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AUTHORS & ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Chattanooga Design Studio
Board of Directors 2019
Ethan Collier Macon Toledano Kelly Fitzgerald Jeff Pfitzer Charita Allen Johanna Heywood Heidi Hefferlin Lisa Pinckney Stacy Richardson Virginia Anne Sharber Rob Taylor Dakasha Winton Jim Williamson Rick Wood
850 Market Street, Suite #206 Chattanooga, TN 37402
Eric Myers, Executive Director Lindsey Willke, Urban Design Coordinator Sally Morrow, Urban Designer 2019 Spring Interns Susan Santos, Academy of Art University Molly Kelley, Covenant College With Gratitude Kerry Hayes Moses Freeman Charlie Newton Karen Hundt Lori Quillen Stroud Watson
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TABLE OF CONTENTS I.
Identity History A Growing Community
II. Our Neighborhoods
5 7 12
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City Center West Side
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MLK
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Erlanger/UTC Southside South Broad Urban Residential
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III. Analysis and Opportunities Connectivity Livability Education
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68 77 85
95 105 116 122
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IDENTITY Human interaction is essential to a healthy everyday life. Cities provide countless opportunities for these interactions. With more interactions come more shared ideas, more culture, more common values– more humanity. Thus, the quality of our urban centers is instrumental for our entire region’s wellbeing. A healthy and connected city provides opportunity for all people through diverse and complementary neighborhoods. Chattanooga’s own downtown neighborhoods have experienced incredible growthand rebirth over the last 30 years. Ideally, all of the areas of our downtown would function uniquely, yet in tandem, bolstering the city’s overall impact and capacity. This document will analyze the unique histories, identities, strengths of our downtown neighborhoods as well as opportunities for the future to knit our city together even stronger.
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a look at our history From Chattanooga’s earliest Native American days to its growing present, our city has met trial with resistance and hardship with innovation. John Ross, a member of the Cherokee tribe, established a popular trading post on the Tennessee River, called Ross’s Landing, putting the area on the map. Later, the Cherokee Tribe was cruelly removed from the area during the Trail of Tears. Shortly after, Ross’s Landing was incorporated as the city of Chattanooga. Our city’s advantageous location formed a natural link between the Deep South and the Appalachian mountains. Railroads and industry began to sprout up. The Civil War, along with catastrophic and frequent river flooding, stalled growth during the 1860 s and 1870 s. Still, industry and railroads
Chattanooga, Circa 1891
attracted new business and residents. As the population grew, Chattanooga even established public schools, a university, and a hospital. Three Chattanooga businessmen received exclusive bottling right to Coca-Cola around the turn of the century injecting the city with even more jobs and activity. By the 1920s, the city was a true railroad hub, and decade. Theaters, shops, and hotels appeared around the city, and the 9th Street (now MLK) corridor was a burgeoning center of African American art and music. However, the 1930s brought the Great Depression and unemployment for all. Yet quickly, the federal establishment of the Tennessee Valley Authority gave jobs to many. When WWII increased manufacturing nationally, the city was fully on its
1152 Market Street (now Warehouse Row), Circa 1933
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feet again. However, in the 1950s, a decline in rail traffic and the establishment of interstates seemingly ended Chattanooga’s glory days. The urban population decreased as desegregation and skyhigh pollution levels drove people and businesses out of the city. In the early 80 s, a new team of thinkers began revitalization efforts downtown. Outdoor concerts drew people downtown once again, and the Tennessee Riverwalk plans were created. The first segment of the Riverwalk opened in 1989. In the 1990 s, Chattanooga established new landmarks with the opening of the Tennessee Aquarium, the reopening of the Walnut Street Bridge to pedestrians, Finley Stadium, and Coolidge Park. This injection of energy spurred new business growth as well. In 2008 , Volkswagen built a large facility just outside the City Center. In 2010 , Chattanooga and EPB established the “Gig.” This fiber-optic internet was among the fastest in the nation. Startups and entrepreneurs flocked to
the city, and recent graduates of local universities began to stay in the area after graduation. In early 2017 , the city took steps to define an Innovation District, a 140-acre section in downtown Chattanooga from the intersection of MLK Blvd and Georgia Avenue. The goal is to cluster startups, nonprofits, and government entities all in one place for maximum interaction. Although the city has made great strides, Chattanooga is not without faults. Its poverty rate of 23% is above the national average, and large communities around downtown have been left out of redevelopment. The city’s public education system and violent crime rate are the greatest indicators of the challenges. Rising housing costs are contributing to a severe shortage of affordable housing. Still, private and public collaboration are working to combat these circumstances with shortcomings come opportunities, and Chattanooga’s future is poised for growth and change for all.
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Walnut Street Bridge before restoration of the early 1990s
Walnut Street Bridge, Today
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our population growth & our history
1800
12,892
1900
cityscapes III
1850
6,093
30,154
1860s
1770s
1838
Members of the
Cherokees forcibly
Cherokee Tribe
removed in the Trail
1850s
stalls development
of Tears
New railroads
1865
settle in the Chattanooga region
1815 John Ross builds
Civil War violence
encourage city
across the region
Establishment of Chattanooga University (now UTC)
1890s Coca-Cola gives 3 Chattanooga businessmen
Howard School
bottling rights to their products
established, the city’s
1899
a trading post,
1839
known as Ross’s
Ross’s Landing
first public school
Landing on the
incorporated as the
Tennessee River
City of Chattanooga
1867
growth
1886
Massive flooding destroys city infrastructure
Establishment of Erlanger Hospital
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169,514
119,923
131,041
119,789
155,554
179,139
152,466
130,009
128,163
57,895
1950
1908 Terminal Station completed
1906 Ed Johnson lynched on the Walnut Street Bridge
1930s
1958 on I-24, displacing
Depression increases
hundreds of families
unemployment
1960s
Establishment of TVA
1940s WWII increases manufacturing in Chattanooga once again
1981
Construction begins
The Great
1930s
2025
2000
1981 Five Nights open-air concert series with
Chattanooga
purpose of reknitting the
Civil Rights
social fabric of the city
Movement
1970
Population increased by 50,000 by annexation of existing residential areas.
East Ninth Street is renamed Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard
1989
First section of Tennessee Riverwalk opens
1992-1993
2008 Volkswagen choses
Aquarium opens, and
Chattanooga as site
Walnut Street Bridge
for new plant
reopens to public
2010
1999 Coolidge Park opens
Launch of EPB fiber optic network
2017 Best population growth rate among Tennessee’s 4 largest cities.
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why downtown?
cityscapes III
Chattanooga’s downtown is becoming increasingly important to Hamilton County’s economic impact.
how we’ve changed
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OUR NEIGHBORHOODS Chattanooga’s urban neighborhoods are perhaps the city’s greatest assets. Whether you want riverfront access, a vibrant commercial community, or a quiet residential area, there is a downtown neighborhood to meet your needs. Our neighborhoods are unique and diverse, but woven together they form the geographical and social fabric of our city. In this section, we will take an in-depth look at each neighborhood’s history and identity and see what Chattanoogan’s are doing in the neighborhoods today.
18 Ross’ Landing 1815
Erlanger
1899
Bluff View 1900
UTC
Cameron Hill 1880s
1886
City Center
1839
Fort Wood
1880s
Our city has grown and changed drastically overtime. This map provides clues about when certain areas and institutions became increasingly important to Chattanooga as a whole.
MLK
Westside 1880s
1880s
Terminal Station 1908 Fort Negley 1900-1915
Southside Gardens
1954
how our city grew
Jefferson Heights 1900-1915
our urban neighborhoods today
This document will focus on our 6 main urban neighborhoods, shown to the right, as well as our urban residential neighborhoods that surround and support the urban core. What makes these areas unique? How do they connect with each other to make downtown stronger? But most importantly, what are Chattanoogans doing in these neighborhoods? Which six quality of life metrics, shown below, affect the neighborhood the most?
people living Is this a neighborhood where a lot of people live?
people working Does this neighborhood provide notable work opportunities?
people learning Is the neighborhood where students have access to education?
people moving How does transportation affect this neighborhood?
people connecting Does the place contain diversity, racially and socioeconomically?
people relaxing What types of areas are provided for families to unwind and have fun?
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city center
a place for everyone In our city center there are:
cityscapes III
people moving
people relaxing
people working
Our City Center attracts all types of people since there’s something for everyone to enjoy. Each unique area has a distinct identity that contributes to the robust and varied offerings of our city.
Chattanooga’s City Center is contained by: • • • •
The Tennessee River to the North Georgia Avenue to the East 12th Street and the TVA Campus on the South I-24 on the West
Within the City Center lie several distinct areas: 1. 2. 3. 4.
The Riverfront The Bluff View Art District The Business Center The Innovation District
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1. city center identity: riverfront The riverfront is a leisurely place to rest and walk as you find people coming to and from the Aquarium, walking along sidewalks and eating at restaurants nearby.
AQUARIUM The Aquarium became Chattanooga’s riverfront icon as the city started a process of restoring downtown’s vitality through the “Vision 2000 ” community planning process. By 1990 , Chattanooga was one of the top 10 family vacation destinations. In 2005 , the 21 st Century Waterfront Plan expanded the connection of the city to the river with riverfront improvements that combined development, preservation and enhancement across 129 acres.
Aquarium Site, circa 1980s
The Riverfront continues to be an engaging and lively part of downtown attracting both visitors and residents alike.
Aquarium Site, present day
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2. city center identity: bluff view art district The change in topography welcomes you into the Bluff. Engage with your surroundings as you walk past condos, the Walnut Street Bridge, art galleries, restaurants and cafés, and the Hunter Museum while enjoying ample views of the river .
Original Mansion
HUNTER MUSEUM The Hunter Museum exemplifies the history of the Bluff from its beginning as an affluent residential neighborhood to todays’ Art District.
1975 Addition
The museum first opened in 1951 when the FaxtonHunter Mansion was donated to become Chattanooga’s first art museum. From then on the museum has evolved including two additions, one in 1975, and another in 2005 in following with the 21st Century Waterfront Plan. The museum led to the opening of art galleries, restaurants, cafés and condos, and the bluff transformed into Chattanooga’s art district.
2005 Addition
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3. city center identity: business center As you travel down either Market or Broad, people are coming to and from work, others are waiting for the bus and cars are moving along the streets. The mood changes from leisure to business. As building increase in height and density, you know you are in the business center.
LOVEMAN’S BUILDING The Loveman’s building, located at 800 Market Street, depicts the business character and transformations of City Center. Built in 1886 , it was Chattanooga’s beloved department store for over one hundred years. Its family-oriented atmosphere and lunch room in the basement provided a gathering place for people downtown. As retail declined, the building transformed to accommodate people wanting to live and work downtown. The building today is a mixed use condominium serving as a home for residents and a dozen of startup companies that call the Lamp Post Group their parent company.
1889 Today
Edney Pre-Renovation 24
4. city center identity: innovation district Walking from Miller Plaza towards City Hall at 11th Street, you may notice a diversity of people types as you see a city official in suit and tie as well as someone in joggers walking their dog. This clearly represents the essence of the Innovation District, a dynamic place that fosters partnerships and ideas among existing businesses, local government and startups.
EDNEY BUILDING The Edney Building, located at 1100 Market Street, is the cornerstone of the Innovation District. Built in 1969, the building was used as office by TVA. In 2015, it was redeveloped to become a place of connection among entrepreneurs and existing businesses. Some of its tenants include CO.LAB, The Enterprise Center, and Society of Work. Its Fifth Floor includes a flexible gathering area that gives access to community participants and building tenants.
Edney 2019
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an interview with karen hundt Can you tell us about the planning process during the revitalization of downtown? There was great cohesion between local government, River City Company, the Chattanooga Studio, foundations and some developers. At first, the work involved a lot of educating and showing possibilities through studies and images. Creating centers of activity in strategic places like Miller Plaza and Waterfront would lead the areas in between to also grow. You mentioned educating as part of the process. What did that look like? A lot of times in talking about a new area of planning people would want industries and businesses out. Part of our job was educating people in seeing that industry and businesses provide jobs, and that there are ways of integrating them in the plan. It was also helping people understand the value in old buildings or structures that could be re-purposed such as the Walnut Street Bridge and the Trolley Barns near the Aquarium. Several people ask why continued development in downtown? It’s important to realize that downtown generates a huge portion of our tax revenue. Infrastructure investments in suburban neighborhoods do not pay for themselves, most of that investment is paid for by downtown tax revenue. What are some helpful strategies now as our city continues to grow? Recapture the cohesion that, for different reasons, was lost for a while. The Chattanooga Design Studio is in a strategic position to foster that cohesion again. Include people from the beginning of planning and make them realize they are a part of the solution early on. Partner with neighborhood associations as they carry the banner for their neighborhoods interests. Partner with businesses to encourage greater involvement of the private sector. Reaching out to anchor institutions that are trying to be good neighbors like Blue Cross Blue Shield, Erlanger, and Parkridge.
Karen Hundt is a Chattanooga native and urban planner who graduated from Auburn University. She has worked and lived through Chattanooga’s Renaissance and works as Director of Community Planning & Design at the Chattanooga-Hamilton County Regional Planning Agency.
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In our city center there are: people moving people relaxing people working
people moving
Our city center serves as both a central hub and major connector for many of our neighborhoods. Accessibility of the city center, through private and public transportation will continue to be extremely important as our city grows and changes.
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people moving commuting by car did you know?
1/4 of City Center surface area is comprised of parking lots.
Market Street and Broad have been the lifeline of the city since its early history. 4th Street and MLK are also heavily trafficked thoroughfares providing connection between I-27 and east urban neighborhoods.
Major Connectors
people moving diversifying our commutes While still heavily accessed by car, City Center has been proactive in increasing infrastructure for alternative commutes. Public buses, a free downtown shuttle, and a bikeable infrastructure means that there are alternatives to driving. Bolstering public transport and encouraging biking could reduce the number of cars and amount of traffic flowing through downtown, as well as free up parking lots for other uses.
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Bus Routes
Electric Shuttle Route
Bike Share Stations
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people moving
walking The City Center, our most urban area, has a significant amount of walking traffic. Residents and visitors should feel safe and comfortable when walking around our downtown. Wide sidewalks and active storefronts contribute to a sense of safety and activity. However, empty storefronts disengage pedestrians and create a sense of heightened awareness. Parking lots that feel intentional, well planned, and landscaped protect walkers from traffic, while parking lots that feel unplanned or cramped are an eyesore. At night, pockets of activity are separated by dark and empty areas that don’t attract pedestrians.
Vacant and Boring
Engaging and Active
Cramped and Plain
Landscaped and Spacious
Dark and Empty
Bright at Street Level
Overall, the pedestrian experience downtown varies from street to street, which isolates pedestrian who don’t want to walk from one area to another.
people moving
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did you know?
Walking Distances Commuting around downtown by foot is a viable option for many thanks to Chattanooga’s manageable size. At an average rate, one can walk almost anywhere in our City Center in under 25 minutes.
In a recent survey, 91% of residents reported feeling Very Safe, Usually Safe, or Safe during the day downtown. But only 61% reported the same for night time.
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people relaxing Our riverfront City Center is a preferred destination of residents and visitors alike looking to unwind either after a work day or the weekend.
enjoying the outdoors
“I like that I can run ... and the scenery changes constantly, ... There’s really nothing like ... watching the city wake up from the Walnut Street Bridge viewpoint.” Courtney Bird, founder of Run Chattanooga.
people relaxing enjoying friends and family
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people working Chattanooga’s growing job market, accessible downtown, and thriving start-up culture make it a great place to work or start a business.
In 2017, median household income passed $50,000 for the first time in Chattanooga. Between 2016 and 2017, employers added 10,000 jobs to the Chattanooga job market.
