Api580 chapter 15 to 18

15 Reassessment and Updating RBI Assessments 重估与跟新评估

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Contents 15 Reassessment and Updating RBI Assessments 15.1 RBI Reassessments 15.2 Why Conduct an RBI Reassessment?

15.3 When to Conduct an RBI Reassessment

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15.1 RBI Reassessments 重估 RBI is a dynamic tool that can provide current and projected future risk evaluations. However, these evaluations are based on data and knowledge at the time of the assessment. As time goes by, changes are inevitable and the results from the RBI assessment should be updated. It is important to maintain and update an RBI program to ensure that the most recent inspection, process, and maintenance information is included. (1) The results of inspections, (2) changes in process conditions and (3) implementation of maintenance practices can all have significant effects on risks, and therefore the inspection plan and can trigger the need to perform a reassessment. 作为一个动态工具, 风险 会跟着时间, 操作与缓解活动的介入而改变, 风险也随 着这些变化而升减. 评估必须最新的检验, 工艺与维护信息, 更新反映这些变化.

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15.2 Why Conduct an RBI Reassessment? 为何需要跟新?

15.2.1 General 总则 There are several events that will change risks and make it prudent to conduct an RBI reassessment. It is important that the facility have an effective MOC process that identifies when a reassessment is necessary. Sections 15.2.2 through 15.2.5 provide guidance on some key factors that could trigger an RBI reassessment. 有效的变更管理程序, 对重新评估是很重要的

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It is important that the facility have an effective MOC process that identifies when a reassessment is necessary.

WHP-01/V2001MOC

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Sections 15.2.2 through 15.2.5 provide guidance on some key factors that could trigger an RBI reassessment.

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15.2.2 Damage Mechanisms and Inspection Activities 损坏机理与检验活动 Many damage mechanisms are time dependent. Typically, the RBI assessment will project deterioration at a continuous rate. In reality, the deterioration rate may vary over time. Through inspection activities, the rate of deterioration (both short-term and long-term) may be better defined. Some damage mechanisms are independent of time (i.e. they occur only when there are specific conditions present).

When those intermittent conditions occur, then an RBI reassessment may be appropriate. As part of the reassessments, it is important to review the operating histories over the past run, including exceedances and trends, to better predict if non-time dependent damage mechanisms could have occurred. Inspection activities will increase information on the condition of the equipment. When inspection activities have been performed, the results should be reviewed to determine if an RBI reassessment is necessary.

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In reality, the deterioration rate may vary over time. Some damage mechanisms are independent of time (i.e. they occur only when there are specific conditions present).

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In reality, the deterioration rate may vary over time. Some damage mechanisms are independent of time (i.e. they occur only when there are specific conditions present).

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很多损伤机理带来的破坏有时间依赖性, 虽然RBI会预测损伤的连续恶化率. 然而 这恶化率会随着时间而变动, 检验活动能更好的定义恶化率, 减少不明确性. 也有 的损伤机理不受时间的影响(依赖间歇性的条件), 同样检验活动能检测出这些变 化. 当这些变化超过设定准据时, 重估可能是必要的.

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15.2.3 Process and Hardware Changes 过程和硬件的变化 Changes in process conditions and hardware, such as equipment modifications or replacement, frequently can significantly alter the risks, and dictate the need for a reassessment.

Process changes, in particular, have been linked to equipment failure from rapid or unexpected corrosion or cracking. This is particularly important for damage mechanisms that depend heavily on process conditions. Typical examples include (1) chloride stress corrosion cracking of stainless steel, (2) wet H2S cracking of carbon steel, and (3) accelerated corrosion at points of salt deposition or at dew points and sour water corrosion. In each case, a change in process conditions can dramatically affect the corrosion rate or cracking tendencies. 工艺条件的变化可以显着影响腐蚀速率或开裂倾向. 这导致重估的必要.

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Process changes

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Process changes

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Process changes

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Hardware changes can also have an effect on risk. For example: 硬件的变化对风险的影响例子 a) the POF can be affected by changes in the design of internals in a vessel or size and shape of piping systems that accelerate velocity related corrosion effects; 故障概率会随着设 备/管道的体积变化导致溶液流速加剧 而变化. b) the COF can be affected by the relocation of a vessel to an area near an ignition source; 故障结构会因设备 搬迁而变化(离开火源等) c) process conditions can be changed by hardware modifications, additions, deletions, or by-passing. 工艺流程会 随着硬件的修改,增减而变化.

