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High Ki-67 Proliferative Index Predicts Disease Specific Survival in Patients with High-Risk Soft Tissue Sarcomas Axel Hoos, M.D., Ph.D.1 Alexander Stojadinovic, M.D.1 Stephen Mastorides, M.D.2 Marshall J. Urist, B.S.2 David Polsky, M.D., Ph.D.2 Charles J. Di Como, Ph.D.2 Murray F. Brennan, M.D.1 Carlos Cordon-Cardo, M.D., Ph.D.2 1
Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.
2
Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.
Supported by National Institutes of Health Grant CA-47179. The authors thank the following collaborators for their continuous support: Denis H. Y. Leung, Ph.D. for statistical analyses, Maria E. Dudas for immunohistochemistry, James D. Woodruff, M.D., and Cristina R. Antonescu, M.D. for confirmation of histopathologic diagnoses. Stephen Mastorides’s current address: Department of Pathology, James Haley Veterans Hospital, Tampa, Florida. Address for reprints: Carlos Cordon-Cardo, M.D., Ph.D., Department of Pathology, Memorial SloanKettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021; Fax: (212)794-3186; E-mail: cordon-c@mskcc.org Received February 26, 2001; revision received May 8, 2001; accepted May 14, 2001. © 2001 American Cancer Society
BACKGROUND. Soft tissue sarcomas (STSs) are heterogeneous neoplasms that have variable clinical outcome. Several clinical parameters and few molecular markers, including Ki-67 proliferative index, have been shown to correlate with patient prognosis. To the authors’ knowledge, no definitive report exists to identify one molecular marker that can be analyzed easily in a clinical setting and that predicts survival in a cohort of patients with high-risk STS of identical clinical characteristics but variable outcome. METHODS. The influence of clinical prognostic factors was eliminated by selecting two patient groups with identical high-risk characteristics: large (⬎ 10 cm), highgrade, deep, completely resected primary extremity STS (n ⫽ 47). Patients in the first group remained disease free (no evidence of disease [NED]) after primary tumor treatment (n ⫽ 19), whereas patients in the second group subsequently died of disease (DOD; n ⫽ 28). Triplicate 0.6-mm core biopsies from defined morphologic areas of paraffin embedded primary tumors were assembled on a tissue microarray and analyzed by immunohistochemistry with the MIB-1 antibody, and Ki-67 proliferative indices were correlated with patient outcome. RESULTS. High Ki-67 proliferative index, defined as greater than 30% tumor cells showing nuclear immunoreactivity, was significantly more frequent in the DOD group than in the NED group and was associated with tumor-related mortality (P ⫽ 0.02). This marker identifies an especially aggressive malignant phenotype within a cohort of high-risk tumors that is based on well established clinical and pathologic parameters alone and is easy to use in a clinical setting. CONCLUSIONS. On the basis of these data and previous reports, high Ki-67 proliferative index is suggested as a significant factor for predicting the prognosis of patients with high-risk STS and should be evaluated prospectively based on clinical trials. Cancer 2001;92:869 –74. © 2001 American Cancer Society. KEYWORDS: immunohistochemistry, Ki-67, MIB-1, sarcoma, survival, prognosis.
S
oft tissue sarcomas (STSs) are a heterogeneous group of mesenchymal neoplasms with variable biologic behavior. Histologic grade, tumor size, depth, and status of surgical resection margins have been identified as clinical prognostic factors for STS.1–3 Because of their clinical relevance, grade, size, and depth form the basis for the clinical staging system of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) of STS4 and can be used to identify patients at high risk to die of sarcoma. However, these prognostic variables do not explain the biologic differences in aggressiveness between STS of similar size, grade, and depth after complete tumor resection. Few molecular factors have been identified to correlate with prognosis of patients with STS, including Ki-67, among others.5–9
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Moreover, Ki-67 has been found to be associated with prognosis in STS in several independent studies.5,8,10 –12 The Ki-67 antigen was first described in 1983 as a nuclear protein associated with cellular proliferation.13 Further studies have shown that Ki-67 is expressed from early entrance into G1-phase throughout the cell cycle and that immunohistochemical staining correlates with the growth fraction of tumors.10,14,15 However, its functional significance still remains unclear. Recent studies suggest Ki-67 to be involved in control and timing of mitosis.15,16 The monoclonal antibody MIB-1 frequently is used to detect Ki-67 in the nuclei of tumor cells on the basis of well established protocols.8,17 High Ki-67 proliferative index, the fraction of tumor cell nuclei above a defined threshold being positive for Ki-67, has been reported to correlate with prognosis of patients with various cancers.18 –24 Despite promising results with Ki-67 proliferative index in sarcoma,5,8,11,12 no definitive study to our knowledge has validated the clinical relevance of Ki-67 for survival in a cohort of patients with high-risk STS of identical clinical characteristics but variable outcome. The main goal of the current study was to characterize the potential of Ki-67 proliferative index to discriminate patient survival in a cohort of clinical high-risk STSs. Specifically, we analyzed two groups of carefully selected patients with large (⬎ 10 cm), highgrade, deep, primary extremity sarcomas that have been completely resected and compared Ki-67 proliferative indices of patients who remained free of disease after treatment with those of patients who subsequently died of their disease.
PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients, Clinical, and Pathologic Parameters The cohort analyzed consisted of two clinically well characterized, matched groups of patients (n ⫽ 47) with large (⬎ 10 cm), high-grade, deep primary extremity STSs that were completely resected. Histologic grade was defined based on the degree of tumor differentiation, cellularity, stroma, vascularity, necrosis, and mitoses.25,26 All patients were treated as inpatients at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) between January 1982 and January 1998 and were observed prospectively and entered into our sarcoma database. Median age of the patient cohort was 64 years (range, 27– 87 years). Twenty-seven patients (57%) were male, and 20 were female (43%). Median follow-up for the patient cohort was 39 months (range, 7–129 months). On the basis of their clinical characteristics, all patients in this study were at high risk to die of their
disease. The first group comprised 19 patients that remained free of disease (no evidence of disease [NED]) after primary treatment. The second group contained 28 patients that developed local recurrence and/or metastatic disease and subsequently died of their disease (died of disease [DOD]). All patients presented to MSKCC with primary disease only. All patients received surgical resection of the primary tumor. Some received neoadjuvant/ adjuvant chemotherapy/radiation at the discretion of the Multidisciplinary Soft Tissue Sarcoma Group or as part of clinical trials. Patients were treated according to the standard of care at MSKCC. Disease specific survival was defined as time from primary tumor resection to death from disease. Local recurrence was defined as recurrence occurring more than 3 months after complete resection.
Tissues, Array Construction, and Immunohistochemistry We performed analysis on formalin fixed, paraffin embedded tissue. Tissue sections of each specimen were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and evaluated by a reference pathologist (S.M.). All cases were reviewed to confirm the diagnosis of sarcoma, tumor grade, and quality of the tissue and to identify a representative area of the specimen. From these defined areas, core biopsies were taken with a precision instrument (Beecher Instruments, Silver Spring, MD), as previously described.27 Tissue cores with a dimension of 0.6 mm from each specimen were punched and arrayed in triplicate on a recipient paraffin block.17 The tissue microarray technique was chosen because it allows for efficient analysis of multiple tumors and normal tissue controls on one paraffin block and preserves a large portion of the tumor block for further analysis. As previously shown by us, triplicate 0.6-mm core biopsies from STS paraffin embedded tissues for the construction of tissue microarrays has a 96% concordance rate between MIB-1 immunohistochemistry performed on sections from tissue microarrays and on standard full tissue sections.17 This makes the technique feasible for the described analysis. Five-micrometer sections of the tissue array block were cut and placed on charged polylysine coated slides. These sections were used for immunohistochemical analysis.28 Sarcomas known to be strongly positive for Ki-67 were used as positive controls. Arrayed normal tissues served as negative controls. Sections from tissue arrays were deparaffinized, rehydrated in graded alcohols, and processed using the avidin-biotin immunoperoxidase method. Briefly, sections were incubated in preheated 0.05% trypsin, 0.05% CaCl2 in 0.05M Tris-HCl (pH 7.6) for 5 minutes at 37 °C and then submitted
Ki-67 Proliferative Index in High-Risk Sarcoma/Hoos et al.
to antigen retrieval by microwave oven treatment for 15 minutes in 0.01 mM citrate buffer at pH 6.0. Slides subsequently were incubated in 5% normal horse serum for 30 minutes followed by MIB-1 antibody incubation overnight at 4 °C (1:50; Immunotech, Marseille, France). Samples then were incubated with biotinylated anti-mouse immunoglobulins at 1:500 dilution (Vector Laboratories, Inc., Burlingame, CA) followed by avidinbiotin peroxidase complexes (1:25; Vector Laboratories, Inc.) for 30 minutes. Diaminobenzidine was used as the chromogen and hematoxylin as the nuclear counterstain. Immunoreactivity was classified as a continuum data (undetectable levels or 0% to homogeneous staining or 100%). Slides were reviewed by several investigators (C.C.-C., A.H., M.J.U.), and results were scored by estimating the percentage of tumor cells showing characteristic staining. The cutoff value used in this study was defined as follows: high proliferative Ki-67 index if greater than 30% tumor nuclei stained and low Ki-67 proliferative index if less than 30% tumor nuclei stained.
