Knowldege and Learning Hub- Public Library by Charu Kumari

KNOWLEDGE AND LEARNING HUB Public Library at Dwarka Sector 17 Thesis 2017

Submitted by Charu Kumari A/2542/2012 Fifth Year, Section B

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS 2017

Guide: Dr. Amit Hajela Ar. Rahoul Singh

Coordinator: Dr. Jaya Kumar

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Contents

DESIGN INVESTIGATION

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION PROPOSITIONAREAS OF RESEARCH METHODOLOGY-

10 12 14 15

DESIGN INVESTIGATION

CHAPTER 2: RESEARCH THE MODERN LIBRARIES CASE STUDIES 1. P ARLIAMENT LIBRARY 2. S EATTLE CENTRAL LIBRARY 3. VANCOUVER, C ANADA CASE STUDY MATRIX

16 17 23 24 29 32 40

DESIGN INVESTIGATION

CHAPTER 3: PROJECT PROFILE AND PROGRAMMATIC RESEARCH PROJECT SCOPE PROJECT COMPONENTS AREA PROGRAM

46 47 47 49

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DESIGN INVESTIGATION

CHAPTER 4: SITE INFORMATION AND ANALYSIS SITE INFORMATION SITE ANALYSIS SWOT ANALYSIS LEARNINGS

58 59 61 68 69

DESIGN INVESTIGATION

CHAPTER 5: TECHNOLOGICAL SYSTEMS FOR STRUCTURE AND SERVICES CALCULATIONS76 DESIGN TRANSLATION

CHAPTER 6: DESIGN EVOLUTION

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List of Figures

Figure 1- Seattle Public Library, Washington ............................................................................................................................................................ 11 Figure 2- Delhi Public Library Karol Bagh .................................................................................................................................................................. 11 Figure 3- British Council Library, Delhi ........................................................................................................................................................................ 12 Figure 4- Cha Bar and Oxford Book Store at Connaught Place, Delhi. Results of Integration of a library with a cafe. .............................. 13 Figure 5- Musashino Art University Museum and Library in Tokyo ......................................................................................................................... 14 Figure 6 Self served book borrowing ......................................................................................................................................................................... 17 Figure7 Minimum aisle requirements ......................................................................................................................................................................... 18 Figure 8 Double-faced steel cantilever-style shelving unit .................................................................................................................................... 18 Figure 9 Case-style shelving ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 19 Figure 10 Compact shelving ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 19 Figure 11 Multi-tier stack cores ................................................................................................................................................................................... 20 Figure 12 Parallel Lighting scheme ............................................................................................................................................................................ 20 Figure 14 Perpendicular Lighting Scheme ............................................................................................................................................................... 21 Figure 13 Indirect Lighting Scheme ........................................................................................................................................................................... 21 Figure 15 Light fixtures with parabolic louvers ......................................................................................................................................................... 22 Figure 16- Parliament Library, New Delhi .................................................................................................................................................................. 24 Figure 17- Parliament Library- Context...................................................................................................................................................................... 25 Figure18- Scholarsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Library (main reading hall) covered by space lattice. ........................................................................................................ 25 Figure 19- Auditorium, ceiling composed of inverted domes, and walls clad with thin slates of marble ..................................................... 25 Figure 20- South-west courtyard with amphitheater, surfaces clad in red and white sandstone. ................................................................. 26 Figure 21- Roof garden, with glass dome at the focal center, surrounded by bubble domes....................................................................... 26 Figure 22- Parliament Library- Site Plan ..................................................................................................................................................................... 27 Figure 23- Design Concept ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 28

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Figure 24- Focal point of the building ....................................................................................................................................................................... 28 Figure 25- Seattle Public Library, Washington .......................................................................................................................................................... 29 Figure 26- The division of several components in the building defines the form of the building. ................................................................... 30 Figure 27- Program ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 31 Figure 25- Entrance arcade is an extension of the building's exoskeleton, and creates a seamless transition between the building and street............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 31 Figure 29- Vancouver Public Library, Canada ........................................................................................................................................................ 32 Figure 30 Plan and Section ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 33 Figure 31 Zoning and Movement diagrams............................................................................................................................................................. 34 Figure 32 Vertical Movement ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 35 Figure 33- Aerial views reveal the simplicity of the library's formal concept ...................................................................................................... 36 Figure 34- Site Plan ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 37 Figure 36- Programmatic fragmentation results in the creation of intimately scaled spaces for individual use .......................................... 38 Figure 35- Elegant north-facing skylights block direct sunlight from entering the reading room.................................................................... 38 Figure 37- Sections and Elevations ............................................................................................................................................................................ 39 Figure 38- Built Up Diagram ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 47 Figure 39- Adjacency Diagram.................................................................................................................................................................................. 48 Figure 40- Dwarka Sub city ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 59 Figure 41- Land use plan- Dwarka ............................................................................................................................................................................. 59 Figure 42- Contextual Plan of the site ....................................................................................................................................................................... 60 Figure 43- Sun path diagram for the site .................................................................................................................................................................. 61 Figure 44- Temperature, Wind Speed and Humidity Data .................................................................................................................................... 61 Figure 45- Site with Context ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 62 Figure 46- Accessibility Links to the site ..................................................................................................................................................................... 63 Figure 47- Site Information .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 64 Figure 48- Site and locality Pictures ........................................................................................................................................................................... 65 Figure 49- Entrances to the Site .................................................................................................................................................................................. 66

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Figure 50- Site Zoning .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 67 Figure 51- North and South Façade .......................................................................................................................................................................... 71 Figure 52- Exposed Duct work at Portsmouth University Library ............................................................................................................................ 72 Figure 53- Construction of a Filler Slab ...................................................................................................................................................................... 73 Figure 54- Filler Slab ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 73 Figure 55- Anti Theft Systems used in Modern Libraries .......................................................................................................................................... 74 Figure 56- Water Mist Systems..................................................................................................................................................................................... 75 Figure 57- Components of Pytorid System ............................................................................................................................................................... 78 Figure58- Grid Tie PV System ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 79

List of Tables Table 1. Compilation of all the parameters of case studies into one comprehensive matrix…………………........................................ 40 Table 2. Area Program....................................................................................................................................................................................... 49 Table 3. Water Consumption Calculation …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 76

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Declaration by the Candidate 1st May 2017

The thesis titled KNOWLEDGE AND LEARNING HUB has been carried out by the undersigned as part of the Bachelors Program in the Department of Architecture, School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 110002, India under the supervision of Prof. Amit Hajela & Ar. Rahoul Singh (Design and Research Guides) I hereby submit 2 hard copies of the report for internal and external evaluation respectively. The undersigned hereby declares that this is her original work and has not been plagiarized in part or full from any source. Furthermore this work has not been submitted for any degree in this or any other University. __________________ A/2542/2012 Charu Kumari Section- B Knowledge and Learning Hub

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Certificate 1st May 2017

This thesis was carried out during the January â&#x20AC;&#x201C; May 2017 semester in the Department of Architecture under our guidance. Thereafter, based on the declaration dated 1st May 2017 by the candidate, the work was placed in front of the Juries held on 23rd, 25th & 26th May 2016. On successful completion of the Jury process and completion of the Report in all respects including the last chapter by the Candidate we provisionally accept the Thesis Report and forward the same to the Studio Director.

___________________ Prof. Amit Hajela

____________________ Ar. Rahoul Singh

On successful completion of the course by the candidate I hereby accept this completed report on behalf of the Head of the Department to be placed in the Library of School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi.

___________________ Prof. Jaya Kumar ___________________ Date

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Acknowledgment First and foremost, I would sincerely like to express my deep gratitude to my guides Dr. Amit Hajela & Ar. Rahoul Singh for their valuable guidance, timely interventions and helpful discussions in shaping the thesis. Without their assistance and dedicated involvement in every step throughout the process, this research work would have never been accomplished. I wish to thank my studio co-ordinator Prof. Jaya Kumar and Prof. Dr. Aruna Ramani Grover, and all other faculty members for their whole hearted support and cooperation. I am also indebted to Prof. Sonia Kapre and Prof. Tanuja Kanvinde for their inputs, valuable discussions and accessibility. In the end I would like to thank my family and friends for their continuous support and encouragement .

Charu Kumari A/2542/2012

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Part I

Design Investigation Chapter 1 Introduction

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What is a Library? A library is a collection of information, sources, and resources. Books and services, and the structure in which it is housed, is organized by use and maintained by a public body, an institution or a private individual. Public Library? These provide services to the general public and make books available for borrowing, generally by issuing library cards. Condition of Libraries in India? The concept of city scale Public Libraries in India remains largely unexplored. Current libraries seem to lack the energy, environment and enthusiasm which get masses of people into libraries, even as a leisurely activity.

