c a n s h ow 2 d i f f er en t m od es : 1) h ea t a n d p ol l u t a n t vi s i on ; a n d 2) q u i z m od e. Th e h ea t a n d p ol l u t a n t vi s i on m od e a l l ow s r ea l - t i m e r ep r es en t a t i on of a i r q u a l i t y on E a s t In d i a Doc k Roa d a n d t h e A 12. A i r s en s or s c a n d et ec t c a r b on m on ox i d e a n d p a r t i c u l a t e m a t t er, a n d t h e d a t a c ol l ec t ed f r om t h e s en s or a r e d i s p l a yed a s h ea t vi s i on g r a d i en t . Th e a r t i n s t a l l a t i on i s a l s o i n t en d ed t o u s e g a m i f i c a t i on t o m a k e i t m or e f u n a n d i n t er a c t i ve s o a s t o d r a w p eop l e’s a t t en t i on t o t h e i s s u e of a i r p ol l u t i on . In a d d i t i on t o t h e h ea t a n d p ol l u t a n t s d i s p l a y, u s er s c a n t ou c h a n d p op t h e b u b b l es on t h e s c r een a n d s t a r t t a k i n g t h e q u i z on a i r q u a l i t y a n d p ol l u t i on . Th e p l a yf u l n es s of THE HA LV E D CA R i s m ea t t o i n s p i r e a c t i on : t o c r ea t e a w a r en es s , i d en t i f y s ou r c es of p ol l u t i on , a n d p r op el s t h e p u b l i c t o t a k e a c t i on a n d m a k e b et t er a n d m or e s u s t a i n a b l e ever yd a y d ec i s i on s .

03 CHARACTER & HERITAGE Poplarâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s rich history can easily be spotted through its still existing architectural heritage â&#x20AC;&#x201C; from a mixture of 18th and 19th century churches and terraced houses, to the iconic 20th century council estates, a collective of unique stories can be told through these buildings and structures to encapsulate the character and heritage of Poplar.

03 CHA RACT ER & H ER I TAG E

B ACK GR OUN D

Issu es: Priv a tisatio n o f so c ial ho using | l o s t o f h e r i t a g e | d i s p l a ce m e n t o f r e s i d e n t s

T h e r e i s a tota l of 969 l i s ted buildings in LBTH. Whilst LBTH c over s Ca n a r y W h ar f, ho m e to co ntem p o r ar y sk ysc r aper offic es of bank s and multi n a t i on a l c o m p a ni es, rem i nd ers of the older time c an also be found in othe r w a r d s . Po p lar a l o ne ha s 60 l i sted buildings (Br itish Listed Buildings, no d a t e, n o pa g e ) . They i ncl ud e A l l S aints Chur c h, Chr isp Str eet Mar k et Cloc k Tow er, Po p lar Pub l i c L i b ra ry, a nd the ic onic 2 0 th c entur y post-war soc ial h ou s i n g e s t a t e B a l fron To wer. H o w e v er, l i ke the fa te o f many other listed buildings, Balfr on Tower h a s n ot be e n kep t a s i ts ori g i na l use – soc ial housing estate, but instead will b e s ol d as p r iv a te fl a ts a fter refurbishment. Ther e ar e c ur r ently no plans for h ou s i n g u n it s wi th a fford a b l e rent, and the soc ial housing tenants that ha ve b een dis p laced wi l l not b e p ermitted to r etur n to their or iginal flats in th e t ow er ( Fr a n kel , 2015). O n t h e o ther ha nd , Ro b i n Hood G ar dens soc ial housing estate is less fo r t u n a t e. T h is r enowned ‘ street i n the sk y ’ moder nist building was built 5 year s a f t er t h e c o m p l eti on of B a l fron Tower, but was r evealed in 2 0 0 6 that it suffer ed f r om s t r u c t ura l i ssues a nd wo ul d c ost £ 7 0 ,0 0 0 per flat to fix them up to the ‘Dec en t H o mes Sta nd a rd ’ (Rob i n Hood G ar dens, no date, no page). D espite m u l t i p l e c am p a i g ns to try to sa v e the estate, H istor ic England r efused to r ec om m en d t h e e sta te fo r l i sti ng. Future r edevelopment plans have been set, mean i n g t h a t de mo li ti o n i s i nev i ta b l e. Th e demolition has begun in 2 0 1 7 , and par t of t h e bu ild i ng ha s b een p reserv ed by the Vic tor ia and Alber t Museum.

