BJARKE INGELS EXPLORATION OF EXPERIMENTAL IN BUILDING MATERIALS
Born: 2 October 1974
Copenhagen, Denmark
Occupation: Danish Architect Alma Mater: Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts, School of Architecture
Practice: Bjarke Ingels Group Known for: Defy traditional architect’s convention
& dimension while incorporating sustainable development principles and bold sociological concepts.
Philosophy: He defines architecture as "the art of t ranslating all the
immaterial structures of society – social, cultural, economical
CONTENT
A45
Architects: Bjarke Ingels Group Location: Lanesville, United States Project Year: 2018 Client: Klein House
A45 was constructed by the architecture firm BIG for the client, Klein House and the first Scandinavian prototype customizable micro-home conceivably built within 4-6 months in anywhere for any purpose. A45 can be assembled in modules on site, and consists of 100% recycled material that operates completely off the grid. It is completed in May 2018 and located at Lanesville, United States. The design develops from the old-fashioned A-frame cabin, known for its pitched roof and angled walls which grant easy rain run-off and simple construction. A45 produce more space due to a 180-square-foot (17 sq m) square Tbase and contorted roof at 45 degrees resulting a 13 ft (4 m) height.
DESIGN CONCEPT Scandinavian design concept
A concept based on minimalism, functionality and simplicity that emerged in the early 20th century then developed in the 1950s, in the five Nordic countries of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden. Due to the Nordic countries climates are varied from winter to summer, they pursue the simplicity of form and functions be applied to their buildings. They employ the innovative use of natural materials for their design such as pine logs. After all, their important aspects of said concept was integration with nature, simplicity in design, utilisation of natural light, creative use of natural materials and functionality and comfort.
Prefabricated homes concept
Manufactured specialist dwellings types buildings specifically constructed off-site in advance. Generally, they are modular homes in standard sections ready to be shipped and assembled. A few of modern prefab home designs were inspired by postmodernism or futurist architecture. This concept allow any component of the homes to be substituted or added without influencing the rest of the system.
GENERAL MATERIALS Black Metal
- Used for roofing - Consists of longevity, impermeability and high resistance metal pieces or tiles. - Recyclable and common roofing material. - Reflects heat away underneath the building. - Sturdy, lightweight and high durability. - Corrosion resistance, low maintenance, radio frequency shielding, lightning protection, and sustainability benefits.
SPACE 1
MAIN AREA Douglas Fir Wood
- Used as timber floorings - Type of softwood and has a distinct, resinous odour. - Moderately durable to decay, but defenceless to insect attack. - Grain is straight or slightly wavy and texture is medium to coarse. - Provides a subtle structure with a classic expression that is harmonious and calm.
Cork
- Good thermal insulator due for the cold forest surrounded area. - Sound absorbent and provide excellent acoustic values.
Solid Pine
- Used as structure to hold cork plane together. - Good framing material & do not go through much transformation during processing. - Low embodied energy, renewable resource & stored carbon.
Tempered Glass
- A type of safety glass but 4-5 times stronger - Reduces the risk of injury due to its designed to break into small, circular pieces instead of sharp, jagged shards. - Decent reflective index which reflect images the surroundings allowing the house to “camouflage�
SPACE 2
BATHROOM
Leyland Cypress Wood
- Used as timber flooring, walls and ceiling - Texture compliments the surrounding nature of the woods. - Interact with light to produce a warm and calm texture. - Warm and calm texture providing relaxation and comfort to the user when using the space. - Repetitive of the same material reduces confusion of the user allowing him/her to be more relaxed.
USER EXPERIENCE MAIN AREA
The user experience a sense of amalgamation between nature and artificial complimenting each other due to the small condensed space utilized with recyclable and natural materials. The visual impact between the dark colored cork walls with pine wood and the glass windows illuminates the room provides a warm atmosphere for the users. The warm atmosphere is also enhanced due to the sound absorbent cork walls to absorb The user will experience a sense of elegance and harmony between any unnecessary noise. Thus, it creates an acoustic relation luxury and nature. The colour and the grains texture of the wood between the user and the room. compliments the A45 being surrounded by the woods. The wood also creates a richness in nature due to said wood was utilized in the whole room. On the other hand, the gold gilded fixtures offers a sense of quality and luxury that heightens the visual quality of the bathroom unlike any modular bathroom.