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the POF can be affected by changes in the design of internals in a vessel or size and shape of piping systems that accelerate velocity related corrosion effects;

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15.2.4 RBI Assessment Premise Change 评估位置的改变 The premises for the RBI assessment could change and have a significant impact on the risk results. Some of the possible changes could be: a) increase or decrease in population density in the process unit,人口密度变动 b) change in construction material and repair/replacement costs, 建筑材料和维修/更换的费用的变化 c) change in product values,产品的价值的变化 d) revisions in safety and environmental laws and regulations, 安全和环境法律法规的修订 e) revisions in the users risk management plan (such as changes in risk criteria),用户的风险管理计划的修订 f) change in feed amount or composition,在进料量和成分的变化 g) changes in operating conditions,操作条件的变化 h) change in unit operating lengths between maintenance turnarounds. 维护周转间隔变化

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RBI Assessment Premise Change Changes

Impacting

increase or decrease in population density in the process unit

COF

change in construction material and repair/replacement costs,

COF

change in product values,

COF

revisions in safety and environmental laws and regulations,

Risk criteria

revisions in the users risk management plan

Risk criteria

change in feed amount or composition

POF/COF

changes in operating conditions

POF

change in unit operating lengths between maintenance turnarounds

POF

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15.2.5 The Effect of Mitigation Strategies 缓解策略的影响 Strategies to mitigate risks such as installation of safety systems, repairs etc. should be monitored to ensure that they have successfully achieved the desired mitigation. Once a mitigation strategy is implemented, a reassessment of the risk may be performed to update the RBI program with the new current risks. Strategies to mitigate risks such as installation of safety systems, repairs etc. should be monitored to ensure that they have successfully achieved the desired mitigation. Once a mitigation strategy is implemented, a reassessment of the risk may be performed to update the RBI program with the new current risks. 一旦实现完成缓解策略, 重新评估的当前风险, 更新RBI数据.

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http://www.stoprust.com/23-risk-based-management.htm API 580 Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

15.3 When to Conduct an RBI Reassessment 什么时候进行评估 15.3.1 15.3.2 15.3.3 15.3.4

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After Significant Changes After a Set Time Period After Implementation of Risk Mitigation Strategies Before and After Maintenance Turnarounds

15.3.1 After Significant Changes 重大变化后 As discussed in 15.2, significant changes in risk can occur for a variety of reasons. Qualified personnel should evaluate each significant change to determine the potential for a change in risk. It may be desirable to conduct an RBI reassessment after significant changes in process conditions, damage mechanisms/rates/severities or RBI premises. 在工艺条件的显着变化, 损伤机制/恶化率/损伤严重程度, 或设施位置的迁移, 应当重新评估.

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15.3.2 After a Set Time Period 时间隔 Although significant changes may not have occurred, over time many small changes may occur and cumulatively cause significant changes in the RBI assessment. Users should set default maximum time periods for reassessments. The governing inspection codes (such as API 510, API 570, and API 653) and jurisdictional regulations, if any, should be reviewed in this context. 随着时间的推移,很多小的变化可能发生累积造成显着的变化, 重新评估是必要 的,. 用户应当制定最大间隔. 在制定间隔时, 应考虑项有, 法定要求, 采纳规范如 API 510/570/653.

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15.3.3 After Implementation of Risk Mitigation Strategies 风险缓解策略实施后 Once a mitigation strategy is implemented, it is prudent to determine how effective the strategy was in reducing the risk to an acceptable level. This should be reflected in a reassessment of the risk and appropriate update in the documentation. 一旦实现了一个缓解策略, 谨慎的做法是确定缓解策略对风险降低的有效性. 重 估的结果应当档案, 如有必要改进缓解策略.

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15.3.4 Before and After Maintenance Turnarounds 维护检修之前/后 As part of the planning for a maintenance turnaround, it is usually useful to perform an RBI reassessment. This can become a first step in planning the turnaround to ensure that the work effort is focused on the higher risk equipment items and on issues that might affect the ability to achieve the premised operating run time in a safe, economic, and environmentally sound manner. Since a large number of inspection, repairs, and modifications are performed during a typical maintenance turnaround, it may be useful to update an assessment soon after the turnaround to reflect the new risk levels. 维护检修之前进行风险评估得到的设备风险排名, 有助于筛选高风险的设备进行 优先处理. 维护检修后, 重估能确定缓解策略对风险降低的有效性和体现新风险水 平.