Fi g u r e 10. B a l f r on Tow er ( Ma c l ea n , 2011)

Fi g u r e 11. A l l S a i n ts C h ur c h ( J ol y, 2006)

Fi g u r e 12. Rob i n Hood G a r d en s ( Ca d m a n , 2015)

T h is h a s sug g ested sev era l spec ulations on the value of c har ac ter and h er i t a g e o f h istori c a rea s l i ke Po plar ; the pur pose of gr anting statutor y lis t i n g on bu ild i ng s of sp eci a l i nteres t; issues of displac ement of r esidents; and w h et h er t h e r ep l a cem ent for Rob i n H ood Gar dens have the level or ar c h i t ec t u r a l s ign if i ca nce a nd cha ra cter of the or iginal. T h e fol l o wi ng sto ryb oa rd captur es the unique c har ac ter and her itage of Pop l a r an d exp o ses i ts a ssoci a ted issues. The stor y is about Robin H ood G a r d en s an d it i s set i n the future, in a par allel univer se. The name of the s t or y i s PA R A L LE L CI TI E S . Fi g u r e 13. Dem ol i t i on of Rob i n Hood G a r d en s ( S m i t h s on ovi , 2017) 20

0 3 CHA RACTER & HE R ITAG E STORYB OARD

PA RA LLEL C I TI ES

I n 2 0 6 8 , parall el universe Pop la r. The Ro b i n Hoo d Gar dens is one of the 2 0 th c entur y po s twa r so ci a l ho using estates that has been given Gr ade II* l i sted b ui l d i ng status. It has been r efur bished and tur ned in t o p ri v a te housi ng units by the developer s.

A l i t t l e g i r l n a m ed Zol a l i ves i n Rob i n Hood G a r d en s w i th h er w el l - of f p a r en t s . Th ey h a ve b een l i vi n g h er e s i n c e Z o l a w a s b or n . O n e d a y Zol a g oes ou t t o p l a y w i t h h er h over bo a r d a n d h over b a l l . Zol a: I ’l l be bac k before s upper!

Zo l a j o i ns her fr iends in the par k in fr ont of the estate. Fr ie nds : What d o yo u wa n t to d o to d a y? Zola: Le t ’ s play Sp u d !

Zol a a n d h er f r i en d s h op on t o t h ei r h over b oa r d s . Du r i n g th e g a m e, on e of t h em h i t t h e h over b a l l t oo h a r d a n d i t f l i es o v e r t h e f en c e t ow a r d s t h e w a s t el a n d . Zol a: D on’t w orry, I got i t .

03 CHA RACT ER & H ER I TAG E

The hov erb a l l l o ses c ontr ol and hits the gr ound. It k eeps ro l l i ng further i nto the wasteland and finally stops when it b um p s i nto a no ther gir lâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s feet. The gir l pic k s up the ball and wond er wha t i t i s, s he has never seen anything lik e it.

Zo l a stop s when she r uns into the gir l. The way she look s an d the cl othes she wear s ar e nothing lik e the people wher e Zol a ca m e from . The g ir l does not r ec ognise Zolaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s c lothing an d hov erb oa rd , too . Both of them ar e sur pr ised seeing a str ang er i n the m i d d l e o f no wher e. 22

Zol a c h a s es a f t er h er h over b a l l s o h a s t i l y t h a t s h e h a s n ot n oti c e d h er s el f h over i n g i n t o t h e w a s t el a n d w h er e s h e i s f or b i d d e n to en t er.

A f t er a w h i l e, Zol a f i n a l l y s p ea k s . Zol a: T hank s for s av i ng m y hov erbal l . Th e g i r l r em a i n s s i l en t . Th en s l ow l y a n d h es i t a n t l y h a n d s over th e h over b a l l t o Zol a .

0 3 CHA RACTER & HE R ITAG E 9

T h e a wkwa rd si l ence ha s not stopped Zola’s c ur iosity. Zo l a: What ’ s y our name? I’m Z ola a nd I live in Ro b in Hood G a r dens , Block A . J o d ie: I ’ m Jodie. I ’ m f rom The Un d erg ro und . Z o la i s p uzzl ed . How could anyone live in a tube station, she t h o ug ht.