BATHROOM
REFLECTION
A45 is designed to really blends with its surrounding and makes the user feel more closer to nature. A45 used camouflage techniques like using on site materials, materials of the same colour with the site, and reflecting materials.
DANISH NATIONAL MARITIME MUSEUM Architect: Bjarke Ingels (BIG), David Zahle Location: Helsingør (Denmark) Project Year: 2013 Client: Helsingør Municipality, Helsingør Maritime Museum
The Danish National Maritime Museum is a maritime museum located in Helsingor, Denmark showcasing model ships, paintings, photographs and some artifacts that is related to the Napoleonic Wars and Danish trade with China and India. The museum is first established in 1915 and was originally called“The Trade and Maritime Museum”( Handels- og Søfartsmuseet) and was located at Kronborg Castle. The museum is then moved to a newunderground premises and was completely reconstructed and designed by Bjarke Ingels’s Group from 2007 to 2013. On 31 December 2011, the museum was officially translated as the Danish National Maritime Museum.
DESIGN CONCEPT The design team maintain the existing tough-walled concrete dry dock to create a balanced contrast of the contemporary museum and the historical shipping industry.
The interior spaces of museum seem relatively toned down compared to the museum exterior with low ceilings and grey painted rooms. Their intention was to allow the guest fully to focus on the content of exhibition.
GENERAL MATERIALS Concrete (Existing at site)
The old concrete wall, which has been there for more than 60 years, are remain untouched at the site, making it the most important element of the museum. It allows the visitors to experience the actual scale of the ship when they look out at the glass wall from the inside of the museum.
Aluminium bridge
The sloping zig-zag bridge directs visitors to the main entrance of the museum. This use of aluminium really unites the old and new as the visitors are able to view the old concrete wall while walking on this aluminium-made path that represents the new.
CONNECTING CORRIDORS
SPACE 1
Concrete (Existing at Site)
- Create contrast between the old and new structure
Laminated Glass
- Used as faรงade - Enable pedestrian to view into the museum, creating interest in them to explore the museum - Exposed the raw and old concrete wall to the users - Highly durable - High safety, broken glass fragments will adhere to plastic inter layers - UV control, allow visible light through while blocking 99% of UV rays
Aluminum
- Used for exterior bridge (act as roof & entrance) - Light does not damage the old dock wall - Set the mood of visitors to visit a contemporary building - High corrosion resistant properties - Light weight
Laminated Oak
- Used as flooring - Create contrast in color as the glass faรงade is exposed to the pale grey concrete - High durability suitable for heavy traffic - High resistance to sunlight & fire - Provide a sense of warm in the corridors
SPACE 2
EXIBITION ROOM Metal Clip-In Tiles
- Used for ceilings - Fire resistant, provides protection to the antics in the museum in case of fire outbreak - Effective cooling material, maintain low temperature of museum that also maintain the longevity of collection - Moisture resistant, extra durability - Low maintenance
Epoxy Coat (Finishing)
- Used as flooring - Maintain an exquisite appearance while complements the precious pieces in museum - More reflective surface, better lightning in the spaces - Durable surface and minimal maintenance - Shiny surface, better lightning in the spaces - Prevent user from slipping
Wallpaper
- Applied on concrete wall - Easy to maintenance & applying graphics on the wall - Graphics set the tone of the museum
USER EXPERIENCE CONNECTING CORRIDORS
Concrete wall with different color theme wallpaper based on the exhibition materials gives a clear indication to the user about different types of exhibition Epoxy finishes flooring, metal tile ceiling, concrete wall, all with grey color toned. Gives the cold & calm feeling to the users, which is When the user is in this space, they can view the old and rough very suitable for the museum as the users need to be focusing surface of the concrete dock wall through glass faรงade, reminding them on the exhibition itself but not the design of the structure. the historical value of this place while the glass keeps them in mind that they are in a contemporary structure. The timber flooring, although may be formal but it seems to be a little fragile visually, thus suggesting user to move forward to exhibition area.
EXIBITION ROOM
REFELCTION
Danish National Maritime Museum was designed to enchance the process of recalling the past as they look around the museum by using materials relating to the past.