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16 Roles, Responsibilities, Training, and Qualifications 角色,职责,培训和资格

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Contents 16 Roles, Responsibilities, Training, and Qualifications 16.1 Team Approach 16.2 Team Members, Roles, and Responsibilities 16.3 Training and Qualifications for RBI Application

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16.1 Team Approach 团队的方法 RBI requires data gathering from many sources, specialized analysis, such as risk analysis, financial analysis, materials and corrosion engineering, mechanical engineering, inspection, etc. followed by risk management decision making. Generally, one individual does not have the background or skills to single-handedly conduct the entire study effectively. Usually, a team of people, with the requisite skills and background, is needed to conduct an effective RBI assessment. RBI analyses should be conducted as a project with plant management as stakeholders and a project team composed of the types of members depicted in 16.2.2 through 16.2.10. 基于风险检验 (RBI) 需要大量不同专业的资料, 单凭一位专业人士,并不具备背景 与技能,单枪匹马的完成工作. 实际上这需要一个由利益相关者(管理层)作为团队 领导以项目名义招聚不同专业人员组成的队伍共同完成.

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16.2 Team Members, Roles, and Responsibilities 团队成员的角色,职责 16.2.1 General 总则 Depending on the application, some of the disciplines listed below may not be required. Some team members may be part-time due to limited input needs. It is also possible that not all the team members listed may be required if other team members have the required skill and knowledge of multiple disciplines.

It is usually useful to have one of the team members serve as a facilitator for discussion sessions and team interactions. 按照实际需要与项目特点, 可能只需要部分以下的专业人员参与. 参与人员可能 因为较少的输入,只需要少时间的兼职. 个人具备相关的知识,也能同时作为两个 货更多的专业身份出现在队伍里. 团队里, 应被选出一位讨论会和团队互动促进者

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16.2.2 Team Leader 团队领导 The team leader may be any one of the below mentioned team members. The team leader should be a full-time team member, and should preferably be a stakeholder in the facility/equipment being analyzed. In cases where the team leader is unfamiliar with the facility to be evaluated, he or she should be familiar with the RBI methodology employed and the types of processes to be assessed. The team leader may be knowledgeable in one of the specialized fields required for RBI. The main function of the team leader should be to integrate the inputs, outputs, organizational structure, communications, etc. of the assessment team and to carry out the following responsibilities: 最好是一个利益相关者.下列为责任

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a) formation of the team and verifying that the team members have the necessary skills, experience and knowledge; 团队的形成与确保人员组合具有必要知识 b) assuring that the study is conducted properly: 确保正确执行 - data gathered is accurate, 数据正确 - assumptions made are logical and documented, 假设合理(需档案假设逻辑) - appropriate personnel are utilized to provide data and assumptions, 动用/筛选合适人员收集数据与建议 - appropriate quality and validity checks are employed on data gathered and on the data analysis; 动用/筛选合适人员复核(质量和有效性), 收集到的信息与信息分析.

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c) preparing a report on the RBI assessment and distributing it to the appropriate stakeholders whom are either responsible for decisions on managing risks or responsible for implementing actions to mitigate the risks; 准备评估报告,分发到利益相关者(负责管理风险或负责实施措施减轻风险决策) d) following up to assure that the appropriate risk mitigation actions have been implemented. 跟进, 以确保适当的风险缓解措施得到实施

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团队领导

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团队领导

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16.2.3 Equipment Inspector or Inspection Specialist 设备检验员与检验师 The equipment inspector or inspection specialist is generally responsible for gathering data on the condition and history of equipment in the study. This condition data should include the new/design condition and current condition.

Generally, this information will be located in equipment inspection and maintenance files. If condition data are unavailable, the inspector/specialist, in conjunction with the corrosion specialist, should provide predictions of the current condition. The inspector/specialist and materials and corrosion specialist are also responsible for assessing the effectiveness of past inspections. The equipment inspector/inspection specialist is usually responsible for implementing the recommended inspection plan derived from the RBI assessment. 责任与负责项:  设备检验员与检验师 – 收集设备 (1)当前设备状态和 (2) 设备历史(新建/设计), 在缺乏资料下,可以通过腐蚀专家的协助下,预测当前状态.  设备检验员与检验师 – 实施建议的检验计划  设备检验员,检验师与材料/腐蚀专家 -过去的检查的有效性评估 API 580 Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

设备检验员与检验师 API 580 Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

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16.2.4 Corrosion Specialist 腐蚀专家 The corrosion specialist is responsible for assessing the types of damage mechanisms and their applicability and severity to the equipment considering the process conditions, environment, metallurgy, age, etc., of the equipment.

This specialist should compare this assessment to the actual condition of the equipment, determine the reason for differences between predicted and actual condition, and provide guidance on damage mechanisms, rates or severity to be used in the RBI assessment.

Part of this comparison should include evaluating the appropriateness of the inspections in relation to the damage mechanism. This specialist also should provide recommendations on methods of mitigating the POF (such as changes in metallurgy, addition of inhibition, addition of coatings/linings, etc.) and methods of monitoring the process for possible changes in damage rates (such as pH monitoring, corrosion rate monitoring, contaminant monitoring, etc.).