Figure 1- Seattle Public Library, Washington

In Contrast In Western countries Libraries are still the most loved and popular hangout places. The multiple functionality of a Library makes it useful for people of different age-groups and choices. In contrast, India has the idea of Public Library all wrong. Therefor the thesis aims to address this issue through design by exploring- library architecture in context of Delhi, idea of Place making and quality of space to attract people. Figure 2- Delhi Public Library Karol Bagh

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PROPOSITIONOne of a very important aspect that Delhi lacks is a powerhouse of knowledge and exposure which are LIBRARIES. Although we often have debates and discussions about education, knowledge etc., we fail to realize that the new generations is relying more and more on the readily available information on the internet (which often lacks credibility) instead of books.

diminishing.

Moreover, the present Public Libraries lack efficiency, maintenances and accessibility. These are almost negligible compared to the population of the city and are immensely unpopular among people. The idea of a public library is that it should be accessible to all but places like British Council; India International Center etc. have slowly acquired a tag of ‘exclusivist’- although not by intention but maybe location. These are inaccessible to the general public of the city, in other words they are not ‘public’. Figure 3- British Council Library, Delhi

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RESEARCH QUESTION- What is the role of a Public Library as a collective resource in in fostering knowledge, culture and heritage? And how has the role of a library changed in an emerging culture of digital media?

AIM- The aim of the design is to not just to provide a space to keep the books, but to create an environment where the process of intellectual relaxation, learning and creative collaboration can take place. OBJECTIVESPrimary: 1. To understand the history and culture of Public Library in India. 2. To design a space for legible and accessible storage of books and other forms of media. 3. To provide a social and inspiring peoplecentric place to facilitate discussions, gatherings and exchange of ideas. 4. To create a user friendly community asset for the people and to meet intellectual demands of the future generations. 5. To design creative spaces where ideas can grow, flourish and live. Secondary: 1. To secure or re-establish the value of books in the ever-changing society, highly dependable on digital media. 2. To create awareness about the importance of Libraries and the culture of reading.

Figure 4- Cha Bar and Oxford Book Store at Connaught Place, Delhi. Results of Integration of a library with a cafe.

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AREAS OF RESEARCH Designing the library as an interactive, inviting and vital public place with a flexible and adaptable design. Since libraries are not so abundant in our country and not so many people visit libraries often, the challenge would be to design a public library which is inviting enough to encourage people of all age groups to visit and spend enough time with books. The research area would be to investigate strategies and techniques to encourage people to contemplate more in libraries by impacting their psychology, especially through design. Libraries are the buildings with great historical values and are an asset to the society; therefor the biggest challenge for an architect is to design with flexibility so that the building is open to amendments as per the needs in future.

Figure 5- Musashino Art University Museum and Library in Tokyo

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Threats and preventions The greatest threat to a library is fire. Almost 80% of the damage to a library is caused by fire. The traditional way of stopping the fire is the use of water sprinklers which causes even more damage. The fuel load of book stacks is extremely high and in newspaper and periodical rooms there is an abundant supply of paper which can be readily ignited. Thus ways to protect library from fire must be explored. For example, clean agent fire extinguishers are safer for people, electrically nonconductive, noncorrosive and free of residue and could a choice for a building like a Library. Modern Stacking Systems

METHODOLOGY1. Case Studies- Analysing case examples similar to the proposal in terms of scale, context, program etc. will help in providing a blur idea of the functioning of a library. Moreover, the inferences from the case studies can be translated into the design.

2. Secondary Sources- The primary base research will be based on reliable secondary sources like books, internet, articles, research papers etc.

Material consideration Modern library buildings are made of steel and concrete. Although, this is the traditional material palette, many architects have used variety of other materials to make the buildings look intrigue. The research intends to explore the other possibilities in terms of materials and technologies for a Public library.

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Part I

Design Investigation Chapter 2: Research

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THE MODERN LIBRARIES Books have always been the most important information medium and will remain so. The reason why books are not given much importance is because these are not easily available to the general public, resulting of them relying more on internet medium.

most operations related to the day to day flow of books through the library. Every book is fitted with a radio chip; the system provides a theft alarm function, facilitates self-served borrowing of books.

If we provide people with spaces where they can access books and use them for their needs, Libraries will become the most important Public buildings. However, modern technologies and ways must be incorporated to make the Library a modern building that can become a landmark and set an example for the next generations. The research has been done to find out these modern and efficient tools and technologies that make a Public Library self-sufficient, user friendly and safe. 1. Self-served book borrowing machines Today most Public Libraries are equipped with RFID (radio frequency identification) system, which is combination of radio-frequency-based technology and microchip technology. This system efficiently handles Figure 6 Self served book borrowing

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SHELVING TYPES: 2. Stacking Systems and accessibility Aisles in stack areas where the movement takes place must comply with accessibility requirements. Both side and range aisles are required to be 36” wide. Main aisles are principle access routes which run perpendicular to side aisles and must be a minimum of 44” wide.

a. Cantilever-style Steel Shelving- Cantilever-style, or bracket, steel shelving systems are the most widely used book shelving and multimedia storage and display. These are very strong, flexible, and most economical solution for library shelving.

End aisles run perpendicular to side aisles and must be a minimum of 36” wide.

Figure 8 Double-faced steel cantilever-style shelving unit

Figure7 Minimum aisle requirements

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b. Case-style shelving- refers to any type of shelving system that uses a full panel, vertical component from floor to top with adjustable shelves or supports. This style of shelving will always have a closed base shelf assembly, and a canopy top.

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Figure 9 Case-style shelving

These are most common in Public Libraries as they are efficient, simple and are available in various finishes and specifications. c. Compact shelving- which is also referred to as High Density, Moveable Aisle or MAC shelving, is a shelving system that rides on moveable carriages over floorinstalled rails. The rails can be either surface mounted or set in the concrete when the slab is poured. The benefit of compact shelving is to maximize use of floor space by having one access aisle, which is relocatable by moving the carriage mounted shelving to open an access aisle at a desired location

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Figure 10 Compact shelving

d. Multi-tier stack cores are specially-engineered and constructed steel shelving systems which are assembled as two or more tiers of shelving sections in which the upper level support members are integral to the stack system and separate from any building structural elements. Although being very efficient these are not generally used in a Public Library because this type of shelving construction can present difficulty in meeting disabled access requirements due to narrower aisle widths. The low ceiling heights (typically 7â&#x20AC;&#x2122;6â&#x20AC;? high) can make installation of fire sprinklers difficult as well.

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• “Parallel” scheme, where rows of linear fixtures are located directly above the stack aisles

Figure 11 Multi-tier stack cores

3.1

Lighting for Book stacks

A LIGHTING LEVEL OF 300 - 400 LUX IS ADEQUATE FOR GENERAL READING AND STAFF AREAS

The Book stacks must have adequate lighting so that readers can find books and also so staff can spend long hours shelving books without ant visual discomfort. The following approaches can be adopted to lit the book stacks in a Library

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Figure 12 Parallel Lighting scheme

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

“Perpendicular” scheme, where rows of fixtures run perpendicular to the stacks and stack aisles

• “Indirect” scheme, where lighting is aimed upward rather than downward, and is bounced off the ceiling. The resulting light is diffuse and non-directional. Therefore, the light fixtures can be arranged in almost any uniform geometry above the stacks.

3.2

Lighting for Reading Areas

Providing right kind and quantity of lighting in reading areas is very important as it must suit present and future tasks. Glare reduction is a primary concern, especially where computers are prevalent. Some lighting approaches for reading area are indirect and direct lighting. a. Indirect Lighting- Indirect lighting uses fluorescent or metal halide lamps to up light a light color ceiling; the resulting reflected light is inherently very soft, shadowfree, and low-glare. Indirect lighting works well for both paper-based and computer tasks in rooms where the ceiling height is at least 9'-6" and preferably more than 10'-0".

Figure 13 Indirect Lighting Scheme

Figure 14 Perpendicular Lighting Scheme

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b. Direct Lighting- Direct lighting uses down lights to illuminate the reading tables. The down lights fixtures with parabolic louvers prevents seeing the lamps at shallow viewing angles and re-directs the light so it is less likely to be reflected in computer screens. The parabolic cones or louvers should be made of aluminum, not plastic, and they should have a "semispecular" finish to reduce the visibility of dirt or fingerprints

3.3

Lighting for Service Desks

THE LIGHTING LEVEL SHOULD BE 400-500 lux ON THE DESK.

This can be achieved through a general lighting scheme or by providing approx. 300 lux of general illumination and additional task lighting at the portions of the desk where paper-based tasks are performed.

Figure 15 Light fixtures with parabolic louvers

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CASE STUDIES 5 case studies have been identified keeping in mind their relevance to various factors that will be considered while designing the project. 4 of which are international projects and 1 Indian project. Parameters for selection and evaluation

TYPE OF LIBRARY

There are 4 general types of libraries- National, Public, Academic and Specialist. Otherwise libraries can be categorized further based on the material held, users they serve etc.

URBAN CONTEXT

The context of the library is the surroundings in which it sits. The design of the building highly depends on the context. Libraries with Urban Context are more relevant to the thesis as the site is in Delhi.

SPATIAL RELATIONSHIP

STRUCTURE, MATERIALITY& ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATION

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Spatial relationship defines the relation between the internal spaces. The efficient planning of spaces ensures the overall functioning of the library.

