RESONANCE
" To Hear a Sound is to see a Space" - Louis Kahn " I see Music as Fluid Architecture" - Joni Mitchell
A thesis book for the Final Architectural Project submitted to the Department of Architecture, Art, and Design, American University in Dubai. In Partial fulfillement of the requirement for the Degree of Bachelor of Architecture Fall 2019
Copyright Š 2019 by Chaza Sandouk All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior permission of the author.
5
Approval of the Thesis Book for the Final Architectural Project submitted to the Department of Architecture. Art, and Design, American University in Dubai.
Abstract: The purpose of this thesis is to insist on the importance of Sound and vibrations in our lives. Hence, this book analyzes the effects of it on the human body and through Architecture. It is important to first understand how Sound works by studying the physics, science and history behind it to acheive a better comprehension of its consequences. The proposal is to use it as an advantage by making an immense music Institute and orchestra that could be both educational and inspirational. The Concept of the building is to include the Sound of Dubai as its rhythm and frequency.
Student's Full Name: Chaza Myriam Sandouk Thesis Book Title: Resonance Signature of Student: Professor's Full Name: Takeshi Maruyama Signature of Professor:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: I would like to first thank my professor Takeshi for being patient with our class, and helping me get on track when I was lost. I would also like to thank my parents for making me the person I am today, and giving me the chance to experience this book. I would like to thank all my classmates for the fun times working together while sharing catering services.
7
DEDICATION: I would like to dedicate this book to myself, as I am not a person to usually read or write but this acheivment has taught me a lot.
TABLE OF CONTENTS: I- INTRODUCTION _________________ 10 II- WHAT IS SOUND? _______________ 12 - - - -
The physics behind Sound ––––––––– 14 The science behind Sound ––––––––– 20 History of Sound –––––––––––––––– 22 Types of Sound (natural/artificial) –– 28
III- THE EFFECTS OF SOUND ON HUMANS__ 36 - -
Methods of Sound therapy _______________ 38 + Case studies _________________________ 38
IV- VISUALIZING SOUND ________________________ 48 - -
Techniques or attempts to give sound an image _____ 50 Cymatics ____________________________________ 66
9
V- SOUND AND ARCHITECTURE __ 90 - Sound, Body, and Space ____________ 92 - Architecture out of Music _________ 108 - Music out of Architecture _________ 124 - Case Studies _____________________ 132
VI- SOUND OF DUBAI ____ 159
VI- SITE PROPOSAL ____________ 174
- - - - -
Site Analysis _____________ 178 Site I, Jumeirah ___________ 182 Site II, Downtown _________190 Site III, Design District _____198 Function Diagram _________206
VII- CONCEPT PROPOSAL _ 208
- - - -
Function Proposal ____ 210 Concept 1 ___________ 212 Concept 2 ___________ 214 Concept 3 ___________ 216
Chapter I:
Introduction/Abstract
11
I have decided to seek a topic that is related to myself, one that is best going
to describe me. Resonance; vibrations that travel through the air causing effects on its surroundings, whether physical or spiritual. I am the youngest child and that made me feel very lonely as a kid, so music was my first escape and distraction. I started learning the piano when I was 7 years old and singing was a natural gift. I believe that I am not the only one that uses Sound to my own benefits. Not only does it inspire, but some use it as a method of self-healing, meditation and therapy. Looking at Dubai, I have found many Sound healing centers such as Miracles Wellbeing & Self-Empowerment Center, Sonic temple, illuminations, Essentia Wellbeing and many others. The existence of these spaces proves the needs of the population, since most of the time, Dubai researches into providing the best for the people’s wellbeing. I will not try to make a new facility with the same effects as it already exists. I am simply stressing on the importance of Sound, and want to use it on a much deeper level. To do so, I would like to first examine the effects of Sound on humans and compare it to its effects on architecture. From this I can depart on studying the Sound of Dubai and carry it onto my final project. As an early stage thought, I would like to complete my final project as a Music Institute for students to perform an orchestra representing the Sound of Dubai. The building itself should be inspiring following a rhythm or pattern of the city. I would want it to have a certain motion existing indoor, outdoor and underground visualizing different levels of Sound.
Chapter II: What is Sound?
13
The Physics Behind Sound. SPEED OF SOUND: 343 m/s
Sound is a kind of energy created when something vibrates, it is transmitted through matter (air, solid, liquid) and emits waves at different speeds. However, sound does not travel through vacuum, or through space, since there is no matter. This matter is a set of molecules that bump into each other in a pattern from a set of molecules to another set until the energy runs out. If you throw a rock in the water it produces visible waves, which is similar to sound traveling.
15
Vibrations in air are called “traveling longitudinal waves”. There are high and low waves called “compressions” and “rarefactions”. The wavelength and speed of a wave determines the pitch or the frequency. Hence, the longer the wave, the lower the pitch. The height of the wave, called amplitude, represents the loudness of a sound.
Amplitude
Compression
Equation: Speed = frequency * wavelength
Rarefaction
Ambient Pressure
Wavelength Figure 1
Frequency
Amplitude
What is frequency? In a wave, the distance between a wavelenght to another moving past a given point in a second is the frequency. Higher frquencies make higher vibrations.
Wavelength
Figure 2
17
When two waves add up to each other it is called a constructive interference pattern making the sound louder. However, when two waves are out of phase it is called a destructive interference pattern canceling out the sound and making
Constructive
it silent.
Destructive
Figure 3
Standing Wave in an Open Wavelength
Fundamental Wave Wavelength
Overtones Figure 4
Vibrations that work inside closed or open tubes are called standing waves. When blowing in a tube some waves resonate and others get lost, it is because some of them fit while others don’t. The Fundamental wave is the one that is longer while the shorter ones are called overtones. The highest vibrations are called antinodes and the lowest are called nodes. An open tube is consisted of antinodes at the ends, while a closed one consists of nodes on the closed end and antinodes on the blown end. A= Antinodes N= Nodes
Instruments can be playing the same note, but somehow all sound differently. That is because there is a mixture of overtones vibrating together to form the overall sound, and they do not all necessary contain the same pitches and frequencies.
Piano
Sine Wave
Sound can also bounce and be absorbed while traveling, and the object it bounces off will vibrate as a result. This vibration represents the resonant frequency of the object, it is also considered as a reflection of sound just as when light bounces off a mirror. The amount of absorption depends on the size of the object, the greater the object the more of a barrier it becomes. Harder objects are high reflective which leads into the bouncing of the wave, while softer objects tend to absorb some energy. When a wave bounces off big surfaces it comes back a few minutes as an echo.