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腐蚀专家职责:       

评估设备损伤机制及该损失机理对同类设备影响面. 评估设备恶化严重程度 (考虑:工艺, 环境,冶金,设备龄,等) 分析设备,预测和的实际情况与差异 提供指导,损伤机制,率或严重程度用以RBI评估 选用的检查方法合适性(对相关损失机理的可探性) 建议失效概率的缓解方法 (冶金,抑制剂,涂层,护垫,等) 监测可能导致损坏率的过程变化(PH,腐蚀率,污染监控等)的方法

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腐蚀专家

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16.2.5 Process Specialist 工艺师 The process specialist is responsible for the provision of process condition information. This information generally will be in the form of process flow sheets. The process specialist is responsible for documenting variations in the process conditions due to normal occurrences (such as start-ups and shutdowns) and abnormal occurrences. The process specialist is responsible for describing the composition and variability of all the process fluids/gases as well as their potential toxicity and flammability. The process specialist should evaluate/recommend methods of risk mitigation (probability or consequence) through changes in process conditions. 职责: 提供工艺相关资料(工艺流程表) 提供正常操作, 停机,重启, 异常状况的工艺参数 解析设施工艺流体特性(成分/毒性/可燃性) 评估/建议更改工艺参数达到风险缓解(估值概率/失效后果)

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工艺师

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16.2.6 Operations and Maintenance Personnel 操作和维护人员 Operations personnel are responsible for verifying that the facility/ equipment is being operated within the parameters set out in the process operating window. They are responsible for providing data on occurrences when process deviated from the limits of the operating windows, and on any trends in the operating data over the past unit run, including IOW parameters. They are also responsible for verifying that equipment repairs/ replacements/additions have been included in the equipment condition data supplied by the equipment inspector. Operations and maintenance are responsible for implementing recommendations that pertain to process or equipment modifications and monitoring. 职责: 提供, 当操作参数偏离 IOW时, 相关工艺参数变化. 提供, 设备操作参数变动趋向 验证, 设备的维修/更换/添加项适当已经落实 确保, 涉及到过程或设备修改建议的实施与监测，

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操作和维护人员

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16.2.7 Management 管理层 Management’s role is to provide sponsorship and resources (personnel and funding) for the RBI assessment. They are responsible for making decisions on risk management, establishing risk acceptance criteria and/or providing the framework/mechanism for others to make these decisions based on the results of the RBI assessment. Finally, management is responsible for providing the resources and follow-up system to implement the risk mitigation decisions. 职责: 管理层的作用是提供赞助和资源 对风险管理的决策, 建立风险接受准则. 设定框架机制对RBI分析作出决定. 提供资源和跟踪系统, 实施风险减缓措施

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管理层

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16.2.8 Risk Analyst 风险分析员 This person(s) is responsible for assembling all of the data and carrying out the RBI analysis. This person(s) could be a separate specialist or one of the above team members and is typically responsible for:收集所有的数据 和开展RBI分析(可为负责其他项的团员), 通常负责 a) defining data required from other team members, 定义其他团队成员所需提供的数据 b) defining accuracy levels for the data, 定义资料的精确度要求 c) verifying through quality checks the soundness of data and assumptions, 确定资料的质量 d) inputting/transferring data into the computer program and running the program (if one is used), 输入数据 e) quality control of data input/output, 数据的质量控制

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f) manually calculating the measures of risk (if a computer program is not used), 人工计算与分析风险(如不用计算机) g) displaying the results in an understandable way and preparing appropriate reports on the RBI analysis. 用容易理解的方式显示分析结果与准备RBI报告.

Furthermore, this person(s) should be a resource to the team conducting a cost/benefit analysis if it is deemed necessary. 作为 信息资源提供者, 协助资源小组进行成本效益分析

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16.2.9 Environmental and Safety Personnel 环境/安全员 This person(s) is responsible for providing data on environmental and safety systems and regulations. He/she also is responsible for assessing/ recommending ways to mitigate the COF. 责任: 提供环境/安全系统与法规相关信息 评估/推荐缓解故障后果的方法

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16.2.10 Financial/Business Personnel 财务/业务人员 This person(s) is responsible for providing data on the cost of the facility/equipment being analyzed and the financial impact of having pieces of equipment or the facility shut down. He/she also should recommend methods for mitigating the financial COF. 职责: 提供, 设备信息与造价 提供, 设备停机的经济冲击 建议, 经济故障后果缓解方法

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财务/业务人员

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16.3 Training and Qualifications for RBI Application 培训和资格 16.3.1 Risk Assessment Personnel 风险评估人员 This person(s) should have a thorough understanding of risk analysis by education, training, and/or experience. He/she should have received detailed training on the RBI methodology and on the procedures being used for the RBI assessment so that he/she understands how the program operates and the vital issues that affect the final results. 应当通过,教育,培训, 经验具备风险风险所需要 的专业知识.