Structure and materiality includes the building system and the materials used for construction and for interiors. This criterion includes the ventilation, air-conditioning and daylight aspects of design. This also includes the sustainability features of the design.

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1. Parliament Library New Delhi

Fact File Site Area= 39,916 Sqm. Built Up Area= 60,460 Sqm. Ground Coverage= 13,380 Sq. M. Parking- Basement, 212 ECS Client= Parliament of India Architect= Raj Rewal Associates Year of Completion= 2003

About- The Parliament Library of India is located at the heart of Lutyensâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; urban design for New Delhi, to the northwest of Parliament House. It was estimated that about 14 thousand sqm of space would be required for stacking about three million publications which the Library was expected to have in the next four decades or so. The building contains basic library functions, parliamentary services and related facilities over four floors, two of them below ground. All public spaces on the upper floors are covered by structural lattices of different patterns, surmounted by shallow bubble domes that create a sculptural landscape on the roof.

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Figure 16- Parliament Library, New Delhi

Site and Surroundings- The 10-acre triangular site for the Library lies northwest of the Parliament site, a triangle of equal size. The site is close to the complex of imperial buildings on the Rajpath. The avenue runs for two kilometers from east to west, from Rashtrapati Bhawan and the South and North Blocks to India Gate. Topography- The land slopes slightly from the western edge towards the center, and the new building is carved into this topography, with two basement floors cut into the earth. The

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slope and existing trees on the west and south edges of the site are left fairly untouched.

old and rare documents; bindery unit and archival room with temperature below freezing point 2. Parliamentary functions – the Bureau of Parliamentary Studies and Training (BPST), Library Committee Room, Parliament Museum and Archives; a Media Centre equipped with telecommunication facilities, press and public relations and press briefing room 3. Meeting halls – lecture and conference rooms; a 1,100seat auditorium as well as a small auditorium with multimedia facilities

Figure 17- Parliament Library- Context

Functional Requirements- The competition brief required a library complex with stack area for three million volumes, incorporating advanced storage and retrieval systems along with related departments and facilities. The complex has three main components: 1. Library functions – a main reading room equipped with modern facilities; audio-visual and digital library; microfilm reader room; reference, research and computer divisions; conservation laboratory for restoring ARCHITECTURAL THESIS 2017

Figure18- Scholars’ Library (main reading hall) covered by space lattice.

Figure 19- Auditorium, ceiling composed of inverted domes, and walls clad with thin slates of marble

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Passive and Active Design Strategies- The building is airconditioned throughout; on the other hand, provisions are made to keep the transmission of heat and light energy at the desired level so as to avoid an excessive air-conditioning load and ensure a comfortable level of light.

Deep-set windows, stone mullions and jaali are also helpful in controlling direct light and heat. The building is said to perform well under severe summer heatwaves, owing to the carefully controlled natural lighting, placement of two floors below the ground level, and the insulating properties of 60 centimeters of earth in the roof garden.

Figure 20- South-west courtyard with amphitheater, surfaces clad in red and white sandstone.

Figure 21- Roof garden, with glass dome at the focal center, surrounded by bubble domes

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Figure 22- Parliament Library- Site Plan

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Design Features- The design is based on the context of the site, functional requirements, appropriate structural systems, technical considerations and democratic values of modern India. The general height of the new complex is restricted to the podium of the Parliament House, below the circular colonnade. The roof of the Library building has a series of low profile bubble domes sitting on steel structure to complement the existing surrounding domes of masonry of the Rashtrapati Bhawan The main entrance of the Library is directly linked to one of the gates of Parliament House and leads to an atrium covered with a circular roof allowing muted light, lightly placed above a stainless steel ring.

Figure 23- Design Concept

The focal center of the complex is built with sun reflecting, state-of-the-art, structural glass and stainless steel. It is composed of four petals which are tied together with delicate tension rods. The upper part of the glass dome has a symbol circle representing the Ashok Chakra Materials and Technology- The structure of the building is a blend of reinforced concrete frame technology and the structural lattices and bubble domes in precast fibre reinforced concrete shells. The stone cladding of walls and columns is a straight response to the context. Based on a grid of 1.2 metres, the spans go up to 10 metres in the lower floors, but vary between 15 and 35 metres in the large column-free spaces and atrium voids in the upper floors

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Figure 24- Focal point of the building

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2. Seattle Central Library Washington, USA

Fact File Area- 38,300 sqm. Client- Seattle Public Library Architect- OMA Landscape Architects: Inside/Outside Jones & Jones Location: Seattle, WA, USA Year of Completion- 2004 Floors: 11 + 1 basement level Core Area Program DistributionLibrary and Auditorium= 33,700 Sqm. Parking= 4,600Sq. M. About- The Seattle Central Library building is primarily unique because of the structural systems implemented and the importance of it being located in a seismic UBC Zone 3. It would therefore be of great interest to understand how the structure is responsive in lateral loading conditions. The fact that the structure has a minimal use of columns makes it intriguing enough to investigate and understand the support Figure 25- Seattle Public Library, Washington systems that hold it all together and make it efficient

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Site and Edge ConditionsSituated on a sloping site between 4th and 5th street the new li brary will have entrances on both street levels. The entrance level on 4th Street, one of Seattle's main thoroug hfares, houses the Children's Library and foreign language resources. Rows of escalators lead to the 5th Street "Living Room" lobby lo cated under a 50-foot-high sloping glass wall. The lobby can also be reached directly from a covered walkway than runs the length of the 5th Avenue façade.

DesignSeattle public library is very irregular and unusual from the outside. It is a massive glass building with straight lines that intersect. And in the interior, the design s haped by the abstract volumes. The design of the building is so compact and continuous that it provides not only visual connectivity and visual integration but also functionality. The c oncept of the building is to provide easily accessible spaces with diﬀerent characteristics. Koolhaas designed the whole project that the building can be ﬂexible for future expansions w ith the possibility of grouping of spaces according to the needs of the building and the platf orms connected to the study would provide open spaces, work and social interaction.

Figure 26- The division of several components in the building defines the form of the building.

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Program- It has an area of 38,300 square feet that includes the reading room, mixing chamber, meeting platform, living room, staff floor, children’s collection and an auditorium. Its parking covers an area of 4,600 square feet. The program was divided into five major platforms stacked vertically all in an effort to interact differently with the surrounding s Structural SystemIn general, the structural system of the building composed of both load‑bearing and seismic system. Load‑bearing system which are columns and beams, support the gravity loads of elevated platforms and cantilevers. And seismic structure in the form of the steel grid of diamond‑ shaped system provides stability during a seismic event.

Figure 27- Program

In order to minimize the number of columns and beams, many of them were given angle to connect each other so that they Can transfer loads to the central core or other columns. Core columnar members carry the gravity load of the building. On the other hand, the steel grid system opposes the lateral system of the building and supports the glass covering. The diagonal grid system is designed to withstand lateral forces caused by wind or earthquakes. The grid works as a huge frame, collecting seismic forces from e ach platform and transferringto the groundIt has a diamond sh ape and was determined by considering the optimum size for fabrication, construction and aesthetic.

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Figure 258- Entrance arcade is an extension of the building's exoskeleton, and creates a seamless transition between the building and street.

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3. Vancouver, Canada Fact File Site Area= 13,500 sqm. Built Up Area= 60,400 sqm. Ground Coverage= 7000 Sq. M. Client= City of Vancouver Architect= Moshe Safdie Year of Completion= 1995 Core Area Program Distribution= Library= 37,000 sqm. Federal Office Towers= 22,500 Sq. M. Impact of Site and Surrounding- Containing Vancouver’s Central public Library, a federal Office Tower and retail and service facilities, Library Square occupies a city block in the eastward expansion of Downtown Vancouver. o Orientation- NE-SW o The northeast façade has the best views of the city and harbour, thus completely glazed for uninterrupted views. o Situated in the heart of the city, keeping active pedestrian level activity.

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Figure 29- Vancouver Public Library, Canada

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Architectural Expression- The library portion is a seven storey rectangular box that houses all the books and periodicals as well as the other services offered by the library. That building is surrounded by a free-standing, elliptical colonnaded wall that features reading and study area accessed by bridges spanning skylight light wells. An internal glass facade overlooks an enclosed concourse formed by a second elliptical wall on the east side. The concourse serves as the main entrance to the library and is also the space where special public events take place and patrons tend to gather. A public parking area with more than 700 parking spaces and several bicycle racks is located below ground. An office high-rise, retail shops and restaurant are part of one square block area. Plan Functionality- The public space/Square/street integrates with public function by way of concourse which bears the character of the street, pulling people into the library. This arcade has been made active by the presence pf retail and cafĂŠ.