LEGO HOUSES Architect: Bjarke Ingels (BIG) Location: 7190 Billund, Denmark Project Year: 2017 Client: LEGO
The Lego House enables everyone realizing his dream of entering a “real” Lego building in Billund, Denmark. On the exterior, terraced of colourful rooftops serve as a public playground. For the interior, it includes three restaurants, conference facilities, a store, and four “Experience Zones.” Each Zone is color-coded: red for “spontaneous creativity and free-building,” blue to “put your cognitive skills to the test,” green to “roleplay with your own characters and stories” and yellow to “play with emotions.”
DESIGN CONCEPT A contemporary architecture with the emphasis of cubic form. Each cube was supported by the interlocked and overlapped steel structure frame. Lego house is designed to represent a pile of white Lego bricks built on top on each other. There are no dominant styles in contemporary architecture, due to the variation from postmodernism and high-tech architecture to highly conceptual and expressive styles. The applications of advanced technology and modern building materials are one of the similarities they share in said concept with the computer-aided design techniques.
The literal manifestation of the Lego house is based on a lego brick concept to enable its infinite possibilities such as the smoothness of its side, the varied colours provided from each Lego brick and the texture of its studs.
GENERAL MATERIALS Ceramic wall tile
Mainly used in the interior of the house including steps and walls, providing a visual impact comprised of clean, sleek and bright to the users.
Asphalt flooring
Comprised of various colored tiles that covers the flooring of the rooftop. Offers naturally resistant to water and provides traction in wet conditions and makes it a great waterproof flooring option because it will not absorb water or other liquids.
SPACE 1
INTERIOR Steel
- Used as framing - Steel is durable for forming roof structure - Good tensile and yield strength and good thermal conductivity - Resistance to corrosion - Arrangement of steel beams allowing natural light to enter the building
Precast Concrete
- Commonly used in flooring and walls, provide a smooth feeling similar to that of a Lego brick - Speed up construction time - Good in thermal comfort, durability, acoustic separation, and resistance to fire and flood. - Easy to mold multiple slabs of precast concrete - White finishing provides a sense of pureness in the space
Ceramic Tiles
- Easy to clean and maintain - Resistance from rust and decolourization - Great friction prevents user from slipping/skidding - Highly reflective rate allowing the room to look brighter - Multi-colours design provides a sense of creativity and the identity of Lego
SPACE 2
EXTERIOR
Laminated Glass Windows
- Constructed within the faรงade - Large panels of glass windows provide interior perspective to the people outside. - Utilize natural lighting for illumination of spaces in the interior. - Sticks together when broken increase safety of users
Asphalt
- Used as flooring tiles - Soft & permeable surface - Decent friction ensures safety of children durinig outdoor recreational activities - Enchance the Lego colours in aesthatic principles.
USER EXPERIENCE INTERIOR
Casted with precast concrete and different tones of colour of ceramic tiles, the interior spaces look more interesting and urge people to walk in as compared to the exterior which is monotone in colour and less Casted with precast concrete and different tones of colour of ceramic tiles, attractive to the children. Each colour of the interior zones makes theinterior spaces look more interesting and urge people to walk in as compared the Lego house more meaningful: red for creativity, blue for to the exterior which is monotone in colour and less attractive to the children. Each cognitive, green for storytelling and role playing while colour of the interior zones makes the Lego house more meaningful: red for creativity, yellow for emotions. blue for cognitive, green for storytelling and role playing while yellow for emotions.
EXTERIOR
REFLECTION
The Lego House is designed to make both adults and children to feel the the creativity possibilities Lego can provide. The Lego House used clean and user friendly materials that also reflects being inside an actual Lego House built by Legos.
VM HOUSES Architect: Bjarke Ingels Group (BIG) Location: Copenhagen, Denmark Project Year: ‘M’ Block 2004; ‘V’ Block 2005 Client: Høpfner A/S
VM house is the first residential projects to be built in the new district of Copenhagen, also known as Orestaden. This housing project consisting of two adjacent apartments shaped like a V and M when seen from above. It formed as such to allow daylight, privacy and views. Most importantly, it was developed of diverse apartment typologies. All apartments have a double height volume to the north and wide panoramic views to the south. VM house offer more than 80 different apartment types that are programmatically flexible and open to the individual needs of contemporary life – a mosaic of different life forms.