Violin Figure 5
Reflected Wave (echo) Distance sensor Sender Object
Original Wave Figure 6
19
Fundamental
Transverse waves; some harmonics are made in a similar way as standing waves, consisting of nodes and antinodes.
First harmonic
Second harmonic
Figure 7
Sound is also used by humans in many ways; In medicine an Electrocardiogram is a machine using sound waves to check a person’s heart health. They also use an Ultrasound machine to check a baby’s health in its mother’s belly. In Geology, they use a Sonar machine to measure and analyze materials under the surface of the earth by sending waves. Beings also use Sound as a communication tool. Bats, birds, whales and dolphins use sound to locate themselves, called echolocation.
Figure 8
The Science Behind Sound. When Sound is emitted from a source it is also received by another one, it is recognized by the human ear by its different pitches and frequencies. Objects create a reaction when the waves hit them, ears also vibrate in their own way to perceive the sound. The eardrum is where the vibration starts simulating and it continues to the back of the drum in the snail shaped like part called the cochlea constituted of three bones (the hammer, the anvil, and the stirrup). Inside the Cochlea there are microscopic hair cells that turn the waves into electrical signals that reaches the nerves to then send the message to the brain.
Middle ear Cochlea
Incus Malleus
Inner ear
Outer ear
Eardrum
Stapes Figure 9
21
History of Sound.
23
Before talking about any human history, let’s talk about theoretically the first sound ever made, which is the Big Bang. A Researcher at the University of Washington, John Cramer, developed two separate versions of what the big bang might have sounded like, based on data from two different satellites; it does not sound much Banglike. The cosmos was much denser than the atmosphere on Earth during the first 100 to 700 thousand years after the Big Bang, which implies that sound waves can actually move through it but on a much lower frequency that humans couldn’t perceive then.
In 1857, the first sound recorder was created by a French inventor ÉdouardLéon Scott de Martinville. However, the sound was not recorded in the purpose to be played back but to be analyzed on a glass plate as writings. Leon wanted to see what sound is. This machine could translate the waves of sound into a surface, called Phonautograph. In 2008, a piece recorded by Edouard in 1850 was played back by converting the line waves with the help of a software. It turned out to be a person singing a famous French song called “au Claire de la lune”.
The First Sound
Phonautograph
Figure 10
Figure 11
In 1877, Thomas Edison continued improving Leon’s invention by creating a recording machine that can play back the sound, called a phonograph cylinder. The machine works with the help of needles with different roles, one records the sounds with tin foil into a cylinder, the other one plays the sound back. He played the nursery song “Marry had a little Lamb” as the first experiment.
Phonograph Figure 12 - Thomas Edison with his Phonograph
With time, other scholars made new evolutions with the device. One problem to be fixed was the tin that would wear out quickly from the rigid needle, so Alexander Graham started using wax instead which made them more long-lasting and a floating stylus to replay the music. The phonograph was then called a graphophone.
Graphophone Figure 13 - The Graphophone
25
In 1880, the electrical telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell. But the interesting thing about Alexander’s background is that his mother and wife were both deaf, and his work was mostly to help educate people with hearing impairment. He then created an ear Phonautograph to help his students visualize sound vibrations mechanism. Figure 14.1 -Alexander's Ear Phonautograph
Ear Phonautograph By 1901, they started using wax cylinders to record in larger quantities instead of one at a time. By 1913, The machine began using discs to play back sounds instead of cylinders.
Cylinder & Disc Figure 14 - Disc 1913
In 1887, a gramophone record (vinyl record) was created by Emil Berliner inspired by the phonograph but using flat discs with a modulated spiral grove, since then discs became very famous and used by artists and music producers with their benefits of being louder and easier to transport.
Figure 15
Gramophone In the early 1970’s came appeared the electrical recording where microphone was used to transform noise into an electrical signal enhanced to trigger the recording controller.
Electrical recording Figure 16
27
With the progression of time, Sound certainly does not change, but the way we perceive and understand it does change. With the help of new discoveries and addition of new materials, each generation has unlocked a new secret about Sound and its evolution. We have found ways to catch it, and play it back which has served to our benefits.
Conclusion
Types of Sound. There are two main types of Sounds recognized, the natural one and the artificial one created by humans.
29
Natural Sounds Starting with Mother Nature, sound waves are generated by almost all living beings. Firstly, humans use it as a source of communication, and entertainment such as singing beautiful harmonies and many other reasons. How does it work ? The voice box (larynx) located in the throat, and two vocal chords are stretched along it. These vibrate when lungs force air out which results in sound producing. The frequency and pitch of the waves depends on the tightness and thickness of the chords. As we generally know, the frequency differs from gender to another, and from person to person which gives them their own unique recognizable sound. The extra sounds made by humans used for other purposes come from laughing, burping, humming, coughing, groaning, panting...
Figure 17
31
Natural Sounds Animals also use sound to either locate themselves (echolocation), express their territory, or to attract mating and so on. Not only do they have different frequencies, but the sounds they make sound completely different from one specie to another. Not all sounds are produced verbally through the respiratory system, but some are mechanical made through movement or in contact with the surroundings. For example, crickets and grasshoppers produce it by rubbing certain structures on their wings. Some birds emit sound during flight depending on the type of feathers they have. Some mammals use movement of a body part such as drumming or stamping on the ground with their feet or hitting their tail on the water to warn from coming danger. Some fish resonate by moving their bones or teeth together.
Figure 18
Natural Sounds Other natural sounds come from nature itself, murmur of plants, wind blowing, movement of water, volcanoes, thunder, rain, snow, fire, etc. Each of these also produce different sounds! It also depends on the friction, the contact with another surface, the way it is moving, etc. This goes deeper than we think.
Artificial Sounds Starting with music, humans have invented mind-blowing instruments that can produce beautiful harmonies and compositions, that can play the same notes but sound completely different! Example of instruments; Piano, guitar, drums, trumpet, triangle, violin, saxophone, flute, etc. That is not all, because most instruments are also made in different ways used for different purposes. For example a guitar can be accoustic, can be electric and can be a bass guitar. They all come from the same family but still sound different. There is a classical piano, an organ, and a harmonic used mostly for churches and weddings and so on. With the technology advances, electrical speakers, headphones and digital sets make more surrounding and loud sounds.
33
Artificial Sounds
Moving on to transportation, not only can humans move more than a 100 km/h but they can also fly. Cars, airplanes, helicopters, trains, buses, metros, trams, ships, boats, yachts‌ etc. They produce sound as well not only with movement but also with mechanical advances made for the purpose of it, for example an automobile obtains different types of honking sounds to prevent others from dangers (we can say it was inspired by nature). But unfortunately, most of these inventions cause noise pollution specially in cities where traffic and a big crowd exists. It can be harmful to human health physically and psychologically. Figure 19
Artificial Sounds
Finally, different kinds of technologies were invented for different purposes, from artificial intelligence to machinery. Mobile phones create their own sounds for ringing or receiving a message from different apps. The invention of television and computers where all kind of entertainments exist, reproduce the sound of everyday life. Robots also resonate with motion. Other machines are created for construction, or factories for production‌etc.