In 2018, Chattanooga’s unemployment rate was 3.4% Major Employers in our City Center or Easily Accessible from the City Center (with number of local employees)
people working
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startups Fast wifi, a bustling innovation district, and affordable living have propelled Chattanooga’s startup culture. “Chattanooga still remains much more affordable than most of the other cities identified by CNBC as great startup towns and is far cheaper to live and run a business than Silicon Valley.”
did you know?
Annual Startup Week Parade
The estimated first-year costs of starting and running a business in Chattanooga are 18.5% below the U.S. average.
fighting for equality While growth has certainly helped our economy, it’s important to recognize areas of weakness. In 2017, the median income of white households in Hamilton County, $59,000, was greater than the $48,700 median income for Hispanic households and was twice the $29,200 median income for black households.
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the westside
chattanooga’s other riverfront
cityscapes III
The Westside is truly a mixed used area, containing industry, corporate offices, and residential areas. The Westside’s largest assets are its large size and extensive access to the riverfront.
The Westside is contained by: • The Tennessee River to the west • I-24 to the East
Within the westside lie several distinct areas: 1. College Hill 2. Cameron Hill 3. Blue Goose Hollow 4. Tannery Flats
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1. westside identity college hill College Hill is home to one of the city’s largest and oldest public housing complexes. The closed stores and 1940’s brick buildings contrast the activity on the streets with people on bus stops, walking on sidewalks and kids playing or coming and going to school.
JAMES A. HENRY SCHOOL The James A. Henry School building has been an anchor in the College Hill community since it opened as an elementary school in 1937. The school closed in 1989, but the building has continued to serve the community. It was home for the Girls Leadership Academy for two years before they moved to their new Highland Park location, and it housed the C H I Memorial Westside Health Center from 2003 to 2017. Charlie Newton, a prominent artist who has had exhibits in Italy, England and the Hunter Museum of American Art, lived in the community and attended school in the building. As an adult, Newton formed a nonprofit called SPLASH . Their art workshop, located in the school building, serves 150 children ages 4 to 15 offering free art classes and providing a positive outlet for youth through art.
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2. westside identity cameron hills Traveling west on MLK, as you approach Gateway Ave, you experience the bustle of employees making their way up and down the hill where the BlueCross BlueShield Tennessee headquarters stands today.
BLUECROSS BLUESHIELDS OF TENNESSEE Cameron Hill has transformed as the city has tried to adapt through challenging years. By early 1900’s, it was an affluent neighborhood and included the historic Boynton Park. However, with the Depression and World Wars, the neighborhood steadily declined. By the 1950’s, Chattanooga sought to revitalize by connecting to the interstate system. Part of the hillside was removed to make room for I-27. The hill sat empty, until in 1978, when the Cameron Hill Apartments were built dominating the view for over twenty years. In 2004, the property was purchased by BlueCross BlueShield of Tennessee. In 2007, they completed the construction of their headquarters which is now home to over 5,000 employees.
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3. westside identity blue goose hollow Blue Goose Hollow has a rich history as a residential manufacturing district, where workers both lived and worked. Among them was blues star Bessie Smith, who was born in Blue Goose Hollow and also lived in neighboring Tannery Flats.
BLUE GOOSE HOLLOW TRAIL Once considered “The Pittsburgh of the South”, as Chattanooga’s once thriving industrial zone, this area is transforming as construction of new residences, offices and hotels takes place. In the summer of 2016, the Riverwalk opened another three miles of trails starting from the existing Riverwalk. The trail runs parallel to the river and cuts through industrial parks. It serves as a walkable and bikable connector between downtown and South Chattanooga. The pathway is hoped to be a key to the rebirth of the area as a mixed residential, commercial and industrial area.
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4. westside identity tannery flats As you make your way southwest on Riverfront Parkway, once you cross MLK, the scenery changes. Concrete, metal buildings, machinery, and rail tracks define most of this manufacturing area.
SISKIN STEEL & SUPPLY CO. Tannery Flats developed as a manufacturing district and the earliest sections of the Belt Line focused on the district. During the World Wars and years after, the scrap metal business grew rapidly. By 1949, the Chattanooga Steel and Supply Company began to distribute new steel products. In the year 2000 , they celebrated one hundred years of service. Besides providing jobs, they have being actively involved in the community through the Siskin Memorial Foundation. The Siskin Hospital for Physical Rehabilitation is part of their legacy and besides serving patients, the hospital employs over 100 Chattanoogans.
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In our westside there are: people living people working people relaxing
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people living
Cameron Hill Neighborhood, circa 1930
From the neighborhood’s origins, residential life has been a pillar of the area’s existence. Although the historic Cameron Hill neighborhood was destroyed during interstate construction in the 1950 s, the area is still densely populated today. 3,500 people live in the residential areas of the Westside, a large portion occupying government subsidized housing. New apartments and townhomes are being built on the riverfront. Yet, many of these homes are simply out of reach financially for the average Chattanoogan.
did you know? There are over 3,500 residents currently living in Chattanooga’s Westside, just blocks away from the City Center. College Hill Courts Apartments, present day
Cameron Harbor Development, present day
The median income for the Westside is $21,211, about half of the median income for the city of Chattanooga.
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people living Another asset of the Westside is its accessbility and connection to other downtown areas. Though the Westside is contained by I-24, the street system allows many key underpasses connecting the area with both City Center and Southside in several locations. Creating more walkable sidewalks and safe bike lanes on these thouroughfares will encourage pedestrian traffic to move between the neighborhoods.
Key Intersections connecting the Westside to other areas
Nearest Public Schools Though downtown isn’t far, the Westside and its surrounding area lacks some basic amenities, like grocery stores and public schools. None of the closest schools are realistically walkable. Also, many Westside residents are reliant on public transportation. Infrequent buses and long commutes make it hard for residents to go places like the grocery stores, meaning that some residents rely on gas stations or convenience stores for shopping.
Nearest Grocery Stores by Public Transportation Food City, 41 min Roger’s Super Market, 35 min
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people working The Westside is home for downtown Chattanooga’s second largest employer. Among BlueCross BlueShield of Tennessee, manufacturing industries, auto dealers, doctor and dental offices, and the construction industry, the Westside currently employs over 5,500 people.
Did you know? BlueCross BlueShield employs 5,193 full-time employees. The Westside produces $4,366,446 of combined city/county tax base. $2,349,337 of the amount goes
to the City of Chattanooga.
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people relaxing One of the best assets of the Westside is the Tennessee River. Chattanooga’s Riverwalk project expanded in 2016 to include a large swath of the Westside riverfront. This section of the trail takes visitors through an industrial landscape and provides beautiful views of both the river and Lookout Mountain. The trail also connects bikers and pedestrians to the north side of St. Elmo and City Center’s main waterfront. The Riverwalk system also provides public art for residents. In addition to temporary sculptures, Public Art Chattanooga recently installed two large sculptures at the Blue Goose Hollow trail head, an entrance to the Riverwalk.
to
ter
ci
en ty c
Resurgence: A Statement of Celebration, Albert Paley
to St. Elmo
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an interview with charlie newton What is your connection to Chattanooga’s Westside? I grew up in College Hill Courts and loved drawing since I was five years old. It was art that lifted me out of my environment. What is SPLASH and how did it get started? We are a year-round free youth arts workshop. It is called SPLASH because we’re splashing paint around. I originally formed SPLASH in 2002 to train young people who wanted a career as an artist, but I quickly realized the need was much bigger than art lessons. We provide mentoring, care, and guidance during the school year and in the summer. We’re a safe place with structure, creativity, snacks, and positive adult guidance. What is the purpose of the classes? There are about six gangs in this neighborhood. These classes keep the kids off the streets and under a different type of influence. I am looking for little ‘Charlie Newtons’ – art lifted me above my environment and afforded me a college education. Using the vehicle of art, I desperately want to plant seeds of positivity and hope in these children’s lives.
Charlie Newton is a prominent local artist who earned a bachelor’s degree in Art from UTC, followed by a MFA from Norfolk University. Today, he’s an accomplished professional artist with commissions throughout the Southeast.
What is your goal? To help members of our community understand that the arts can change lives. We need the adults in the city to get in the game. Organizations like ours are on the ground level. We have the power to solve some of the problems we see on TV with crime and gang violence. Art teaches young people that they have value and self-worth. Investing in these young lives will change our community.
Artworks by SPLASH participants
mlk
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a place of diversity
MLK has become the most diverse corridor in
Chattanooga including people from different races, socio economic backgrounds and ages. MLK’s largest assets are its history, diversity, and link between city center, UTC, Southside and Chattanooga’s east side neighborhoods.
The MLK neighborhood is contained by: • MLK Blvd. to the North • Railroad tracks to the South • Market Street to the West • Central Avenue to the East. Within the MLK neighborhood lie several distinct areas: 1. Big Nine 2. Park Place 3. Onion Bottom
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1. mlk identity big nine Walking east on MLK Blvd. from Market Street, once you pass the Bessie Smith Cultural Center and admire the colorful murals, you find yourself immersed in over 100 years of Chattanooga’s African American history and commerce. There is a contrast between celebration of the past and new possibilities.
BESSIE SMITH CULTURAL CENTER Once known as the “Big 9,” MLK Boulevard (formerly Ninth Street) is the only remaining cohesive area historically associated with Chattanooga’s African American community. Music has always played a strong role in the MLK area, as it was once a musical center for Jazz and Blues. The Bessie Smith Cultural Center (BSCC), named for blues icon Bessie Smith, has evolved from a history museum to a museum that engages its community. A Times Free Press warehouse, which was located near the site of where the Martin Hotel once stood, was repurposed and transformed to house the museum which opened its doors in 1983. The Martin Hotel had been the largest African American hotel in the South. Today, the BSCC addresses the cultural void and broadens the diversity of cultural offerings in this area.
an interview with moses freeman
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Tell us about growing up in Chattanooga? We were a mecca to people of color coming here. MLK was a shopping, living and entertainment district. There were 2 and 3 story buildings all the way down the street, and the people lived above these businesses. There were a lot of clubs. As a paperboy, I would go in and out of these places to eat and rest. So, I saw adults having fun. Though there were very few properties owned by African Americans, most of the businesses were operated by blacks. Blacks didn’t own the buildings until out-migration, when Eisenhower established the freeways, and people began moving out of the city. How did MLK change? One by one the buildings were deserted. Some old buildings were torn down. Even though they had housed hundreds of black people. All the businesses made their living off the people who lived in those apartments. I witnessed the street itself change. The traffic was converted to one-way, and it went that way rapidly. No one was stopping to do business with those businesses on MLK.
Moses Freeman is a Chattanooga native. From growing up as a paper boy, to teaching at Howard High, to serving as a city council man, Mr. Freeman has served our city well. He now lives with his wife in Chattanooga’s MLK neighborhood.
When did you return to downtown? It was in 2004 . I planned to move back in 2000. I built 6 houses in the MLK neighborhood. I found a good friend, who made a drawing to show me what the development would look like. Then I had another good friend who made the land available so I could buy it. Then I had to have a good banker who did not demand that I had a 900 on my credit score. 4 of the original 6 owners still live there. The property value has increased over $100,000 since 2004 . The value is through the roof. I sold one home to one of my students. I sold another home to 2 of my students who married. I sold one to my neighbor. My goal from the beginning was to have a black community so black people could be involved in the development of downtown. That was more my motivation than my own desire to be downtown.
With the student population increasing, how do you see the interplay of UTC and MLK ? MLK will be a university community. I moved back down to MLK. In the block where I live, there are three properties that house students. Students are migrants. They are there for a semester, and then they’re gone. But that’s no problem. We just go out and meet them. We say, ‘Hey welcome to the neighborhood. We’re glad you’re here. Let us know if we can be of help to you.’ So then we’re in a speaking relationship with them. So when the parties come, we can go knock on their door and ask them to quiet down. What do you envision for your children and grandchildren? I envision them living in an integrated world with no concern about race. My children and grandchildren have married across races. They are living the life I see all Americans needing to live. They are part of my legacy. When I participated in the Sit-Ins, I was striving to integrate the races in America. I thought we would have done in the first 5-10 years after Civil Rights, but it didn’t happen that quickly. But, it’s an individual thing. It happens family by family .
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2. mlk identity park place
Going east on MLK as you pass Magnolia street, the scenery changes from mixed use buildings to residential properties. Strolling on the sidewalk you are able to admire historic homes with generous front porches or newly renovated townhomes. Some homes are still in disrepair, but most have been given a second chapter.
PARK PLACE SCHOOL The Park Place school was built in 1924. The school closed in 1963 and was used by various community groups for several years after that. The building had been vacant since the 1980s and was on the Cornerstones, Inc. endangered list when the property was bought in 2004. The building was restored and converted into 14 luxury condominiums by architect Thomas Johnson. While the historic nature of the building was preserved, the building was also updated to provide modern amenities such as a solar collector system installed on the roof and a top communal patio that provides views of downtown and Missionary Ridge.
3. mlk identity onion bottom
From MLK, going south on Park Avenue, you leave Park Place as you cross 11th Street. First, you notice the Dixie Produce buildings, and as you gaze further down, you have a feeling of entering an industrial park that is changing to become something new.
ONION BOTTOM STATION In the early 20th century, Onion Bottom was the site of the city workhouse, a dump, a coal plant, and the largest low income population in the city. The name “Onion Bottom� came from the associated smells of onions with the constant burning at the city dump. By the mid 1940s, the Farmers Market opened and was a bustling marketplace and hub for exporting produce through the rail lines. In 1986, the Community Kitchen moved to 11th street expanding its services in serving the needs of the homeless population. In 2006, the city bought the Farmers Market property in order to support the social services in the area. In late 2018, The Camp House announced the purchase of the old Dixie Savings warehouse and the development of a new multi-use complex that will accommodate flexible office space and food and beverage vendors.
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In our mlk neighborhood there are: people connecting people living people moving
people connecting
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The MLK neighborhood is one of the most diverse areas in the city in relation to race, age and socio-economic background. Historically, a predominantly African American neighborhood, which saw periods of decay in the 1980’s, has been transforming to welcome new residents and the growing UTC student population. The Bessie Smith Cultural Center has been an important neighborhood asset in engaging the community by providing events that bridge the current neighborhood demographics.
multi-generational
Levitt AMP Chattanooga Music Series
It is unusual for a neighborhood to attract different age groups. Even with a large young population, 78% between ages of 15 to 24, MLK still has 12% of its residents between the ages of 40 to 80. It is not unusual to see the interaction between generations in the streets.
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people connecting multi-racial The growth of UTC and its transformation from a commuting campus to a residential campus has created a shift from a mostly African American to a mostly white neighborhood. However, slowly, more African Americans are returning to the neighborhood. Census data show an increase from 954 residents in 2010 to 1,148 in 2017 . Hispanics and Asians together account for 6% of residents.
multi-income The MLK neighborhood also represents a diverse group from different socio-economic backgrounds. Park Place and UTC student apartments, such as Douglas Heights, house upper and middle class residents. 11th street is home for several city social services agencies such as the Community Kitchen, the Homeless Health Care Center and the Maclellan Shelter for Families, which serve Chattanooga’s homeless population.
Each night in Chattanooga, an estimated 600-700 individuals sleep outside or in shelters, nearly 200 of them are families.
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people living renting
owning
Between Maple Street and Campus Drive on both sides of MLK , you can see the student housing towering over the two to three story historic brick buildings on MLK. Students may find rent on or off campus ranging from $520 /mo all the way to $800 /mo.
As you cross the Rail Line bridge, the density starts to change, and soon you are at Park Place.
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people living renovating Park Place has experienced renovations as people are looking for housing closer to downtown. There is still a contrast among new townhomes and historic homes and boarded up, condemned houses. Still, the scenery is slowly changing to be a livable and walkable community once again.
people moving MLK Blvd. is a major artery in the city connecting several of downtown neighborhoods. In the East/West direction, it connects East Chattanooga and the Westside to City Center. In the North/South direction, it connects UTC, Park Place and Onion Bottom.