DESIGN CONCEPT
This building project is inspired by Le Corbusier’s Unite d’Habitation concept of ‘skip-stop system’. The VM house shaped in V and M is to emphasis on daylight and views. Furthermore, the apartments in the VM houses have windows from floor to ceiling for optimal air, lights and views for all flats. These two buildings placed face to face with each other, seem to embrace their forms, the arms of the ‘M’ want to hug the ‘V’.
The V-house
The ‘V’ block, facing south, is pushed from the center. Instead of looking over the neighboring building, all the apartments have diagonal views of the surrounding landscape. This building is characterized by the triangular balconies on the south façade and it stand like rows of shark teeth. The balconies were created to allow passage of sunlight abundantly in every home, allowing ventilation and vision on other balconies. Plus, the glass facade gives the building an impression of visual openness.
The M-house
The ‘M’ block is headed north. The diagonal slab utilized in the V-house is broken down in smaller portions for the M-house. The central corridors, connecting all floors and apartments, are short and get light from both ends – like bullet holes penetrating through the building. The individual terraces are all on the south side of the complex.
GENERAL MATERIALS Curtain Wall
Curtain wall system is a window system formed by the combination of aluminium framed wall and glass which allows filtration of natural light into the building. Curtain walls also protects the interior of the building from exterior natural phenomena.
1) Aluminum Framed Wall
- Durability and low maintenance - Reduces carbon footprint - Thermal performance
2) Glass
- Allowing natural light to shine into the building
Ceramic Tile Cladding
Due to the presents of different seasons, ceramic tile cladding were used to resist harsh climate conditions such as rain and pollution. - Durable and low maintenance - Non-flammable, scratch resistant and UV rays resistant - Good for thermal insulation to prevent temperature rise in the building
SPACE 1
APARTMENT Steel (painted in white)
- Used as staircases and railings - Strong, durable and long lasting - Can be molded easily into any shape - Provides the sense of purity
Oak Flooring
- Providing modern Danish vibes - Resistance to sunlight and fire - Hard wood that suitable for molding, paneling, furniture and flooring - High durability - Keeping the interior cool during summer
Glass
- Used as facade - Allow abundant natural light to shine into the room - High durability
SPACE 2
HALLWAYS Perforated ceiling (colored)
- Regulates the light and ventilation inside the building - Provide a more consistent interior temperature - Decrease the weight needed to be supported by the building’s framework
Epoxy Floor Coat
- Resistance to slippage, temperature and fire - Floor with this coating can resist considerable wear
Opaque Colored Glass
- Reduce sun glare, but not the illumination - Slightly reflective allow some light to enter the hallway
USER EXPERIENCE APARTMENT
The large windows in the apartment allow natural light illuminates the interior to provide harmonic feeling to the user. Moreover, the warm atmosphere of the apartment was heightened due to the white colored walls. Therefore, the brightness of the apartments was enhanced but the light-colored oak The dim light source illuminate from the fluorescent lights applied wood floors were applied to dole out the potency of the brightness at the sides of the hallways creates a low vibe atmosphere for users to thus perfect light distribution amount throughout the apartment experience. Colored opaque glass was utilized to distribute the natural lights was achieved. and reduce the intensity of light shone from the windows during the day. The perforated ceilings was applied for sound absorption and reflection due to the noise of the residents’ daily activities occurring in the hallways.
HALLWAYS
REFLECTION
VM House is designed to allow users to good view of its surroundings as well as experiencing the purity of modern Danish vibes by using warm and pure materiels like woods and white steel.
MOUNTAIN DWELLINGS Architect: Bjarke Ingels Group (BIG) Location: Copenhagen, Denmark Project Year: ‘M’ Block 2004; ‘V’ Block 2005 Client: Høpfner A/S
The Mountain Dwellings is the sequal project of the VM Houses. It is completed in 2008 and become one of the B.I.G’s 3 projects in Orestad. The Mountain Dwellings got its name from its shape of a mountain inspired by Mountain Everest. The Mountain Dwellings impliment the combination of Parkings Bays and Living Quarter concept rather than seperating the 2 spaces.
DESIGN CONCEPT The design of the Mountain Dwellings is to provide privacy for the user, it also provides a private yard too.