A l l of a s u d d en , b ot h Zol a a n d J od i e h ea r a w om a n’s voi c e f r om b eh i n d . J odi e’s m um : J OD I E! H ow m any t i m es hav e I t ol d you not t o w an d e r off on your ow n. I t ’s dangerous up here. L et ’s go hom e. J od i e’s m u m g r a b s J od i e’s h a n d a n d b ot h r u s h of f d eep er i n t o th e w a s t el a n d , l ea vi n g Zol a b eh i n d , c on f u s ed . Zol a t u r n s a r ou n d a n d h e a d s back to the park.

J o d i e a nd her m um co ntinue walk ing until they c ome ac r oss a m a nhol e co v er. They stop and stand on top of it. Jodie’s mum lig htl y ta p s the co v er with her feet. The c over star ts to vibr ate a n d si nk i nto the g round.

Dow n g oes J od i e a n d h er m u m . S l ow l y b u t s t ea d i l y, t h e m a n h ol e c over i s i n f a c t a n el eva t or t h a t p a s s es t h r ou g h a l on g, d a r k t u n n el t o Th e U n d er g r ou n d . 23

03 CHA RACT ER & H ER I TAG E 13

The Underground is in fact an artificial city below the ground built by the government to displace the poor from London. The government wants the poor out of sight to maintain London’s reputation of being the most successful city in the world. The Underground is home to 2.4 million people, 20% of total London population. The Poplar part of The Underground is a newly expanded area, resulted from the influx of people living in poverty in Poplar who are displaced after the annexation of Poplar by the Canary Wharf Group plc.

On the other side, Jodie cannot stop thinking about what happened earlier today. Jodie: Mum, can we go up more? I really like the sun and the sky, and the fresh air up there. And have you heard of Robin Hood Gardens? It sounds like a fun place. Jodie’s mum: Jodie, we are not welcomed up there. Besides, we are only allowed to be up on the surface 2 times a week. Finish your homework and go to sleep.

Later that night, Zola decides to ask her parents about The Underground. Zola: Dad, what is The Underground? Can people live there? Zola’s dad: It’s… it’s a dangerous place, Zola. I will tell you about it when you grow up. We will not speak of it again for now.

The truth is, part of The Underground is located right underneath Robin Hood Gardens all along. Even so, some people may never know its existence along with the people living in it.

04 COLLABORATIVE URBANISM Collaborative urban planning has become one of the most widely practiced approach to planning. Not only does it take into account different stakeholders, but it also allows more channels of communication and negotiations to take place in the process of decision making for a better plan making. Similarly, cooperative board games can be represented as the simplified version of the process of collaborative urban planning. With the focus in cooperation, communication, and participation over competition, players have to work together as a team to achieve certain objective.

04 COLLABO R AT I VE U R B A NIS M B ACK GR OUN D

Issu es: la c k o f a f f o rable ho using | e x cl u s i o n o f t h e p u b l i c i n m a k i n g p l a n n i n g d e ci s i o n s

I n d esi g ni ng a nd p l anning for sustainable futur e, it c an be di f f i c u l t t o rea ch a co nsensus due to differ ent c onflic ts and inter ests of m u l t i p l e sta keho l d ers, thi s i s also the c ase for the Poplar G asholder. Un l i k e t h e fa te o f the Ki ng scro ss gasholder, demolition of the Poplar gashol d er w a s g ra nted i n 2016, g i ven that it has not been listed by H istor ic E n g l a n d . Ho wev er thi s d eci si on made by the gover nment has been k ept p r i va t e, not unti l i t wa s p ub lic ly r evealed that â&#x20AC;&#x153;a public c onsultation h a d b een a d v erti sed b y a n ob sc ur e notic e at the site in Leven Roadâ&#x20AC;? (spitaf i el d s l i f e, 2017, no p a g e). D espite multiple c ampaigning and peti t i on s b y sev era l tho usa nd l o c al people to save the gasholder, it is in evi t a b l e tha t d em o l i ti on wi l l be lik ely to c ontinue to tak e plac e and Pop l a r w i l l l o st a nother a rchi tectur al her itage that r epr esents the c har ac ter of t h e i nd ustri a l p a st. One c an say that the lac k of c ommunic ation an d p u b l i c p a rti ci p a ti o n i n the planning pr oc ess and dec ision mak ing ar e t h e m a i n rea so ns o f such co nflic t. The fo l l o wi ng coo p er ative boar d game is designed based on th e s et t i n g a nd b a ckg ro und o f the Poplar gasholder. It is to c onc eptualise a n ot h er rea l i ty where co l l a b or ative ur ban planning appr oac h has been a d op t ed i n p rop o si ng a reg ener ation pr ojec t. The c ooper ative boar d g a m e i s ca l l ed P OP THE BU ILDERS .