CARTA Routes 4 (Eastgate/
Hamilton) and 9 (East Lake), use the MLK corridor connecting to East Chattanooga and Southside. Several City Center routes also use Lindsay and Houston Streets as way to return to the CARTA terminal at Wilcox Boulevard.
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people moving With ample sidewalks, street lighting and at times engaging storefronts and murals, MLK Blvd. has an active walking population comprised of students going to class, old time residents chatting or people going to restaurants and bars.
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UTC /Erlanger a place to learn
The UTC /Erlanger neighborhood is just east of the main City Center. This area contains Chattanooga’s largest university, our oldest hospital, and several historic neighborhoods. The neighborhood is contained by: •
The Tennessee River to the North
•
McCallie Avenue and the MLK Neighborhood to the South
•
Georgia Avenue to the West
•
Central Avenue to the East
Within the neighborhood lie several distinct areas: 1. UTC Campus 2. Erlanger Hospital Campus 3. Battery Place and Fort Wood
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1. utc/erlanger identity: utc The University of Tennessee at Chattanooga (UTC ) was originally established as a private institution called Chattanooga University. The university was privately operated and religiously affiliated with several institutions for 83 years. In 1969, the school merged with the University of Tennessee to join a statewide network of schools, becoming UTC. Today, the university continues to grow as Chattanooga becomes a more attractive city for college students and recent graduates.
2. utc/erlanger identity: erlanger
Erlanger was founded through a donation by frenchman, Baron Frederic Emile d’Erlanger, who was financially invested in the railroad industry in Chattanooga. His donation lead to the opening of the hospital in 1899 , named after his wife, the baroness. The hospital has been in continuous use since its opening, and has emerged as a regional leader, performing the first open heart surgery and kidney transplant in the area. Today, the hospital remains a major employer for Chattanooga and an anchor in our city’s healthcare system.
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3. utc/erlanger identity: historic districts Two of Chattanooga’s most historic districts: Battery Place and Fort Wood, are in this area. Battery Place is a short section of riverfront property, north of UTC and Erlanger that contains some of Chattanooga’s oldest and most impressive homes. Originally, part of the Bluff View Art District in City Center, Battery Place split from the neighborhood when construction of the Veterans Bridge divided the neighborhood. This stretch of property was built as a prestigious neighborhood for Chattanooga’s wealthy, and remains mostly residential today. The neighborhood is characterized by large riverfront homes with expansive and deep lots. Fort Wood is one of Chattanooga’s oldest neighborhoods. The area was annexed by the city of Chattanooga in 1851 . During the Civil War, the area was an influential Union stronghold. Following the war, it began to grow with new residential development. An electric streetcar line encouraged Chattanoogans to build new homes in the area. By the turn of the century, it was one of downtown’s most elite neighborhoods for influential politicians and businessmen. Today, the community still retains its elegant, historic homes and tree lined streets. The neighborhood is a mix of mostly private homes, Greek life residences, and properties that have been converted to off-campus student apartments.
Historic Fort Wood
Present Day Fort Wood
Historic Battery Place
Present Day Battery Place
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In our UTC /Erlanger neighborhood there are: people learning people living people working
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people learning UTC is a vital part of our community. Every year, over 11,000 students inhabit our city, boosting our economy and social capital. The university’s footprint is walkable, and the area around the school is filled with students living off campus. The school has a large selection of majors and athletics that attract all kinds of students.
did you know? 42% of graduates of an average 4 -year university
Less than 3,500 students live on campus, which means the rest are living in other areas around our city.
30% of UTC students come from Hamilton County, while 54.1% are from other counties in Tennessee.
A 2017 study found that UTC contributes $353 million dollars to our state’s economy.
remain in the area after school.
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people living
The UTC /Erlanger neighborhood is highly residential, especially on the streets closest to the university and the hospital. Battery Place and Fort Wood are two anchor neighborhoods that retain single family homes. However, some of these homes have been converted into multifamily properties and student housing. Several apartment buildings nearby provide affordable off-campus student housing. The overwhelming majority of properties in this area are rentals. Occupied Residential Properties
73%
Renter Occupied Owner Occupied
27%
Median Age for the Neighborhood
20.6 years old Median Age for Tennessee
38.7 years old
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people living The presence of Fort Wood and Battery Place cannot be overlooked. Although many of the historical homes here have been converted to rental apartments, large single family homes are still sought after properties. These homes have beautiful architectural details and charm that add value. Both Battery Place and Fort Wood maintain neighborhood standards for design and upkeep.
people working
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did you know? As of 2018 , Erlanger was the 10 th largest public healthcare system in the United States. 600,000 people are treated by Erlanger
healthcare professionals annually. Erlanger Healthcare System is the largest employer in Chattanooga. The system employs over 7,000 workers at locations around Chattanooga, with the flagship campus downtown. Erlanger also retains a vibrant partnership with UTC medical students. As the city continues to grow, anchor institutions such as hospitals and schools will be important to bolster public health and education.
Due to an aging population, the Bureau of Labor Statistics estimates that employment of healthcare occupations will grow 18% from 2016 to 2026, adding 2.4 million new jobs nationwide.
Health Corridor There are plans in progress now to designate parts of 3rd Street as Chattanooga’s premier health and wellness corridor. The long-term plan will link many of Chattanooga’s best healthcare facilities to each other and to UTC while also providing new, mixed-use spaces for eating and shopping. plan renderings
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southside
a place to work and play
cityscapes III
The neighborhood is contained by: •
12th Street to the North
•
Central Avenue to the East
•
20th Street to the South
•
I-24 to the West
Though the Southside is not distinctly segmented, several general areas within the neighborhood include: 1. Cowart Place 2. Fort Negley and Jefferson Heights
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1. southside identity: Chattanooga Choo Choo After the Civil War, Chattanooga’s railroad industry continued to grow. By the turn of the century, the rail system needed another station to service the city so construction began on the new Terminal Station in 1906 . In 1909 , the station opened to rail traffic. The Terminal Station was a busy and important hub for rail travel until the rise of automobile traffic in the 50 s and 60 s. The station closed completely by 1970, causing an exodus of businesses around the once booming station. In 1973 , several businessmen decided to buy the station, and reopen it as the Chattanooga Choo Choo Hotel. However, the area around the hotel was still vacant and dangerous. Urban redevelopment plans in the 1990 s brought new hope to the area, and the Southside has emerged as a popular district for residents and tourists. Today, the Chattanooga Choo Choo sits in the heart of the Southside rejuvenation. The property is undergoing a long-term renovation plan that has brought new restaurants, residential units, and entertainment to its campus.
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2. southside identity: residential neighborhoods Jefferson Heights and Fort Negley are two residential neighborhoods that anchored the rise of the Southside. As Chattanooga’s Main Street (originally known as Montgomery Avenue) flourished, the residential neighborhoods grew too. Unfortunately, by the 1980 s, the oncedesirable neighborhoods were dangerous and run-down. The Southside redevelopment plan of the 1990 s and 2000 s knew that the area needed to attract residents once again. Chattanooga Neighborhood Enterprise (CNE ) was influential in providing affordable new builds in and around Fort Negley and Jefferson Heights. CNE also provided renovation loans as an incentive for existing families to stay in the neighborhoods. Today, these areas, an eclectic mixture of historic properties and new builds, are popular amongst singles and families looking to live in the Southside.
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In our southside there are: people relaxing people living people working
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people relaxing The Southside is heralded as Chattanooga’s premier live-work-play neighborhood, and there is certainly a lot to do to have fun. The neighborhood is full of local restaurants, breweries, and bars, as well as coffee, tea, and juice shops. Main Street and Market Street both contain shopping, boasting several antique stores, art galleries, and local boutiques.
people relaxing The Chattanooga Choo Choo is reinventing itself as a hub for fun for locals and visitors, adding a comedy club, music venues, a distillery, and several family friendly attractions on their campus. The Southside also contains Finley Stadium and the First Tennessee Pavilion. During events, this area comes alive with UTC and CFC (Chattanooga Football Club), as well as the popular Chattanooga Market.
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people living In the 1990 s, the Southside was in disrepair and far from being an appealing neighborhood for Chattanoogans. Urban planners began intentional development of the Southside, and understood that attracting residents would be the linchpin in the success of the neighborhood. New townhomes and single-family homes were constructed with an emphasis on keeping the area affordable. Battle Academy, an elementary school, was also started to attract families with young children to the neighborhood. Today, both home values and rent prices are much higher than the past. 2000
median home value
2015
$53,100
$227,900
$368
$952
median rent
people living
While the area is still attractive for young families, professionals and singles have also flocked to the area. Dozens of new apartment complexes, and a large number of townhomes and condos have been built in the last 10 years. The success of the Southside increased home prices, and the rental market is geared towards luxury apartments and lofts, not affordable units or single family homes. It is clear that the Southside is now one of Chattanooga’s most sought-after residential neighborhoods for young professionals.
The Southside’s young professional population has increased over the last decade significantly.
2000 2015
2000 2015
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people working A growing number of traditional buildings in the Southside are being transformed into galleries, restaurants, offices and stylish, collaborative workplaces. Several startups businesses and nonprofits have established roots in the Southside given its proximity to downtown and its live-workplay atmosphere.
The Wheelhouse
WorkHorse
median income
45% 26% $45,500
Main Street Businesses
$15,461
24% $22,163
Southside streets provide a mix of art, entertainment, cuisine and people which makes it an ideal spot for local businesses. Ample sidewalks and engaging storefronts promote an active pedestrian friendly Main Street. Southside is a dining destination for local flavors providing employment for food service workers.
State of Confusion
south broad
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a place of opportunity
South Broad is a historic area in transformation. The area was home for the US . Pipe and Wheland Foundry from the late 1800 s through the early 2000 s, and neighborhoods and commercial centers developed around the foundry site. Since the plant’s closing in 2006 , several plans have been discussed for the district but implementation has yet to become reality. However, success in the Southside redevelopment has started to expand into the South Broad district. South Broad is contained by: • • • •
Hwy I-24 to the North Chattanooga Creek to the South Tennessee River to the West Railroad tracks to the East.
While South Broad is not distinctly segmented several important areas contain both: 1. old iron foundries 2. a historic public school
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1. south broad identity iron industry Going south on Broad Street as you pass under Highway I-24, you are greeted by old red brick buildings with views of Lookout Mountain in the distance. Reminiscent of a once-active commercial corridor, South Broad expresses the history of a vibrant industrial area that has deteriorated over time, but has the opportunity of becoming an important gateway into Chattanooga.
US. PIPE AND WHELAND FOUNDRY The US . Pipe and Wheland Foundry, one of Chattanooga’s oldest manufacturing establishments, is a reminder of the importance of the iron industry to Chattanooga’s growth. The company came to Chattanooga in 1877 , and in 1936 moved its operations to Chestnut Street, near Moccasin Bend. The plant produced pipes, auto brakes, and cast iron fittings for more than 100 years. It was one of Chattanooga’s major employers and supported the establishment of residences and commerce at South Broad. The plant finally closed in 2006 , when it still employed 345 workers. The property was sold to Perimeter Properties, a group from Chattanooga. They have since cleaned it up environmentally, and have plans to transform the location into a gateway to the city.
2. south broad identity public education The intersection of Market and 26 th Streets around 8:30 am is busy with school buses, cars and students crossing sidewalks on their way to school. South Broad is home to Howard School, Chattanooga’s first public school.
HOWARD SCHOOL Howard School was founded in 1865 as a church school by Rev. E. O. Tade, a black Congregational minister who would later become Hamilton County’s first superintendent of education. Howard School was the first public school established in Hamilton County. It was incorporated into the city school system in 1873 , and moved to its current location in 1954 . The school was named after Gen. Oliver Otis Howard, commissioner of the Freedmen’s Bureau. Howard educated black children from its beginning, and some of its graduates include City Court Judge Walter Williams, state Representative JoAnne Favors and the late Pro Football Hall of Famer Reggie White. In recent years, the school had struggled with attendance, academics and graduation rates, but the school has since seen a graduation rate turnaround, with 71% of its senior class graduating in 2018 . The large campus was also home to Howard Middle School which closed in 2009 but have plans to reopen as a magnet school in the fall of 2019 .
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In our south broad there are: people moving people living people learning
people moving Market and Broad Streets act as North/South connectors between our City Center and Southside to Lookout Mountain and Chattanooga’s South Neighborhoods of Alton Park, St. Elmo and Oak Hill. BY CAR South Broad Street carries the greatest volume of traffic. Although Market Street carries less traffic, it is used as a thoroughfare for industrial traffic south. BY BUS CARTA’ s St. Elmo and Alton Park routes are served by Broad and Market Streets respectively. BY BIKE South Broad is well served of bike lane infrastructure on its main streets, and includes the connection to the Riverwalk Blue Goose Hollow Trail that leads north to City Center and South to St.Elmo. BY FOOT Broad Street with wider sidewalks is more pedestrian friendly than Market Street which is comprised of four lanes of traffic and a continuous turn lane.
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people living Southside Gardens is the residential area of South Broad and its located right at its center. The housing options are a mix of apartments (Mary Walker Towers, below), duplexes and single family homes. Occupied Residential Properties
94%
Renter Occupied Owner Occupied
6%
Pringle Park
Harris Johnson Park
South Broad is home for a little over 300 residents, with 91% of them being minority with an average income of $23,521 . The area lacks basic amenities, like groceries stores. Some local businesses are found along Broad Street. South Broad has two parks that are under-utilized and in need of update.
people learning Howard School currently serves students that live from the river to the north, the Georgia state line to the south, St.Elmo Avenue to the west, and Missionary Ridge to the East. Howard School holds a source of pride in Chattanooga’s African American community, and murals in the school lobby depicts Howard students engaged in civil rights era. Although the school remained mostly African American until the 1980 ’s, as Chattanooga’s Hispanic population has been growing, the school has become more diverse.
did you know? Howard School was the first public school established in Hamilton County. Howard graduation rates improved from 25% in 2005 to 71% in 2018 . 90% of Howard students are from
low-income families.
Howard student body 56% African American 40% Hispanic
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an interview with lori quillen How is the Benwood Foundation involved in promoting education in Chattanooga? In 2000 , the state issued a report that ranked the performance of schools. Out of the 20 lowest performing elementary schools, 9 were in Hamilton County. Benwood, in partnership with the Public Education Foundation (PEF ) and the Hamilton County Department of Education (HCDE ), started the Benwood Initiative to focus on those 9 schools. The initiative provided some capital improvements, but the main focus was on student literacy and building knowledge and skills for teachers. It was successful, however as the initiative expanded to additional schools different challenges made the initiative unsustainable. What is the Chattanooga 2.0 Initiative? Chattanooga’s first wave of revitalization has focused on improving public and open spaces, and that has promoted much growth to our city. As we continue to grow, the city is shifting its focus to investing in its people, and education is a big part of it. Chattanooga 2.0 is an education-focused initiative seeking to bring players to the table - educators, parents, businesses, elected officials - in order to understand how each has a unique role to play in preparing our students to our future job market. What are some of the challenges of our school system? Our poorly performing schools still remain mainly segregated. Several of our magnet schools started as an effort to promote diversity. However, as they succeeded, more affluent families slowly outnumber low income and minority families. Moreover, every school has its success stories, but our schools are only viewed based on their test scores. These scores determine funding and where parents chose to live and send their kids to school.
Lori Quillen is a Chattanooga native. She completed her Bachelor’s at UTK, and her Masters in Planning and Public Policy at the University of Oregon. She is the Program Officer at the Benwood Foundation.
