Scaling Down the City The Significance of a Civic Architecture that acts on a Microorganism Scale The Case of Belo Horizonte
Charlotte Marie Henrich
Scaling Down the City INTRODUCTION
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The Case of Belo Horizonte
Whilst South Korea received the maize planted in Madagascar, the African Island was left without compensation showing how food has become a new weapon.
Architects such as Atelier d’Architecture Autogérée challenge themselves to find a more resilient and holistic approach towards food sovereignty. In their Agrocité micro-farm, global concerns are addressed locally on a neighbourhood scale (Petcou; Petrescu, 2015). Yet, the omnipresent issue of food security reaches far beyond the boundaries of a neighbourhood. It is hence crucial to draw attention to Belo Horizonte. Brazil’s third largest, fast-expanding multimillion metropolis can be identified as the pioneer city for food security. This is due to their Municipal Law No. 6352 which came into force in 1993 introducing the Municipal Secretariat of Supply stating the people’s right to food and regulates production and trade
Brazil’s third largest, fastexpanding multimillion metropolis can be identified as the pioneer city for food security.
In 1986 Bookchin might have been right to say whilst humankind “must acquire the conditions of
(Leis Municipais, 1993). However, as promising as that sounds, the case of Belo Horizonte is highly multifaceted and not straightforward.
life in order to survive” (1986, p.62), responding to the continuing climate crisis. However, 37 years later
This is already apparent considering the Law was
humankind has gone too far. The industrialization of
implemented at a time when the city had 3 million
the agricultural sector has caused a desertification of
inhabitants as opposed to over 6 million today
soil (Basso, 2018), which Bookchin himself points out
(UN, 2023). Belo Horizonte’s underdeveloped
is required for human survival. As a result, the welfare
infrastructure to accommodate the means to produce,
of microorganisms and the soil’s natural nutrient
grow and transport food is failing to keep pace with
systems is at stake prevailing a concerning issue of
rapid urbanization and therefore undermines the
global food security. Hence, reoccurring phenomena
right to food. It is nonetheless notable that the city
of land grabbing are paramount. Figure 1 reflects
finds itself in a state of metamorphosis evidencing
the interconnectivity of the countries’ attitudes
progress in food accessibility and implementation
towards soil in the global context of food security.
of aspects of urban agriculture (Barriga, 2018). This
Such ecologically unsustainable measures taken by
development is critical to be regarded in tandem with
developed countries to secure their food stability
Belo Horizonte’s central socio-economic factors
oftentimes exploits developing countries as the
influencing the city’s development, illustrating the
x-marked link between South Korea and Madagascar
significance of a civic architecture that facilitates a
shows in 2008 (Lim, 2014).
pathway towards food sovereignty.
2
Scaling Down the City RIGHT TO THE CITY – RIGHT TO FOOD
low separation, medium to high income
high separation, low income
Figure 2
historic city centre
*data from 2015 3
The Case of Belo Horizonte RIGHT TO THE CITY – RIGHT TO FOOD
This contradiction propagates the illegal occupation of vacant houses known as squatting. Squatted settlements hence constitute the interconnectivity of the right to housing and the right to the city. One can only exist with the other and yet even if both are given, the question of the provision of adequate infrastructure can compromise these rights. To elaborate, figure 2 highlights how separated settlements have a greater distance from the city centre as opposed to low-separated neighbourhoods. The consequent question of access to food is a
Food security in Belo Horizonte is an overarching issue affecting several sectors including but certainly not limited to the environment, politics, and society which have been addressed through programmes but demand critical improvements.