Contractors that provide risk assessment personnel for conducting RBI analysis should have a program of training and be able to document that their personnel are suitably qualified and experienced. Facility owners that have internal risk assessment personnel to conduct RBI analysis should have a procedure to document that their personnel are sufficiently qualified. The qualifications and training of the risk assessment personnel should be documented. 承包商或用户程序与备案: 对风险评估员资格要求,培训记录和经验要求的程序控制与人员资质/培训备案.

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16.3.2 Other Team Members 其他团员 The other team members should receive basic training on RBI methodology and on the software program(s) being used, to the extent they need to understand software to make their contribution. This training should be geared primarily to an understanding and effective application of RBI, as well as an understanding of how the data quality that is input by other team members can affect the results. This training could be provided by the risk assessment personnel on the RBI Team or by another person knowledgeable on RBI methodology and on the program(s) being used. 其他人员应当接受RBI方法论, 所用的软件基本培训. 培训员可能是风险分析员 或对RBI方法与选用软件具备专业知识的其他专业人士. 培训注重点为; 如何有效的运用RBI 其他团员提供的数据对分析结果的影响

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培训和资格

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培训和资格

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培训和资格

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17 RBI Documentation and Record keeping 文件与记录

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Contents 17 RBI Documentation and Recordkeeping 17.1 General 17.2 RBI Methodology 17.3 RBI Personnel 17.4 Time Frame 17.5 Basis for the Assignment of Risk 17.6 Assumptions Made to Assess Risk 17.7 Risk Assessment Results 17.8 Mitigation and Follow-up 17.9 Applicable Codes, Standards, and Government Regulations

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API 580 Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

17.1 General 总则 It is important that sufficient information is captured to fully document the RBI assessment. Typically, this documentation should include the following data and information: RBI评估必须充分档案, 通常, 以下为档案文件 a) the type of assessment, objectives, and boundaries;考核目标,类型,和范围 b) a procedure for how the selected RBI methodology will be applied at the site (e.g. how to deal with all the options provided by the methodology); 选用的RBI方法,落实到设施设备的作业指导书/程序 c) team members performing the assessment and their skill set relative to RBI; 团队人员备档与其的技能贡献. d) time frame over which the assessment is applicable; 有效时间段 e) the inputs and sources used to determine risk; 评估风险的输入数据与来源

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f) assumptions made during the assessment; 评估假设 g) the risk assessment results (including information on probability and consequence); 评估结果 (包括概率/结果信息) h) follow-up mitigation strategy, if applicable, to manage risk; 后续的缓解策略 i) the mitigated risk levels (i.e. residual risk after mitigation is implemented); 缓解后的残余风险水平 j) references to in-service codes or standards being applied. 参考文献(在职规 范/标准)

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Ideally, sufficient data should be captured and maintained such that the assessment can be recreated or updated at a later time by others who were not involved in the original assessment. To facilitate this, it is preferable to store the information in a computerized database. This will enhance the analysis, retrieval, and stewardship capabilities. The usefulness of the database will be particularly important in stewarding recommendations developed from the RBI assessment, and managing overall risk over the specified time frame. 确保足够详细的信息被保存. 在重新或更新评估时不会因为缺少信息导致的困难. 充分的电子档案也能让新加评估团员能得心应手的短时间介入. 电子档案对评估建 议管理, 执行缓解时限有显著地帮助.

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17.2 RBI Methodology 方法学 The methodology used to perform the RBI analysis should be documented so that it is clear what type of assessment was performed. The basis for both the probability and consequences of failure should be documented. If a specific software program is used to perform the assessment, this also should be documented. The documentation should be sufficiently complete so that the basis and the logic for the decision making process can be checked or replicated at a later time. 用于执行评估的RBI方法,依据和决策过程中的逻辑必须档案, 从而允许后续的检 讨或重复的评估.

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If a specific software program is used to perform the assessment, this also should be documented.

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17.3 RBI Personnel 评估人员 The assessment of risk will depend on the knowledge, experience and judgment of the personnel or team performing the analysis. Therefore, a record of the team members involved should be captured, as well as the skill set that they bring to the team for RBI purposes. This will be helpful in understanding the basis for the risk assessment when the analysis is repeated or updated. 人员资质,所分配的工作范围的档案,提供评估基础,有助于后续复查与更新.