Fi g u r e 14. Ki n g s c r os s g a s h ol d er r ed evel op m en t p r oj ec t ( S a vi l ls , n o d a t e)

P O P THE BU I L D E RS is a 3 -player c ooper ative boar d gam e t h a t p ri ori ti se p l a y, co o per ation, c ommunic ation, and par tic ipat i on over co m p eti ti o n. Pl a yers c hoose one of the r oles in the game - Pop l a r HA RCA , Nei g hb ourh ood For um, and Citizens) - ther e is no in d i vi d u a l wi nner, p l a yers ha v e to wor k together to ac hieve the objec tive. If you fa i l , you l ose the g a me as a team. Instead of mak ing dec isions t h a t a r e b est fo r ea ch rol e, d ec isions ar e made ac c or ding to what is be s t f or t h e tea m .

Fi g u r e 15. Pop l a r g a s h ol d er ( f l i c k r, 2015)

0 4 COL L A B ORATIV E U R BANISM

START / ex t r a s p i n

1 2

Pop Qui z ! Ta k e o n e Po p Q ui z C a r d

(Place Poplar Gasholder Frame here)

Get 3 r es ou r c es

T hi s n e a r ly 1 50- yea r ol d g a sho l der is the last one standing in Po p la r, Lo n do n. To som e, i t m a y just be another abandoned i r o n fr am e . H o wev er to the l oca l r esidents in Poplar, the Poplar Gas h o lde r is a si g ni fi ca nt l o ca l h istor ic al asset that r epr esents Po p la r an d it s uni q ue cha ra cter a n d her itage. Unfor tunately the Priv a t e Pr o perty Dev el op er sees this vac ant Poplar Gasholder as a s it e o f o pp ortuni ty for l uxuri ous h ousing development, and has a p p lie d p lan ni ng p erm i ssi o n for i ts demolition. Now as a team o f Po p lar Ha rca , N ei g hb ourhoo d For um, and Citizens, you have t o s av e t h e Pop l a r Ga sho l d er a nd fight for the pr eser vation of t he r e lic s o n si te b y wo rki ng to g ether on the Poplar G asholder Mi x e d- u s e Reg enera ti on Proj ect.

A BOUT TH E GAME

_ 3

Pl a y e r s ( Po p l a r HA RCA , N ei g hb our hood For um, Citizens) have t o w o r k t o gether to com p l ete the Poplar Gasholder Mixed-use Re g e n e r at io n Proj ect. You ha v e to beat the Pr ivate Pr oper ty D e v e lo p e r befo re i ts p ri v a te p ro per ty units tak es over half (8 Priv a t e Pr o perty Uni ts) of the Pop l ar G asholder. To ge t h e r, players m ust b ui l d : • 8 x Soci a l Ho usi ng Uni ts ; • 5 x Lo ca l B usi ness Uni ts; and • 3 x Lei sure & Recrea ti o n Units

Pa y 3 r es ou r c es

E QUIPMEN T

Private Property Developer Place one private unit onto the Poplar Gasholder Frame

Popl ar G a sh o l d e r Fr a m e

Ta k e on e Ma yor Ca r d

1 2

O BJE CTIVE

1 x Ga m eb oa rd 1 x Pop l a r Ga shol d er Fra me 1 x S pi n Wheel 3 x P la yer Pi eces ( Pop l a r HA RC A , Nei g hbour hood For um, Citizens) 3 x Reso urces Pa cks ( Money, N ei g hb ourhood Plan, Labour ) 16 x Pub l i c Uni ts S oci a l Ho usi ng Uni ts (8) Loca l B usi ness Uni ts (5 ) Lei sure & Recrea ti o n U nits (3 ) 8 x Pri v a te Ho usi ng Uni ts 15 x Ma yor Ca rd s 10 x Pop Qui z Ca rd s 1 x Pop Qui z A nswer Sheet

