Fracking

Page 1

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!"#$%&#'%(&)(*)+(,,%-./)0&12341)54%,$%3%'/)*6($) 7/16#2.%3)86#3'26%&9)%&)':4)!(.#)8%4.1;)<#6=%&) >(2&'/;)?@.#:($#) ! ! "#$%&'!()**+',! !

!

! ! ! -.*+/)0+!12)*)3&4+*!5#6728!! -92':;&*2!<29)6%! -;=:>?==! !

!

!

!

!


!

-@A"(-B"!1C-A-1DE"A!5F<GCH! -92':I&*2!<29)6%!J&$4*+&026! ! K/&$!-92':I&*2!<29)6%!&$!&'%2',2,!%)!0+.2!%/2!62$#*%$!)I!62$2+64/! +7+&*+L*2!+%!%/2!2+6*&2$%!9)$$&L*2!,+%2!+',!')%!&'%2',2,!%)!62962$2'%!%/2! I&'+*!)6!I)60+*!9#L*&4+%&)'M!!K/2!629)6%!&$!+'!#'2,&%2,!4)98!9629+62,!L8! %/2!+#%/)6M!

)

!

)

!

!


!

!"#$%&#'%(&)(*)+(,,%-./)0&12341)54%,$%3%'/)*6($) 7/16#2.%3)86#3'26%&9)%&)':4)!(.#)8%4.1;)<#6=%&) >(2&'/;)?@.#:($#) ! ! "#$%&'!"M!()**+',! -.*+/)0+!12)*)3&4+*!5#6728! 5+6.28$!C'2638!E2'%26! =??!C+$%!N)8,!5%MO!<0M!P:=Q=! P)60+'O!-.*+/)0+!RQ?=S:?T>U! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! "#3#$%!>?==! ! -.*+/)0+!12)*)3&4+*!5#6728!! -92':;&*2!<29)6%! -;=:>?==

!

!

!


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`&4.2%!F'&%!N!Z2**!_:=UO!+',!+L)#%!$272'!/)#6$!+I%26!%/2!I&6$%!+',!,2292$%!/8,6+#*&4! I6+4%#6&'3!$%+32!$%+6%2,!%/2!2+6%/Y#+.2$!L23+'!)44#66&'3M!!D%!Z+$!9)$$&L*2!%)!0),2*! S]a!)I!%/2!2+6%/Y#+.2$!&'!%/&$!$2Y#2'42!#$&'3!+!$&09*2!9)62!962$$#62!,&II#$&)'! 0),2*!Z&%/!+!92602+L&*&%8!)I!+L)#%!>]?!0J!W0&**&J+64&2$XM!!b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c=?!`B!E5K!V+'M!=R%/!+',!+')%/26!*+632!)'2!+%!+L)#%!>c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`&4.2%!F'&%!N!b2**!_:=UM!!!-#6!+'+*8$&$!$/)Z2,!%/+%!$/)6%*8!+I%26!/8,6+#*&4! I6+4%#6&'3!L23+'!$0+**!2+6%/Y#+.2$!$%+6%2,!)44#66&'3O!+',!0)62!%/+'!]?!Z262! &,2'%&I&2,O!)I!Z/&4/!_Q!Z262!*+632!2')#3/!%)!L2!*)4+%2,M!!B)$%!)I!%/2$2!2+6%/Y#+.2$! !

=!!

!


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b2$$)'O!=SS?XM! ! 98°15'0"W

98°0'0"W

97°45'0"W

Canadian

97°30'0"W

97°0'0"W

Okfuskee

FNO

Cleveland

35°15'0"N

Pottawatomie

Caddo

W35A

Grady

35°0'0"N

35°0'0"N

Pontotoc

Garvin

Comanche

Seminole

McClain

34°45'0"N

34°30'0"N

96°45'0"W

Oklahoma

W34A

35°15'0"N

97°15'0"W

34°45'0"N

X34A

Murray

Stephens

34°30'0"N

X35A

Johnston

Cotton 34°15'0"N

34°15'0"N

Carter Jefferson

34°0'0"N

33°45'0"N

Y34A

Love

Marshall Y35A

34°0'0"N

Bryan

0 4 8 16 24 32 Kilometers 98°15'0"W

98°0'0"W

97°45'0"W

33°45'0"N 97°30'0"W

97°15'0"W

97°0'0"W

96°45'0"W

!