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17.4 Time Frame 时段 The level of risk is usually a function of time. This either is as a result of the (1) time dependence of a damage mechanism, or simply (2) the potential for changes in the operation of equipment. Therefore, the time frame over which the RBI analysis is applicable should be defined and captured in the final documentation. This will permit tracking and management of risk effectively over time. 风险水平通常是时间的函数 (损伤机理的恶化或操作导致的变化), 所以风险评估 必须设置有效时间段. 这将允许在时间段里,有效跟踪和管理风险.

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Failure occurred Probability of Failure POF

Damage Tolerance Limit Planned Inspection

Mitigation Deterioration Rate Time Unacceptable inspection interval

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17.5 Basis for the Assignment of Risk 风险的分配基础 The various inputs used to assess both the probability and COF should be captured. This should include, but not necessarily be limited to, the following information:各种用于评估的概率和COF的数据应获取与存档 a) basic equipment data and inspection history critical to the assessment (e.g. operating conditions, materials of construction, service exposure, corrosion rate, inspection history, etc.); 对评估具关键数据; 设备基本资料与检验历史记录.(例如,操作条件,建材,工艺 媒介,腐蚀速率,检验历史,等) b) operative and credible damage mechanisms; 活跃可信的损伤机理 c) criteria used to judge the severity of each damage mechanism; 评估损伤机理严峻性的准据

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d) anticipated failure mode(s) (e.g. leak, crack, or rupture); 预测失效模式 e) key factors used to judge the severity of each failure mode; 用来判断各失效 模式的严重程度关键因素 f) criteria used to evaluate the various consequence categories, including safety, health, environmental and financial;用来判断各失效后果的准据, 包括, 安全,健康,缓解与财政. g) risk criteria used to evaluate the acceptability of the risks. 用来评估可接受风 险的风险准据

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17.6 Assumptions Made to Assess Risk 风险假设 Risk analysis, by its very nature, requires that certain assumptions be made regarding the nature and extent of equipment deterioration. Moreover, the assignment of failure mode and the severity of the contemplated event will invariably be based on a variety of assumptions, regardless of whether the analysis is quantitative or qualitative. To understand the basis for the overall risk, it is essential that these factors be captured in the final documentation.

Clearly documenting the key assumptions made during the analysis of probability and consequence will greatly enhance the capability to either recreate or update the RBI assessment. 有系统和明确档案,用来分析概率与故障结的关键假设, 会显著的提高RBI重估与 后续更新能力.

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17.7 Risk Assessment Results 风险评估结果 The probability, consequence and risk results should be captured in the documentation. For items that require risk mitigation, the recommendations for and results after mitigation should be documented as well. 概率,失效结果, 风险系数应档案. 那些需要风险缓解的设备, 相关的建议和缓解后 的成效也应当档案.

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17.8 Mitigation and Follow-up 缓解与跟踪 One of the most important aspects of managing risk through RBI is the development and use of mitigation strategies. Therefore, the specific risk mitigation required to reduce either probability or consequence should be documented in the assessment. The mitigation “credit” assigned to a particular action should be captured along with any time dependence. The methodology, process and person(s) responsible for implementation of any mitigation should also be documented. 通过RBI管理设备风险,其中一个最重要方面通过开发与运用缓解策略, 档案项有;    

具体的缓解方法(概率) 具体的缓解方法(失效结果) 缓解方法的时段因素(时间依赖性) 缓解执行负责人

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The methodology, process and person(s) responsible for implementation of any mitigation should also be documented.  缓解执行负责人

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The methodology, process and person(s) responsible for implementation of any mitigation should also be documented.  缓解执行负责人

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17.9 Applicable Codes, Standards, and Government Regulations 规范,标准,国家法定要求 Since various codes, standards and governmental regulations cover the inspection for most pressure equipment, it will be important to reference these documents as part of the RBI assessment. This is particularly important where implementation of RBI is used to reduce either the extent or frequency of inspection. See Section 3 for a listing of some relevant codes and standards. 采纳的规范,标准,国家法定要求必须明确的档案, 特别是执行RBI是用来减少检验 的幅度或频率.