Whilst all cities are “accelerators of change”
quintessential factor influencing the dwellers’, including squatters’, security of livelihood and
(Lefebvre, 1969, p. 4), Belo Horizonte has a historic
subsequently right to the city. Oftentimes located
interest in social reforms expressed through a series
in the favelas (slums, outskirts) of Belo Horizonte
of urban movements. The consequences of Brazil’s
depicted within the low-income area, such illegal
dictatorship from 1964 to 1985 stretch deep into
settlements host their own public events featuring
the re-democratization era, where housing has
communal kitchens to “ensure adequate access to
been recognized as a constitutional right and thus
food” (Campos; Martinéz, 2020, p. 115).
uncontrolled urban sprawls threaten people’s survival. This is foremost due to the displacement of farmers
Despite Municipal Law No. 6352 explicitly stating that
from Belo Horizonte’s city centre, forced to sell their
with the introduction of the Municipal Secretariat of
land to make space for residential developments
Supply, there comes another level of social justice
(Filipe; Norfolk, 2017).
expressed through equal access to healthy foods, the
Here, the conversation about the right to the city
squatters are purely an introductory example of the
finds its place. Lefebvre (1969) outlines the idea of
city’s struggles. Food security in Belo Horizonte is an
a social production space where the citizen does
overarching issue affecting several sectors including
not only have the right to occupy the space but also
but certainly not limited to the environment, politics,
decides how it is developed and managed. Squatting
and society which have been addressed through
activism is the expression of such. Whereas Belo
programmes but demand critical improvements.
Horizonte’s Estatuto da Cidade (Portuguese: City
It is necessary to note that the origin of all these
Statue) recognizes the right to the city, its efficiency is
matters has a common factor: soil. Consequently, the
questionable as both housing deficits and the number
relationship between food security and soil health in
of vacant dwellings are increasing simultaneously
the complex political context of Belo Horizonte is
(Campos; Martinéz, 2020).
crucial to discuss.
4
Scaling Down the City A CONVERSATION ABOUT SOIL
farmland 1984
farmland 1995
Figure 3 5
farmland 2007
The Case of Belo Horizonte A CONVERSATION ABOUT SOIL
By doing so, the plant requires nutrients in the soil provided by microorganisms crucial for the plant’s health. The microorganisms and the plant form a bilateral pact where one cannot operate without the other (Sottilo, 2015). This synthesis increases the soil’s structure and food-making capacities.
Several Studies (Basso, 2018; Filipe; Norfolk, 2017) echo this phenomenon proving how urban population growth and soil depletion are interlinked and consequently put food security at risk such as in the case of Belo Horizonte. To emphasize this point,
...urban population growth and soil depletion are interlinked and consequently put food security at risk ...
As Bookchin (1986) preaches, soil is life and
figure 3 visualizes the reduction of farmland over the last 40 years triggered by the retreat of farmers and
indispensable to human survival. To amplify this
destroyed arable land by residential developments.
statement, one must understand the basics of soil
Thus, the city cannot merely rely on its distant rural
and food production. Most plants that bear fruits
space. Instead, the municipality started to invite soil
and vegetables grow in soil. During the process of
into its centre making space for urban agriculture
photosynthesis, the plant cells transform carbon
(Barriga, 2018). These procedures are complex and
dioxide into food in the form of sugars, proteins, and
require agents to manage these spatial planning
carbohydrates.
processes. 6
Scaling Down the City ENVIRONMENTAL SIGNIFICANCE
nutrient cultivation
nutrient transport
Figure 4 7
nutrient consumption
The Case of Belo Horizonte ENVIRONMENTAL SIGNIFICANCE
Herewith, the city is equipped to face environmental challenges such as the excessive scale of urban farming and the subversion of space to grow “large amounts of food in small places” (Koscica, 2014, p. 181). Furthermore, the integration of supply chains of entire food systems where local producers are linked with local consumers poses another hurdle towards food sovereignty. There is thus a need to control Belo Horizonte’s physical resources, land and water which can be done through programs embedded in
Although Lefebvre (1969) expresses that the right to the city irrefutably contradicts the right to nature, one might argue that - considering climate change and urbanization - both rights undergo a phase of rapprochement.