_ 3

G am eboard

C OOPE RATIVE BOARDGAM E POP TH E BU I L D ERS

S pi n Wheel

Nu m b er of m oves

4 X 4 X

04 COLLABO R AT I VE U R B A NIS M S E T UP

W I NNI NG

LO S IN G

1 . E ac h play e r sel ects a ro l e / p l a yer piec e and plac es it o n t h e o r a ng e a rrow 2 . E ac h play e r i s g i v en 8 x Reso urces ac c or ding to the r ole • De v e lop er – Mo ney • N e ighb o urhoo d Fo rum – Neighbour hood Plan • C it iz ens – La b our

All Public U n i t s a r e p l a c ed on t h e Pop l a r Gasholder Fr a m e

If a l l p l a yer s r u n ou t of Res ou r c es , t h e g a m e e n d s . If a l l Pr i va t e Hou s i n g U n i t s a r e p l a c ed on t h e Po p l a r G a s h ol d er Fr a m e, t h e g a m e en d s

P L AYING T H E GAME

X X X

52 4X 52 4X 52 4X

X X X

52 4X 52 4X 52 4X

4 2 4 2 4 2

Neighbourhood Forum

Reso urc es

3 3X X 3 3X X 3 3X X

5 X 5 X 5 X

d Year-en

5 X 5 X 5 X

Ma yo r Ca r d

bonus.

4 X 4 X 4 X

5 X 5 X 5 X

2 X3 X 2 X3 X 2 X3 X

2 X2 X 2 X2 X 2 X2 X

5 X 5 X 5 X

Pay 2

Pay 3

a. b. c.

Edgar Lansbury George Lansbury Richard Lansbury

Pay/ 3

a. b. c.

Pay 1

Pop Qui z C ard y Framework The National Planning Polic artment of Dep UK's the dby lishe pub was ent ernm Gov l Loca and ities Commun ch __________. Mar in The Lansbury Estate in Poplar is named after __________. 2010 a. 2012 b. 1 2014 a. Edgar Lansbury c. b. George Lansbury c. Richard Lansbury 2

(hold on to the card and use any timeCA stand for? What does HAR when an action / Mayor Card is played against or the team) Goyou back 3 spaces.

ession. mic rec Pay 3

Econo

nd./ ay 2refu PTax 3

Who designed thi

s building?

a. b. c. 2

d buildings?

categories of liste the areFo No Wha rmt an ster Renzo Piano Ra fael does ViñolyHARCA stand for? What

The Nation was publish Communit in March _

Brexit. /

Norman Foster Renzo Piano Rafael Viñoly

The Lansbury Estate in Poplar is named after ____ ______. s. Chrisp Street Market, Year-end bonus. st purpose-built market, a. Edgar Lansbury the UK’s olde in __________. JUST SAY NO! ned ope was b. George Lansbury Brexit. Collect 2 Increase c. wheRic / tax/rate. n hard Lansbury time any use and card 1951 the a. (hold on to 1952 an action / Mayor card is b. 2 Pay 3 played / against / you or the team) Pay 3 / c. / 1953

Public consultation costs.

Pr i v a t e Pr o p e r t y Un i t s Who designed this building?

Go back 3 space

se tax rate. /

L ei s ure & Rec reat i o n U ni t

JUST SAY NO! Go forward 1 space. Brexit. Public realm enhancement work.

. Increase tax rate / / 2 t c e ll o

6 . I f play e r la nd s on the Po p Qui z spac e, you must tak e Public realm enha ncement work. o n e Po p Q ui z Ca rd fro m the to p of the dec k . The player h as t o an s wer to the q uesti on o n the c ar d. If you answer Pay 2 / / c o r r e c t ly, y ou m a y col l ect num b er of Resour c es stated at t h e b o t t o m ri g ht co rner. These c ar ds c ontain 1 0 ur ban d e s ign a n d p l a nni ng q uesti o ns about Poplar, London, and the UK N o t e : P l a yers ca n d i scuss the answer amongst y o u s e lv e s . Increa

5 X 5 X 5 X

L oc al Bus i nes s U ni t

is The Lansbury Estate in Poplar named after __________.

5 X 5 X 5 X

3 3X X3 X 2 3X X3 X 2 3X X3 X 2 2X X3 X 3 3X X3 X 2 3X X3 X 2 3X X3 X 2 2X X3 X 3 3X X3 X 2 3X X3 X 2 3X X3 X 2 2X X3 X Pay 2

3 3X X 3 3X X 3 3X X

Y NO! JUST SA

en time wh use any d n a ard is to the c or Card m) Money N ei ghbourhood (hold on n action / MayL abour e tea th r a o u Pl an played against yo e. acanc 1 sp ement work. enh ard m rwreal o folic GPub Go back 3 spaces.