What has been some fruit of the Initiative? We learned, that while our foundations help the process, a more active role from education stakeholders is needed. By bringing together parents, educators, students, businesses, faith-based organizations, and elected officials, challenges can be discussed and viewed from different perspectives. These conversations provide partnerships that lead to action, and each party is essential in their particpation. What are some positive notes as we move forward? We currently have great leadership at the district level, and they have been intentionally seeking equity in our schools. One example is attempting to offer parents choice of where their kids can go to school. Howard Middle School will open a 6 th grade class this fall, and Future Ready Institutes will provide high school students with options on unique career based education. Moreover, there are more parents open to diversity in their kids schools, and more businesses are partnering with our schools. For example, Gestamp created a program that allows high school students to get a full day of work-based learning experience while completing their education.
urban residential neighborhoods a place to live
Chattanooga always had satellite communities even before the Civil War. Until the late 1880’ s, the primary suburbs for Chattanooga were St. Elmo and Hill City. With the economic boom of 1887 , however, numerous suburbs spread across the Chattanooga Valley beyond the city limits. Our Urban Neighborhoods include: North East Northshore Glass Farms Hill City Bushtown Avondale South Orchard Village Park City Orchard Knob Clifton Hills Glenwood Alton Park Highland Park Oak Hill Ridgedale Spencer McCallie Ferger Place St. Elmo Oak Grove Fort Cheatem East Lake
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urban neighborhoods identity trolley system Our suburbs were bound together by the Chattanooga Union Belt Railway trolley system. Each of these suburbs had some self-government, and some were incorporated towns. By the 1930 s most of them had been incorporated into the city of Chattanooga. With the decline in rail traffic and the establishment of interstates, Chattanooga’s trolley service ended in 1947 . In some of the neighborhoods today, trolley tracks are still in place and can be seen through the asphalt.
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In our urban residential neighborhoods there are: people living people moving people relaxing
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people living Urban living is an attractive lifestyle for many families. Many of the neighborhoods surrounding downtown feature beautiful tree lined streets, sidewalks, and front porches. Charming architectural details of houses are attractive details that many homebuyers look for.
education
A shortage of quality, public education dissuades some families from moving downtown. While there are some highly rated schools in the urban core, they are often competitive magnet schools. And, while there are a large number of renowned private schools, most are unaffordable. Public Elementary Public Middle Public High Private
housing While downtown is growing, there are still homes in our urban residential areas at almost all price points. Many downtown neighborhood associations are working to welcome newcomers, preserve neighborhood identity, and become more community focused. median home listing price {from realtor.com}
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people moving
did you know?
The average American commutes 26.6 minutes to work.
If you work in the urban core, the benefits of living close to downtown are compelling and multi-faceted.
ride-bike-walk communities Compared to the national average, a 10 min commute means you are saving 143.3 hours of driving annually. That’s almost 6 days of year that you saved by living closer to work!
5 min 10 min
Commute Times to the City Center in Average Traffic {map generated by oalley.com}
All of the neighborhoods listed on the map to the left are within a 30 minute bike ride of the urban core. Roadways without sidewalks are more than twice as likely to have pedestrian crashes as sites with sidewalks on both sides of the street.
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people relaxing Urban neighborhoods have social infrastructure, like parks and community centers, in place already. Investments in places like Warner Park, the Zoo, and Highland Commons have transformed these spaces into vibrant places of recreation and fun. New investment in the Avondale Youth and Family Development Center is a step in the right direction in maintaining healthy communities and providing educational and recreational opportunities to residents.
neighborhood spotlight east lake
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East Lake was founded in 1902 and began as a mill town. East Lake Park was Chattanooga’s first park in 1896 and home to the Oxley Zoo, Chattanooga’s first. Starting in the 1950 ’s residents began moving to the suburbs, and many houses were bought by absentee landlords. Today, East Lake is a racially diverse community of about 1,500 homes evenly divided among whites, blacks, and hispanics. Dodds Avenue acts as the neighborhood commercial corridor lined with auto repair shops and small storefronts. A strong neighborhood association is making progress engaging residents and local officials with neighborhood improvement. As result of their efforts, a partnership between the city of Chattanooga and the Lyndhursdt Foundation has set plans in motion to refurbish East Lake Park. 1890
“In its day, this park functioned for its community like Facebook does today. It was the way everyone kept in touch with each other.” Damon Davis, East Lake resident.
Today
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neighborhood spotlight highland park Highland Park was founded in 1889 after constant flooding of the Tennessee River encouraged people to build on higher ground. The Highland Park Baptist Church became an anchor in the neighborhood. Dr. Lee Roberson, who became their pastor in 1942 , founded Tennessee Temple University and Temple Baptist Seminary. By 2015, the church had moved to Harrison, and Tennessee Temple had merged with a christian college in North Carolina.
Although the neighborhood experienced decline since the 80 ’s, some long time residents joined to create a neighborhood watch which turned into a neighborhood association. Today, their efforts and investments from CNE , Redemption to the Nations Church, Girls Leadership Academy, Boys Preparatory School, MacLellan, Lyndhurst and U.S . Soccer Foundations, the neighborhood is once again thriving and turning into an attractive community to live given its proximity to our urban core.
“Our grid street pattern makes it convenient to truly take a walk around the block.” Highland Park Neighborhood Association
neighborhood spotlight glass farms The Glass Farms Neighborhood was once a bustling suburb of Chattanooga. The nearby Boyce Station served as a railroad hub, and Glass Street was a popular residential and commercial district, filled with shops, drugstores, and churches. With the demise of the railroad industry, the area did not sustain its businesses. Even into the 21st century, as the urban core flourished, Glass Street struggled to attract new businesses. Glass House Collective, started in 2012, is a non-profit committed to bringing life back to Glass Street through art, community led projects, and support of neighborhood associations in East Chattanooga. The Glass Farms Neighborhood Association has done work such as neighborhood clean up, sidewalk installation, and community branding and logos.
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ANALYSIS Examining the individual neighborhoods is the clue to defining our shared values as a city. Our unique areas hold stories and values that point towards a common theme. Knowing our own history allows us to honor the positive legacies set for us. It also allows us the freedom to honor and grieve the painful parts of the past. Close research of each neighborhood also identifies common weaknesses or strengths in our communities. It can also reveal a numerous strategic opportunities for growth and change across Chattanooga that will have a ripple effect on our city. We should strengthen our large corridors that connect one neighborhood to another. Bolstering our housing options will create more diverse and healthy neighborhoods. Increasing investment in education will set young Chattanoogan’s on a path to success. Let’s work together to fill in the gaps in our community and make it stronger everyday.
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a return to our original infrastructure To better understand our future, we cannot neglect remembering our past. Many of Chattanooga’s residents today do not know how our history shapes our city’s reality today. The region’s earliest residents, members of the Cherokee tribe, established the infrastructure upon which our city was built. The pathways they built to Ross’s Landing would eventually become Market Street and Main Street, two of our downtown’s major corridors. As our city grew, horse car routes branched off of these major corridors, and when rail and electric trolleys came to Chattanooga, their routes expanded on the infrastructure.
Cherokee Trails
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Horse Car Routes
Rail and Electric Trolley Routes
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movement away from our urban core
Urban Footprint
Mostly High Density Area
City Limits not included in the urban core Mostly Low Density Area
A combination of the construction of Chattanooga’s interstate system, desegregation, and automobile traffic disrupted the infrastructure our city had flourished on. Those who could afford, left our downtown for the suburbs, taking with them business and investment from our urban core. Chattanooga’s city limits greatly expanded as the city officials annexed more and more land into the city’s footprint. As our suburbs grew, major corridors leading to downtown were converted to one-way streets to allow fast access into downtown for workers coming from outside the city, essentially turning some of our best urban corridors into freeways. Downtown became a 9 to 5 community, eliminating the idea that downtown was for everyone, a place where people of all classes, races, and ages could come together.
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why should we focus on urban development?
1 2 3
It protects the ecological benefits of forests and green spaces by reducing suburban sprawl. It invests in areas that heavily support Chattanooga’s tax revenue. It develops in areas that have an existing infrastructure.
Suburbs can benefit a city; they provide green spaces and space to breathe. They can provide residents with an escape from a bustling urban core. However, urban development can quickly turn into suburban sprawl, “a pattern of low-density, often unsightly, automobile dependent development that has been a common form of growth outside of urban areas.” Suburban sprawl is also notorious for its harsh environmental effects, such as deforestation and high traffic. Also, these large, low-density areas are simply unable to provide the same type of tax revenue that a thriving, urban area produces. Chattanooga’s own urban core produces more tax revenue per acre at $34,706 . The next highest suburban area produces only $8,886 per acre of revenue. Additionally, our urban core already has a strong infrastructure that is able to support density. Higher density means that city services, such as public transportation and waste management, can reach residents faster and often more efficiently.
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a return to the city Today, the efforts of intentional urban planning have created a city where people want to live. Old and new residents are flocking back to downtown. At the beginning of our city’s revitalization, the leaders in the process wanted to know how their work could heal division in our city, as some places invoked painful memories of division and inequity. Their initial approach was to create places free from history. Although we can not condemn them, since they were still too close to such events. However, if we forget our history, we erase parts of our common identity and dishonor the victims of injustice. Today, as parts of our city remain divided, we cannot afford to forget our past as we look towards our future. We need a restoration of our urban core that honors our history, corrects injustices of our past and our present, and casts an equitable vision for the future.
a legacy to build on As we move forward, we build on a legacy of the progressive Cherokee people. They were not only educated and bilingual, but also embraced racial diversity as they intermarried with whites, freed inherited African American slaves and welcomed them into their families. The Brainerd Mission is perhaps our city’s best example of racial inclusion. The mission was a school started by white missionaries for Cherokees, whites, and blacks, regardless of whether they were free men or slaves. Together, the missionaries and the Cherokee later fought the removal of the Cherokee Nation, leading up to the Trail of Tears. We also build on the legacy of American Civil War soldiers who fought here for a slavery-free nation. That is our city’s legacy, and a great step towards healing and an equitable future.
steps in the right direction The Passage, a pedestrian outdoor exhibit connecting downtown to the Tennessee River, marks the beginning of the Trail of Tears and celebrates the seven clans of the Cherokee Nation. As a city, we were able to transform a painful moment in history into an interactive monument that acknowledges injustice, celebrates our heritage, and preserves our history for future generations as reminders of where we’ve been and towards where we want to go.
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why is planning important? As we move forward, intentional urban planning will lead to the success of our city. This map shows the areas where professional teams have lead planning processes. Today, these pockets are some of Chattanooga’s best neighborhoods. However, the darkened areas of the map represent all the areas where we still have work to do. Joining pockets of activity together, working to improve areas of inactivity, and creating inter-neighborhood strings of activity better connects our city.
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an interview with Stroud Watson You were influential in revitalizing some of Chattanooga’s most popular neighborhoods. How were neighborhoods structured when you arrived here? Neighborhoods used be be structured around churches, so when we would approach an area of town to start conversation about planning, approaching pastors and their congregations were the first step. At first some were very suspicious, but once a relationship was established, they were instrumental in bringing people into meetings and getting involved. What makes a great neighborhood? Having a common ground is really what we are talking about. The urban public realm in neighborhoods allows for a relatively small number of people to gather and come together. For instance, English villages often had a commons that eventually became a place to play cricket or celebrate traditions. What is the essence of a neighborhood? The building block of neighborhoods is the family. You take care of your family, and your family gets bigger as your next door neighbor becomes family too. When we grew up, we were in the neighbor’s house as much as we were in our own. The neighborhood was a family and if the parents had to go out, the children would stay with the neighbors. Today, because people are easily reached by mechanical means, your “neighbor” might live across town. Going forward how can we reinforce the identity of our neighborhoods? There is a need for neighborhoods to have focuses that are visibly connected to major grid roads. Some neighborhoods today feel like places you move through, and they don’t have a distinct heart. Also, the notion of the community school is really important. Schools used to be shared facilities for the community. Battle Academy is a good example of an initiative to bring families into downtown. Originally, the school served students whose parents worked downtown, but the kids would not see each other after school, since they didn’t live close to one another. Today, that school is increasing its neighborhood connections as so many students live in Jefferson Heights and the Southside. Moreover, places for adult education, community meeting halls, public open spaces, play fields, all create togetherness, and a meeting ground for families and communities.
Stroud Watson is a Chattanooga architect and urban designer who was responsible for generating the ideas behind Miller Plaza, the Tennessee Aquarium and the 21st Century Waterfront. He led the Chattanooga Design Studio from 1981 to 2005.
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let’s work towards a chattanooga that fosters: 1 connectivity Every neighborhood of downtown has it own identity– its own people, traditions, and establishments that make that area unique! The neighborhoods are not in competition with one another, rather they are complementary. They all contribute to the fabric of downtown as a whole. Increased accessibility and connectivity between the neighborhoods will create a stronger, diverse, and multifaceted downtown. We need to connect the neighborhoods to each other and to the city’s identity as a whole.
2 livablilty The pace of change and growth in our urban core has left some residents wondering if downtown living is feasible for everyone. A livable downtown community appeals to a wide variety of residents from all demographics and socioeconomic backgrounds. Developing our neighborhoods to include a wide range of housing typologies gives Chattanoogans more choices, and choice equals dignity. More choices of where to live, where to send your children to school, and how to commute increases social mobility and autonomy.
3 education Of the 9 “priority” schools in Hamilton County, 6 fall within the urban core and urban residential footprint. As a city, to bolster our downtown community, we must do better with our public schools. As old residents return and newcomers join our downtown, we must join our public schools as well. Continued investment by parents, teachers, and community leaders will pave the path towards graduation for our students and jobs for our residents.
1. connectivity
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what if we clarify the identity of one street first? Market Street was our first main street, and although it had a clear identity as a business and shopping district during most of its history, the decline of retail industry had a big impact on the street.
We can reestablish and reconnect Market’s identity through: • Concentrating diverse use • Accentuating directional quality • Activating ground floors • Defining clear origins and destinations • Planting and pavement that reinforces the image • Creating a sequence of known landmarks or nodes
“People observe a city while moving through it.” Kevin Lynch, The Image of The City.
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connectivity: concentrating diverse use How can we encourage current professionals and businesses instead of building their own specialty one off buildings to see our urban core as a viable solution and attractive location?
How can we go from these:
To these:
Big box stores
Neighborhood Markets
One off Retail
On Street Retail
Empty Buildings
Collaborative Office Spaces
connectivity: accentuating directional quality Our buildings density and height already provide Market Street with a sense of directional quality.
How can we accentuate this quality? What if we could add infill buildings that follow our current urban core typology and serve to reinforce both density and the directional quality of Market Street?
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connectivity: activating ground floors Although we want our urban core buildings leased, if ground floor spaces are used as office spaces, they do not promote street vibrancy.
How can we promote activity at ground level that allow for diverse sizes of retail to occupy ground floors?
Shared retail spaces
connectivity: defining clear origins and destinations The Aquarium Miller Park and the Chattanooga Cho Cho already act as well-known origins and destinations.
How can we continue to build on these precedents to continue to expand and encourage our awareness of our city?
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connectivity: planting and pavement that reinforces the image
MLK Blvd.
Market Street
5th Street
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04
02
01
03
01 Planting More Trees We already have a great stock of trees on Market street. How can we improve in sections of the street where we lack continuity?
02 Slowing traffic Most of our crossing areas are identifiable by brick pavements. How can we improve on consistency creating an identifiable path for pedestrians?
03
04
Ma
in S
t.
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02 03
03 Adding mid-point destinations The Aquarium, Miller Park and Choo Choo are already identifiable destinations. How can we add landmarks that bridge the distance between them?
04
Highliting important nodes How can we highlight important nodes that will help create more walkable sequences of stops along the path?
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connectivity: creating a sequence of known landmarks or nodes How can we go from this:
To this:
03 01
04 01
Stage
02
Small Carousel
03
Local Vendor
04
Checker Tables
02
Precedence: Bryant Park, NY
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Carousel
Chess and Checkers
Ping Pong
Local Vendors
Outdoor seating
Wifi Hotspot
Lunch Break
Movie Night
Winter fun
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connectivity: strategies
TIME
COST
IMPACT
“We are more likely to act when we have first-hand experience.” STRATEGIES PLACE A. Develop small parks between the Aquarium, Miller Park, and the Chattanooga Cho Cho. B. Invest in building infills that replace empty lots. C. Make room on ground floors for smaller retail, urban groceries stores, and small restaurants.