35
Chapter III:
The Effects of Sound on Humans
37
Methods of Sound therapy Sound can be both good and bad; the good part is used in many ways to heal the human body psychologically. However, the bad part can harm the human body physically which will be explained in the coming case studies. There are different methods of beneficial sound therapy discovered with experimental analysis which will be elaborated below.
“Sound is Vibration, and Vibration is Energy. Energy with Intention Heals. Sound Heals.” – Lawrence Michael Enderle
39
Vibroacoustic therapy This method uses sound vibrations or music to regulate blood pressure and pain management. It is included in recliners, mattresses, and special mats to direct it straight to the body parts. Frequencies have been studied by different scholars determining what helps regulate what in the human body.
Water bladder Speakers
Figure 20
Amplifier
Case Study Olav Skille, an educator and therapist experienced in vibroacoustic equipment, studied that frequencies between 30Hz and 120 HZ are therapeutic. After many experiments, he explained they could be beneficial for the treatment of autism, migraine, muscle cramps, annd cerebral palsy. Kris Chesky, Director of Education and Research of the Texas Center for Music and Medicine at the University of North Texas, also proved that frequencies between 60 Hz and 600 Hz help with pain relief.
Case Study George Patrick, Chief of Recreation Therapy at the Clinical Medical Center of the National Institutes of Health conducted a study on 272 patients; from cancer (97 patients); heart, lung, and blood disorders (55 patients); infectious diseases (54 patients); mood disorders (32 patients); and miscellaneous conditions (34 patients). Patrick determined that an 8-minute precession orientation including a relaxation exercise and a 22-minute vibroacoustic session resulted in a cumulative reduction of pain and symptoms by 53%. Tension, fatigue, pain, headache, depression, and nausea were reduced in those using the vibroacoustic therapy.�
41
Neurologic music therapy This treatment is mostly about creating, listening, singing, or moving through music. It can be used before a surgery for both the surgeon and the patient to reduce anxiety and help remain focus. However, it is mostly used for depression as an alternative for prescribed drugs, many studies were conducted on adults with depressive symptoms or with chronic diseases.
Case Study BY Alice Lee Centre for Nursing Studies, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; “The study was conducted from July 2009June 2010 at participants' home in Singapore. In total, 50 older adults (24 using music and 26 control) completed the study after being recruited. Participants listened to their choice of music for 30 minutes per week for eight weeks. Depression levels reduced weekly in the music group, indicating a cumulative dose effect, and a statistically significant reduction in depression levels was found over time in the music group compared with non-music group�.
43
Singing bowl therapy Dates back to the 12th century and was used in Tibetan tradition for reflection and practices. Metal bowls give rise to a dark, absorbing noise used to calm and restore the body. The key way to create noise and movement from the singing bowls is by rubbing and hitting the bowls with a mallet that is used approximately 95% of the time. The results show changes in tension, anxiety and mood after few experiments comparing to post-meditation. Figure 21 Mean changes in Tension, Anxiety and Depressed Mood for "Bowl Naive" and "Bowl Experienced" Participants from Pre- to Post-Meditation. Premeditation Measures Bowl naive Tension Anxiety Depressed mood Bowl experienced Tension Anxiety Depressed mood
Postmeditation
n
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Change
26 26 26
1.61 1.30 0.80
1.13 0.69 0.61
0.32 0.41 0.41
1.60 0.51 0.41
1.29 0.89 0.39
36 36 36
1.01 0.89 0.51
0.63 0.61 0.47
0.15 0.47 0.39
0.26 0.43 0.30
0.86 0.42 0.12
Abreviations: ANOVA; analysis of variances. POMS; Profile of Mood States. HADS; Hospital Axiety and Depression Scale.
Figure 24
Case Study
Figure 22
Figure 23
“A convenience sample of 62 individuals participated (age range, 21-77 years; mean age = 49.7 years, SD = 13.0; 9 males and 53 females). The study was conducted at 3 locations: the Seaside Center for Spiritual Living in Encinitas, California (17 participants), the Chopra Center for Wellbeing in Carlsbad, California (39 participants), and the California Institute for Human Science (CIHS) in Encinitas, California (6 subjects). All participants provided written informed consent. The study was approved by the University of California, San Diego Institutional Review Board.� The study was experimenting the vibrations of the bowl through different parts of their body and compared the mean reduction of psycological anxiety and physical pain relief. The results were from 12.9% of pain without bowl singing to 8.6% pain reduction with the bowl for tension relief. For Anxiety the pain reduction went from 8.9% to 4.2%. The Depression mood pain reduction went from 3.9% to 1.2%.
45
Tuning Fork therapy Tuning fork therapy utilizes mounted steel tuning forks to transfer specific sensations to various parts of the body. It is a similar treatment to acupuncture, sound frequency instead of needles. There is a study proving that it might be a relief for muscle and bone. Its frequency is 440 Hz, this technique is used since very ancient times.
Figure 25
Case Study Six studied included (329 patients), with two types of tuning fork tests (pain induction and loss of sound transmission). The studies included patients with an age range 7–60 years. The prevalence of fracture which reliefs pain from fracture ranged from 10% to 80%. The reaction to the tuning fork sensitivity was high, ranging from 75% to 100%.
Figure 26
47
Chapter IV:
Visualizing Sound
49
Attempts to give Sound an Image Other than the typical Sound Wave discovered by Edouard-Leon, there are many other ways to "see sound". Over the advancement of technology, new techniques have been made by artists and visualizers to give sound an image.
51
1- Schlieren Flow Visualization In the 19th century a German Physicist invented a photography technique to capture changes in vibration density that the human eye cannot see. One of them is capturing the sound waves emmitted by movements of surroundings. The complications come from the process of it. To elaborate in an easier way, the diagram below explains how it works using the rays of light as an example.
The Process
Figure 27
53
The Result
Figure 28 - Sound from a clap
The Result
Figure 29 - Sound from a book falling
55
The Result
Figure 30 - Sound from an explosion
The Result
Figure 31 - Sound from a gun shot
57
2- Invisible Acoustics Installation Seeing Sound is not only made with science and physics, it can also be made with art, for art. An artist Dagny Rewera is working on a project that envovles enlarging microscopic sound waves making them visual to the human eye. Her experiment involves a set of speakers, a camera lens and some soap bubbles, this is where the art comes from. The sound waves cause the soap molecules to move and this is captured by the lens projecting an audio-visual light show on the ceiling.
projection bubbles
speaker
Figure 32 - Setting
59
projection results
Figure 33
Figure 34
Figure 35
3- Noize Chairs by Estudio Guto Requena This installation is a digital one where any sound made through a microphone is transmitted directly to the screen affecting the virtual chair to move based on the sounds made. The chair was also 3d printed inspired by one of the shapes it formed.