Figure 30 Plan and Section

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Figure 31 Zoning and Movement diagrams

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Program- The program is a functional and efficient blend of stack spaces, reading spaces, retail, cafĂŠ, plaza and office. The stacks have been placed in the central square while are reading areas are on the periphery of the curved towerbenefitting from the natural daylight and also responding and interacting with the context. The arcade wall of the concourse ascends to a 21 storey height to northeast, forming one face of the Federal Office Tower and creating continuity between the two structures. The public spaces surrounding the library form a continuous piazza with parking located in basement

Figure 32 Vertical Movement

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4. Bibliotheca Alexandrina Alexandria, Egypt

Fact File Site Area= 45,000 sqm. Built up Area= 85,405 sqm. Ground Coverage= 29,900 Sq. M. Client= Egyptian Ministry of Educations Architect= Snohetta Hamza Consortium Year of Completion= 2002 Core Area Program Distribution= Conference Center (Pre-existing) Library= 70,000 sqm. Planetarium= 20 Sq. M. About- The Bibliotheca Alexandria marks the revival of the role and spirit of ancient library of the city, a center of learning and exchange. The objective of the design was to create a library for the new digital age and a center of learning and dialogue. The main design concept is a disc (one hundred-sixty meters in diameter) rising from the water, representing the past, tilting towards Figure 33- Aerial views reveal the simplicity of the library's formal concept the future, with the ground level representing the present. The disc is surrounded by granite wall caved with letters from alphabets of the world.

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The libraryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s eleven floors (15.8 meters underground to 37 meters above ground), with an overall height of forty-three meters, create an astounding 80,000 square meters of floor spaceâ&#x20AC;&#x201D; one of the largest libraries in Africa by area. Impact of Site and Surrounding- Alexandria stretches fir 70 kilometres on the eastern coast of Mediterranean, north-west of Nile delta. The prevailing winds come from the West in spring. The site of the project is part of the town centre, facing the eastern harbour and sea. To its north in sea side Corniche and to its south Port Said Street on which the faculty of Commerce of the University of Alexandria is located. Design Considerations- The design breaks the homogenous skyline of the city. The tilt and sculptural form of the roof diffuse airborne noise and allows glare free natural light. The eastern sector of the disc houses the main reading area and the western sector comprises the entrance to the library, admin, specialized libraries, museums and other facilities. The cut in the circle along the plaza is glazed to let light in the admin section.

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS 2017

Figure 34- Site Plan

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The Reading Room- The main reading room is one open space with 8 terraces, each accommodating a section of library starting from the roots of knowledge to the technology. Richly textured wall finishes, meticulous structural articulations, and an innovative skylight system break down the enormous space further into human scale spaces. Book and manuscript repositories, capable of housing over eight million volumes, neatly occupy the spaces below the reading room. Other elements of the interior program, including permanent exhibits on Egyptian politics past and present, art galleries, a planetarium, and a school for information sciences complete a well-choreographed and impressive presentation to visitors

Figure 35- Elegant north-facing skylights block direct sunlight from entering the reading room.

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Figure 36- Programmatic fragmentation results in the creation of intimately scaled spaces for individual use

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The project includes three main buildings; the Library, a Conference Center (built in 1992) and a new 18 meter tall black, steel and concrete, spherical Planetarium. The vast curving wall of the Library's exterior becomes its enclosure with slender fluted columns, beneath a sheet of diffuse light, supporting the great roof. The floor of this 160 meters wide and 80 meters deep space terraces along 10 levels with a viewing platform at each level allowing unobstructed visibility to any destination The book stacks extend behind each terrace that can be accessed independently via an external corridor, providing superior flexibility for the organization of each department. Solar sails, installed at the ceiling, allows sunlight to diffuse into the interior space across the oak floors and customdesigned steel and timber furniture Figure 37- Sections and Elevations

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS 2017

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Case study Comparative Matrix Table 1. Compilation of all the parameters of case studies into one comprehensive matrix. Parameters for Analysis

1. Parliament Library

Location

New Delhi, India

Architect

Design Objectives

3. Vancouver Central Library

4. Bibliotheca Alexandrina

Washington, USA

Vancouver, Canada

Alexandria, Egypt

Aarhus, Denmark

Raj Rewal

OMA

Moshe Safdie

Snohetta

Schmidt Hammer Lassen Architects

The Library was designed to provide stack area of 14,000 Sqm for 3 million publications as the library in the Parliament House wasnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t enough.

The aim of the design was to create a floating structure with accessible spaces with different characteristics.

The design intended to create a landmark structure with the blend of cafes, restaurants, and bookstore and reading spaces.

The design of the building marked the revival of the role and spirit of ancient library of the city, a center of learning and exchange.

The intention of the design was to create an Urban Hub, a place for exchanging knowledge and opportunities and

The design also aimed to attract people by proving a retail front and a plaza opening up into the context.

The main objective of the design was to create a library for the new digital age and a center of learning and dialogue.

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2. Seattle Public Library

The building was designed to be flexible enough for future expansion by clubbing spaces with similar requirements

5. Dokk 1 1Urban Mediaspace

A multicultural meeting point that will change peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s perception of the entire city.

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Inferences

The location for a library must be the hub of the city and must also be close to the residential areas.

In order to make a building more intersecting\g. there must be a conceptual brief attached to it. This helps the visitor to relate the building to their own senses.

together.

Site and Context

The 10 acre triangular site in located next to the Herbert Bakerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Parliament House.

The building is located in the heart of the city between the 4th and 5th avenue.

The site is close to the complex of imperial buildings on the Rajpath. The building is harmonious with its context.

Spatial Organization

The building broadly has 3 componentslibrary, Parliament functions and Meeting spaces linked to each other by set of interior courtyards and one focal courtyard in the center. The 2 basement floors contain parking and rare document stacks.

The 11 storeyes building contains different function on each floor. The children center and language Resource on the ground floor. The reading spaces and the offices are placed on the upper floors for more privacy and views. In the mid floor there are variety of spaces like meditation center, a continuous books library, Media Center and staff areas.

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS 2017

The Vancouver central Library is located in the Downtown Vancouver, with a Federal Office Tower on the east.

The Library is situated in the city of AAlexandria, which stretches for 70 kilometres on the eastern coast of Mediterranean.

The site occupies an entire city block and is bordered by Robson, Georgia, Homer and Hamilton Streets. The three major components of the program are the stacks, reading spaces and the Public front (retail, cafes etc.). The architect has placed the stacks in the rectangular cuboid which is surrounded by an arcade which contains the reading spaces.

The site of the project is part of the town centre, facing the eastern harbour and sea. The disc, the preexisting Convention Center and the Planetarium are the 3 major parts of the complex, which are around a common central plaza. The Disc with innovative skylight contains the library functions- stacks and reading spaces.

The building is situated at the mouth of the Aarhus River in one of the most prominent sites of the city center of Aarhus The Library is surrounded by the Aarhus harbor, the city of Aarhus and the forest from north and south.

The building houses variety of spaces for all age groups. The G+3 building has automatic parking in the basement. The upper floors have spaces from reading rooms to meeting rooms and theaters.

The arcade is punctured by large windows for daylight and contains cafes and retail on the

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The site and context responsive building automatically attracts the attention of people. It doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t require any special feature or ornamentatio n. The internal spatial organization is very important for the success of a library. The architect must utilize the power of controlling the movement flow through efficient spatial organization.

ground floor.

Form and Geometry

The form and the geometry of the building is a direct response to the context, climate and the traditional architecture of the city. The internal square spaces of the building which are punctured with courtyards are there to balance out the circular composition of the Parliament House.

Entrance and Accessibility

The main of the building leads to the focal point of the design which is central courtyard covered with glass in steel lattice frame. The Vehicular access to the building is from Talkotora and Pandit Pant roads.

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS 2017

The building form is a result of a geometric cube sliced and diced to envelop the projections of the various boxes, creating a complex form of indentations and overhangs. The form of the building seems to be floating as there are minimum columns on the periphery.

By providing street level entrance the building is completely accessible. The internal spaces are vertically connected by escalators and elevators. The 4 storey stack area is connected

The basic concept is a rectangle within an ellipse. It separates the reading rooms from the stacks, by placing the stacks in the box and the reading rooms in the ellipse.

The architects intended the pure geometry of the circular plan of the Disc to "recall the cyclical nature of knowledge, fluid throughout time" and to reflect the circular layout of the Alexandrian harbor.

A connection with history is provided by the abstracted Classical detail of the elliptical wall, which evokes imagery of the ancient Roman Colosseum. The main entry of the library can be accessed by a series of steps, which leads to the Library Plaza followed by the multi storey high lobby. The internal spaces are well connected by elevators and escalators.

The main plaza which is the center of the complex has 3 entrances- to the Library, Planetarium and Conference Halls. The entrance lobby of the library is quite human in scale compared to the vast reading room.

Dokk1 is designed as a polygonal slice that hovers above a glazed building resting on a podium with large sculptural stairs. The glass building is designed as an open urban space with 360degree views of the water, harbor, forest and city. The building has no clear front or back, which is emphasized by the multi-edged top slice that creates the impression of rotation and movement The entry to the building is through the monumental staircase which leads to the lobby. The wide media-ramp in the center connects the two open floors. Inside, the open layout creates a visual

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Form is important to make an eye catching building, for example the Seattle Public Library. Such buildings with unique form become a landmark of the city.