Statistical Analysis Associations between clinicopathologic parameters and laboratory data were studied using Fisher exact test or chi-square test where appropriate.29 Survival analysis was performed by the method of Kaplan– Meier30 and statistical significance (P ⱕ 0.05) evaluated by log-rank testing.31
TABLE 1 Clinicopathologic Features of High-Risk Extremity Sarcoma (n ⴝ 47) with P Values Demonstrating No Significant Differences between the Two Groups Variable
Median age of the patient cohort was 64 years (range, 27– 87 years). Twenty-seven (57%) of patients were males, and 20 were females (43%). Samples were analyzed from 47 primary tumors. All lesions were large (⬎10 cm), deep, high-grade extremity sarcomas that were completely resected at the time of primary surgery. Patients were grouped into two categories based on outcome alone. The first group contained 19 patients that had no evidence of disease (NED) at last follow-up. The second group included 28 patients that died of disease (DOD). Patients with NED did not have any recurrences. There were no significant differences between the study groups in terms of age, gender, primary presentation, site, histopathology, tumor size, grade, and depth. Table 1 shows the comparison between NED and DOD patients according to clinical and pathologic variables. All patients underwent complete tumor resection at time of primary surgery. Most (94%) of patients underwent limb-sparing resection; amputation was required in 3 (6%) cases on the basis of significant
NED (n ⴝ 19)
DOD (n ⴝ 28)
9
18
64
65
13 6
19 9
16 3
24 4
9 3 3 4
16 4 6 2
19
28
19
28
19
28
Male gender
Presentation Bx/Inc. Exc. No prior Tx Site (extremity) Lower Upper Histopathology MFH LMS Lipo Fibro Size (⬎ 10 cm)
P value 0.25
Age hrs, median
0.86 0.78
0.89
0.65
N/A
High grade
N/A
Deep depth
N/A
Bx/Inc. Exc.: prior biopsy or incomplete excision; MFH: malignant fibrous histiocytoma; LMS: leiomyosarcoma; Lipo: liposarcoma; Fibro: fibrosarcoma.
TABLE 2 Treatment Characteristics of High-Risk Extremity Sarcoma (n ⴝ 47), Demonstrating No Differences between the DOD and NED Group
RESULTS Clinical and Pathologic Analyses
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Variable
NED (n ⴝ 19)
DOD (n ⴝ 28)
Primary procedure Resection Amputation Complete resection (yes) Adjuvant radiotherapy (yes) Adjuvant chemotherapy (yes)
18 1 19 14 7
26 2 28 19 11
P value 0.33
N/A 0.88 0.87
N/A: not applicable.
bone or neurovascular involvement by tumor that precluded complete functional limb-preserving resection. The proportion of patients receiving primary adjuvant chemoradiation therapy was similar between the two groups (Table 2). Median follow-up for the entire group at time of correlating laboratory results and clinicopathologic data was 39 months (range, 7–129 months). The 3-year disease specific survival (DSS) rate of the entire cohort was 46%. Actuarial 5-year DSS rate was 35%. Median disease specific survival of patients in the NED group
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FIGURE 1. Representative photomicrograph of the immunophenotypes of a high-risk soft tissue sarcoma showing high Ki-67 proliferative index (quarter core from tissue array depicted in ⫻400 magnification).
was 39.1 months and of patients in the DOD group was 17.8 months.
Ki-67 Proliferative Index and Survival in High-Risk Soft Tissue Sarcomas Immunohistochemical staining showed high Ki-67 proliferative index in 4 tumors (21%) of patients that are free of disease (NED, n ⫽ 19) as compared with 14 tumors (50%) of patients that died of disease (DOD, n ⫽ 28). Low or no Ki-67 activity was observed in 15 sarcomas (79%) in the NED group and in 14 sarcomas (50%) in the DOD group. Most “negative” cases expressed Ki-67 below the cutoff value of 30%, and only 2 cases were truly negative, 1 in the DOD and 1 in the NED group. These two cases most likely expressed some low level Ki-67 (⬍ 30%) that was not detected here because of the use of tissue microarrays.17 A representative immunophenotype of a sarcoma from the DOD patient group showing high nuclear expression of the Ki-67 antigen is shown in Figure 1. Patients who suffered tumor-related deaths had a significantly higher proportion of tumor cell immunostaining for Ki-67 (50% DOD vs. 21% NED) than those who remain NED (P ⫽ 0.04). Analysis of DSS revealed high Ki-67 proliferative index to be a significant predictor of tumor-related mortality by univariate analysis (P ⫽ 0.02). The 3-year DSS rate for patients with high Ki-67 proliferative index and low or no Ki-67 expression was 18% and 58%, respectively (Fig. 2).