Terraced housing is placed above the parking area, the concrete hillside covered by a thin layer of housing cascading from 11th floor to the street edge.
Instead of doing separated parking and housing block, B.I.G decided to merge the two functions into a symbiotic relationship.
The parking area connected to the street and the homes require sunlight, fresh air and views. Therefore, all apartments have roof gardens facing the sun with amazing views and parking on the 10th floor.
GENERAL MATERIALS Perforated Aluminum Plates
It covered the north and west façade to allows fresh air and light to enter the parking area. There are holes on the surface of the facade that form a huge reproduction of Mount Everest. During the day, the holes in the aluminum plates will appear black on the bright aluminum, and the gigantic picture will resemble that of a rough rasterized photo. During night, the facade will be lit from the inside and different colors will appear as each floor in the parking area has different colors.
Glass
Every units’ façade has a huge glass window that allow natural light to penetrate in the units
Exterior Timber
The roofs are covered with timber to compromise with the greens that plant on it
SPACE 1
PARKING BAYS Concrete Wall
- Create contrast to the colorful car parking lot - Create the sense of rigidity that symbolize the automobile community
Concrete Beams
- Arranged in a repetitive order to support the heavy errace house above - Strong and versatile material - Fire resistance
Steel Stairs
- Built to connect the parking bays with the living quarters - Stong, durable and built to last - Resistance to change of temperature
Aluminuim Ceilings (Painted)
- The colors move, symbolically, from earth to sky. - Give colors to the carpark - Provide aesthetic look for the Mountain Dwelling’s façade
SPACE 2
LIVING QUARTERS Oak Flooring
- To show modern Danish vibes - Resistance to sunlight and fire - Hard wood that suitable for molding, paneling, furniture and flooring - High durability - Ideal for keeping homes cool during summer
Glass Windows & Doors
- Used as faรงade - Enable user to view and allow natural light to penetrate in the units - High Durability
Precast Concrete
- Used as ceiling of the apartments - Easy installation - Fire resistance - No emissions in the internal environment - Long - No need to compromise with quality to reduce costs
USER EXPERIENCE PARKING BAYS
The parking area contains 480 parking spots. There is also a funicular-style inclined elevator that moves along the mountain’s inner walls. The ceiling height is up to 16 meters which gives the impression of a cathedral-like space. The concrete wall in the carpark are painted with murals and wild animal. When user pass by they will feel closer to the nature. Moreover, the ceiling that fixed from hall to the parking lot is painted aluminum (symbolically from earth to sky) and it The apartment itself have a large window and a sliding door that made from brings colors to the space. Thus, the color will change the glass so to allow natural light and fresh air to enter the living room. This will give a user emotion. warm and lively feeling to the user. The roof gardens consist of a terrace and a garden with plants changing character according to the changing seasons. The building has a huge watering system which maintains the roof gardens. Moreover, there is an artificial turf at the yard so that user can do exterior activities. Plus, they walk out on to the artificial turf, user can see what going on with their neighbor.
LIVING QUATERS
In the parking area there’s a metal clad concrete gangplank. Users will need to cross this to reach the Mountain Dwelling’s hallway. When user look down from there, they can see the gigantic car parking lot.
REFLECTION
The Mountain Dwellings is a unique blend between the world of car culture and human’s warm cozy home. The contrast between metal materials and wood materials proves that it is possible for automobiles and humans to live together under the same roof.
CONCLUSION
In a nutshell, Bjarke Ingels employ the use of hybrid of sustainable, contemporary and contextual architecture with a touch of Scandinavian design in his works. We can notice the similarities that each of his buildings utilize their natural materials in their environment to compliment with it's site context. Every building he designed responds to the site context's environment and climate to form a relation between the users and architecture. After all he once said that architecture is "the art of translating all the immaterial structures of society such as social, cultural, economical and political into physical structures."