Such agents can be architects. Where architecture
the Smart City Plan. This way, principles of A Pattern
is used as a catalyst to provide an infrastructure
Language’s urban scale dialogues can be transferred
responding to a microorganism level, the potential to
to Belo Horizonte.
regenerate soil health and promote food sovereignty is paramount. Since architects can look at a problem at
The significance of such civic architecture is already
various scales simultaneously (Alexander et al., 1977),
apparent illuminating how the above-mentioned
they can employ a level of care for the integration
environmental challenges are responded to and
and welfare of soil health whilst not losing track of
evidenced through the implementation of several
the overall town planning strategies. These principles
projects enhancing not only the natural environment
outlined in the urban design guide “A Pattern
but also the inhabitants’ quality of life. The “Zone
Language” already in the 70s are as omnipresent as
30” project addresses soil health at an urban level. In
ever today. Looking at a city not as a whole but rather
the historic borough of Santa Tereza, urban gardens
as a system of nutrient cycles, figure 4 suggests acting
have been incorporated into its densely built fabric
on an infinitesimal scale to transform space. Every
promoting a local circular economy (Barriga, 2018).
action carried out in the process of food production –
This project reduces greenhouse gas emissions by
from cultivation to consumption can be broken down
42tCO2 per annum (UN-Habitat, 2018) and bridges
into nutrient flows.
agroecology with well-being by providing regional and seasonal food residents have cultivated and offers
The reason why such architectural approaches are
safe access to everybody.
significant is first manifested through environmental improvements. Although Lefebvre (1969) expresses
Alongside the food aspect comes a training program
that the right to the city irrefutably contradicts the right
teaching the residents how to properly grow, cultivate
to nature, one might argue that - considering climate
and prepare vegetables and fruit as well as manage
change and urbanization - both rights undergo a
subsequent waste. The environmental benefit of the
phase of rapprochement. Belo Horizonte exemplifies
response to a microorganism scale hence goes far
this argument considering its latest 2018 masterplan
beyond the obvious mitigation of climate change and
“Smart City” incorporates aspects of nature into the
comprises resilient community growth, education,
wider urban context (UN-Habitat, 2018).
and social cohesion.
8
Scaling Down the City POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE
18.2km 13.8km
7.8km 13.2km
15.2m
favelas, social housing
irregular, private housing
Figure 5
organized
*data from 2017 9
The Case of Belo Horizonte POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE
destruction of arable land and the subsequent crop production that sustained thousands of farmer
The farm holding fragmentation, let alone theestruction of arable land and the subsequent crop production that sustained thousands of farmer families, is putting the entire city at risk, undermining a stable food supply chain.
Incidentally, the community aspect may appear
families, is putting the entire city at risk, undermining a stable food supply chain. Therefore, one might
to be only a positive outcome of Belo Horizonte’s
argue that although architecture is not in the position
new master plan but is needed to transform as it is
to subvert an entire political system and it is neither
a “collective exercise and not individual” (Harvey,
implied here, there is nonetheless the case of a civic
2008, p. 23). It is vital to discuss this in the city’s
system integration that indicates how farmland
political context. Belo Horizonte acknowledges
employing urban agriculture can be incorporated at
this by institutionalising food distribution for
the heart of the city.
collaborative planning (Delgado, 2018). Whereas architectural interventions such as the EcoZone
Similar to EcoZone, farmers would be active
were able to show positive environmental impacts,
members of an inclusive community increasing urban
the city struggles to bring about lasting positive
life quality. Moreover, the Minha Casa, Minha Vida
political change. Exactly for this reason, architecture
(Portuguese: My house, my life; Campos; Martinéz,
employing civic interventions and urban planning that
2020) initiative from 2009 illustrates how a housing
perform on a nutrient level is capable of improving
scheme, despite its good intentions, collapses without
the people’s political satisfaction by providing what
the provision of an infrastructure that connects
can be identified as the main driver of political and
to the rest of the city and ensures stable access to
economic dissent: adequate infrastructure.