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API 580 Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

18 Summary of RiskBased Inspection Pitfalls 基于风险的检验问题摘要

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Contents 18 Summary of RBI Pitfalls 18.1 General 18.2 Planning 18.3 Data and Information Collection 18.4 Damage Mechanisms and Failure Modes 18.5 Assessing POF 18.6 Assessing Consequence of Failure 18.7 Risk Determination, Assessment, and Management 18.8 Risk Management with Inspection Activities 18.9 Other Risk Management Activities 18.10 Reassessment and Updating RBI Assessment 18.11 Roles, Responsibilities, Training, and Qualifications for RBI Team Members 18.12 RBI Documentation and Recordkeeping

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18.1 General 总则 The following is a bulletized summary list of potential pitfalls covered in previous sections of this RP that could lead to less than adequate risk management results from using RBI. It can be used as checklist to review the RBI work process or to audit the effectiveness of an RBI program. 此规范前面章节覆盖推荐实践,可能潜在导致不适当的风险管理结果. 以下为潜在 的陷阱(问题); 这里描述的潜在问题可以作为列表审核RBI程序的有效性.

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18.2 Planning 规划  Not defining clear objectives and goals for the RBI process. 不明确的目的与目标  Not screening multi-units to know where to use RBI first. 多单元设施没做设 备筛选排名,优先执行分析.  Not defining the physical and operating boundaries adequately. 不明确的设 定物理与操作范围  Not defining the operating time period for the risk assessment.没设定风险评 估的操作时间  Not adequately defining the time required and resources needed for the project. 不充分的定义项目资源到为的时间点  Not having full management support for the necessary RBI resources. 没得到管理层的全面支持  Unrealistic expectations for the results of RBI. 对结果不切实际的期望

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期望RBI带来不实际的的效益

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Not having full management support for the necessary RBI resources. 没得到管理层的全面支持

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18.3 Data and Information Collection 数据和信息的收集  Not understanding all the data needs.不理解所有的数据需求  Not identifying all the appropriate sources of data/information. 没确定所有的数据/信息的适当来源  Failing to collect all the data/information needed. 没有收集需要的所有的数据/信息  Dealing with poor quality data.处理质量差数据  Not verifying the data to ensure quality.没验证数据质量

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API 580 Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

18.4 Damage Mechanisms and Failure Modes 损伤机理和失效模式  Not identifying all the probable and credible damage mechanism and failure modes.不确定所有可能的和可靠的损伤机理和破坏模式  Improperly ruling out damage mechanisms thought to be inactive.错误的排 除认为是无效的损伤机理  Operating outside the established IOWs or not properly identifying the correct IOW limits. 在IOW外操作, 没确定好IOW参数  Not understanding the impact of damage mechanisms on pressure equipment resulting from operating outside the IOW. 没明确超越IOW对承 压设备的影响  Using software or methodologies that do not cover all active damage mechanisms.所使用软件或方法不能覆盖所有的损伤机制  Inadequate definition of failure modes associated with each damage mechanism. 每个损伤机相关联的失效模式定义不够  Inadequate definition of damage rates for each damage mechanism. 对损伤机理的损坏率定义不足

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API 580 Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

18.5 Assessing POF 评估故障概率  Not addressing all probably and credible damage mechanisms when determining POF.没覆盖所有可能的和可信的损伤机制  Not understanding the interaction of multiple damage mechanisms in each piece of equipment. 没理解多种损伤机制的相互作用对设备的影响  Not defining the specific POF units of measure to be used. 不明确个别具 体故障概率的测量单位  Not using the most appropriate POF methodology for the situation. 没使用 最合适的故障概率分析方法  Using generic POFs instead of equipment specific POFs. 通用数据错误的 替代具体数据  Inadequate assessment of past inspection effectiveness. 对过去检验有效 性缺乏评估  Inadequate assessment of susceptibility to each damage mechanism. 对损伤机理不够详细的分析  Inadequate assessment of damage rates. 恶化率分析不足够

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18.6 Assessing COF 评估故障结果  Not identifying all the appropriate incidents/events/outcomes of a failure. 失效导致的事件/结果/未被全部识别  Not identifying all the appropriate consequences of each incident. 事件导 致的故障后果未被全部识别  Not selecting the appropriate consequence assessment methodology. 没选对合适的后果评估方法  Not associating the right consequence with each failure mode. 错误的各故 障模式和后果结合  Not using the right units of measure for COF. 错误的估量单位  Not knowing the right volume of fluid that can potentially be released. 错误 的估计泄漏量  Not understanding the most likely release rate. 缺乏泄漏率的认识  Not understanding the likely form of discharge (i.e. gas, liquid, vapor). 缺乏 泄漏模式(气态,液态火蒸汽)  Not accounting for likely dispersion. 扩散模式错误估计

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 Not adequately dealing with the all the potential hazards i.e. flammable, toxic, other effects.未覆盖所有潜在的危害  Inadequate knowledge of the effectiveness of hazard detection and mitigation systems installed. 缺乏对危害探测与缓解系统的了解  Not considering all potential impacts (i.e. safety, environmental, business, and repair). 潜在影响(安全,环境,业务,返修)没被充分考虑  Not appreciating that consequence categories are typically relative measures, not absolute. 没意识到结果类别通常是相对的而非绝对值.  Not adequately accounting for the full series of events that may lead to the full consequence. 没充分考虑故障导致的全部事件与后续的全部结果.  Not dealing with potential effects on other process units or facilities (i.e. “knock-on” effects). 没考虑到对周边设备潜在影响

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API 580 Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

incidents/events/outcomes of a failure. consequences of each incident.