REFERENCE 1) Mamlouk, M. and Zaniewski, J. (2011). Materials for civil and construction engineers. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall. 2) Domone, P. and Illston, J. (2010). Construction materials. Abingdon: Spon Press. 3) Allen, E. and Iano, J. (2009). Fundamentals of building construction. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. 4) Rosenkranz, T., Auch-Schwelk, V., Fuchs, M. and Hegger, M. (2013). Construction Materials Manual. Basel: De Gruyter. 5) ArchDaily. (2018). A45 / BIG. [online] Available at: https://www.archdaily.com/894941/a45-big [Accessed 18 Sep. 2018]. 6) Cogley, B. (2018). BIG designs prototype tiny cabin in Upstate New York. [online] Dezeen. Available at: https://www.dezeen.com/2018/05/17/big-designs-prototype-a45-tiny-cabin-klein-upstate-new-york/ [Accessed 18 Sep. 2018]. 7) designboom | architecture & design magazine. (2018). bjarke ingels group designs 'A45', a customizable tiny house for klein. [online] Available at: https://www.designaasboom.com/architecture/bjarke-ingels-group-big-klein-a45-house-new-york-05-16-2018/ [Accessed 18 Sep. 2018]. 8) METALOCUS. (2018). A45 house. A tiny house in the Catskills designed by BIG. [online] Available at: https://www.metalocus.es/en/news/a45-house-a-tiny-house-catskills-designed-big [Accessed 18 Sep. 2018]. 9) Fazzare, E. (2018). Bjarke Ingels Designs His First Tiny House—And It’s Completely Off-the-Grid | Architectural Digest. [online] Architectural Digest. Available at: https://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/bjarke-ingels-tiny-hous-a45-klein-soren-rose [Accessed 18 Sep. 2018]. 10) Newatlas.com. (2018). BIG goes small with off-grid tiny house. [online] Available at: https://newatlas.com/big-a45-tiny-house/54673/ [Accessed 18 Sep. 2018]. 11) Dinesen. (2018). Douglas flooring - Experience extraordinary plank flooring. [online] Available at: https://dinesen.com/product/douglas/ [Accessed 18 Sep. 2018]. 12) WikiArquitectura. (2018). VM House - Data, Photos & Plans - WikiArquitectura. [online] Available at: https://en.wikiarquitectura.com/building/vm-house/ [Accessed 23 Sep. 2018]. 13) Archello. (2018). VM Houses | BIG - Bjarke Ingels Group | Archello. [online] Available at: https://archello.com/project/vm-houses [Accessed 23 Sep. 2018]. 14) ArchDaily. (2018). VM Houses / BIG + JDS. [online] Available at: https://www.archdaily.com/970/vm-houses-plot-big-jds [Accessed 23 Sep. 2018]. 15) Arch2O.com. (2018). VM Houses | BIG - Arch2O.com. [online] Available at: https://www.arch2o.com/vm-houses-big/ [Accessed 23 Sep. 2018]. 16) Its Nice That. (2018). "Real life" Lego House to open in Denmark this month. [online] Available at: https://www.itsnicethat.com/news/lego-house-architecture-190917 [Accessed 23 Sep. 2018]. 17) ArchDaily. (2018). Gallery of LEGO House / BIG - 27. [online] Available at: https://www.archdaily.com/880900/lego-house-big/59d3a011b22e38efb100010d-lego-house-big-section-bb [Accessed 23 Sep. 2018]. 18) : House, W. (2018). Welcome to the amazing Home of the Brick - LEGO® House. [online] Legohouse.com. Available at: https://www.legohouse.com/en-gb/explore [Accessed 23 Sep. 2018]. 19) YouTube. (2018). Inside the incredible LEGO House with architect Bjarke Ingels | WIRED Originals. [online] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DZfnRsYhmMo [Accessed 24 Sep. 2018]. 20) designboom | architecture & design magazine. (2018). BIG-designed LEGO house takes shape in denmark. [online] Available at: https://www.designboom.com/architecture/bjarke-ingels-group-big-lego-house-denmark-september-opening-billund-03-08-2017/ [Accessed 23 Sep. 2018]. 21) Frame Publishers. (2018). Inside BIG's Lego House. [online] Available at: https://www.frameweb.com/news/inside-big-lego-house-billund [Accessed 23 Sep. 2018]. 