The entrance to a building creates a first impression in the eyes of the visitor, thus it is a very important part of the building and must be in human scale so one

The complex is surrounded by high walls, so there are only limited views of the circular forms from the adjacent roads.

Structure and Materiality

The structure of the building is a blend of reinforced concrete frame technology and the structural lattices and bubble domes in precast fiber reinforced concrete shells The stone cladding of walls and columns is a straight response to the context.

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS 2017

through a continuous wide and well-lit ramp and thus is accessible to everyone.

In general, the struct ural system of the bui lding composed of b oth loadâ&#x20AC;&#x2018;bearing an d seismic system. Core columnar mem bers carry the gravity load of the building. On the other hand, t he steel grid system opposes the lateral s ystem of the building and supports the glass co vering.

Light steel bridges connect the stacks (rectangle) to the reading areas (ellipse).

The ellipse and outer shell wall are pre-cast concrete structural systems with glass panel infill. The walls of the library core as well as the roof that encloses the gap between the rectangle and the ellipse are glass A glass roof spans the gap created between the rectangle and the ellipse. This gap was an opportunity to bring light into the space

As the main reading room is one open space with 8 terraces, accessibility is not direct for the differently-abled. Instead the architect has provided ramps and independent external corridor at the periphery.

The permeable roof of the disc allows natural light into the reading space and is supported by slender fluted columns. The periphery has diaphragm wall and the building goes 18 meters below sea level. The materials are modest and robust, the effect pleasing and understated.

connection between the various function.

can relate to it.

Elevators, escalators, inclines, adaptable counters, hearing loop systems and pictogram signage are among the accessibility approach.

Accessibility is the most critical aspect of a Library design. By making the building accessible to everyone, the design automatically becomes user friendly and inviting. Use of innovative, local and energy efficient materials and structural system is what makes the building stand out.

Robust, natural, environmentally friendly and recyclable materials have been used for the constructions. The 6,400 m2 (69,000 sq. ft.) of MgO boards, used as wind-barriers behind the building's outward facade, has absorbed water, causing rust and material damages, as the climate of Denmark includes wind and rain.

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Such buildings are empathetic to the environment and thus last longer.

Passive and Mechanical Strategies

The building is airconditioned throughout; on the other hand, provisions are made to keep the transmission of heat and light energy at the desired level so as to avoid an excessive air-conditioning load and ensure a comfortable level of light. Deep-set windows, stone mullions and jaali are also helpful in controlling direct light and heat

Rainwater runoff is stored in a 40,000 gallon tank, and used to irrigate the landscape. Interior water use reduced by metered faucets, no-flush urinals and efficient mechanical equipment. It has triple glazed glass, used to reduce heat buildup.

The green roof on the 9th storey is one of the major passive design strategy used in the building. As per the data, 48% reduction has been achieved in runoff volume. The green roof also reduced peak flows during summer storm events.

Solar sails, installed at the ceiling, allow sunlight to diffuse into the interior space across the huge reading space.

Dokk1 has been built and designed with a clear focus on low energy consumption and sustainability, both in the construction phase. A 2,432 m2 solar panel has been added to the roof, seawater is used as a coolant for both excessive heat and ventilation and LED lights are used extensively.

Seventy-five percent of the demolition and construction waste was recycled. A minimum of 20 percent of the building products used in the Central Library were manufactured within 500 miles of Seattle,

A Pubic building like a Library is occupied most of the day, thus it is a must to provide the visitors with comfortable and fresh indoor environment. Passive technologies should be often used over the active ones, as it consumes less energy and also emits less carbon.

A monitoring system automatically adjusts for thermal comfort; maximize daylight and views in 90 percent of all regularly occupied

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS 2017

Passive and Mechanical strategies are most important from the usercomfort point of view.

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spaces.

Learnings from Case Study

The design of the Parliament Library is a beautiful response to its context. From the overall form to the use of materials, everything has been chosen considering the immediate context and the precinct. The integration of the built with courtyards as a passive design strategy and an traditional design element is also quite remarkable.

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The project achieved an exemplary level of the use of recycled materials and was awarded a silver rating from the U.S. Green Building Council. The bold and fearless approach of the architect towards the design is what makes the building unique. The design of Seattle Public Library is a blend of advanced structural system and user friendly spaces. The user accessibility has been considered as one of the main objective of the design which is overall making the building intriguing and welcoming.

The resemblance of the Vancouver Library Square to the ancient Roman Colosseum makes the building a landmark to the city. The relation between the rectangular stack area and the elliptical reading spaces is a good example of efficient spatial organization

The use of perforated membrane as both the roof and the major elevation for letting the daylight enter the vast reading spaces is what makes the Library great. The Library is a great example of modern, contextual and sustainable public building.

The potential of the Dokk 1 to become a city hub is remarkable. The building has taken care of all age groups and has spaces for everyone. The building also has automated basement parking for 1000 cars, which makes it more convenient to the visitors.

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Part I

Design Investigation Chapter 3: Project profile and programmatic research

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS 2017

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Project ScopeEver since the development of civilization, libraries are one of the most important platforms for exchanging knowledge.

To provide a platform for creativity and to evoke awareness in citizens about various forms to art, Exhibition Halls have been also provided in the Program

As opposed to information found on the internet, the knowledge that arises through collaboration and exchange between people in a library is of particular significance.

Lastly, the most important part of the program would be the integration with a Retail front. This component of the program will tie the whole library complex together. Moreover, the revenue generated through the retail can be utilized the upkeep and betterment of the complex.

We are underestimating the role and power of a library as a Center of knowledge and information. And the aim of this thesis is to aware people and creates awareness about the importance of Libraries and the culture of reading. Project ComponentsThrough the research it has been understood that just the Library will not do justice to the idea of a Learning Hub in the city. Although the Library won’t just be a place for stacking and storing books, other functions will help the composition to flourish as a place of learning and exchange of information. The idea entails that apart from the Library and its organization in structure and function, the program will be supplemented by activities and functions to achieve the desired experience.

The Unbuilt components of the design would be:

   

An Open Air Theatre to hold performances. An Sculpture court for Public Art A Water body for evaporative cooling An Open Air Screen for Documentaries/ News/ Public Announcements etc.

Distribution Of BuiltUp

Therefor an Auditorium has been added to the program as a thriving and dynamic component of cultural activity where collective sessions can take place. In order to keep it flexible, there will be two auditoriums of different capacity- for 250 people and for 1000 people. LIBRARY- 81.8%

EXHIBITION- 9.3%

AUDITORIUM- 8.8%

Figure 38- Built Up Diagram

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS 2017

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The adjacency diagram is the diagrammatic presentation of the area program. The relationship and dependency between the spaces have been shown. The Public Plaza is the space where all the 3 components of the design (Library, Exhibition Center and Auditorium) are merging. All the internal spaces are linked by seating areas, cafes, toilets etc. The Reading spaces being the most important area are connected to all the other spaces- stacks, Media Centres, Admin etc.

Figure 39- Adjacency Diagram

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS 2017

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Area ProgramS. NO.

PROGRAM

NON-FICTION

SPACE

COMPONENT

PRESCRIBED SECTION AREA (Sq. M.)

# OF BOOKS

LIBRARY- BOOKS Art, Architecture, Design Archaeology Astronomy and Geosciences Culture Sports Language and Linguistics Economics History Natural and Life Sciences Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics Medicine and Health Sciences Industry and Technology Transportation Aviation and Aerospace Interior Design Literature Politics and Law Philosophy and Religion Career Encyclopaedia Librarians Desk ARCHITECTURAL THESIS 2017

27 2 1 1 4 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1

9092 672 336 336 1344 336 672 336 336 336 336 336 336 336 336 336 1008 336 336 336 336 20

999000 74000 37000 37000 148000 37000 74000 37000 37000 37000 37000 37000 37000 37000 37000 37000 111000 37000 37000 37000 37000

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REMARKS

Novels Science Fiction Poetry Comics and Graphical Novels Librarians Desk 3

Manuscripts

800

Librarians Desk

CHILDREN'S SECTION

1220 Children's Books Young Adults' Books Librarians Desk

6 7

200000

2020 1200

REFERENCE Reference Books

166666

1 1 1 1 1

1580 390 390 390 390 20

NON-FICTION

825 375 20

Newspapers and Magazines Librarians Desk

2 1

520 500 20

20000 20,000

1020 20 820

100000

Librarians Desk

1 1 1

ARCHIVES

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100000

1 1 1

PERIODICALS

BRAILLE LIBRARY

Manuscript will require specail environment with tempertaure be

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Librarians Desk

NUMBER 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2

3375 100 100 50 50 120 30 100 250 90 250 100 50 55 300 500 250 215 20 15 500

Total Number of Books = 28,33,200 LIBRARY- SERVICES 8

SERVICE AREAS Entrance/Lobby Circulation Desk Loan Desk Information Desk Binding/Unpack aging Chief Librarian's Room Book Return Room New Arrivals Souvenir Shop Resource Center Audio Visual Room Digital Room Medical room Teen Center Children Center Multimedia Center Stack Sorting and Cataloguing Store Cyber Center Analysist Room Data Center Store PACs Hall Café

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS 2017

50 30 20 400 60

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Café will 51

have separate Airconditiong and Ventilation connection.