Failure mechanism Failure mode #1

Failure mode #2

Incidents/events/outcomes A

B

C

Consequence #2 Consequence #1 API 580 Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

D

18.7 Risk Determination, Assessment, and Management 风险确定,评估,管理  Using “black box” software without understanding all the calculations and algorithms. 对所用的软件缺乏认识(计算与计算法)  Failure to identify the specific consequence for each probable failure from each damage mechanism. 具体的失效后果没被识别.  Using inadequate assumptions in place of non-existing or poor quality data/information. 错误或质量低级的数据/信息被引用导致不适当的假设  Using over or under estimated POFs/COFs in the risk determination.太于 保守或宽松的概率/后果评估  Not adequately handling uncertainties. 不确定性处理的不妥当  Inadequate risk presentation or communication to stakeholders. 对利益相关者不足够的风险表达与缺乏沟通.  Not having risk acceptance criteria/thresholds. 没设定接受准据与报警线  Inappropriate or untimely risk management activities. 风险评估在不合适的 时间/季节执行  Not understanding the real risk drivers (i.e. COF, POF, or both). 对真正的 风险推动因素的缺乏认识.

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API 580 Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

18.8 Risk Management with Inspection Activities 检查活动的风险管理  Inadequate inspection planning based on the risk assessment results. 检验 计划不足  Lack of inspection plans for each probable/credible damage mechanism. 缺乏对每个可能/可信的损伤机理的检验计划  Lack of an objective, structured inspection planning process for the risk results. 缺少一个客观的检验框架针对风险缓解  Not appreciating when inspection activities have little or no value in risk mitigation. 没意识到有的风险不能以检验手段缓解.  Not choosing the most appropriate inspection technique for risk reduction. 检验方法的选用错误  Not choosing the right combination of inspection frequencies, techniques and practices. 没选用合适的,检验频率,技术与实践  Lack of appropriate or timely mitigation based on the inspection findings. 没有根据检查结果合适的或及时缓解  Inadequate planning for the resources necessary to implement the RBI plans. 缺乏规划必要资金执行检查活动.

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API 580 Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

18.9 Other Risk Management Activities 其他风险管理活动  Not appreciating the need for and implementing risk management activities other than inspection. 没意识到风险管理用于降低风险非仅仅依靠检验  Not communicating with other stakeholders about potential for other risk management activities. 没和对利益相关者表达/沟通, 其他潜在的风险管理活动.

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API 580 Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

18.10 Reassessment and Updating RBI Assessment 新评估和更新RBI评估  Not appreciating the dynamic aspects of risks (i.e. changing with time). 没 意识到风险的动态性  Not knowing when to do RBI reassessments and updates. 不知道重新评估/更新的间隔/时间  Not having a good connection between MOC and RBI reassessments. 对重估/更新与设备变革管理的关联缺少认识  Not doing reassessments on a timely basis. 不及时的执行重估  Not identifying impact of operational changes that may affect the IOW. 没识别到操作参数变化对IOW的影响

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API 580 Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

18.11 Roles, Responsibilities, Training, and Qualifications for RBI Team Members 角色,职责,培训,和团队成员资格  Not having specific designated roles for each RBI team member. 没明确的 对队伍分配角色  Not having all the right RBI team members. 错误的选择成员  Having team members with inadequate skills, experience, or knowledge. 成员缺乏需要的技能,经验,或知识  Inadequate training on the RBI work process. 缺乏对成员培训  Not having an effective team leader. 缺乏有效团队领导  Not having a skilled risk analyst.没有一个熟练的风险分析  Handing over the RBI project to consultants without adequate integration and overview.在没有足够的整合和概述的情况下移交RBI项目给分包商.

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API 580 Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

18.12 RBI Documentation and Record keeping 文件和记录  Not appreciating the value/need for full RBI documentation. 没意识到RBI全面备档的好处  Not understanding what needs to be documented. 不知道应当备档的科目  Not documenting all the assumptions made during the process and reasons therefore. 没备档全部RBI项目的假设与其背景.

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API Analyst

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