Figure 36 - Digital chair
61
Figure 37 - 3D printed
4- "Voice sculpting" Gilles Azzaro is a french digital artist who wanted to make former president Obama's words "louder". So he sculpted his "voice" in the form of peaks and valleys shaping the sound. The Figure 38 is the installation result of the voice over showcase, in addition it has a button to be pressed "A once-shuttered warehouse is now a state-of-the art lab where new workers are mastering the 3D printing that has the potential to revolutionize the way we make almost everything." - Barak Obama.
Figure 38
63
Figure 39
Figure 40
5- The Sound of Clothes A digital sound company called Showstudio tries to represent fashion in creative ways and this is one of them. By recording clinking crochet hooks to knitting machines while studios are working on their new fahsion look, Showstudio made an audio track for each collection and created them into 3D animations.
65
Cymatics This word comes from the Ancient Greek meaning "wave". It is the study of sound and vibration made through a model. Sound is invisible just like wind is, we see the wind through the movement of leaves in a tree, likewise with sound. We can observe an image of it through the movement of fluids or other natural sources.
67
Figure 41
Cymatics - Chladni Plate Nigel Stanford is a composer who decided to make a music video where every sound played has its own visualization. He used the art of cymatics. The chladni Plate is a metal plate attached on a speaker, it vibrates depending on the pitches played and manipulates the sand into different patterns.
Figure 42
69
Figure 43
Cymatics - Hose Pipe Attached to a hose, the water comes down looking like it freezes into a sine wave of sound. The water can give this effect by the production of higher frequencies.
Figure 44
71
Figure 45
Cymatics - Speaker Dish This has a similar effect as the chladni plate however it involves a liquid, most of the time people use water mixed with cornstarch as it is a thick fluid that gives better effects but in this video they used an alcoholic beverage because its fluid thickness can also work better than water.
Figure 46
73
Figure 47
Cymatics - Ferro Fluid This fluid is a magnetic one, with the help of high powered magnets it can form very densed solid shapes that can be in high motion depending on the frequeny of sound played.
Figure 48
75
Figure 49
Cymatics - Rubbin's Tube This is a long pipe filled with propane gas. When playing tones that match the resonant frequencies of the tube, the flames come out in different height because of the low and high pressures of the gas.
Figure 50
77
Figure 51
A Personal Installation This Chapter was the most intreaguing one personally. It gave me the chance to experiment myself in my own visualization of light, motion and music. In this reasearch, the usage of a high density lazer was projected on the ceiling with the addition of a tool that moves with the sound of different music styles. Each song would help provoque different shapes and patterns projected. The images right below will represent the shape results.
79
81
83
85
87
89
Chapter V:
Sound and Architecture
91
Sound, Body and Space The three are interelated in ways that they affect each other. Sound can create an invisble space, a space can create an echoed sound, and both can affect a body placed in them. All together give results of a creative outcome that many architects and sound designers use.
“I can hear with my knee better than with my calves.� - Bernhard Leitner
93
Since the 1960’s, Leitner was showing how a space can emerge through sound as a constructive material. He explains how sound resonates, bounces back and forth in an environment passing by the human body and affecting it. He also talks about idiosyncratic spaces that cannot be seen visually, they are a kind of invisible spaces created by the bouncing of sound, however they can be felt by the body. This is called “corporeal” hearing, that doesn’t only include ears but all parts of the body.
Figure 52- Sound Resonance through space
Idiosyncratic space
95
Figure 54 - Vibroacoustic style
Leitner was also known for his “sound installations” analyzing his studies in architecture qualities of sound in theory. His studies were based on scientific analysis of frequencies, volumes, movements and combinations of sounds and their impacts on the body. He also started recording specific sounds and translating them into special visual codes with special studio equipment. He then made installations with special speakers made by a technician. These formed an “invisible” geometry performed by the movements of sound. His work is said to be an aid to shifting the attention of someone from visual to acoustic.
Sound Installations
97
Figure 55 - Sound Effects through space on body
Figure 56 - Sound direction control
99
Figure 57 - Sound bouncing through blocks
Some compare his installations to a concert as it has similar effects and acoustic aids. The interesting concept of it is that most the spaces he created are not really spaces, because they are mostly empty. It could be filled with objects to fill the emptiness, but the idea behind it is that the sound itself is the filling of the void. This gives more freedom for the visitor to be aware of his own body as a whole and part of the installation.
"Invisible Space" Figure 59 - Vertical, Horizontal, Diagonal
101
Figure 62 - Visual codes
Figure 58 - Space inside a space
103
Figure 60 - Speakers
Figure 63 - Sound Geometry analysis
Figure 61 - Invisible Space 105
Figure 62 - Visual codes
107
Figure 65 - Sound at home
Architecture out of Music “Sound is a spatial event, a material phenomenon and an auditive experience rolled into one. It can be described using the vectors of distance, direction and location. Within architecture, every built space can modify, position, reflect or reverberate the sounds that occur there. Sound embraces and transcends the spaces in which it occurs, opening up a consummate context for the listener: the acoustic source and its surroundings unite into a unique auditory experience.� - Oase #78
109
Philips Pavilion in Brussel Expo 1958 There always has been a relationship and analogy between architecture and sound. These can both be inspired by each other to create an amazing combination. However, let’s tackle the side where a space can be created from a musical piece. Famous composer, music theorist, architect and engineer Iannis Xanis created an outstanding pavilion for Expo 1958 in Brussel partening with Le Corbusier.
Figure 66
111
The concept of the World Fair was to celebrate the rejuvenation of civilazation after the destruction made from the war with the aid of technology. This day was best known for its musical advances combined with architecture. Le corbusier said " “I will not make a pavilion for you but an Electronic Poem and a vessel containing the poem; light, color image, rhythm and sound joined together in an organic synthesis�.
The Concept
Route I : horizontal II : I-A III : B-E-A IV : U-C O : B-O-C VI : along the wraped surface VII : B-U VIII : C-J Figure 67 - Sound route diagram
Figure 68 - Iannis Sketches in french
The Concept
113
Figure 69 - Concept Diagrams
Iannis Xani's first musical composition is called Metastaseis B and it was the inspired piece of the pavilion's exterior shape. It is a combination of stochastic process in mathematics, the glissandi in music, and Corbusier's Le Modulor. Stochastic processes are those which have random probability distribution that may be analyzed statistically, but never predicted precisely. Examples include bacterial growth patterns, electrical current fluctuation, and the movement of Particles within a fluid. A glissandi is a musical feature in notes that means "to glide" from one pitch to another. And finally Le Modulor is the human proportion measurment within a space that Le Corbusier established.