PROGRAM D. Continue holding tree planting events. F. Continue promoting and supporting events at our downtown parks and public spaces.
INDIVIDUAL ACTIONS G. Spend a weekend exploring a new part of downtown! There’s a lot of unique places around town. H. Replace a car-trip with public transportation.
high
med.
low
I. Take advantage of Chattanooga’s bike/walk paths, such as the Tennessee Riverwalk.
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2. livability
cityscapes III
What if we diversify our choices for living? The MLK neighborhood is an example of neighborhood that is working to restore its identity while diversifying its housing selection. The neighborhood was once a cultural destination, full of shopping, clubs, and restaurants. There were apartments above the buildings but also single family homes just outside of the major commercial corridor. However, the effects of out-migration in the 1950 s and 60 s left the neighborhood partially vacant and in disrepair. Today, MLK is emerging as one of Chattanooga’s premier neighborhoods. The neighborhood is working to honor its African American identity while also providing housing for a wide variety of people. There are apartments above storefronts, apartment complexes for UTC students, townhomes, and single family homes, all close to the neighborhoods shopping and restaurants. As you drive away from the City Center, the density and height of the buildings decreases.
Two story mixed use
Two story mixed use
Apartments
Apartments
Townhomes
Townhomes
Single-family homes
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livability: choices for living on MLK towards urban core
01
02
Apartments
Two story mixed use
03 Town Homes
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away from urban core
looking forward 04 Single Family Homes
As Chattanooga continues to grow, we must do our best to preserve the diversity of housing in neighborhoods, such as MLK . We can preserve the residential character less dense areas by concentrating density. Though the area already feels full, notice how many parking lots exist close to the urban core. As our society becomes less cardependent, these lots could provide for new, high-density development while protecting our existing green spaces and less dense areas.
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livability: strategies
TIME
COST
IMPACT
“We are more likely to act when we understand that we are part of a larger community with shared experiences.” STRATEGIES PLACE A. Investment in making improvements to existing house stock. B. Promoting choices of living that includes the missing middle, apartments and townhomes.
POLICY C. Rezoning that allows for mixed use buildings near neighborhoods main corridors. D. Tax incentives and regulations for affordable income housing units that do not expire. E. Rent control laws.
INDIVIDUAL ACTIONS F. Attend neighborhood association meetings to stay informed about issues your community. G. If your neighborhood doesn’t have an association, start one!
high
med.
low
H. Donate to organizations committed to providing affordable housing to Chattanoogans.
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3. education
cityscapes III
What if all students were set up for success? As a city, we must do better with our public education. In 2018 , 9 Priority Schools (schools who fall in the bottom 5% of the state) were designated in Hamilton County. Of the 9 schools, 6 priority schools are within our downtown footprint. Chattanooga needs a connected education system that caters to a diverse range of students. A continuous path of quality education will lead students to high school graduation and beyond.
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let’s work hard to: start learning early
Only 43% of our 3-4 year olds are attending any form of an early childhood program. So, only 4 out of 10 students are considered on target for being ready to learn when they get to Kindergarten.
promote reading skills
National statistics show that even if students are living in poverty, 89% will graduate on time if they are reading on level by 3 rd grade.
encourage continued education
8% of jobs making a livable wage
in Hamilton County require a postsecondary credential. Right now about 40% have a postsecondary credential.
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eduaction: bright spots in education gestamp
chattanooga girls leadership academy CGLA is an example of what one to one support to students can
accomplish. CGLA is a single gender, small learning community for girls in grades 6-12 offering a college-preparation curriculum, which emphasizes Science, Technology, Engineering, the Arts, and Mathematics (STEAM ). The school opened in 2009 ,following the implementation of its founder’s vision, Sue Anne Wells and Maxine Bailey, to provide opportunities, connections and supports often common in local prep and public schools in higher-priced neighborhoods to low-income girls. In May 2013, the school celebrated its first graduating class with many of the girls being the first in their family to graduate high school and go to college. Today, ninety percent of CGLA graduates attend college.
The Gestamp apprenticeship program is an outstanding example of hands on learning that prepares students to the workforce. The program is designed to help Hamilton County students learn the skills needed for the workforce, including advanced manufacturing skills. Through this program, students take online academic classes at Gestamp as well as complete real-life work experience at the Gestamp facility. The program also pays students for their work and gives students the option to become employees once the program is completed.
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tech goes home
STEP-UP chattanooga
Tech Goes Home is a prime example of outside initiatives filling gaps in our school system. Through the Enterprise Center, Tech Goes Home provides students and adults with technology training and discounted internet access and devices. In an technology centered society, their work ensures that lower-income families and students have the skills needed for education and the job market.
STEP-UP Chattanooga is another initiative preparing young Chattanoogans for the workforce. “STEP-UP Chattanooga
provide young people with internships at local companies, nonprofits and public agencies, providing critical workreadiness training, on-the-job experience, professional connections and ongoing support for career and college success.� Employers get quality interns, and students get experience. It’s a win-win!
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eduaction: strategies
TIME
COST
IMPACT
“We are more likely to act when we are part of solving the problem.” STRATEGIES PLACE A. Investment in existing school buildings. B. Investment in small libraries within neighborhoods. C. Investment in existing youth and family development centers. D. Building a public Middle and High School downtown.
PROGRAM E. Connecting schools with the community. F. Creating opportunities of interaction and knowledge sharing between private and public schools. G. Expanding public library services into community centers in neighborhoods. H. Connecting students with hands on learning opportunities within the business sector.
INDIVIDUAL ACTIONS I. If you’re an individual…stay informed on issues of public education, and talk to your elected officials about strengthening our education system locally and statewide. J. If you’re a parent… read out loud often with your children to encourage a grade-level reading level. Attend parent/teacher conferences and school meetings. Make your voice heard!
high
med.
low
K. If you’re an educator… mentor or train new educators, and encourage parents with ways to support their child’s education at home.
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CITATIONS Cover Image:
• Old Bridge Photo:
“Walnut Street Bridge.” Courtesy of Karen Hundt.
Kelley, Molly.
Chattanooga Design Studio. Spring 2019.
•
• New Bridge Photo:
( https://metroideas.org/projects/tax-revenuein-hamilton-county/)
https://www.chattanoogafun.com/listing/walnut-streetpedestrian-bridge/2485/
01:
• Aquarium Sketch: Kelley, Molly.
Chattanooga Design Studio. Spring 2019.
A Look at Our History
Our Population Growth Data Source: •
Sources:
• John Ross Info: https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/historyarchaeology/john-ross-1790-1866
• Trail of Tears Info: https://www.tpl.org/magazine/retracing-trail-tears%E2% 80%94landpeople#sm.00006n1ox7h0dd0yq561jd5c9uqlg
Images: Kelley, Molly. Chattanooga Design Studio. Spring 2019.
https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/historyarchaeology/john-ross-1790-1866
Aquarium :
•
Coolidge :
Images: • Market Historic Photo:
Roy Tuley Photo Collection. Chattanooga History. Web. 1st May 2019. ( https://chattanoogahistory.com/1946.php )
• Chattanooga 1891 Photo:
“Winter View.” Chattanooga DeepZoom. Web 3 May 2019. https://chattanoogahistory.com/1890views.php
• Market Street 1933 Photo:
“Market Street from 1100 Block.” Chattanooga Library Digital Collection. 1942. Web 3 May 2019.
•
Taylor-Colbert, Alice. “John Ross (1790-1866).” Georgiaencyclopedia.org. 12 November 2004. Web 8 April 2019..
•
•
•
https://tuparks.com/portfolio/coolidge-park/
Sources:
Statistics data for Census was done by Census tract in Hamilton County, using tracks 16,20,31 and 124
Race and Ethnicity : United States Census Bureau, 2000 American Community Survey.Census.gov. Web. 23rd April 2019. United States Census Bureau, 2000 American Community Survey.Census.gov. Web. 23rd April 2019. (https://factfinder.census.gov )
https://www.tnaqua.org/newsroom/entry/college-daysand-scout-days-at-the-tennessee-aquarium
How We’ve Changed
Population by Age : United States Census Bureau, 2000 American Community Survey.Census.gov. Web. 23rd April 2019. United States Census Bureau, 2000 American Community Survey.Census.gov. Web. 23rd April 2019. (https://factfinder.census.gov )
• John Ross:
• Railroad Information: https://www.tennesseerivervalleygeotourism.org/ content/chattanooga-choo-choo-terminal-station/ ten68b00b8993cdadb42
•
http://worldpopulationreview.com/us-cities/ chattanooga-population/
• Timeline Photos:
Revenue per Acre : Tax Revenue in Hamilton County. Metro Ideas Project. 30 March 2018. Web. 5th April 2019.
Income : United States Census Bureau, 2000 American Community Survey.Census.gov. Web. 23rd April 2019. United States Census Bureau, 2000 American Community Survey.Census.gov. Web. 23rd April 2019. (https://factfinder.census.gov )
•
Education : United States Census Bureau, 2000 American Community Survey.Census.gov. Web. 23rd April 2019. United States Census Bureau, 2000 American Community Survey.Census.gov. Web. 23rd April 2019. (https://factfinder.census.gov )
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02:
• Miller Plaza Sketch: Kelley, Molly.
Chattanooga Design Studio. Spring 2019.
Our Neighborhoods •
Our Neighborhoods Data Source: •
(https://www.chattanoogan. com/2012/7/18/230578/Chattanooga-and-itsHistoric-Suburbs.aspx)
Images: • Historic Map:
“Chattanooga TN Map by Sanborn Insurance.” Chattanooga Library. 1889.
• Diagram:
Chattanooga Design Studio. 26th February 2019.
Tennessee Aquarium History. Tennessee Aquarium. Web. 30 Jan 2019. (https://www.tnaqua.org/about-us/tennesseeaquarium-history/)
•
The 21st Century Waterfront Executive Summary. River City Company. May 2002. Web. 30 Jan 2019. (http://www.rivercitycompany.com/new/ pdf/21st%20Century%20Waterfront%20Plan%20 -%20exec%20summary.pdf
Hamilton, Chuck. Chattanooga and its Historic Suburbs. Chattanoogan. 18th July 2012. Web. 19th April 2019.
(www.tnaqua.org)
City Center: Bluff View Identity Sources: •
Images: “Chattanooga TN Map by Sanborn Insurance.” Chattanooga Library. 1889.
•
• Diagram:
Chattanooga Design Studio. 26th February 2019.
Tennessee Aquarium History. Tennessee Aquarium. Web. 30 Jan 2019.
The 21st Century Waterfront Executive Summary. River City Company. May 2002. Web. 30 Jan 2019.
• Aquarium Historic:
“Before the Tennessee Aquarium.” Tennessee Aquarium. Web. 24 Jan 2019. (www.tnaqua.org)
•
2019. ( http://www.huntermuseum.org )
•
1975 Addition: “Hunter Museum 1975 Addition. Hunter Museum of American Art. Web. 24 Jan 2019 . ( http://www.huntermuseum.org )
•
2005 Addition: “Hunter Museum Today” Hunter Museum of American Art. Web. 24 Jan 2019. ( http://www.huntermuseum.org )
2005 Addition: “Hunter Museum Today” Hunter Museum of American Art. Web. 24 Jan 2019. ( http://www.huntermuseum.org )
City Center: Business Center Identity Sources: •
Lovemans Building. Lamppost Properties. Web. 4 Feb 2019. http://www.lamppost.properties
•
Jolley, Harmon. Remembering Lovemans at Christmas Time. The Chattanoogan. 13 Dec 2005. Web. 4 Feb 2019. (https://www.chattanoogan. com/2005/12/13/77236/RememberingLoveman-s-at-Christmas-Time.aspx)
• Mansion:
“Hunter Museum Mansion”. Hunter Museum of American Art. Web. 24 Jan
1975 Addition: “Hunter Museum 1975 Addition. Hunter Museum of American Art. Web. 24 Jan 2019 . ( http://www.huntermuseum.org )
Images:
(http://www.rivercitycompany.com/new/ pdf/21st%20Century%20Waterfront%20Plan%20 -%20exec%20summary.pdf
Images:
•
district/409073/)
(https://www.tnaqua.org/about-us/tennesseeaquarium-history/)
•
Flesner, Dave. The history of the Bluff View Art District. Chattanooga Times Free Press. 1 Feb 2017. Web. 24 (https://www.timesfreepress.com/news/ edge/story/2017/feb/01/brandbluff-view-art-
City Center: Riverfront Idenity Sources: •
Celebrating 60 Years of the Hunter Museum. Hunter Museum of American Art. Web. 24 Jan 2019. ( http://www.huntermuseum.org/celebrating-60years-of-the-hunter-museum/ )
• Historic Map:
City Center: Riverfront Idenity Sources: •
Data Source:
“Tennessee Aquarium.” Tennessee Aquarium. Web. 24 Jan 2019.
(https://www.chattanoogan. com/2012/7/18/230578/Chattanooga-and-itsHistoric-Suburbs.aspx)
Hamilton, Chuck. Chattanooga and its Historic Suburbs. Chattanoogan. 18th July 2012. Web. 19th April 2019.
• Aquarium today:
•
Park, Irby. Rennovation Underway at Lovemans on Market Project. The Chattanoogan. 6 May 2002. Web. 4 Feb 2019. (https://www.chattanoogan. com/2002/5/6/21469/Renovation-Underway-atLoveman-s-on.aspx)
Images: • Historic Photo:
“Lovemans Department Store 1889.” Lamppost Properties. Web. 4 Feb 2019. (http://www.lamppost.properties)
130 CITATIONS CONTINUED • Today:
“Lovemans on Market.” Artech Design Group. W eb. 4 Feb 2019.
• Karen Hundt:
Karen Hundt, director of Chattanooga’s Design Center. Times Free Press. 17 Aug 2011. Web. 20 Feb 2019.
(https://artech.pro)
(https://www.timesfreepress.com/news/news/ story/2011/aug/17/planners-hope-link-newparks/56601/)
City Center: Innovation District Identity Sources: •
Malek, Mitra. Edney Building Sold as Hub for Innovation District. Times Free Press. 15 May 2015. Web. 4 Feb 2019. (https://www.timesfreepress.com/news/ business/aroundregion/story/2015/ may/15/edney-building-sold-hub-inn ovatidistrict/304377/)
•
About. The Edney Innovation Center. Web.4 Feb 2019. (http://theedney.com/)
Images: • Edney Black and White Photo:
Rawston, John. The Edney Building. Times Free Press. 15 May 2015. Web.4 Feb 2019. Rawston, John. The Edney Building. Times Free Press. 15 May 2015. Web.4 Feb 2019. (https://www.timesfreepress.com)
• Edney Today:
“The Edney today.”The Edney Innovation Center. Web. 4 Feb 2019. (http://theedney.com/)
• Collaborative Office Space:
“The Edney today.”The Edney Innovation Center. Web. 4 Feb 2019. (http://theedney.com/)
Karen Hundt Interview Images:
• Shuttle:
“Free Shuttle.” Chattanooga Fun. Web.10 Feb 2019. https://www.chattanoogafun.com/plan-yourtrip/getting-around/
• Biking:
Bike Commuting. Chattanooga Fun. Web. 10 Feb 2019.
• Before the Aquarium:
(https://www.chattanoogafun.com/event/bikecommuting-101/10242/)
Hundt, Karen. “Before the Aquarium”
•
After Aquarium opened : Hundt, Karen. “Aquarium.”
People Moving Images: • Downtown Aerial:
“Downtown Chattanooga Aerial.” Chattanooga Fun. Web.10 Feb 2019. 2011. (https://www.chattanoogafun.com/listing/carta/827/)
People Moving: Commuting Images: • Surface Area Parking Diagram:
Car Parks. Cityscapes Chattanooga Corridors Part Two: Street, Pace and Network. Chattanooga Design Studio. Spring 2018. Print.