40 15

Seating Kitchen

5 Store Janitor’s Closet Store Technical Services

1 1 AHU Rooms Fire Hose Electrical Risers

Communication/Data Rooms Loading/Unloading deck 9

4 4 3

80 40 20

40 200

2 4 2 5 1 1

970 200 120 60 400 150 40

1 1 1 1

635 55 95 30 45

ADMIN SECTION Director's Office Public relations and Enquiry Head Librarian Circulation Desk

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The technical services should be as close as possible to the service core

MEETING SPACES Lecture Halls Conference Rooms Book Recitation Area Seminar Rooms Adult Learning Center Café

15 20 150

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Staff workroom

120

Staff Restroom/Lounge Equipment room Staff Restroom/Lounge Collection development Technical Services Store Room

1 1 1 1 1 1

60 25 100 45 30 30

READING/WORKING SPACES

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS 2017

The workspaces should be properly litboth mechanically and naturally.

1400 Quiet Study Room Carrel Research Cubicles Group Study Room Catalogue Room

4 40 15 6 2

240 200 500 200 100

Periodical reading Room

100

Café

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The reading spaces should be close to facilities like Toilets, cafes, drinking water etc. an must be naturally ventilated. Café will have separate Airconditiong and Ventilation connection. 53

2 2 2 2

920 200 400 150 40

Book Shop

250

Gift Shop

RETAIL Coffee Shop Cafeteria Seating Kitchen Store

S. NO.

PROGRAM

SPACE

NUMBER

PRESCRIBED AREA

CafÃ© will have separate Airconditiong and Ventilation connection. The shops should be accessible to te outside crowd as well

CAPACITY

REMARKS

250

Sound insulation and Acoustical design should be a primary concern.

AUDITORIUM 1

Entrance/Lobby Reception

1 1

1415 60 40

Lounge

300

AUDITORIUM

Auditorium A Changing Room Audio Room Restrooms ARCHITECTURAL THESIS 2017

700

2 2 2

100 40 80 LIBRARY AND KNOWLEDGE CENTER |

Bistro Janitor's Closet

15 1415 1415

Total Auditorium Built-up S. NO. EXHIBITION HALL 1

PROGRAM

SPACE

NUMBER

EXHIBITION HALL

PRESCRIBED AREA

CAPACITY

REMARKS

2870 Entrance/Lobby Reception Galleries Admin and Services Souvenir Shop

Eatery AHU Rooms Janitor's Closet

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS 2017

Bistro will have separate Aircondition and Ventilation connection

1 1 5 1 1

60 40 1750 600 50

300

2 2

40 30 2870

Add 30% Circulation Area

840

Total Auditorium Built-up

3710

Eatry will have separate Airconditiong and Ventilation connection

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Built Up Area of Library Adding 30% area for Circulation, Wall Thickness and Toilets Total Built Up Area for Library Total Number of Books Achieved

Library Auditorium Exhibition

Total Built Up Area of the Complex

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS 2017

23572 9,000 32,572

15,85,666

32,572 1415 3710

37,697

Sq. M. Sq. M. Sq. M. Sq. M.

Sq. M. Sq. M. Sq. M.

Sq.M.

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Program AnalysisLEARNINGSThe study of the Area Program gives a fair idea of the volume of spaces in the built form and the diversity of the program. The internal spaces of the program will need to tie up into an accessible, legible, and efficient and hazard free space. The design needs to stitch together the volumes of built with the integration of the unbuilt, which will provide a breathing space to the complex. As this is a public complex and as the program infers that the footfall on the site will be quite immense, the integration of the spaces with movement, accessibility and services is critical. Very large open spaces do not work as intended; therefor the open spaces will need to be broken up in parts for better functionality. The efficient vertical and horizontal circulation should be one of the primary objectives of the design to cater to large number of people. The placement of cores should also be balanced throughout the building. Lastly, the large volumes of built spaces also need breaking up in human-scale space so that the people on ground can relate to them.

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS 2017

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Part I

Design Investigation Chapter 4: SITE INFORMATION AND ANALYSIS

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS 2017

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SITE INFORMATION-Dwarka Sector 17

Figure 40- Dwarka Sub city

The site is located in Dwarka Sector 17. As per the Delhi Masterplan 2021, the site has been proposed for a Public/SemiPublic building. Dwarka project is planned with 29 sectors. Some facts about Dwarka:  Population – 10 lakhs  Total area – 5648 ha.  Area (Phase – I) – 1964 ha.  Area (Phase – II) – 1996 ha.  Existing built up – 1688 ha. The land use distribution of Dwarka follows a distinct hierarchical pattern from sub-city level to sector level. The land use distribution is a under:  Gross Residential 48.54%  Commercial 7.05%  Government 0.94%  Public / Semi-Public 6.20% ARCHITECTURAL THESIS 2017

48.54% 7.05% 0.94%

Figure 41- Land use plan- Dwarka

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6.20% The site is at the junction of two roads. It is mostly surrounded by residential apartments and schools. It is surrounded by 45 meters wide major traffic roads on two sides and 7 meters wide service roads on the other two sides. A DDA Park is located on the west of the site which can benefit the design by providing views. PUBLIC FACILITIES- As the site is mostly surrounded by residential apartments, the general public facilities like school; temple, hospital, police stations, college, parks etc. are close by. SITE BYELAWSSite Area- 35,300 Sq. M. FAR- 1.2 Ground Coverage- 30% Buildable Area- 25,600 Sq. M. Setback- 15 meters (front) 12meters (side and rear)

Figure 42- Contextual Plan of the site

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS 2017

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SITE ANALYSIS Climatic Conditions at the Site

TEMPERATURE- The highest temperature of the site in 45 degrees Celsius in the month of May, and the lowest id 4 degrees Celsius in the month of January. It is also visible in the diagram that in the months of November to mid-March, the building will require heating, whereas from May to October cooling will be required in the building. April and September are quite moderate months and the heating/cooling loads will be the minimum. 29th May, being the hottest day has the highest temperature of 44 degrees Celsius from 2 pm to 3 pm. The intensity of the sunlight will also be the highest at this time of the day. Thus sunshades or louvres are must in the facade design, especially on the south-west side.

Figure 43- Sun path diagram for the site

SUNPATH- The sun path diagram provides information about the location and the altitude of the sun, on which the design of sunshades, louvres etc. depends. For example, on 1st May, the highest altitude of the sun is 85 degrees Celsius at 12 in noon. The Sun path diagram can be analysed for optimum orientation and shadow analysis during summers and winters. WIND- The wind coming from the north-west direction has the highest speed and contains lowest humidity, thus the northwest wind can be utilized in the design for ventilation etc. ARCHITECTURAL THESIS 2017

Figure 44- Temperature, Wind Speed and Humidity Data

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Figure 45- Site with Context

PROXIMITY- The site is well connected with public transportation system. The nearest bus stand is 350 meters away and the Metro station is 450 meters away. ARCHITECTURAL THESIS 2017

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Metro Line (blue)

Site Boundary

Service Roads Vehicular Roads

Figure 46- Accessibility Links to the site

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS 2017

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Site plan Scale 1:2000 Total site area: 3.5Ha Contour size: 0.5 m Site coordinates: 28°59’22.61” N 77°03’29.49” E Service Corridor Setback Line

Natural Drainage of the site is in South direction.

Vehicular Corridor

Figure 47- Site Information

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS 2017

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10 ARCHITECTURAL THESIS 2017

Figure 48- Site and locality Pictures

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The areas around the site are diverse in nature in terms of functions. As the location is residential all the necessary public facilities like School, parks, temple etc. are present in the immediate precinct of the site. Accessibility is also very smooth as there is Sector 12 Metro station at the distance of 450 meters and bus stand at distance of 350 meters.

Auditorium Entry Public Plaza

Main Library Entry

The location of the site at the junction of two roads has a great advantage for the entrance. The east side of the site can provide entrance to the main library function while the north side can provide entrance to the public and noisy functions like auditorium and OAT. The south side has a 7m wide service road, thus a service entry can be provided on the same. Visual axis can be established by joining the Park on the west and the public plaza in east.

Service Entry

Figure 49- Entrances to the Site

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS 2017

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The zoning on the site is a direct response to the context. On the ground level the building has been divided into 2 partslibrary and Exhibition+ Auditorium, whereas on above levels the complete floorplate can be dedicated to the library as it is the major component. The OAT has been placed on the north site for visual comfort, next to the Auditorium- which makes that zone more public and noisy. The library block is stretched along the east side of the site and is pushed back by a public plaza in the front creating a transition of space from open to semi-open to closed. Cycle parking will be provided on ground level to promote clean modes of transport. Along with which handicapped car parking will also be provided.