Iannis Xanis
115
Figure 71 - Glissandi
Figure 70 - Metastaseis
B
Figure 71 - Le Modulor
117
Figure 72 - Stochastic process
The interior is shaped as the stomach of a cow where people would be digested in and out. The experience is to group 500 people at 10 minutes interval, for 2 minutes, they would first hear iannis's musical piece through a curved hallway to finally reach a room of darkness. In this stage, the walls of the pavilion display a video and images while the space is filled with light and sound for about 8 minutes.
The Experience
119
Figure 73 - Interior experience
Figure 74 - Interior Sound System
121
Figure 75 - Interior Video Installation
Figure 76 - Floor Plan
123
The results of the Pavilion made it as one of the first electronicspatial ambience to combine architecture, film, light and music, made in an experience of time and space. The spectators also have the ability to realize their own special movements made through this experience.
Conclusion
Music out of Architecture Architecture has its own dancing and flowing movements that represent rhythms and patterns that can be translated into a musical piece. These sounds can be seen visually and heard emotionally. They can be produced through everything and anything a space gives out. Whether it is through materials, light and shadow, symmetry, repetition of elements, shapes, geometry and so on. These visual sounds can also be translated into acoustic hearing.
“When I see architecture that moves me, I hear music in my inner ear” – frank Lloyd wright
125
“Music and architecture blossom on the same stem—sublimated mathematics. Mathematics as presented by geometry. Instead of the musician’s systematic staff and intervals, the architect has a modular system as a framework of design. My father, a preacher and music teacher, taught me to see—to listen—to a symphony as an edifice of sound. All my lifetime I have listened to Beethoven—especially—as the master architect of all time: the most profound student of Nature known—one whose inspired imaginative resource is beyond comparison. I am grateful to music and to him for genuine refreshment in architecture— my field of creative endeavor. Dissonance will take care of itself.” – Frank Lloyd wright
Frank Lloyd Wright's Perception
127
Figure 77
An example of such is the Noble Developement company. One of their building project is called Noble Ploenchit and its architecture can extract beautiful and natural music. Built around the concept of “Future Living "Noble Ploenchit is exceptionally designed under a philosophy ‘less is more', utilizing simple lines to create beautiful and soothing shade within the complex. It is a Residential building completed in 2017, in Thailand Bangkok.
Noble Development
Figure 78
129
Figure 79
Figure 80
With the help of a sound designer, Tum monotone, five of Noble's project buildings were decoded into music. Using special equipment, he would first record materials or spaces and their interactions with their surroundings. Then he would transcribe the sound waves in a special studio and transform them into visual bars that are inserted in this machine that would later produce the melody. We can say from there that we are able to experience the architecture through sound.
The Process
131
Figure 81
CASE STUDIES I- Frank Gehry's Disney Concert Hall II- The Gyroid by Leeser Architecture
133
Case study01
Disney Concert Hall Frank Gehry
Figure 82
Project Information
135
- Disney Concert Hall - Completed: October 2003 - Architect: Frank Gehry - Total Site Envelope: 530 m - Total Area: 17.400 sqm
Capturing the motion of Los Angeles, Gehry won the international competition over 70 proposals. The concept was to represent the cultural position of art, architecture and music of the city. The eye catchy exterior of the building follows a certain musical movement dancing on and above the site with its curvilenear forms. It defys any rules of harmony and symmetry. The design is inspirated by a sails boat. The structure is basically a shell consisting a collection of complex volumes, from orthogonal coated stone to other forms of organic corrugated steel skin metal. In addition, glazed faces are used as a connection between each forms.
CALIFORNIA Los Angeles
Figure 83
~ 3,000
Figure 84
Programs - Exterior
~ 3,000
Programs - Interior
137
Figure 85
Drawings - Floor Plans These rooms have special angled walls designed for better accoustic quality. It reduces unecessary echos and reverberation timing is shorter. A perfect room for instrumental practice.
Figure 86
Figure 87
Drawings - Section
139
Figure 88
Area Analysis
Total Area:
Accoustics
141
Figure 89
Stage planning - 2,266 seats - 24m(H) x 36m(W) x 55m(L) - 1950 sqm - 0.85 sqm per seat
Designed as one big volume, the auditorium allows the occupants to be in the same place as the orchestra which creates a certain connection within the hall.
Figure 90
Figure 92
Figure 91
Model making Experiment
A 1:10 model was constructed in order to test and study the accoustics of the auditorium. The frquency of the sounds used for testing were increased in order to reduce the wavelengths by a factor of ten. To expel the oxygen and water vapor that absorb high frequency sound, the model was filled with nitrogen.
Figure 93
143
Case study02
The Gyroid LEESER ARCHITECTURE
Figure 94
Project Information This building was created with the intention of educating Hungarian history of music. It is divided into performance halls, exhibitions, museums and many lecture halls. The shape takes form of a discovery made by NASA scientist Alan Schoen in 1970, called The Gyroid. It is an "infinitely connected triply periodic minimal surface". Which means that it contains no planar symmetry nor straight lines in any way of its connnections. This can represent the interlock of Music and Architecture.
Figure 95
- The House of Hungarian Music - Not Completed - Firm: Leeser Architecture - Size: 2323 sqm - 9290 sqm
145
Circulation
Figure 96
Section
147
Figure 97
Level 1
Figure 98
Level 2
149
Figure 99
Level 3
Figure 100
Level 4
151
Figure 101
Figure 102
The Gyroid - an infinitely connected triply periodic minimal surface - provides the geometrical basis for the design. "a minimal surface", in mathematics, is a surface that locally minimizes its area and therefor can describe an ideal surface solution to a set of constrains.
Step 1
153
Figure 102
The smallest geometrical unit of the gyroid is being multiplied, scaled and trimmed.
Step 2
Figure 103
Step 3
The geometry is "inflated", by doubling the surface and offsetting it to its initial position. The offset amount is increasing from the outlines of the surface, thereby retaining its form and clear cut edges, while creating a volume around the center.
155
Figure 104
The object is engaging with the site and its program. Eventually the geometry and the surroundings are merged into one fluid landscape.