• Market Street Historical:
Market Street 1916. William H. Stokes Collection. Chattanooga History. Web. 15 Feb 2019. (https://chattanoogahistory.com/stokespage. php)
• Major Connectors Diagram:
Chattanooga Design Studio. 15 Feb 2019.
People Moving: Diversifying our Commute • Diagrams:
Chattanooga Design Studio. 15 Feb 2019.
People Moving: Walking • Images:
Chattanooga Design Studio. 15 Feb 2019.
• Walking distances Diagram:
Chattanooga Design Studio. 15 Feb 2019
People Having Fun Quote Source: •
Hinson, Tamara. 10 of the world’s best city running trails.CNN. 9 Oct. 2014. Web. 17 Feb 2019. (https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/best-cityjogging-routes/index.html)
Images: • Runners:
“Runners on Riverfront Parkway.” Barber, Tim. Times Free Press. 17 Aug 2011. Web. 16 Feb 2019. Chattanooga Fun. Web.10 Feb 2019. 2011. (https://www.timesfreepress.com/news/local/ story/2017/nov/22/thanksgiving-popular-dayrunners/457594/)
• Stand up Paddleboard:
“Stand up Paddleboard.” River Rocks Chattanooga. Web. 15 Feb 2019. (http://www.riverrockschattanooga.com/stand-uppaddleboard/)
• Climbers:
“HighPoint Climbers”. Climbing. 6 Apr 2018. Web. 16 Feb 2019. (https://www.climbing.com/news/phase-changehow-climbers-are-becoming-a-major-economicforce/)
• Dining:
“Chattanooga Dining.” Chattanooga Fun. Web. 10 Feb 2019. (https://www.chattanoogafun.com/restaurants/)
• Miller Park:
“Miller Park.” Miller Park Plaza.. Web.12 Feb 2019. (http://millerparkplaza.com)
• Discovery Museum:
“Creative Discovery Museum Water Play.” Creative Discovery Museum. Web.12 Feb 2019. (http://www.cdmfun.org)
• Hunter Museum:
“Hunter Museum.” Hunter Museum of American Art.Web.12 Feb 2019. (http://www.huntermuseum.org)
• Nightfall Concerts:
“Nightfall Concerts Miller Plaza.” Innovation District of Chattanooga. Web.12 Feb 2019. (https://www.chainnovate.com/about/)
• Diagram:
Chattanooga Design Studio. 12 Feb 2019.
People Working Sources:
• Median Income & Employers added 10,000 jobs: http://www.lamppost.properties
• Unemployment Rates:
http://www.chattanoogachamber.com/ images/uploads/pdfs/Unemp_Rate.pdf
131131
• Major Employers:
•
http://www.chattanoogachamber.com/ images/uploads/pdfs/Unemp_Rate.pdf
Fighting for equality Sources: •
(https://www.wutc.org/post/charlie-newton-sart-classes-make-splash-underprivileged-kids)
Startups Quote Source:
•
•
The Westside: College Hill Sources:
(https://www.timesfreepress.com/news/local/ story/2015/sep/30/900-public-housing-unitscollege-hill-east-la/32 7830/)
Flessner, Dave. CHI Memorial Closing Westside Location. Times Free Press. 14 July 2017. Web 29 March 2019. (https://www.timesfreepress.com/news/ business/aroundregion/story/2017/jul/14/ memorial-closing-westside-clin ic/438251/)
Cooper, Clint.Many city schools didn’t fade away after 1989 mass closing. Times Free Press. 24th September 2009. Web. 2 April 2019. https://www.timesfreepress.com/news/life/ entertainment/story/2009/sep/24/schoolsupdate/235846/)
Putman, Yolanda. Nine hundred public housing units are at risk in Chattanooga. 30th September 2015. Web. 2 April 2019.
(http://www.lanewoodstudio.com/blog/splashyouth-art-with-heart)
• Major Connectors Diagram:
Chattanooga Design Studio. 15 Feb 2019.
Foster, Angela. Riverwalk Adds 3 Miles of Dramatic Scenery. Times Free Press. 13 August 2016. Web 29 March 2019. ( https://www.timesfreepress.com/news/local/ story/2016/aug/13/riverwalk-adds-3-miles-dramaticscenery/380991/#photogallery_2218 )
Mayo, Perry. Saying Goodbye to Cameron Hill. The Mayo Collection of Chattanooga History. Web 29 March 2019.
The Tannery
( https://chattanoogahistory.com/mayo-collection2. php )
•
( http://www.dudapaine.com/portfolio_page/ bluecross-blueshield-of-tennessee/ )
Sources:
Images:
• Tannery Flats Historic:
Tannery Flats 1906. Matthias Livingston Brown Collection. Chattanooga History. Web. 2 April 2019.
Sources: •
Baker Gaston, Kay. Local History Column: Blues icon Bessie Smith was the Empress of Soul. Times Free Press. 21 May 2017. Web. 29 March 2019.
( https://www.timesfreepress.com/news/opinion/ columns/story/2017/may/21/gaston-bessie-smithempress-blues/428892/ )
•
Staff Report. Renowned sculptor to create gateway art for new Tennessee Riverpark segment. Times FreePress. 12th April 2018. Web. 2 April 2019. ( https://www.timesfreepress.com/news/ breakingnews/story/2018/apr/12/renownedsculptor-create-gateway/468173/ )
Wilson, John. Chattanooga Railroad Series: The Beltline (Tannery Flats). The Chattanoogan. 10 Feb 2014.Web 29 March 2019. (https://www.chattanoogan com/2014/2/10/269 278/Chattanooga-Railroad-Series-The-Belt.aspx )
The Westside: Blue Goose Hollow
Chattanooga Design Studio. 18 Feb. 2019. “Splash Youth.” Lanewood Studio. Web. 18 Feb. 2019.
• Riverwalk Photo:
Van Vetchen, Carl. Portrait of Bessie Smith holding Flowers. Library of Congress. 3 Feb. 1936. Web 1 April 2019.
Duda Paine Architects. BlueCross BlueShield Tennessee Cameron Hill Campus. Web 29 March 2019.
• School Photo:
Charlie Newton Photo:
Moore, Gay. Chattanooga History Column: Top of Cameron Hill was price of rerouting interstate. Times Free Press. 29 Jan 2017. Web. 29 March 2019.
• Aerial Blue Cross Photo:
Images:
•
• Bessie Smith:
• Black and White Photo:
(https://www.timesfreepress.com/news/local/ story/2014/jul/26/fee-or-free-cha-nonprofitshave-competing-vision s/262800/)
•
Sources:
Images:
History. Chattanooga Leadership Academy. Web. 2 April 2019. Putman, Yolanda. Fee or free?: CHA, nonprofits have competing visions for James A. Henry building. Times Free Press. 26th July 2014. Web. 2 April 2019.
Images:
(https://www.timesfreepress.com/news/opinion/ columns/story/2017/jan/29/chattanooga-historycolumn-camero n-hill/409720/)
(http://cglaonline.com/history)
https://www.timesfreepress.com/news/ business/aroundregion/story/2018/sep/09/ chattanoogamong-best-cities-startups-cnbcsay/478500/
•
•
•
Images: Chattanooga Design Studio. 12 Feb 2019.
•
(https://www.timesfreepress.com/news/news/ story/2009/feb/01/hamilton-county-answer-notdollars/205852/)
(https://factfinder.census.gov)
• Diagram:
•
The Westside: Cameron Hills
Miller, Michael Edward. Charlie Newton’s Art Classes Make a ‘SPLASH’ with Underprivileged Kids. WUTC Chattanooga NPR Station. 4 August 2014. Web. 2 April 2019.
United States Census Bureau, 2017 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates.Census.gov. Web. 23rd April 2019.
•
Gauthier, Kelli . Hamilton County: Answer not in dollars. Times Free Press. 1st February 2009. Web. 2 April 2019.
(https://chattanoogahistory.com/tanneryflats.php)
• New Aerial Shot:
Siskin Steel & Supply Co. Web 29 March 2019. ( https://www.siskin.com/chattanooga )
People Excersising Sources:
•
Johnson, Steve. Riverwalk Adds 3 Miles of Dramatic Scenery. Times Free Press. 13 August 2016. Web 29 March 2019.
Images:
• Google Earth Image:
By Chattanooga Design Studio, adapted from Google Earth Images
132 CITATIONS CONTINUED People Living
Feature Interview
Data Source: •
Peterson, Zack. Chattanooga’s Westside struggles to survive as downtown closes in. Times Free Press. 30 May 2017. Web. 29 March 2019.
Images:
Sources: •
•
Hull, William. Historic Photos of Chattanooga. Turner Publishing. 2006. Page 114.
• Portrait Photo:
“UTC alumus makes a SPLASH with art classes.” UTC News Releases. 22 Aug. 2014. Web 1 April 2019.
Chattanooga Design Studio. 29 March 2019.
Sources: •
Major Employers List 2019. Chattanooga Area Chamber. Web. 5th April 2019.
( http://www.chattanoogachamber.com/images/ uploads/pdfs/Major_Employers.pdf )
(http://splashyouthartsworkshop.org/gallery. php)
MLK: Big Nine Sources: •
• Cameron Harbor:
Images: • Map:
Chattanooga Design Studio, adapted from Google Earth Images
O’Neil, Carey. MLK: Once, the boulevard bustled. Today the thrill is gone. But dreams of revival live on.Times Free Press. 10 June 2012. Web. 5th April 2019. ( https://www.timesfreepress.com/news/news/ story/2012/jun/10/chattanooga-once-theboulevard-bustled-todaythe/79982/ )
Tax Revenue in Hamilton County. Metro Ideas Project. 30 March 2018. Web. 5th April 2019.
( https://metroideas.org/projects/tax-revenuein-hamilton-county/ )
Bessie Smith Cultural Center of the famous Grand Theatre located on East 9th Street. Times Free Press. 10 June 2012. Web. 5th April 2019.
• Bessie Smith Center today:
Bessie Smith Cultural Center. Places in Tennessee to Explore African American History. Tennessee Vacation.22nd January 2019. Web. 5th April 2019.
•
Beete, Paulette . Spotlight on the Bessie Smith Cultural Center. National Endowment for the Arts. 12 September 2012. Web. 8th April 2019. ( https://www.arts.gov/art-works/2012/ spotlight-bessie-smith-cultural-center )
(https://www.tnvacation.com/articles/placestennessee-explore-african-american-history)
Images: • Historic Photo:
Park Place School - 1924 - 1000 East Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard . Cornerstones. Web. 8th April 2019.
( https://www.cornerstonesinc.org/new-page-5 )
• Renovated Photo:
Adaptation the building and the block. ChattMagazine. December 2016 Issue. Web. 8th April 2019.
( http://chattmag.com/2016/12/adaptation-thebuilding-and-the-block/ )
MLK: Onion Bottom Sources: •
Feature Interview: Moses Freeman
Moses Freeman. River City Company. Web. 2nd May 2019.
•
•
Sources: •
Park Place converted into luxury condos. Times Free Press. 25th December 2011. Web. 8th April 2019.
https://www.timesfreepress.com/news/ realestatenewhomes/story/2011/dec/25/parkplace-converted-luxury-condos/66839/
About the Onion Bottom District. Onion Bottom Station. Web. 8th April 2019. ( https://onionbottomstation.com/onionbottom-station/ )
( https://vimeo.com/272599940
MLK: Park Place
Former Dixie Warehouse On 12th Street To Be Redeveloped For Camp House, Other Tenants. Chattanoogan. 10th December 2018. Web. 8th April 2019. ( https://www.chattanoogan. com/2018/12/10/381250/Former-DixieWarehouse-On-12th-Street.aspx )
Sources: • Moses Freeman:
Adaptation the building and the block. ChattMagazine. December 2016 Issue. Web. 8th April 2019.
( http://chattmag.com/2016/12/adaptation-thebuilding-and-the-block/ )
( https://www.timesfreepress.com/news/news/ story/2012/jun/10/chattanooga-once-theboulevard-bustled-todaythe/79982/ )
• Artworks:
Student Art Work. Splash Youth Arts Workshop. Web. 2 April 2019.
•
• Historic Photo:
https://blog.utc.edu/news/2014/08/utc-alumnusmakes-splash-art-classes/
(http://www.rivercitycompany.com/dev/ cameron-harbor
People Working
Images:
Images:
River City Company. Cameron Harbor. Web. 29 March 2019.
• Diagram:
Miller, Edward Michael. Charlie Newton’s Art Classes Make a ‘SPLASH’ with Underprivileged Kids. WUTC Chattanooga NPR Station. 4 August 2014. Web. 2 April 2019.
Chattanooga African American Heritage Museum & Bessie Smith Cultural Center. National Geographic Travel Guide. Web. 8th April 2019.
(https://www.tennesseerivervalleygeotourism. org/content/chattanooga-african-americanheritage-museum-amp-bessie-smith-culturalcenter/ten517c0ca872347d690))
(https://www.wutc.org/post/charlie-newton-sart-classes-make-splash-underprivileged-kids)
• College Hill Courts: • Cameron Harbor:
Wilson, Karen. Art With Heart. CityScope Magazine. Web 2 April 2019.
( https://metroideas.org/projects/tax-revenuein-hamilton-county/ )
• Cameron Hill:
Chattanooga Design Studio. College Hill Courts. 2019
•
Collins, Allison Shirk. Camp House moving to Chattanooga’s new Onion Bottom Station. Times Free Press. 10th December 2018. Web. 8th April 2019. ( https://www.timesfreepress.com/news/ business/aroundregion/story/2018/ dec/10/camp-house-moving-onibottomstation/484657/ )
•
Carroll, David. Services Monday for former Mayor Gene Roberts. WRCBtv. 31st January 2013. Web. 8th April 2019. ( https://onionbottomstation.com/onionbottom-station/ )
133
People Connecting
•
Sources: •
Beete, Paulette. Spotlight Bessie Smith Cultural Center. National Endowment for the Arts. 12th Spetember, 2012. Web. 23rd April 2019.
( https://factfinder.census.gov )
•
( https://www.arts.gov/art-works/2012/ spotlight-bessie-smith-cultural-center )
Multi-generational Data Source: •
United States Census Bureau. Age and Sex. Hamilton County Track 124. 2017 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates. Census.gov. Web. 23rd April 2019. ( https://factfinder.census.gov )
Images: • Student Images:
Levitt AMP Chattanooga Music Series. Chattanooga Fun. 17th August 2018. Web. 23rd April 2019.
( https://www.chattanoogafun.com/articles/post/ levitt-amp-chattanooga-music-series-kicks-offnext-thursday-aug-23-2018/ )
Images:
( https://www.timesfreepress.com/news/ local/story/2016/jan/19/mlk-mural-praisedcommunity-anchor/345368/ )
Multi-racial Sources: •
United States Census Bureau. Race. Hamilton County Track 124. 2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates. Census.gov. Web. 23rd April 2019. (https://factfinder.census.gov )
Images:
Data Source: •
Facts and Resources. Chattanooga Community Kitchen. Web. 23rd April 2019.
Chattanooga Design Studio. 26th February 2019.
People Moving
• Houses Image:
•
People Living Data Source: •
Housing Rates 2019-2020. University of Tennessee at Chattanooga. Web. 23rd April 2019.
( https://www.utc.edu/housing/pdfs/housingrates-2019-2020_2-27-19.pdf )
https://www.tnla.org/page/384
• Today:
Screen Capture from the UTC Virtual Tour. UTC.edu. Web 1 April 2019. https://www.youvisit.com/tour/ utc/80266?tourid=reshootAug17&pl=v&m_ prompt=1
• Old Photo:
“Baroness Erlanger Hospital.” Paul A. Hiener Collection. Chattanooga Library Digital Collection. 1902.