5 . I f t h e s pin n er a rro w l a nd s on th e M ayor spac es, player m u s t t ak e one Ma yor C a rd fro m the top of the dec k . Th e s e c a r ds co nta i n 1 x Pri v a te Pr oper ty D eveloper Car d a n d 14 x A cti o n C a rd s whi ch m ay ask player to: • M o v e p l a yer p i ece • Pa y / col l ect Resources • O bje cti o n ca rd N o t e : I f yo u d o not ha v e eno ugh Resour c es, you may dis c u s s w ith o ther p l a yers a nd pay with their Resour c es.

S oc i al H ous i ng U ni t

3 X 3 X 3 X

4 X 4 X 4 X

4 . A t a n y p o int of t he game , p l a yer s c an dec ide together t o bu y t h e Pub l i c Uni ts b y p a yi ng the Resour c es stated o n t h e b a c k o f the Prop erty Units. You c an also c ease Pr iv at e Pr op erty Dev el o p er b y buying their Pr ivate H o u s in g U n i ts.

Pay 3

C i t i zens

3 X 3 X 3 X

X X X

3 . I f p lay e r land s o n the Pri v a te Proper ty D eveloper spac e, o n e Pr iv a t e Housi ng Uni t wi l l b e added onto the Poplar G as h o lde r.

53 4X 53 4X 53 4X

Poplar HARCA

X X X

2 . Th e s pa c e the p l a yers l a nd on will deter mine what you h av e t o d o o r g et

53 4X 53 4X 53 4X

move

52 4X X 3 52 4X X 3 52 4X X 3

and

52 3X X 52 3X X 52 3X X

tur ns

52 3X X 52 3X X 52 3X X

Publ i c U ni t s

5 3X X 5 3X X 5 3X X

1 . P la y e r s s pi n the Sp i n Wheel a n t ic lo c k w is e a round the b o a rd

Pla yer p iec es

The National Plann ing Policy Framewo rk was publishedby the t Strategy UK Sustainable Developmen UK's Departm Theen y man the t of of one What does HARC Co is er mm ciples’ of unities and Local prin ding ‘gui five A stand for? Balfron Tow out set Government on.rch in Ma Brutalist buildings in Lond __________. Chrisp Street ble development. rate. sustaina Market, Increase national insurance the UK’s oldest purpose-built market, ing a. JUST eSAY NO! Nam 3 other examples of exist 20was Public consultation costs. they? 10 opened Whaint are __________. on. Lond in ure itect / b. / Brut1alist arch 2012 Pay 2 3 What are the c (hold on to the card and use any time when

0 4 COL L A B ORATIV E U R BANISM

05 SUSTAINABLE VISION An overall strategic sustainable vision for Poplar in the coming 5 to 10 years is proposed in this section. Focusing on using the Limehouse Cut canal as the key intervention in creating a greener and more assessible Poplar that can provide a wider range of activities, and preserve and celebrate its unique character and heritage.

05 S USTA I N ABL E VI S I O N B ACK GR OUN D

Issu es: U nde r-use | w a te r p o llutio n | l o w a cce s s i b i l i t y | l a ck o f a ct i v i t i e s Themes : C ity & Na ture | C ha rac te r & He r i t a g e

L im e h o u se Cut i s the ol d est c anal in London. It w as fir s t o p ened i n 1766 a s a shor tc ut for tr ader s. H o w e v e r thi s 250- yea r- o l d water way has lost its f o r m e r g l ory. Ov er the yea rs, weeds, vandalism, an t i- s o c ial rub b i sh d um p i ng, and thic k layer s of f lo a t in g a l g a e ca n b e fo und on Limehouse Cut an d t h e to wp a th next to i t. A c c or ding to the Canal Tr u s t , L imeho use C ut i s curre ntly one of the most u n de r u s e d ca na l i n Lond o n (Br ook e, 2 0 1 6 ). This c o u ld b e d ue to i ts l a ck of a cc ess fr om both sides o f t h e c a na l to the wa terfro nt, lac k of maintenanc e, an d lac k o f a cti v i ti es a nd uses. D e s p it e t he a b ov e i ssues, L i mehouse Cut pr esents h u ge o pp o rtuni ty to b e sustainably r edeveloped an d r e fu rb i shed i nto a g reen, multiuse water way. It pr o v id e s a l i nka g e b etween th e south of the c anal ( Po p lar ) a nd the no rth o f the c anal (Mile End and t h e r e s t of L B TH). I t i s a l so an impor tant natur al r e s o u r c e tha t p rov i d es ha b i ta t to wildlife, and gr een an d blu e sp a ce fo r hum a n health and well-being. A w e ll- d e s igned a nd m ul ti use canal c ould also dr aw pe o p le t o v i si t Pop l a r a nd sti mulate ec onomic and s o c ia l gr owth. T h e fo ll owi ng d eta i l ed the analysis, vision, c o n c e pt u al i sa ti on, a nd the final pr oposal for L im e h o u se Cut Reg enera ti on Pr ojec t.