DROP-OFF (OPEN)

OAT

Auditorium + Exhibition Bridge Above Plaza Library

LIBRARY

PUBLIC PLAZA

(CLOSED)

(SEMI-OPEN)

Figure 50- Site Zoning

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS 2017

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Site AnalysisSWOT ANALYSIS-

STRENGTH  The site is regularly shaped and allows variety of massing options.  The location of the site next to various residential complexes will vastly affect the footfall at the site.  The site is well accessible to the rest of the city through Metro line and bus stands. The nearest bus stand is 350 meters away and the Metro station is 450 meters away.  The 7 meters wide service road around two sides of the site can facilitate the services.

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS 2017

WEAKNESS  The site is elongated towards the NE-SW direction which doesn’t allow large and regular north facing masses.  The chamfered edge of the site presents a limitation in terms of open plaza design.

OPPURTUNITIES  The park next to the site can be collectively used as a buffer, hence utilizing the space.  The location of the site at the corner makes it physically and visually prominent.

THREATS  The immediate context around the site is quite monotonous, which limits the design response.  There is no mutual shading on the west side of the side because of the park, thus the west faced needs special considerations for shading.

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Site AnalysisLEARNINGSThe site has a major potential to develop as a Public facility, as the dominating residential context would help the library flourish and become a prominent hub for learning and interacting. In terms of accessibility, the Dwarka Sector 12 Metro station is located at 450 meters and a bus stand is within 350 meters away from the site, thus the site completely accessible. Dwarka has wide roads and footpaths thus pedestrian and two-wheeler movement is not very difficult, moreover cycle parking will be provided in the complex to promote cleaner modes of transportation. The service road running around the south and the west side of the site will facilitate services into the complex. The location of the site at the junction of two roads is making it visually and physically prominent. The park beside the site can provide views to the building, also if merged with the public plaza, can serve as a large breathing space to the rear side of the site. Due to the scale of the site the vehicular movement will be restricted to the periphery and only the pedestrian movement will be inside the site, encouraging the idea of walkability. The site has its own limitations as well, as there is no built form on the west side, there is any mutual shading at that side, and hence artificial shading is necessary.

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Part I

Design Investigation Chapter 5: TECHNOLOGICAL SYSTEMS FOR STRUCTURE AND SERVICES

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ENERGY USAGEo 45-50% of the global energy is consumed to light and ventilate buildings. Moreover, in the case of Public Libraries, additional energy is needed to provide power to computers and other forms of media. o As the building will be north facing with a large gap in between the 2 library blocks, the north-west wind will ventilate the complete site. o The building will be well insulated and air tight, which help is large amount of energy losses. o The building will exploit renewal energy sources to light and ventilate the building. By the use of photovoltaic cells and Micro generators, the electrical power will be generated directly from sun and wind. o To reduce energy use in the operation of the building by using low energy lamps, lighting sensors, Occupancy Sensors, computer cutoff systems and task lighting for key tasks.

ENVELOPEo The double skin envelope of the building will vary with the face of the building. For example, in the north faรงade the outer skin will be composed structural glass panels. o The inner skin will be made of a translucent and light material which will diffuse and filter daylight. There will be occasional openings in the skin to allow sunlight. The book stacks will be located on the center of the floor plate while the periphery spaces will be dedicated to reading and studying. o Comparatively, the south faรงade will be more solid and opaque, with clerestory windows and light shelves to le in indirect light. Also the book stacks will be placed along the south side of the building and thus will act as a buffer from the heat.

WATER CONSERVATIONo The building will be capable to capture rainwater from terraces and paved areas. The collected rainwater will be transferred through pipes and will be stored in underwater tanks. o Water will also be conserved by employing water efficient fixtures like spray taps, self-closing taps and low flush toilets.

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Figure 51- North and South Faรงade

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o The shelves containing the books will be in the center of each floor, reading desks arranged around the perimeter. The arrangement of the shelves will follow the same pattern in each level to achieve maximum use of available space.

STRUCTURE o The building will be a RCC Composite structure with filler slab made of either brick or terracotta. The services like HVAC ducts, lighting fixtures, and sensors will be exposed in the ceiling for aesthetical and educational purpose.

HVAC o The building will employ Chilled Water Central planned Air conditioning system which uses chilled water recirculation for cooling of the building. o In Central air conditioning systems, chilled water is generated via central chilled water plant. The chilled water is distributes to AHU, which further distributes the chilled water to various zones of the building. The chiller will include the cooling towers for heat rejection. PASSIVE STRATEGIESo The building will have curb-mounted skylights for daylighting and ventilation. The curb will be rising above the roof level to create additional heat loss surface where the warmest air of the building collects. Figure 52- Exposed Duct work at Portsmouth University Library

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Figure 53- Construction of a Filler Slab

Advantages- Cost efficient - Eco-Friendly - Aesthetical - Exposed ceiling and services will educate public about these sustainable practices. o Enhances thermal comfort inside the building due to heat-resistant qualities of filler materials and the gap between two burnt clay tiles. o Reduces use of concrete and saves cement and steel by about 40%.

Figure 54- Filler Slab

The building will have grid slab at some areas where a column free space is required. Grid slab is, a series of thin beams closely placed in both directions of panel with a thin topping. This is economical from considerations of steel consumption when compared with solid slab, though the form-work is costly

o Thermal insulation- the air pocket formed by the contours of the tiles makes an excellent thermal insulation layer. The design integrity of a filler slab involves careful planning taking into account the negative zones and reinforcement areas. ARCHITECTURAL THESIS 2017

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SAFETY and SECURITY A Library is a Public Building which attracts all kinds of people and is always prone to several kinds of risks among which theft, fire and damage from water are the three major ones. 1. THEFT- Four types of theft commonly occur at librariesTheft of books and journal Theft from books and journalsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Theft of equipment Theft from person Therefore, anti-theft system (labels from checkpoint systems that generate an alarm at the exit doors) must be provided in all modern Public Libraries. Also visual surveillance is required, backed up by security cameras in the areas most at risk like rare book stacks. By employing RFID Systems each book that has a microchip attached to it will be read and recorded by the

2. FIRE- Although theft is a problem in Public Libraries, the greatest threat is fire as the fuel load of book stacks is extremely high and in periodical rooms there is an abundant supply of paper which is readily ignited. The damage from fire can be reduced in 3 ways i)

Design- Fire protection is a question of planning and detailed design. Cul-de-sacs must be avoided in stack areas which difficult to be patrolled by the staff. The strategy today employed in modern libraries is both openness and compartmentation. Compartmentation consists concrete floors and fie proof walls which contain fire and limit the spread. Also there should be a clear oath to evacuate the stocks at time of fire.

ii)

Construction Materials- Using concrete for slab construction prevents fire by providing fireproof sandwiches that hold books of related subject in close lateral proximity.

iii)

Water Sprinklers- Sprinkler systems are commonly employed in Libraries. These are automatically triggered and drench only a small area (Water Mist System) to put out fire- in this way the damage is limited. Smoke detectors are also used.

Figure 55- Anti Theft Systems used in Modern Libraries

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High Pressure Water Mist System- A water mist system is a fire protection system which uses very fine water sprays (i.e. water mist). The small water droplets allow the water mist to control, suppress or extinguish fires by:   

cooling both the flame and surrounding gases by evaporation displacing oxygen by evaporation attenuating radiant heat by the small droplets themselves

Compared to conventional Sprinkler systems, the Water Mist System consumes up to 10 times less water for the operation. Additionally, as the small droplets of water easily convert to steam, the damage due to water is also less. Thus, this system require less space and water and are less damaging to materials, therefor would be ideal for a Public Library.

Figure 56- Water Mist Systems

3. WATER PENETRATION- Since water is water is a major threat to books and electronical systems, the design of the Library must eliminate any risk of water penetration, and accidental overflowing of cisterns. The following measures must be adoptedi) Water pipes should not cross stack area in suspended ceiling or floor slab. ii) To avoid flooding in bathrooms, taps should have automatic cut-off valves.

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2. WATER CONSUMPTION CALCULATIONS1. Occupancy Calculations  Site Area- 35,600 Sq. M.  Total Built Up Area- 37,697 Sq. M.

Large amounts of water are consumed in Toilets daily, especially in a Public Building like a Library. The following calculation shows annual water consumption of the building and is based on maximum occupancy.

Subtracting 35% of Service areas from the built up area:

37,697- (35% of 37,697) = 24,504 Sq.M. As per the formulaOccupancy= Total Built Up Area/10 Assuming full occupancy in the building at all times of the day, the number of occupants on each floor would be: 24,504 Sq. M. /10= 2450 People

Fixture Type

Water Closet

Maximum Occupancy calculated = 2450 Urinals Health Faucet Faucet/Taps

Duration

Daily uses per person/ day

1 Flush (Full Flush)

1 for male 1 for female

1 Flush (half flush)

Number of students and teachers (n)

Water Consumed Flow rate capacity (fb)

Units

Total Water Use (litres) Tb= nxfb

1225

LPF

6125

1225

LPF

6125

2 for female

1225

LPF

3675

1 Flush

2 for male

1225

LPF

1225

0.25

2450

LPM

9800

0.25

2450

LPM

7350

Total Water use litres per day

34300

No of working days

296

Total Annual water use in litres (Total water use x Number of working days)

101,52,800

Thus Total annual water consumption of the building is 101, 52,800 litres.