food for its residents. Figure 5 visualizes the sociospatial segregation in urban areas which is “not only
Foremost, Brazil is known for politicisation, where
reflected in dwelling distribution but also in the daily
clientelism plays a major role in its political culture.
movements” (Aguiar; Mont’Alvão, 2009, p. 222) of
One moves to a city, and votes for the governing
the citizens and thus urges the need for a considerate
municipal body in exchange for favours and support
urban planning strategy. The distance between the city
from the elected (Friendly, 2017). Nevertheless, Belo
centre and the favelas reaches 18km, only possible to
Horizonte’s city council is more “prone to meet [the]
overcome by car (34 minutes) or train (1 hour +).
needs of global capital than [those of the] most deprived parts of the population” (Campos; Martinéz,
To elaborate, Belo Horizonte’s citizens average 6% of
2020, p. 122). This is evident in the inefficiency of the
their daily time travelling. What is notable, is the fact
2001 Federal Law No. 10.257, allegedly declaring the
that the poorer strata live further away from work,
citizens’ right to the city but equally compromising
but still travel less than the richer whilst spending
such by tolerating property speculation and capitalist
20% of their monthly income on their commute
interests that let 8 million dwellings stay vacant (as of
(Aguiar; Mont’Alvão, 2009). One might question the
2015). As a result, the local peasant association Kape
point of mentioning these numbers, however, they
Kape confirms that nearly all farmers were displaced
unveil greater systemic issues. These infrastructural
out of the city to make room for high-class residential
obstacles are similarly the reason why accessibility to
developments (Filipe; Norfolk, 2017).
food is not presumed depending on where one lives
The farm holding fragmentation, let alone the
and thus destabilize food security.
10
Scaling Down the City SOCIAL SIGNIFICANCE
productive gardens
food distribution centre
food flow
Figure 6 11
patch of unstable access to food
accesssibility to food
The Case of Belo Horizonte
Despite being centrally located near public transport, studies (Delgado, 2018; Lim, 2014; Rocha, 2003) show that only 38% of the municipal population is reached...
SOCIAL SIGNIFICANCE
It is thus increasingly important to “[treat] food as [a]
However, yet again, the question of public accessibility
right, [as] farmers and urban residents [will] benefit”
is decisive to ensure a level of stability in the matter
(Rocha, 2003, p.31), Belo Horizonte being the prime
of food security. Despite being centrally located near
example. The enhancement of the city’s social
public transport, studies (Delgado, 2018; Lim, 2014;
emancipation is a result of various urban interventions
Rocha, 2003) show that only 38% of the municipal
that acknowledge the significance of soil health.
population is reached, which patches of unstable
Before 1993, the food supply was unregulated leaving
access in Figure 6 prove.
3 million people starving (Delgado, 2018). Contrarily, the introduction of Food Security Programmes within
Hence, the aspect of accessibility and inclusivity is
the Municipal Law No. 6352 propagated various small
questionable and lets conclude that although the
to large-scale civic interventions which do not only
restaurants appear to be connected to a functioning
respond to the pressing issue of food insecurity but
network, the underlying concern goes back to greater
also catalyse the formation of new and enhancement
systemic infrastructural issues. Notwithstanding, the
of existing communities throughout the city.
scheme has achieved success in improving lives on many levels, including the United Nations (1999)
The initiation of
the so-called “Restaurantes
recognizing the right to food as a right to citizenship.