Step 4
Chapter VI: Sound of Dubai
157
Every city has its own culture, its own smell, its own image and its own sound. This city is known for its luxurious busy days and nights full of events. From the calm sounds of beach waves infront of the beautiful views of burj al arab to the noisy traffic jam of rush hour. In this chapter, I will be introducing the waveforms of different sounds recorded around Dubai, they will be converted into images of soundwaves and spectograms with the aid of a program. "A spectrogram is a visual representation of the spectrum of frequencies (the lowdness) of a signal as it varies with time. The darker areas are those where the frequencies have very low intensities, and the orange and yellow areas represent frequencies that have high intensities in the sound."
Dubai's relaxing beaches with kids playing
The waveform looks more intense than it should and that is because of the people talking, playing, walking and performing activities. That is how dubai is, a lively city full of actions.
Link for sound : shorturl.at/pCN68
159
Spectogram
Dubai's desert silence with wind blowing
In this case, the sound wave looks less intense and we see more curvature in it. Dubai has left the desertic era, which has made it now a silent lifeless place. The city is now blooming with its skyline.
Link for Sound: shorturl.at/nyEQZ
161
Spectogram
Dubai's Shisha sound in coffee shops
What comes with Dubai's culture, is the love for shisha after a long day of work. It became a part of everyday routine towards many people in the city.
Link for sound: shorturl.at/frsSU
163
Spectogram
Dubai's gas station
Another part of Dubai's lifestyle is the use of cars as an everyday routine. Highways are the main connections from location to another, so it is most suitable for working people to obtain an automobile. The gas stations are always one of the busiest places on a 24 hour daily basis. By looking at the wave, we can observe a jump by each second concluding a certain intensity.
Link for sound: shorturl.at/pqtMS
165
Spectogram
Dubai's musical fountain in Downtown
Downtown is one of the most touristic areas in dubai. It is the hub of the city where most live experiences happen. The dancing fountain is where we can find most of the crowd. This recording represents the national anthem being played with the musical fountain.
Link for sound: shorturl.at/abuU9
167
Spectogram
Dubai's fireworks
Dubai is known for its luxury. This recording was made when fireworks were shot for a birthday of a highclass family. This city always finds a way to celebrate. In this waveform we can see and feel the intensity of the jumps as it is a very loud noise that can be heard a few meters far.
Link for sound: shorturl.at/bjwyC
169
Spectogram
Dubai's nightlife and nightclubs
And finally, the nightlife of Dubai, where music, dancing, and loud screaming is blooming. By looking at this wave we can feel the beat and rhythm of the nightclub with the jumps coming behind each other at a fast rate. The night should be ending and sleeping, but this waveform explains the opposit, it is as if the day just has started. Link for sound: shorturl.at/dlKXZ
171
Spectogram
Figure 105
Chapter VII: Site Proposal
Judgment Criteria
173
Site Comparison
SITE I
SITE II
NO 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 11
Judgement Criteria in the heart of the city symbolic location traffic noise pedestrian noise natural sounds neighbors noise close to hotels close to tourist attractions close to public transportations attractive views Total
SITE III
SITE I 3 3 3 2 4 3 3 3 2 4
SITE II 4 5 4.5 5 4 5 4 5 4 3
SITE III 3 4 4 4 4 5 3 4 3 4
30
43.5
42
Site chosen Since the project will be a Music Institute, the building will also inspired by Sound. Hence, the location will also take foot in that instance, it should be an area where both types of Sound can exist, the artificial and the natural. The building will have a contrast between noisy and calm. Downtown seems to be the most appropriate location for the requirements needed.
SITE III
175
Dubai Sun Diagram
Figure 105
Dubai Wind Rose
177
Figure 106
Dubai Climate Condition
Figure 107
179
Figure 108
SITE I
181
JUMEIRAH
Jumeirah - Symbolic Location Jumeirah is known to be one of the relaxing and entertaining destinations in Dubai because of its beaches and resorts. Over a water scenery, it contains beautiful views of skyscrapers and burj al Arab specifically. Most of its lowrise buildings follow a heritage traditional style with the colors of sandy stones. One of its most touristic places to visit with that style is Madinat Jumeirah that accomppanies many luxurious restaurants and pubs, with a boardwalk around an artificial lake. Events are sometimes plannified there.
Figure 109
Jumeirah - Landmarks
183
Jumeirah - Sound Contrast
Noisy City Calm natural Sound
Jumeirah - Noise Sources
Water on shore sound
Pedestrian noise
Road noise
185
Jumeirah - Neighboorhood System
Residential Hotels
Touristic
Jumeirah - Public Transportation
Metro line Nearby Bus stops
187
SITE II
189
DOWNTOWN
Downtown - Symbolic Location Downtown is known to be the heart of the city. Most entertainments and moving activities are origniated in that area. It is the Sound of Dubai. It is the Hub of the citie's destination for both tourists and citizens to enjoy and a gather as a community. It is the flagship of Emaar Properties, the main architectural and urban planning project of Dubai's success. This location is symbolic for bringing people together and for making the city of our generation and our future. My Proposal is a Music Institute and orchestral building where students and vistors can be inspired by the shape defining the Sound of Dubai and it's dancing movement.
Figure 110
Downtown - Landmarks
191
Downtown - Sound Contrast
Noisy City Calm natural Sound
193
Downtown - Noise sources
Construction Noise
Road noise
Water Sound
Pedestrian Noise
Dubai dancing fountain noise
Downtown - Neighbourhood System
Residential
Touristic
Buisness
Hotels
Downtown - Public Transportation
Metro line Nearby Bus stops
195
SITE III
197
DESIGN DISTRICT
Design District - Symbolic Location
From the name Dubai Design District we can get a glimpse of what the area is about. A creative avant-garde hub where all fashion, design festivals, and chic galleries are trending. It also constitutes many architectural, fashion and artistic firms where buisness is blooming. Many Restaurants and coffee shops are also around the area. Some of Dubai's famous nightclubs are neighbouring the area.
Figure 111
Design District - Landmarks
199
Design District - Sound Contrast
Noisy City Calm natural Sound
Design District - Noise Sources
Nightclub noise
Pedestrian noise
Road Noise
Water Sound
201
Design District - Neighborhood System
Touristic Buisness
Hotels
Design District - Public Transportation
Nearby Bus stops
203
Functions Proposal
Bubble Diagram
205
Chapter VIII: Concept Proposal
207
Function Proposal As an early stage thought, I would like to complete my final project as a Music Institute for students to perform an orchestra representing the Sound of Dubai. The building itself should be inspiring following a rhythm or pattern of the city. I would want it to have a certain motion existing indoor, outdoor and underground visualizing different levels of Sound.