Figur e 1 6 . Li m eh ou s e Cu t ( J ol y, 2007)

Fi g u r e 17. Pol l u t i on a n d l a c k of m a i n ta i n e n c e ( G eog r a p h , 2016)

0 4 COL L A B ORATIV E U R BANISM SIT E A NALY S IS GREEN S PACE

LAND USE

Re s i d e n ti a l In s ti tuti o n a l Re ta i l & c o mme r c i a l Mi x e d - us e War e h o us e

AC CES S

P O L LU T IO N & VA N DA L IS M

Entr y to wa t er f r on t D oc k Towpath Br idge

Algae Gr a f f i ti

05 S USTA I N ABL E VI S I O N S USTAINABLE VIS ION

CO N CE P T UA L IS AT I O N

I nt ens i fy green s pac e + m ai nt a i n a cl e a n ca n a l

VISION

I nc reas e poi nt s of ac c es s + w i d e n t o w p a t h

B y 2028, Li m eho use C ut wi l l b ec ome Poplar â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s unique sight o f in t e r e s t fo r not o nl y l oca l residents but also people fr om e ls e w h e r e . It i s hop ed to a chi e ve a balanc e of loc al r etail a n d c o mm erci a l b usi nesses, hi g h- quality mixed-use housing w it h ac t iv e fronta g e o p eni ng up to the c anal, stimulating s o c ial an d recrea ti o na l fa ci l i ties, and welc oming public r e a lm t h a t ca n a ccom m o d a te wi dest r ange of user s to c r eate a s u s t a in ab l e com m uni ty. I n th e loc al c ontext, Limehouse C u t w ill p r ov i d e a who l e new p ublic r ealm and oppor tunities fo r s o c ial a cti v i ti es a l o ng the canal. In wider c ontext, the s t r o n g lin k a g e b etween Pop l a r, Mile End and the r est of t h e Lo n d o n B oroug h of To wer H amlet will be established t h r o u gh b etter a nd m ore user- friendly ac c ess.

D es i gn for m ul t i us e + s uppo r t m i x e d - u se bui l di ng dev el opm ent

0 4 COL L A B ORATIV E U R BANISM PROPOS AL Wi d e t ow p a t h a n d n a t u r a l s l op e t o i n c r ea s e a c c es s i b i l i t y a n d en c ou r a g e w i d e r a n g e of s oc i a l a c t i vi t i es

M ix e d u s e d ev el op m ent wi th g ro u n d flo or reta i l uni ts for a c t iv e fr o n t ag es

U s e of n a t u r a l a q ua ti c p l a n ts to p u r i f y w a t er a l on g w i th r e g ul a r m a i n t en a n c e b y t h e C o un c i l

Night time innovative lightings to inc r ease sense of safety and enc our age evening ac tivities

G en t l e a n d w i d e s t a i r s to i n c r ea s e a c c es s i b i l i t y and p r ovi d e f l ex i b l e u s e a s op e n space

05 S USTA I N ABL E VI S I O N

C ROSS S ECTION

BEFORE REGENERATION

AFTER REGENERATION

Reference British Listed Buildings (no date) Listed Buildings in Tower Hamlets. Retrieved from https:// www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/england/tower-hamlets#.WsK27ojwZEY [accessed 25 March 2018] Brooke, M. (2016) East London Advertiser – Limehouse Cut gets a ‘makeover’ by canal volunteers and scouts after 250 years. Retrieved from http://www.eastlondonadvertiser.co.uk/ news/features/limehouse-cut-gets-a-makeover-by-canal-volunteers-and-scouts-after-250years-1-4758187 [accessed 22 March 2018]