Images: • Diagram:
Chattanooga Design Studio. 26th February 2019.
• Photo Today:
Rawlston, John. “Erlanger Loses Power.” Times Free Press. 8 Aug. 2016. Web 1 April 2019.
• CARTA Routes:
CARTA Route 4. CARTA. Web. 23rd April 2019
https://www.timesfreepress.com/news/ local/story/2016/aug/08/erlanger-losespower/380110/
( http://www.carta-bus.org/alt-flash/routes.php ).
• CARTA Routes:
CARTA Route 9. CARTA. Web. 23rd April 2019
Historic District Data Source:
( http://www.carta-bus.org/alt-flash/routes.php ).
•
Homeless Camp. WTVC.News Channel 9. 28th February 2019. Web. 23rd April 2019. ( https://newschannel9.com/news/local/wehave-homes-theyre-right-here-people-forcedto-leave-chattanooga-homeless-camp )
Carta Routes. CARTA. Web. 23rd April 2019.
( http://www.carta-bus.org/alt-flash/routes.php )
Chattanooga Design Studio. 26th February 2019.
• Homeless Camp:
“Old Main.” History of the Library at UT Chattanooga. Tennessee Library Association. Web 1 April 2019.
Data Source:
(https://www.homelesschattanooga.org/facts)
Images:
• Old Main Photo:
• All Images:
Chattanooga Design Studio. 26th February 2019.
Multi-income
Images:
Douglas Heights. Web. 23rd April 2019. ( https://www.douglasheights.com/ )
• Diagram:
• Older gentleman shaking hands:
Franklin McCallie congratulates Charlie Brown. Dan Henry. Times Free Press. 19th January 2016. Web. 23rdApril 2019.
United States Census Bureau. HIspanic and Latino Origin by Race. Hamilton County Track 124. 2017 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates. Census.gov. Web. 23rd April 2019.
•
( https://factfinder.census.gov )
Chattanooga Design Studio. 26th February 2019.
• Levitt Amp Music Series:
United States Census Bureau. Race. Hamilton County Track 124. 2017 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates. Census.gov. Web. 23rd April 2019.
Walking Diagram: Chattanooga Design Studio. 26th February 2019.
• All Photos:
Chattanooga Design Studio. 26th February 2019.
UTC/Erlanger Sources: •
“History of the University.” UTC.edu. Web 1 April 2019. ( https://www.utc.edu/about/utc-history.php )
•
“About Us: History.” Erlanger.org. Web 1 April 2019. https://www.erlanger.org/about-us/history
•
“Fort Wood Historic District Guidelines.” Office of Economic and Community Development. 1996. Web 3 April 2019. http://www.chattanooga.gov/images/ citymedia/ECD/LDO/Chattanooga%20 Historic%20Guidelines%20Fort%20Wood%20 9-11-2014%20Final.pdf
Images: • Fort Wood House Historic:
Walker, Wendell C. “House at 337 Fort Wood.” Chattanooga Library Digital Collection. April 1929. Web 2 April 2019.
• Fort Wood Street Today:
Chattanooga Design Studio. 26 Feb 2019.
134 CITATIONS CONTINUED Images:
• Battery Place House Historic:
“Residence of L.H. Bixby.” Chattanooga Library Digital Collection. 1906. Web 2 April 2019.
“Existing Campus.” The University of Tennessee Chattanooga Campus Master Plan. December 2012. Page 9. Web 3 April 2019.
Google Earth Image
Sources: •
•
•
People Learning
42% Stat:
•
Sources:
http://www.rivercitycompany.com/in-the-news/ how-does-a-university-impact-their-city
•
Geographic Origin of Students:
“The University of Tennessee at Chattanooga 2018-2019 Fact Sheet.” UTC. edu. Web 3 April 2019. https://www.utc.edu/planning-evaluationinstitutional-research/pdfs/factbook/factsummary-18-19.pdf
•
How Many Students Live on Campus:
“The University of Tennessee at Chattanooga 2018-2019 Fact Sheet.” UTC. edu. Web 3 April 2019. https://www.utc.edu/planning-evaluationinstitutional-research/pdfs/factbook/factsummary-18-19.pdf
•
Bessie Smith Cultural Center. Places in “UTC Campus.” Center for Global Education Photos at the UTC Office of International Programs. Web 3 April 2019.
Economic Benefit of UTC
“The Stafford, Gina. “UTC adds more than $350 million to state coffers, study says.” UTC News Releases. 13 February 2019. Web 3 April 2019. https://blog.utc.edu/news/2019/02/utc-addsmore-than-350-million-to-state-coffers-studysays/
http://www.chattanooga.gov/images/citymedia/ ECD/LDO/Chattanooga%20Historic%20 Guidelines%20Battery%20Place%209-112014%20Final.pdf
•
• Fort Wood Home:
“Fort Wood Historic District Guidelines.” Office of Economic and Community Development. 1996. Web 3 April 2019.
http://www.chattanooga.gov/images/citymedia/ ECD/LDO/Chattanooga%20Historic%20 Guidelines%20Fort%20Wood%209-11-2014%20 Final.pdf
Ages:
People Working
http://www.usboundary.com/Tools/Data%20 On%20Map/Census%20Tract/Tennessee/ Hamilton%20County
•
https://news.utk.edu/2017/06/22/censustennessees-median-age-continues-grow/
Images: • Douglas Heights Photo:
“Gallery Photo.” Douglas Heights. Web 3 April.
https://www.douglasheights.com/photo-gallery/
Sources: Stat #1 and #2:
Images: • Historic Photo:
“Terminal Station.” Chattanooga Library Digital Collection. 1909. Web 5 April 2019. http://chattanooga.polarislibrary.com/polaris/ search/title.aspx?ctx=1.1033.0.0.5&pos=5
•
• Today Photo:
“Chattanooga Choo Choo.” Chattanoogafun.com. Web 5 April 2019. https://www.chattanoogafun.com/listing/ chattanooga-choo-choo/761/
The Southside: Residential Neighborhoods Sources: •
“About Erlanger Health System.” Erlanger. com. Web 5 April 2019. https://www.erlanger.org/about-us/aboutus
Stat #3:
“Healthcare Occupations.” Occupational Outlook Handbook: Bureau of Labor Statistics. Web 5 April 2019.
https://www.bls.gov/ooh/healthcare/home.htm
Images: • Erlanger Photo:
Rawlston, John. “Erlanger Loses Power.” Times Free Press. 8 Aug. 2016. Web 1 April 2019. https://www.timesfreepress.com/news/ local/story/2016/aug/08/erlanger-losespower/380110/
“Chattanooga Choo Choo- Terminal Station.” National Geographic: Tennessee River Valley. Web 8 April 2019.
https://www.tennesseerivervalleygeotourism. org/content/chattanooga-choo-choo-terminalstation/ten68b00b8993cdadb42Stat #3:
Chattanooga Design Studio. 26 Feb 2019.
“Census Summary Report.” EPA’s Environmental Justice Screening and Mapping Tool (Version 2018). Web 3 April 2019.
“Census: Tennessee’s Median Age Continues to Grow.” University of Tennessee Knoxville News. 22 June 2017. Web 3 April 2019.
•
• Battery Place Home 2:
Rental Stats:
US Boundary Tool. www.usboundary.com . Web 25 Feb 2019.
Data Source:
“Battery Place Historic District Guidelines.” Office of Economic and Community Development. 1996. Web 3 April 2019.
https://ejscreen.epa.gov/mapper/
•
The Southside: Chattanooga Choo Choo
• Battery Place Home 1:
Library Photo:
https://www.utc.edu/planning-evaluationinstitutional-research/pdfs/factbook/factsummary-18-19.pdf
“How Does a University Impact Their City.” River City Company. 22 August 2017. Web 3 April 2019.
https://www.apartments.com/the-edgechattanooga-tn/9lf3v27/
https://www.utc.edu/master-plan/pdf/finalmaster-plan.pdf
Enrollment Stat:
“The University of Tennessee at Chattanooga 2018-2019 Fact Sheet.” UTC. edu. Web 3 April 2019.
“Gallery Photo: The Edge Apartments.” Apartments.com. Web 5 April 2019.
• Aerial Campus Photo:
• Battery Place House Today:
People Learning
• The Edge Photos:
“Southside Neighborhood.” Chattanooga Neighborhood Enterprise. Web 8 April 2019. http://www.cneinc.org/single-family-homes
•
Hamilton, Chuck. “Civil War Fortifications in Chattanooga.” The Chattanoogan. 21 February 2013. Web 8 April 2019.
https://www.chattanoogan. com/2013/2/21/244967/Civil-War-Fortificationsin-Chattanooga.aspx
Images: • Historic Photo:
Courtesy of Karen Hundt.
• Today Photo: Google Earth
135
People Relaxing
People Living
Images: • Stir:
“Stir.” Choochoo.com. Web 5 April 2019.
Sources: •
https://www.choochoo.com/stir
• Main Street Meats:
Banner Image. Mainstreetmeatschatt.com. Web 5 April 2019.
•
Google Earth
• Mean Mug:
http://meanmugcoffee.com/gallery/
• Alleia:
“The Porch at Alleia.” Alleiarestaurant.com. Web 5 April 2019. http://alleiarestaurant.com/private-dining/
• Blue Bird Row:
“Gallery Photo.” Bluebirdrowapartments. com. Web 8 April 2019.
“Chattanooga Market Opening Weekend Offers Two Days of Activity.” NoogaToday.6amcity.com. 22 April 2015. Web 8 April 2019.
https://noogatoday.6amcity.com/chattanoogamarket-opening-weekend-offers-two-days-ofactivity/
http://www.wheelhouseonmain.com/
• Workhorse:
Screen Shot. Zillow.com. 11 March 2019. Web 8 April 2019.
( https://www.timesfreepress.com/news/ business/aroundregion/story/2016/dec/29/ new-co-working-space-workhorse-openingsouths/404955/ )
“Chattanooga’s Southside: A Southern Neighborhood Spotlight.” Styleblueprint. com. Web 8 April 2019.
Data Source: •
“Chattanooga’s Southside: A Southern Neighborhood Spotlight.” Styleblueprint. com. Web 8 April 2019. https://styleblueprint.com/everyday/ chattanooga-southside/
•
Images: • Historic Photo:
1902 - Chattanooga from Lookout Mountain. Chattanooga History. Web. 23rd April 2019. ( https://chattanoogahistory.com/1902_2.php )
• Present Day Photo:
South Broad District Study. Chattanooga Design Studio. 29th January 2018. Web. 23rd April 2019.
• Servers:
https://www.timesfreepress.com/news/ business/aroundregion/story/2018/aug/17/ state-confusihits-chattanoogassouthsidenew -r/477270/
( https://issuu.com/chattanoogadesignstudio/ docs/01-29-2018_southbroaddistrictstudy- )
South Broad: Public Education Sources: •
South Broad: Data Source: •
South Broad District Study. Chattanooga Design Studio. 29th January 2018. Web. 23rd April 2019.
( https://issuu.com/chattanoogadesignstudio/ docs/01-29-2018_southbroaddistrictstudy- )
Ezzell. Timothy P. United States Pipe and Foundry Company. Tennessee Encyclopedia.
( https://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/entries/ united-states-pipe-and-foundry-company/ )
https://styleblueprint.com/everyday/ chattanooga-southside/
Rudd, Robin. “State of Confusion hits Chattanooga’s Southside.” Times Free Press. 17 August 2018.
Smith, Ellis. Converting shuttered U.S. Pipe and Wheland plants to commercial, housing space. Times Free Press. 7th October 2012. Web. 23rd April 2019.
( https://www.timesfreepress.com/news/ business/aroundregion/story/2012/oct/07/-stillon-the-drawing-board-converting/89811/ )
• Main Street:
https://www.zillow.com/homes/for_sale/ Chattanooga-TN/2088850821_zpid/37837_ rid/200000-_price/761-_mp/ 35.044175,-85.286715,35.019155,-85.314481_ rect/14_zm/2_p/0_mmm/
People Working
•
“New Co-working Space WorkHorse opening in Chattanooga’s Southside.” Times Free Press. 29 December 2016. Web 8 April 2019.
https://www.bluebirdrowapartments.com/ photogallery.aspx
• New Construction:
United States Census Bureau, 2017 American Community Survey.Census.gov. Web. 3rd May 2019.
• The Wheelhouse:
Photo Courtesy of Karen Hundt.
https://www.choochoo.com/glenn-millergardens
• Chattanooga Market:
“The South Broad District Study.” Chattanooga Design Studio. 29 January 2018. Web 8 April 2019. Pages 91,93.
Sources:
Occupation:
Images:
• Townhomes:
https://stadiumjourney.com/stadiums/finleystadium-s1400
“Glenn Miller Gardens.” Choochoo.com. Web 8 April 2019.
Demographic Change:
South Broad: Iron Industry
( https://factfinder.census.gov )
Photo Courtesy of Karen Hundt.
“Finley Stadium: Chattanooga Mocs.” StadiumJourney.com. 25 September 2018. Web 8 April 2019.
• Choo Choo Gardens:
“The South Broad District Study.” Chattanooga Design Studio. 29 January 2018. Web 8 April 2019. Page 96-97.
• Battle Academy:
“Station Street.” Chattanooga Choo Choo Hotel. Web 5 April 2019.
• Finley:
Median Rent/Housing Graph:
Images:
• Station Street:
https://www.choochoo.com/stationstreet
•
https://southbroaddistrict.org/
• Main Street:
“Gallery Photo.” Meanmugcoffee.com. Web 5 April 2019.
Statistics Source:
Omarzu, Tim. The changing face of Howard School: Historically black school sees demographic shift. Times Free Press. 31st August 2014. Web. 23rd April 2019. ( https://www.timesfreepress.com/news/local/ story/2014/aug/31/the-changing-face-ofhoward-schoolhistorically/265974/ )
•
Gauthier, Kelli. Howard high school chasing a dream.Times Free Press. 29th may 2011. Web. 23rd April 2019.
( https://www.timesfreepress.com/news/news/ story/2011/may/29/chasing-dream/50787/ )
136 CITATIONS CONTINUED •
Gauthier, Kelli. Howard hits graduation target.Times Free Press. 24th May 2010. Web. 23rd April 2019.
(https://www.timesfreepress.com/news/news/ story/2010/aug/24/howard-hits-graduationtarget/27332/)
People Living Data Source: •
Images:
https://www.chattanoogancom/2018/12/15 /381458/Schools Featured-In-New-Book.aspx
• Present Day Marching Band:
Howard School Band. M.A. Locke. 16th January 2017. Chattanoogan. Web. 23rd April 2019. (https://www.chattanoogan.com/2017/1/16/ 339898/PHOTOS-Martin-Luther-King-DayMarch.aspx)
People Moving Data Source: •
South Broad District Study. Chattanooga Design Studio. 29th January 2018. Web. 23rd April 2019.
( https://issuu.com/chattanoogadesignstudio/ docs/01-29-2018_southbroaddistrictstudy- )
Images:
• Public Housing Tower:
Chattanooga Design Studio. 11th March 2019.
• Pringle Park:
Chattanooga Design Studio. 11th March 2019. Chattanooga Design Studio. 11th March 2019.
People Learning Sources: •
•
• Bike Routes Map:
Gauthier, Kelli. Howard high school chasing a dream.Times Free Press. 29th May 2011. Web. 23rd April 2019.
Chattanooga Design Studio. 11th March 2019.
• School Photo:
Students at Howard. Times Free Press. 29th May 2011. Web. 23rd April 2019. ( https://www.timesfreepress.com/news/news/ story/2011/may/29/chasing-dream/50787/ )
Lori Quillen Interview Image: •
•
This was was pulled from the web Twitter account, might not need to cite it.
Urban Residential Neighborhoods Data Source: •
Hamilton, Chuck. Chattanooga and its Historic Suburbs. Chattanoogan. 18th July 2012. Web. 19th April 2019.