209
Concept 1 - The Frequency of Dubai This Shape is inspired by a typical Sound wave except that in this case it would be following a certain frequency depending on the different sounds produced by the city. The building will live a contrast between the calm side of the site's water and the noisy side of downtown with its touristic
211
Top View
Concept 2 - The Sound Scale of Dubai This shape is following the same concept except in another approach. Instead it is inspired by the scale of Dubai's Sound gradually going up from the lowest calm Sound to the highest noisy Sound.
213
Top View
Perspective View
Concept 3 - The Rythm of Dubai In this Case, the shape is a wave that goes around, in and out the ground of Dubai forming an underground space. The patterns on the building represent the rhythm of Dubai with the play of light and shadow entering. The bigger the shape, the higher the volume, the smaller the shape, the lower the volume. Each Intensity represents a sound that exists in Dubai, or example its nightlife noise or its calm sound of beaches and resorts.
Dubai's Volume intensity, (from higher to lower sounds)
215
Dubai Noise (traffic, highway, gas station, cars..)
Nightlife (clubs, pubs, coffee shops, events…) Entertainments (galleries, restaurants, downtown, tourism…) Business (offices, construction, pedestrians…) Calm Dubai (Beach, Resorts, meditation…)
Perspective View
Top View
Resources - Hollis, b., Bankson, K. and Gillotti, C. (2019). The Physics of Sound. [online] Method-behind-the-music.com. https://method-behind-the-music.com/mechanics/physics/. - Idahoptv.org. (2019). Sound: Facts (Science Trek: Idaho Public Television http://idahoptv.org/ sciencetrek/topics/sound/facts.cfm [Accessed 5 Oct. 2019]. - Paz, J. and Jones, L. (2019). How Sound Works | TSDCA. [online] TSDCA. https://tsdca.org/ science/ - Khan Academy. (2019). Sound Properties: Amplitude, period, frequency, wavelength. - Small, A. (2019). Studying Sound: Alexander Graham Bell (1847–1922)- Hear My Voice | Albert H. Small Documents Gallery | Smithsonian's National Museum of American History. -
Players, R. and Radios, C. (2019). History of the Phonograph.
-
Eveleth, R. (2019). What Did the Big Bang Sound Like?. The Atlantic.
- GradeStack Courses. (2019). How is Sound Produced by Human Beings? - Sound – Everonn CBSE Class 8th Complete Course. -
Encyclopedia Britannica. (2019). Sound production | animal.
-
Bennett, D. (1985). Making Sense of Animal Sounds. Science News, 127(20), p.314.
- Santos-Longhurst, Adrienne. (2018). Sound Healing 101: What Is It and How Does It Work?. [online] Healthline. Available at: https://www.healthline.com/health/sound-healing [Accessed 7 Oct. 2019]. - Skille O. The effect of music, vocalization and vibration on brain and muscle tissue: studies in vibroacoustic therapy. In: Wigram T, Saperston B, West R, eds. The Art and Science of Music Therapy: A Handbook. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Press; 1999:245–291
Resources - Quach, J. and Lee, J. (2017). Do music therapies reduce depressive symptoms and improve QOL in older adults with chronic disease? Nursing, 47(6), pp.58-63. - Goldsby, T., Goldsby, M., McWalters, M. and Mills, P. (2016). Effects of Singing Bowl Sound Meditation on Mood, Tension, and Well-being: An Observational Study. Journal of Evidence-Based Complementary & Alternative Medicine, 22(3), pp.401-406. - Chan MF, e. (2019). Effects of music on depression in older people: a randomised controlled trial. - PubMed - NCBI. Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22035368 [Accessed 9 Oct. 2019]. - Cooper, L. (2014). What is Sound Therapy? - The British Academy of Sound Therapy. The British Academy of Sound Therapy. Available at: https://www.britishacademyofsoundtherapy.com/what-issound-therapy/ [Accessed 9 Oct. 2019]. - ArchDaily. (2019). Bernhard Leitner: Sound Spaces. Available at: https://www.archdaily. com/168979/bernhard-leitner-sound-spaces [Accessed 2 Nov. 2019]. - Isaza, M. (2019). Sonic Architecture. Designingsound.org. Available at: http://designingsound. org/2014/09/29/sonic-architecture/ [Accessed 2 Nov. 2019]. - ArchDaily. (2019). AD Classics: Expo '58 + Philips Pavilion / Le Corbusier and Iannis Xenakis. Available at: https://www.archdaily.com/157658/ad-classics-expo-58-philips-pavilion-le-corbusier-andiannis-xenakis [Accessed 2 Nov. 2019]. - Architectuul.com. (2019). Philips Pavilion. Available at: http://architectuul.com/architecture/ philips-pavilion [Accessed 2 Nov. 2019]. - Wilder RP, Vincent HK, Stewart J, et al. Clinical use of tuning forks to identify running-related stress fractures. Athletic Training Sports Health Care 2009
217
Resources - Mugunthan, K., Doust, J., Kurz, B. and Glasziou, P. (2014). Is there sufficient evidence for tuning fork tests in diagnosing fractures? A systematic review. BMJ Open, 4(8), pp.e005238-e005238. - Npr.org. (2019). NPR Choice page. Available at: https://www.npr.org/2014/04/09/300563606/ what-does-sound-look-like [Accessed 2 Nov. 2019]. - Vice. (2019). Visualizing Sound Waves With Bubbles And Light Projections. Available at: https:// www.vice.com/en_us/article/53wz7n/visualizing-sound-waves-with-bubbles-and-light-projections [Accessed 2 Nov. 2019]. - Kushins, Jordan. “5 Eye-Popping Designs That Visualize Sound.” Gizmodo, Gizmodo, 19 Nov. 2013, https://gizmodo.com/5-eye-popping-designs-that-visualize-sound-1465350320. - “Cymatics - Science Vs. Music.” CYMATICS - Science Vs. Music - Nigel Stanford, https://nigelstanford.com/Cymatics/. - “How You Can Experience Architecture through Its Sounds.” The Peak Singapore - Your Guide to The Finer Things in Life, 28 Dec. 2017, https://thepeakmagazine.com.sg/slider-home/can-experiencearchitecture-sounds/?slide=3-A-light-installation-adds-texture-to-the-gleaming. - Jones, Rennie. “AD Classics: Walt Disney Concert Hall / Frank Gehry.” ArchDaily, ArchDaily, 23 Oct. 2013, https://www.archdaily.com/441358/ad-classics-walt-disney-concert-hall-frank-gehry. - Rana, Rajat. “Walt Disney Concert Hall Case Study.” LinkedIn SlideShare, 10 Aug. 2016, https:// www.slideshare.net/RajatRana3/walt-disney-concert-hall-case-study. - “Interactive Graphic: Disney Hall: Inside and Out.” Los Angeles Times, Los Angeles Times, https:// graphics.latimes.com/storyboard-disney-hall-inside-and-out/. - Pell, Damion. “The Amazing The House of Hungarian Music Building.” Decoded Magazine, 30 Mar. 2015, https://www.decodedmagazine.com/the-amazing-the-house-of-hungarian-music-building/.