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3. ENERGY EFFICIENCY GENERATION Total Built Up Area- 37,697 Sq. M.  Energy Consumption by an Average Public Complex185 kWh/sqm/year 

 Accounting for reduced cooling/lighting needs, rough estimate of the Library’s consumption- 150 kWh/sqm/year

= 13, 30,732 kWh/year Efficiency:

Electricity generated X 100 Electricity Consumed

13307, 32,771 X 100 = 23.5% 56, 545, 50 PV System Efficiency= 23.5%

 Total Energy Consumption by the Library Complex- 150 X 37,697 = 56,545,50 kWh/sqm/year

Thus 23.5% of the total load of the building can be fulfilled by the Solar PV plant.

 Output SIEMEN PV- 700 W  Efficiency of SIEMEN PV- 12.52%  Total area covered with SIEMEN PVs= 65% Of the Roof Area Roof Area= (1914+2919+1656) Sq. M. = 6489 Sq. M.  Permissible Roof Area for Solar PV= 65% of 6489 Sq. M =4217.8 Sq. M.  Assuming 12 good hours of sunlight a day, assuming 300 good sunlight days a year, Electricity generated – 4217.8 X 700 X 12.52/100 X 12 X 300 = 13307, 32,771 Wh/year

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4. WASTE WATER TREATMENT Total annual water consumption of the building is 101, 52,800 litres. Total Water consumption of the Building per day= 34300 litres Waste Water generation per day= 75% of Water consumption per day = 75% of 34300 = 25,725 liters

The treatment components are  Bio-Digester/Advanced Filter Cell (AFC): Gravel bed acts as a filter and sinker  Phytorid Bed/Phytorid Treatment Cell (PTC): Gravel bed supported wetland plants  Final Collection Cell (FCC): Disinfectant could be added to treated water

For Phytorid System, The total area required for the system is approximately 35 sq. m. for 20 m3/day, Thus to treat 34,300 litres of waste water the area required by the System = 60 Sq. M Proposed Water Treatment System- PHYTORID TREATMENT SYSTEM It involves a constructed wetland exclusively designed for the treatment of municipal, urban, agricultural and industrial wastewater.

Figure 57- Components of Pytorid System

Phytorid Technology is a self-sustainable technology for wastewater treatment that works on the principals of natural wetland. The technology is a complex ecosystem acts as a nutrient sinker and remover.

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5. SOLAR PANEL TILT CALCULATION To optimize capture of solar panels a tilt angle is Latitude + 15 Degrees - in winters and Latitude - 15 Degrees - in summers Solar panels tilt for Dwarka Sector 17 In Summer= 28.6 -15= 13.6 Degrees In Winter= 28.6 +15= 43.6 Degrees Proposed PV System- GRID-TIE PV SYSTEM The simplest and most cost effective PV design for most sites is the "Grid-Tie" (sometimes referred to as intertied or utilityinteractive) system. This system does not provide backup power during a power outage (even if the sun is shining) but for sites with reliable grid power, this is usually the logical system choice.

Figure58- Grid Tie PV System

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Part II

Design Translation Chapter 6: DESIGN EVOLUTION

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Stage 1

AUDITORIUM

READING ROOMS

LIBRARY

Strengths    

Separate Drop-off and entry for Auditorium Large continuous reading room- providing scale to the space. Direct servicing to the Library. Large open space along the Public Park at West North-south orientation

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Weaknesses  

Open space at west exposed to harsh sun in summer. Elongated Plan No connection between 2 blocks at ground level.

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Stage 2

SEMINAR ROOMS AUDITORIUM

READING AREAS

LIBRARY

Measures Taken  

Reduced the size of west side plaza. Placed common Double height lobby at ground floor. Auditorium, Seminar rooms and Exhibition read as one component by the location.

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Strengths   

Weaknesses-

Dedicated Reading and quiet rooms on the upper levels North-south orientation Double height Lobby connecting the 2 blocks. Separate entrance for Auditorium, Seminar rooms and Exhibition Hall.

  

Seminar rooms as an isolated single block. Auditorium is not functional due to the form. No ideal location for the OAT.

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Stage 3

AUDITORIUM

READING AREAS

PLAZA

LIBRARY

Measures Taken  

Merged Seminar rooms with the building, instead of being a solo component. Rotated the north block to read as more site responsive. Auditorium redesigned as more functional and public component.

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Strengths  

Weaknesses-

More site responsive Separate entrance for Auditorium, Seminar rooms and Exhibition Hall. Welcoming open plaza at the front.

  

The northern block is not North-south oriented anymore. The above reading areas- Towers seem not in sync with each other. Overall less harmonious as design.

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Stage 4

AUDITORIUM

READING AREAS

LIBRARY

Measures Taken  

OAT placed on the north side of the site. Reading rooms above the double height lobby, also open creating breakout spaces. Zoning with exhibition and Auditorium on lower floors and

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Library and reading rooms on the upper.

 

Strengths  

North-south Orientation Aesthetically more pleasing and harmonious. The Auditorium is synced well with the rest of the building.

Oat location on the north. Separate drop-off for Auditorium and Exhibition halls

Weaknesses

Lack of connection between the towers at the upper levels.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY-

Arvid Bagge, B. Modern technology â&#x20AC;&#x201C; modern library premises. Retrieved from http://bora.uib.no/bitstream/handle/1956/1823/Bagge.pdf?sequence=1 Fearson, A. (2013, August 29), "Libraries are the most important public buildings" Francine Houben. Retrieved from https://www.dezeen.com/2013/08/29/libraries-are-the-most-important-public-buildings-francine-houben/ Guzowksi, Mary. , 1999. Daylighting For Sustainable Design. New York: McGraw Hill Professional Book Group Haavist, T. (2008, September 8), A Building is the Image of Its Function. Retrieved from http://www.mfa.fi/publication?jid=11361822 Hauke, P. & Schubert, S. (2013). Designing the GREEN Library- Environmental Sustainability in Library Spaces, Library Management, and Library Service. Retrieved from https://www.ibi.hu-berlin.de/de/studium/studprojekte/buchidee/bi12/bobcatsss_2013_designingthe-green-library.pdf Jakovlevas-Mateckis, K., KostinaitĂŠ, L., Pupelien, J., (2004), Conceptual Principles of the Planning of Modern Public Libraries. Retrieved from https://www.liberquarterly.eu/articles/10.18352/lq.7767/ Kopp, R. High Pressure Water Mist- Safe Protection for Archives and Libraries. Retrieved from http://fogtecinternational.com/files/ifp_fire_protection_in_archives_and_libraries_02_2010.pdf Lehman, M. (2010, January 6) The Importance Of Library Today And Into Tomorrow. Retrieved from http://marialorenalehman.com/post/the-importance-of-library-today-and-into-tomorrow Lechner, Norbert. 2000. Heating, Cooling, Lighting: Design Methods for Architects. New York: John Wiley & Sons Library Space Planning. Retrieved from http://www.openingthebook.com/library-space-planning Illuminating Engineering Society. Handbook. (latest) Source for lighting level recommendations.

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Malman, D. (2001, Revised 2005) Lighting for Libraries. Retrieved from http://www.iar.unicamp.br/lab/luz/ld/Arquitetural/diversos/Lighting%20for%20Libraries.pdf McCabe, G., Kennedy, J. (2003). Planning the Modern Public Library Building. Retrieved from http://libereurope.eu/wpcontent/uploads/2013/10/Venice1.pdf Natasi, A. (2013, April 21). The Most Playful Libraries in the World. Retrieved from http://flavorwire.com/386005/the-most-playfullibraries-in-the-world/view-all Phytorid Technology For Sewage And Industrial Wastewater Treatment & Reuse (April, 2014). Retrieved from file:///C:/Users/Niharika%20Kumari/Desktop/phytorid-technology-for-sewage-and-waste-water-treatment.pdf Rossini, John. , 1987. Library Lighting: A Bibliography of Periodical Literature And Monographs. Sands, J. Sustainable Library Design. Retrieved from https://www.discountpdh.com/course/sustainable_libraries_design.pdf Sannwald, William W. (2001) Checklist of Library Building Design- Considerations, American Library Association, Chicago Tennsco, E. Library Stacks & Shelving. Retrieved from http://publicchristianlibrarymodel.weebly.com/uploads/4/3/5/3/4353042/shelvingforlibraries.pdf The gateway to information. Retrieved from https://www.usm.com/en-gb/design-and-plan/architects/2015/the-gateway-toinformation/ Worpole, K. (2004). 21ST CENTURY LIBRARIES- Changing forms, Changing futures. Retrieved from http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20110118095356/http:/www.cabe.org.uk/files/21st-century-libraries.pdf

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