Populares” reflect this radical movement of food justice and democratic emancipation. Owned by the
Whilst other projects within Belo Horizonte’s Food
government and run by the local residents, these
Security Programme successfully address social and
communal restaurants highlighted in Figure 6 are
political emancipation as in the case of Zone30,
located along public transport and obtain their region-
where open-air markets and urban gardens are used
specific food from local farmers and small-scale
for educational purposes, individual interventions
producers (Rocha, 2003). Therefore, the map shows
are being voiced in the media age. In line with the
an exchange of nutrients between the soil of the
Restaurantes Populares, it is worth mentioning how
farmers as producers and the food of the residents
individuals contribute to the greater state of food
as consumers. The created micro-network is working
security. Featured in the Netflix Production “Street
as it has its own infrastructural system. With the city’s
Food” (2020), Donna Suzanna runs a one-person
commitment to food security, the meals provided
restaurant in her home in Salvador. Glorified for her
must be nutritious (Rocha, 2003), which shows once
hard labour as a cook, in reality, Donna is fighting
more the significance of direct access to nutrient-
for survival every day. The implications of such work
rich soil and the pivotal role of such interventions.
are not portrayed. Although her restaurant is situated
The explicit integration of public health awareness is
in Salvador, the principles can be transferred to Belo
equally echoed in this project, making the case for a
Horizonte. It is not to be disdained that this is only
stronger resilient community.
possible with adequate access to nutritious resources, such as the sea for Donna’s fish or the soil for the
Moreover, as Lim (2014) mentions the restaurants
restaurant’s vegetables. Nevertheless, it is people like
are completely public and with the cost of 1 Real per
Donna who “offer their soul” (Street Food: Latin
meal (£0.16), it is made affordable for everyone from
America, Ep. 2, 27:20) to give their city life - an
the unemployed to bank clerks..
identity.
12
Scaling Down the City CONCLUSION
13
The Case of Belo Horizonte CONCLUSION
The absence of civic urban planning strategies thus provokes such tragedy and calls for a more active integration of soil systems to facilitate urban agriculture. In turn, this is partially achieved in Belo Horizonte’s city centre through places such as the Restaurantes Populares. Affordable, safe access to nutritious food is propagated, whilst the majority of the municipal population is not reached. Comparing all maps illustrates the hurdle of infrastructure must be overcome to raise the efficiency of the metropolis’
Ultimately, the results of Belo Horizonte’s food
food programmes.
programme interventions show how architecture
All these examples emphasize that the employment
with its urban planning strategies acts as a catalyst to
of architectural methods is indeed situation specific
facilitate lasting positive change at various levels when
as they respond to local issues in the cities’ and
integrating the care for soil. Such levels comprise
countries’
foremost the environment, as the implementation
Municipal Law No. 6352 and City Statue Law No.
of the EcoZone has proven by not only reducing
10.257 are dominating the city’s attitude towards the
greenhouse gas emissions but also providing locally
right to the city and subsequent right to food taking
grown food for the community. Unlike these successful
after Lefebvre as well as Harvey. Nevertheless, as
environmental implications, Belo Horizonte’s political
the France-based Agrocité shows, the principles of
culture is yet dominated by social injustice. Precisely,
integrating food systems into urban planning are
projects such as Minha Casa Minha Vida in line
universally applicable. Especially in today’s context,
with the right to housing were doomed to fail due
these strategies take one step closer to tackling the
to insufficient infrastructure that would grant its
overshadowing issue of land grabbing in response to
inhabitants stable access to food.
achieving food security.
14
statutory
context.
Belo
Horizonte’s
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Images: Figure 1: Henrich, C. (2022). Land Grabbing. [digital drawing]. Personal Collection
Figure 2: Henrich, C. (2023). The separation of Belo Horizonte’s poorer neighbourhoods. [digital drawing]. Data from: Lopes, M., Caiaffa, W., Andrade, A., Malta, D., Barber, S., Friche, A. (2019). Disparities in food consumption between economically segregated urban neighbourhoods. Public Health Nutrition. 23(3), pp. 524-537.
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Figure 6: Henrich, C. (2022). Food Accessibility Belo Horizonte. [digital drawing]. Personal Collection.
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The Case of Belo Horizonte
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CMH