22) Asce.org. (2018). The House that LEGO Built | ASCE. [online] Available at: https://www.asce.org/cemagazine/the-house-that-lego-built/ [Accessed 23 Sep. 2018]. 23) Verdict Designbuild. (2018). LEGO House, Billund - Verdict Designbuild. [online] Available at: https://www.designbuild-network.com/projects/lego-house-billund/ [Accessed 23 Sep. 2018]. 24) Floornature.com. (2018). The LEGO House designed by BIG has opened in Billund Denmark | Livegreenblog. [online] Available at: http://www.floornature.com/blog/lego-house-designed-big-has-opened-billund-denmark-13160/ [Accessed 23 Sep. 2018]. 25) ArchDaily. (2018). Danish National Maritime Museum / BIG. [online] Available at: https://www.archdaily.com/440541/danish-national-maritime-museum-big [Accessed 23 Sep. 2018]. 26) Group, B. (2018). Helsingør | Danish Maritime Museum BIG-Bjarke Ingels Group. [online] Inexhibit. Available at: https://www.inexhibit.com/case-studies/danish-national-maritime-museum/ [Accessed 23 Sep. 2018]. 27) AECCafe. (2018). Danish National Maritime Museum in Helsingør, Denmark by Kossmann.dejong. [online] Available at: https://www10.aeccafe.com/blogs/arch-showcase/2013/12/08/danish-national-maritime-museum-in-helsingor-denmark-by-kossmann-dejong/ [Accessed 23 Sep. 2018]. 28) Sd.polyu.edu.hk. (2018). [online] Available at: https://www.sd.polyu.edu.hk/iasdr/proceeding/papers/Material%20Knowledge%20for%20Design%20-%20The%20architect's%20vocabulary.pdf [Accessed 23 Sep. 2018]. 29) Moore, R. (2018). Danish Maritime Museum by BIG through Hufton + Crow lens. [online] METALOCUS. Available at: https://www.metalocus.es/en/news/danish-maritime-museum-big-through-hufton-crow-lens [Accessed 23 Sep. 2018]. 30) Hybel, J. (2018). Danish National Maritime Museum - arcspace.com. [online] arcspace.com. Available at: https://arcspace.com/feature/danish-national-maritime-museum/ [Accessed 23 Sep. 2018] 31) ArchDaily. (2018). Mountain Dwellings / PLOT = BIG + JDS. [online] Available at: https://www.archdaily.com/15022/mountain-dwellings-big [Accessed 24 Sep. 2018]. 32) En.wikipedia.org. (2018). Mountain Dwellings. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_Dwellings [Accessed 24 Sep. 2018]. 33) Archilovers. (2018). Mountain Dwellings | JDS Architects, BIG - Bjarke Ingels Group. [online] Available at: https://www.archilovers.com/projects/17443/mountain-dwellings.html [Accessed 24 Sep. 2018]. 34) Verdict Designbuild. (2018). The Mountain Dwellings, Copenhagen - Verdict Designbuild. [online] Available at: https://www.designbuild-network.com/projects/mountain-dwellings/ [Accessed 24 Sep. 2018]. 35) Fairs, M. (2018). Mountain Dwellings by BIG. [online] Dezeen. Available at: https://www.dezeen.com/2008/02/17/mountain-dwellings-by-big/ [Accessed 24 Sep. 2018]. 36) Static1.squarespace.com. (2018). [online] Available at: https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5313b826e4b02a8d25126c66/t/552b1204e4b0c842cdb77e4f/1428886020057/89518-85320+-+Rhonda+Loggia+-+Feb+27%2C+2015+412+PM+-+Loggia+BIG+Mountain+Dwellings+Copenhagen+Denmark.pdf [Accessed 24 Sep. 2018]. 37) Archello. (2018). VM Houses | BIG - Bjarke Ingels Group | Archello. [online] Available at: https://archello.com/project/vm-houses [Accessed 25 Sep. 2018]. 38) Arch2O.com. (2018). VM Houses | BIG - Arch2O.com. [online] Available at: https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.arch2o.com/vm-houses-big/amp/?espv=1 [Accessed 25 Sep. 2018]. 39) arcspace.com. (2018). VM Houses - arcspace.com. [online] Available at: https://arcspace.com/feature/vm-houses/ [Accessed 25 Sep. 2018]. 40) ArchDaily. (2018). VM Houses / BIG + JDS. [online] Available at: https://www.archdaily.com/970/vm-houses-plot-big-jds [Accessed 25 Sep. 2018].