(https://www.chattanoogan.com/2012/7/18/23 0578/Chattanooga-and-its-Historic-Suburbs.aspx)
( https://www.timesfreepress.com/news/news/ story/2011/may/29/chasing-dream/50787/ )
Trolley System
Mangrum, Meghan. Here are the graduation rates for schools in the Chattanooga region. Times Free Press. 1st October 2018. Web. 23rd April 2019.
•
(https://www.timesfreepress.com/news/ breakingnews/story/2018/oct/01/86percentstudents-graduated/480160/)
Chattanooga Design Studio. 11th March 2019. Chattanooga Design Studio. 2018.
• Map:
• Harris Johnson Park:
( https://issuu.com/chattanoogadesignstudio/ docs/01-29-2018_southbroaddistrictstudy- )
• RiverWalk Photo:
Images:
• Single Family Homes:
Chattanooga Design Studio. 11th March 2019.
The Howard School Profile. Tennessee Department of Education. Web. 24th April 2019. ( https://reportcard.tnk12.gov/districts/330/ schools/137/page/SchoolProfile )
Images:
• Streets Map:
South Broad District Study. Chattanooga Design Studio. 29th January 2018. Web. 23rd April 2019.
“Census Summary Report.” EPA’s Environmental Justice Screening and Mapping Tool (Version 2018). Web 23rd April 2019. ( https://ejscreen.epa.gov/mapper/ )
• Old Marching Band:
Howard High Band 1965. Chattanoogan. 15th December 2018. Web. 23rd April 2019.
•
Mangrum, Meghan.Chattanooga 2.0 evaluates first two years, looks ahead. Times Free Press. 31st July 2018. Web. 23rd April 2019.
( https://www.timesfreepress.com/news/local/ story/2018/jul/31/chattanoog20-evaluates-firsttwo-years-looks/476109/ )
Data Source: Hamilton, Chuck. Chattanooga and its Historic Suburbs. Chattanoogan. 18th July 2012. Web. 19th April 2019.
(https://www.chattanoogan.com/2012/7/18/23 0578/Chattanooga-and-its-Historic-Suburbs.aspx)
Images: • Railroad Tracks:
Railroad Tracks. Doug Strickland. Times Free Press. 4th May, 2014. Web. 19th April 2019. ( https://www.timesfreepress.com/news/local/ story/2014/may/04/all-aboard-chatt-eyes-35million-light-rail-system/139171/ )
• Trolley Map:
Trolley Map. Chattanooga Rail Implementation Study. City of Chattanooga. Web. 22nd October 2015. Web.19th April 2019. ( https://www.slideshare.net/TylerYount/ chattanooga-passenger-rail-publicmeeting-102215 )
People Living Sources: • Stats:
Median Home Listing Price by Neighborhood. Realtor.com. Web 8 March 2019.
• Education: School Statistics
From Hamilton County School Zoning Maps
Images: • Photos:
Chattanooga Design Studio. 8 March 2019.
• Diagram:
Chattanooga Design Studio. 8 March 2019.
People Moving Sources: • Average Commute Statistics:
Saldivia, Gabriela. “Stuck in Traffic? You’re Not Alone. New Data Shows American Commute Times areLonger.” NPR. 20 September 2018. Web 9 April 2019.
https://www.npr.org/2018/09/20/650061560/ stuck-in-traffic-youre-not-alone-new-data-showamerican-commute-times-are-longer
• Sidewalk Statistic:
“Safety Benefits of Walkways, Sidewalks, and Paved Shoulders.” U.S. Department of Transportation. Web 9 April 2019. https://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/ped_bike/tools_ solve/walkways_trifold/
137
Images:
•
• Diagrams:
Chattanooga Design Studio. 8 March 2019.
( https://www.timesfreepress.com/news/local/ story/2016/jan/01/crefurbished-park-bringback-east-lake/342778/ )
People Relaxing Images: • Diagram:
Images: • Historic Photo:
• After School Programs:
( https://www.timesfreepress.com/news/local/ story/2016/jun/26/local-minister-offers-freesummer-arts-camp/372999/ )
• Chattanooga Zoo:
Kids at the Zoo. Chattanooga Zoo Web. 19th April 2019. ( http://www.chattzoo.org/ )
• Other Photos:
Chattanooga Design Studio. 19 April 2019.
Neighborhood Spotlight: East Lake Sources: •
• Cooper, Clint:
Chattanooga’s iconic Highland Park Baptist Church will move. Times Free Press. 10th September 2012. Web. 19th April 2019.
( http://www.chattanoogapulse.com/events/ warner-park-pool-and-spray-park-open%21/ )
• Softball Tournament:
Warner Park Softball Tournament. Doug Strickland. Times Free Press. 4th April 2015. Web. 19th April 2019. ( https://www.timesfreepress.com/news/sports/ preps/story/2015/apr/04/softball-tournamentsgetting-teams-ready/296857/ )
•
Sources: •
Residents near East Lake Park waiting for upgrades. WRBCtv. 1st August 2017. Web. 19th April 2019
(https://www.wrcbtv.com/story/36023008/resi dents-near-east-lake-park-waiting-for-upgrades)
Hardy, Kevin and Green, Alex. The end of Tennessee Temple in Chattanooga. Times Free Press. 3rd March 20125. Web. 19th April 2019. (https://www.timesfreepress.com/news/local/ story/2015/mar/03/glory-gonetennesseetemple-university-far-its/291216/)
Soccer Tournament. Highland Park Commons. Web. 19th April 2019.9.
Neighborhood Spotlight: East Lake
Glass Farm Neighborhood Association Handbook. 2013.
• Historic Info:
Rogers, Lee. “A Look Back At East Chattanooga.” The Chattanoogan. 15 December 2019. Web 23 April 2019.
Images: • Church of God Photo:
Sherill, Bob. “East Chattanooga Church of God.” Times Free Press Photo Collection, Chattanooga Library. 1952. Web 23 April 2019.
• Chattanooga Bank Historic Photo:
“Hamilton National Bank, East Chattanooga Branch.” Chattanooga Library Digital Collection. 1928. Web 23 April 2019.
• New Community Mural:
“Community Mural.” Glass House Collective. Web 23 April.
• Bank Mural:
Rawlston, John. “Grant to Fund LongAwaited Glass Street Projects.” Times Free Press. 7 June 2017. Web 23 April 2019.
( https://www.timesfreepress.com/news/news/ story/2012/sep/10/091012a01-iconic-highlandpark-baptist-will-move/87458/ )
• Soccer Tournament:
(http://highlandparkcommons.com/home-1)
• Neighborhood Info:
About. Highland Park Neighborhood Association. Web. 19th April 2019.
( http://highlandparkcha.com/about.php )
•
Groundbreaking For Highland Park Commons Is Monday. Chattanoogan. 14th April 2011. Web. 19th April2019.
( https://www.chattanoogan.com/2011/4/14/1 99018/Groundbreaking-For-Highland-Park.aspx )
Stroud Interview Image: •
Chattanooga Design Studio. 19 April 2019.
Stroud Watson. Alex McMahan. Times Free Press. Web. 19th April. 2018. https://www.timesfreepress.com/news/ business/aroundregion/story/2012/jul/31/ chattanooga-behind-the-revival/83798/
Analysis: Why Should We Focus on Urban Development Data Source:
Images: • Photos:
Analysis: A Legacy to Build On
Sources:
( http://chattanooga.polarislibrary.com/polaris/ search/title.aspx?ctx=1.1033.0.0.5&pos=5 )
• Warner Park Pool:
Warner Park Pool. The Pulse. 11th August 2013. Web. 19th April 2019.
Neighborhood Spotlight: Glass Farms
East Lake Park 1890. Chattanooga Library Digital Collection. Web. 19th April 2019.
Chattanooga Design Studio. 8 March 2019. Avondale Center. Tim Barber. Times Free Press. 26th June 2016. Web. 19th April 2019.
Johnson, Steve. Can a refurbished park bring back East Lake? Times Free Press. 1st january 2016. Web. 19th April 2019.
•
Tax Revenue in Hamilton County. Metro Ideas Project. 30 March 2018. Web. 5th April 2019. ( https://metroideas.org/projects/tax-revenuein-hamilton-county/ )
Data Source: •
Brainerd Mission.National Register of Historic Places – Brainerd Mission Cemetery Brainerd Mission. University of Tennessee at Chattanooga. Web. 20th April 2019. (https://findingaids.library.utc.edu/agents/ corporate_entities/17)
Image: • Historic Photo:
“Brainerd Mission”.Paul A. Hiener Collection. Chattanooga Library Digital Collection. (http://chattanooga.polarislibrary.com)
Analysis: Steps in the Right Direction Images: • People on steps:
“Brainerd Mission”.Paul A. Hiener Collection. Chattanooga Library Digital Collection.
(https://www.timesfreepress.com/news/local/ story/2012/jan/06/chattanooga-makes-newyork-times-intergalactic-tra/67675/)
• Steps:
“The Passage.” Chattanooga Fun. Web. 3rd May 2019.
( https://www.chattanoogafun.com/listing/thepassage/2484/ )
• Couple on steps::
“The Passage.” Chattanooga Fun. Web. 3rd May 2019.
( https://www.chattanoogafun.com/listing/thepassage/2484/)
Analysis: Why is Planning Important Images: • Diagram:
Chattanooga Design Studio. 20th April 2019.
138 CITATIONS CONTINUED Let’s Work Towards a Chattanooga that Fosters: Connectivity Data Source: •
Accentuation of Directional Quality Images: • Market Buildings:
Planting and Pavement Images:
• Diagram:
Susan Santos. Chattanooga Design Studio. Chattanooga Design Studio. 15th April 2019. Lynch, Kevin. The Image of the City. 15th April 2019. Massachusetts Institute of Technology and • Diagram: • Market St.: Harvard University. 1960. Susan Santos. Chattanooga Design Studio. Chattanooga Design Studio. 15 April 2019. 15th April 2019.
Image:
• Historic Photo:
11th at Market Street. Perry Mayo Collection. Chattanooga History. Web. 15th April 2019. (https://chattanoogahistory.com/mayocollection.php)
Concentration of Diverse Use Images: • Grocery Store:
Chattanooga Design Studio. 15th April 2019 Urban Grocery Store. Michigan State opens urban-style grocery store. Food Management. 29 August 2017. Web. 11th April 2019. ( https://www.food-management.com/collegesuniversities/michigan-state-opens-urban-stylegrocery-store )
• Retail:
Chattanooga Design Studio. 15th April 2019. Ground Floor Retail Space. A creative business plan. Optometrist combines art with eye care in Dudley shop. The Bay State Banner. 10th August 2016. Web. 11th April 2019. (https://www.baystatebanner.com/2016/08/10/acreative-business-plan/)
• Empty Building:
Activating Ground Floors
• Speed Table:
Speed Table. National Association of City Transportation Officials. Web. 15 April 2019.
Images:
(https://nacto.org/publication/urban-streetdesign-guide/street-design-elements/verticalspeed-control-elements/speed-table/)
• Storefront:
Chattanooga Design Studio. 15th April 2019.
• Small Retail:
• Chattanooga Choo Choo:
Chattanooga Choo Choo. Chattanooga Fun. Web. 15th April 2019.
Chattanooga Design Studio. 15th April 2019.
(https://www.chattanoogafun.com/listing/ chattanooga-choo-choo/761/)
• Amazon:
Amazon Go Store. Amazon’s cashier-free Go stores may only need six human employees. • Bryant Park: The Verge. 6th February 2017. Web. 11th Bryant Park. Five of the Best Small Parks in April 2019 . New York. Virgina Atlantic. Web. 15 April 2019. (https://www.theverge.com/2017/2/6/14527438/ amazon-go-grocery-store-six-humanemployeesautomation)
• Shared Retail:
Coworking Retail Spaces. Business Wire. Web. 11th April 2019 .
( https://www.businesswire.com/news/ home/20160404005182/en/Staples-WorkbarOffer-Coworking-Spaces-Retail-Locations )
(https://blog.virginatlantic.com/five-of-the-bestsmall-parks-in-new-york/)
Creating a Sequence of Know Landmarks or Nodes Images:
• Photo:
Chattanooga Design Studio. 15 April 2019.
Defining Clear Origins and Destinations • Rendering: Images: • Aquarium:
Aquarium. River City Company. Web. 15 Chattanooga Design Studio. 15th April 2019. April 2019. Adaptive Reuse. Box Building - Adaptive (http://www.rivercitycompany.com/new/projects) Reuse, Historic Preservation. Archinect. • Miller Park: Web. 11th April 2019. Miller Park. River The House. Web. 15 April (https://archinect.com/DRAW/project/box2019. building-adaptive-reuse-historic-preservation) (https://www.eatonthehouse.com offer/6Wijom6Iod366T )
Susan Santos. Chattanooga Design Studio. 15th April 2019.
• Photos:
Bryant Park.. Web. 15th April 2019. ( https://bryantpark.org/ )
Strategies Data Source: •
Mondor, Christine, Rosenblum, Anna, Guignon, Chris. Breath Easy Millvale Air Quality Planning. evolveEA. Pittsburgh, PA. 2016. Web. 22nd April 2019.
(https://issuu.com/evolveea/docs/breathe_easy_-_ millvale_air_quality)
Image: • Photo:
Chattanooga Design Studio. 22 April 2019.
Livability Source: • Sketch:
Susan Santos. Chattanooga Design Studio. 19th April 2019.
Choices for Living on MLK Images: • Diagram:
Molly Kelley. Chattanooga Design Studio. 19th April 2019.
• Building Photos:
Chattanooga Design Studio. 19 April 2019.
Learning Sources: • Priority schools statistics:
https://www.timesfreepress.com/news/ breakingnews/story/2018/sep/21/nine-hamiltoncounty-schools-among-states-worst/479584/
• Other statistics for education from: https://chatt2.org/faq/
Gestamp Sources: •
Schroer, Carly. Gestamp. Creating a Workforce in Chattanooga. Tennessee Department of Economic and Community Development. 19th March 2019. Web. 22nd April 2019. ( https://tnecd.com/news/gestamp-creating-aworkforce-in-chattanooga/ )
139
Images: • Photo:
Gestamp apprenticeship program. Hamilton Co.’s Gestamp program first to earn U.S. Dept of Labor apprenticeship designation. News Channel 9. 9th October 2018. Web. 22nd April 2019. (https://newschannel9.com/news/before-thebell/hamilton-cos-gestamp-program-first-toearn-us-dept-of-laborapprenticeshipdesignation)
Choices for Living on MLK Sources: •
History. Girls Leadership Academy. Web. 22nd April 2019. ( http://cglaonline.com/history )
•
Mangrum, Meghan. Recent CGLA graduates offer advice on college, life to current students. Times Free Press. 19th December, 2018. Web. 22nd April 2019. (https://www.timesfreepress.com/news/local/ story/2018/dec/19/chattanooggirls-leadershipacademy-launchese/485225/)
Images: • Photo:
Girls Leadership Academy. Web. 22nd April 2019. ( http://cglaonline.com/history )
Tech Goes Home Information: •
https://www.techgoeshomecha.org/about.html
Images: • Photo:
https://epb.com/about-epb/news/articles/24 https://noogatoday.6amcity.com/tech-goeshome-chattanooga-raises-money-to-bridgedigital-divide/
STEP UP Chattanooga •
All pictures and information from
http://www.stepupchattanooga.org/
Choices for Living on MLK Sources: •
Mondor, Christine, Rosenblum, Anna, Guignon, Chris. Breath Easy Millvale Air Quality Planning. evolveEA. Pittsburgh, PA. 2016. Web. 22nd April 2019. (https://issuu.com/evolveea/docs/breathe_ easy_-_millvale_air_quality)
Images: • Photo:
CGLA school trip to visit the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga campus. Girls Leadership Academy. Web. 22nd April 2019. ( http://cglaonline.com )