DISCUSSION Despite various efforts to improve treatment for human STSs, a subset of patients with this disease remains at high risk for tumor-related mortality. The main reason for this is the heterogeneity of STS as reflected by variable biologic behavior. Clinical prognostic factors such as histologic grade, size, depth, and
FIGURE 2. Kaplan–Meier curve for disease specific survival of patients with high-risk soft tissue sarcoma by Ki-67 proliferative index. High Ki-67 proliferative index was significantly associated (P ⫽ 0.02) with patients who had died of disease as compared with patients who have no evidence of disease at last follow-up.
status of surgical resection margins have been identified to better define the risk of patients to die of disease and have been included in the AJCC classification of STS.1– 4 However, within the high-risk group of patients with high-grade, large, deep sarcomas of the extremity that are completely resected clinically unpredictable differences in terms of patient outcome exist. Of the molecular markers that were analyzed with regard to their potential to predict outcome of sarcoma patients, the nuclear proliferation antigen Ki-67 has been suggested by several studies to be a promising candidate.5,8,10 –12,32–34 Initial reports on 34 and 46 cases showed a correlation between Ki-67 index, mitotic count, cellularity, and histologic grade of STS, suggesting it to be useful for grading and prognostication in this disease.10,11 In two studies from our institution on larger series of patients with STS that
Ki-67 Proliferative Index in High-Risk Sarcoma/Hoos et al.
were not matched with regard to clinical high-risk parameters (n ⫽ 121 and 174), the prognostic implications of Ki-67 proliferative index were investigated. This showed a correlation between high Ki-67 proliferative index, occurrence of distant metastasis, and tumor-related mortality.5,8 This observation was confirmed by another report on 65 patients with STS showing the association of high Ki-67 proliferative index with poor overall survival.12 In these studies, Ki-67 proliferative index was defined as the percentage of tumor cell nuclei being positive for Ki-67 in relation to a cutoff value of 20 – 40%. To further characterize the clinical potential of Ki-67 as a molecular marker for disease specific survival in patients with high-risk STS, we selected a group of patients that remained free of disease (NED, n ⫽ 19) after primary tumor treatment and compared the Ki-67 proliferative indices in these tumors with those of patients who subsequently died of their disease (DOD, n ⫽ 28). The relatively small sample size of the two study groups (n ⫽ 47), attributable to the few long-term disease free survivors with high-risk STS, is offset by the elimination of clinically relevant prognostic factors from the analysis, because both groups were matched for these critical clinicopathologic variables (Table 1). This allows for outcome analysis on the basis of Ki-67 proliferative index alone. This analysis was based on the tissue microarray technique for efficient evaluation of immunophenotypes in cancer tissues.27 We previously have validated this technique for its use in STS. This showed 96 –98% concordance between triplicate core tissue array and full section immunohistochemistry (IHC) analyses and showed no significant differences between survival analyses based on arrayderived data compared with regular full section IHCderived data.17 Expression of the Ki-67 antigen in tumor nuclei in our cohort of 47 high-risk STS showed high Ki-67 proliferative index to be a significantly more frequent event in the DOD patient group. Clinicopathologic analyses revealed a significant correlation between DSS and high Ki-67 proliferative index (P ⫽ 0.02) (Fig. 2). The cutoff value in our study was 30% as suggested by the previous reports.5,8,12 This confirms the described relevance of Ki-67 for prediction of patient prognosis in STS and adds the important notion that high Ki-67 proliferative index allows for identification of patients with an especially aggressive tumor phenotype who cannot be identified based on well established clinical parameters alone. This suggests that high Ki-67 proliferative index may allow us to select patients with high-risk sarcomas for systemic adjuvant therapies and, more impor-
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tantly, to avoid overtreatment of patients with less aggressive tumors within the high-risk patient group, reflected by low Ki-67 proliferative index, and spare them from the side effects of aggressive, often not beneficial, adjuvant therapy. In summary, this study further validates that high Ki-67 proliferative index is an independent prognostic marker for high-risk soft tissue sarcomas that identifies patients with an especially aggressive tumor phenotype who cannot be identified based on well established clinical parameters alone. On the basis of our data and previous reports, high Ki-67 proliferative index may have potential for predicting the prognosis of patients with high-risk STS in a clinical routine setting and may be a useful addition to AJCC staging criteria for STS. This needs to be prospectively confirmed on the basis of clinical trials.
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