Joly, G (2006) All Saints Church. Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:All_ Saints,_Poplar.jpg [accessed 25 March 2018] Joly, G (2007) Limehouse Cut. Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File%3ALimehouse_Cut_at_Cotall_Street.jpg [accessed 22 March 2018] London Assembly (no date) RE:NEW – Poplar Housing and Regeneration Community Association (HARCA). Retrieved from https://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/renew_poplar_harca_ case_study.pdf [accessed 15 January 2018]

Brooke, M. (2017) Protesters ‘Mask’ Their Fury at The A12 Blackwall Tunnel Road Pollution. Retrieved from http://www.eastlondonadvertiser.co.uk/news/protesters-mask-their-fury-at-thea12-blackwall-tunnel-road-pollution-1-4992586 [accessed 10 March 2018]

Maclean, G. (2011) Balfron Tower. Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Balfron_tower.jpg [accessed 25 March 2018]

Cadman, S (2015) Robin Hood Gardens. Retrieved from https://thespaces.com/2015/08/04/ brutalist-robin-hood-gardens-estate-fails-to-win-listing-again/ [accessed 25 March 2018]

Robin Hood Gardens (no date) 2006 – now. Retrieved from http://www.robinhoodgardens. london/present/ [accessed 25 March 2018]

Chamberlain, D. (2015) No to Silvertown Tunnel – Air pollution is blighting Newham and Tower Hamlets, our study finds – and the Silvertown Tunnel’s HGVs would make it worse. Retrieved from https://silvertowntunnel.co.uk/2015/06/24/air-pollution-is-blighting-newhamand-tower-hamlets-and-the-silvertown-tunnels-hgvs-would-make-it-worse/ [10 March 2018]

Savills (no date) Kingscross gasholder. Retrieved from http://www.savills.co.uk/developmentshowcase/national-new-homes-and-developments/london/north-and-north-west-london/ gasholders.aspx [accessed 15 March 2018]

Department for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy (2017) Digest of UK Energy Statistics (DUKES): renewable sources of energy. Retrieved from https://www.gov.uk/government/ uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/633782/Chapter_6.pdf [accessed 15 January 2018] DiStasio, C. (2015) Pollutants from vehicles. Retrieved from https://inhabitat.com/one-fourthof-cars-are-causing-90-of-air-pollution-we-breathe/ [accessed 01 February 2018] Filcher, S. (2016) East London Lines – Air Pollution Report Worries Tower Hamlets’ Residents. Retrieved from http://www.eastlondonlines.co.uk/2016/05/air-pollution-report-worries-towerhamlets-residents/ [accessed 10 March 2018] Flickr (2015) Poplar gasholder. Retrieved dgeezer/20213287506 [accessed 15 March 2018]

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Smithsonovi, A. (2017) Demolition of Robin Hood Gardens. Retrieved from http://www. earch.cz/cs/revue/slavny-brutalistni-soubor-v-troskach-video-zachycuje-probihajici-demolicilondynske-stavby [accessed 25 March 2018] Spitafieldslife (2017) The Last Gasometer in Poplar. Retrieved in http://spitalfieldslife. com/2017/10/06/the-last-gasometer-in-poplar/ [accessed 15 March 2018] Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform (no date) Energy for Sustainable Development. Retrieved from https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/topics/energy [accessed 15 January 2018] UN (no date) Sustainable Development Goals. Retrieved from http://www.un.org/ sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/ [accessed 15 January 2018]

https://www.flickr.com/photos/

Frankel, E. (2015) TimeOut – The Changing fortunes of the Balfron Tower. Retrieved from https://www.timeout.com/london/things-to-do/the-changing-fortunes-of-balfron-tower [accessed 25 March 2018] Geograph (2016) Tramps Retreat, narrowboat on the Limehouse Cut – Approaching under the scaffolding is a group of Boy Scouts, picking up litter. Retrieved from http://www.geograph. org.uk/photo/4696095 [accessed 22 March 2018] Greater London Authority (2017) The London Plan – The Spatial Development Strategy for Greater London (Draft for Public Consultation). Retrieved from https://www.london.gov.uk/ sites/default/files/new_london_plan_december_2017.pdf [accessed 15 January 2018] Intheair (2008) Visualisation of air quality data. Retrieved from http://cargocollective.com/ frikearq/in-the-air [accessed 01 February 2018]

UN Habitat (no date) Energy. Retrieved from https://unhabitat.org/urban-themes/energy/ [accessed 15 January 2018]