Image links - Figure 1/2/3/4/5/7 < Method-behind-the-music.com. https://method-behind-the-music.com/mechanics/physics/> - Figure 6 < kerrywong.com > - Figure 8 < cancer.gov > - Figure 9 < Idahoptv.org. (2019). Sound: Facts (Science Trek: Idaho Public Television http://idahoptv. org/sciencetrek/topics/sound/facts.cfm [Accessed 5 Oct. 2019]. > - Figure 10 < cdn.catawiki.net > - Figure 11/14.1/15/16 < https://americanhistory.si.edu/documentsgallery/exhibitions/hear-myvoice/3.html > - Figure 12 < thinkjarcollective.com > - Figure 13 < cottoneauctions.com > - Figure 14 < linearlabsmusic.com > - Figure 17 < Organs and Structures of the Respiratory System - VOER . voer.edu.vn > - Figure 18 < Southern Black Rhinoceros â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Fossil Rim Wildlife Center. fossilrim.org > - Figure 19 < Showcase of Blurry Night Traffic Photography - Dzinepress. subodhshetty.files.wordpress. com > - Figure 20 < Vibroacoustic Therapy for Home and Office â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Holistic. cdn.shopify.com > - Figure 21 < Singing Bowl Therapy: March 24 & 25, 2018. thehealingartscenter.com >
219
Image links - Figure 22/23/24 < Goldsby, T., Goldsby, M., McWalters, M. and Mills, P. (2016). Effects of Singing Bowl Sound Meditation on Mood, Tension, and Well-being: An Observational Study. Journal of Evidence-Based Complementary & Alternative Medicine, 22(3), pp.401-406. > - Figure 25 < Five Element Tuning Forks - Unweighted. naturesenergieshealth.com > - Figure 26 < Mugunthan, K., Doust, J., Kurz, B. and Glasziou, P. (2014). Is there sufficient evidence for tuning fork tests in diagnosing fractures? A systematic review. BMJ Open, 4(8), pp.e005238-e005238. > - Figure 27/28/29/30/31 < Npr.org. (2019). NPR Choice page. Available at: https://www.npr. org/2014/04/09/300563606/what-does-sound-look-like [Accessed 2 Nov. 2019] > - Figure 32/33/34/35 < Vice. (2019). Visualizing Sound Waves With Bubbles And Light Projections. Available at: https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/53wz7n/visualizing-sound-waves-with-bubbles-and-light-projections [Accessed 2 Nov. 2019]. > - Figure 36/37/38/39/40 < Kushins, Jordan. “5 Eye-Popping Designs That Visualize Sound.” Gizmodo, Gizmodo, 19 Nov. 2013, https://gizmodo.com/5-eye-popping-designs-that-visualize-sound-1465350320.> - Figure 41 < https://www.saatchiart.com/art/Photography-Visible-Sound-Cymatics-Photograhy-Khloris-24-12hz/1245849/4953889/view > - Figure 42/43/44/45/46/47/48/49/50/51 < “Cymatics - Science Vs. Music.” CYMATICS - Science Vs. Music - Nigel Stanford, https://nigelstanford.com/Cymatics/.> - Figure 52/53/54/55/56/57/58/59/60/61/62/63/63/64/65 < ArchDaily. (2019). Bernhard Leitner: Sound Spaces. Available at: https://www.archdaily.com/168979/bernhard-leitner-sound-spaces [Accessed 2 Nov. 2019] > - Figure 66 < ArchDaily. (2019). AD Classics: Expo '58 + Philips Pavilion / Le Corbusier and Iannis Xenakis. Available at: https://www.archdaily.com/157658/ad-classics-expo-58-philips-pavilion-le-corbusier-and-iannis-xenakis [Accessed 2 Nov. 2019] >
Image links - Figure 67 < Art History Department. arthistory.utoronto.ca > - Figure 68 < https://en.wikiarquitectura.com/building/philips-pavillion-expo-58/ > - Figure 69 < Teamwork: Philips Pavilion Case Study | Nicholas Dingman. nicholasdingman.files.wordpress.com > - Figure 70 < https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317790128_Mathematics_and_Design_in_the_ Music_of_Iannis_Xenakis > - Figure 71 < Topographie: Modulor... L'homme mesure de toutes choses. neermanfernand.com > - Figure 72 < A Stochastic Model for Cancer Metastasis: Branching Stochastic Process with Settlement. Thomas Hillen, Adam Rhodes. https://doi.org/10.1101/294157 > - Figure 73/74/75/76 < ArchDaily. (2019). AD Classics: Expo '58 + Philips Pavilion / Le Corbusier and Iannis Xenakis. Available at: https://www.archdaily.com/157658/ad-classics-expo-58-philips-pavilionle-corbusier-and-iannis-xenakis [Accessed 2 Nov. 2019]> - Figure 77 < Frank Lloyd Wright – Yousuf Karsh. karsh.org> - Figure 78/79/80/81 < “How You Can Experience Architecture through Its Sounds.” The Peak Singapore Your Guide to The Finer Things in Life, 28 Dec. 2017, https://thepeakmagazine.com.sg/slider-home/ can-experience-architecture-sounds/?slide=3-A-light-installation-adds-texture-to-the-gleaming. > - Figure 82 < File:Walt Disney Concert Hall, LA, CA, jjron 22.03.2012. upload.wikimedia.org > - Figure 83 < mapz.com > - Figure 84/85/89/90/91/92 < “Interactive Graphic: Disney Hall: Inside and Out.” Los Angeles Times, Los Angeles Times, https://graphics.latimes.com/storyboard-disney-hall-inside-and-out/.>
221
Image links - Figure 86/87 < Jones, Rennie. “AD Classics: Walt Disney Concert Hall / Frank Gehry.” ArchDaily, ArchDaily, 23 Oct. 2013, https://www.archdaily.com/441358/ad-classics-walt-disney-concert-hallfrank-gehry. > - Figure 88 < https://www.slideshare.net/CityLabSarasota/disney-concert-hall-frank-gehry-58683023> - Figure 93 < “Frank Gehry's Career 'Building Art' Explored in New Book.” WTTW News, https:// news.wttw.com/2015/11/12/frank-gehrys-career-building-art-explored-new-book. > - Figure 94/95/96/97/98/99/100/101/102/103/104/105 < “Hungarian House of Music.” LEESER ARCHITECTURE, http://www.leeser.com/budapest. >
223
This Book is a song that you have been listening to.
RESONANCE