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

! 5)#%/:42'%6+*!-.*+/)0+!/+$!+!$&3'&I&4+'%!+0)#'%!)I!/&$%)6&4+*!$2&$0&4&%8O!+',!/+$! L22'!)'2!)I!%/2!0)$%!+4%&72!+62+$!Z&%/&'!-.*+/)0+!$&'42!=SRRO!Z/2'!+'!+,2Y#+%2! $2&$0&4!'2%Z)6.!Z+$!2$%+L*&$/2,M!!K/2!'2+62$%!$%+%&)'$!%)!%/2!2+6%/Y#+.2$!Z262! $2726+*!C+6%/$4)92!K6+'$9)6%+L*2!"66+8!WK"X!$%+%&)'$M!!b&%/)#%!%/2!K"!$%+%&)'$!)'*8! !

>!!

!


! +!I2Z!)I!%/2!2+6%/Y#+.2$!4)#*,!9)$$&L*8!/+72!L22'!*)4+%2,!+',!%/2!#'426%+&'%&2$!&'! %/2!/89)42'%6+*!*)4+%&)'$!Z)#*,!L2!Y#&%2!*+632M! ! <4(.(9%3)54''%&9) ! K/2!C)*+!;&2*,!*&2$!+%!%/2!')6%/26'!2,32!)I!%/2!"6,0)62!N+$&'!+',!%/2!L#6&2,! ')6%/Z2$%26'!2\%2'%!)I!%/2!"6L#4.*2!B)#'%+&'$!+',!4)'%+&'$!+!/&3/*8!I)*,2,!+',! I+#*%2,!%/6#$%!$8$%20!W5Z2$'&4.!+',!1622'O!=S]?d!(+6*%)'O!=ST_O!16+'+%/O!=SUSXM!!D'! %/2!E+0L6&+'!%/&$!+62+!2\926&2'42,!$&3'&I&4+'%!6&I%&'3!+$$)4&+%2,!Z&%/!%/2!5)#%/26'! -.*+/)0+!+#*+4)32'!W@2**26!2%!+*MO!=SUQXM!!!!"I%26!%/2!&'&%&+*!6&I%&'3!%/2!+62+! 2\926&2'42,!%/260+*!$#L$&,2'42!+',!$2,&02'%+%&)'!W16+'+%/O!=SUSXM!!K/2!+62+! 4)'%&'#2,!%)!$22!926&),$!)I!$#L$&,2'42!+',!$2,&02'%+%&)'!Z&%/!+!I2Z!926&),$!)I! 26)$&)'!62962$2'%2,!L8!#'4)'I)60&%&2$!W5Z2$'&.!+',!1622'O!=S]?XM!!D'!%/2!0&,: `2''$8*7+'&+'!%/2!+62+!L23+'!%)!2\926&2'42!$&3'&I&4+'%!%6+'$962$$&)'!+$$)4&+%2,! Z&%/!%/2!-#+4/&%+!-6)32'!W16+'+%/O!=SUSXM!!N24+#$2!)I!%/2!+62+$!4)09*2\!%24%)'&4! /&$%)68!&%!&$!Y#&%2!*&.2*8!%/+%!%/2!'+%#62!)I!I+#*%$!/+$!4/+'32,!%/6)#3/!%&02!+',!%/+%! ')60+*!I+#*%$!+$$)4&+%2,!Z&%/!%/2!+#*+4)32'!+',!*+%26!L+$&'!+44)00),+%&)'!Z262! 62+4%&7+%2,!&'!%/2!0&,!%)!*+%2:`2''$8*7+'&+'!Z&%/!+!'2Z!$2'$2!)I!0)%&)'M!!K/2! b+$/&%+!G+**28!I+#*%!&$!%/2!*+632$%!I+#*%!&'!%/2!+62+O!Z&%/!+!$#6I+42!%6+42!)I! +996)\&0+%2*8!]T!.0!WK+''26O!=STRXM!!D%!&$!+!0+[)6!I+#*%!%/+%!&$!.')Z'!%)!2\%2',! '2+6*8!=U?!.0!I6)0!%/2!-#+4/&%+!%/6#$%!$8$%20!&'!%/2!$)#%/2+$%!%)!%/2!"'+,+6.)! L+$&'!%)!%/2!')6%/Z2$%!WK+''26O!=STRXM!!C$%&0+%2$!I)6!%/2!+0)#'%!)I!*2I%:*+%26+*! $%6&.2:$*&9!+44)00),+%2,!)'!%/&$!I+#*%!7+68!,6+0+%&4+**8O!L#%!62+$)'+L*8!6+'32!I6)0! T]!.0!WK+''26O!=STRX!%)!>T!.0!WB4E+$.&**O!=SSUXM!!K/2!<)L26$)'!I+#*%O!%)!$)#%/!)I! %/2!b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b2$%! K&0L262,!(&**$!)I!%/2!')6%/Z2$%26'!"6L#4.*2!B)#'%+&'$!W(+6*%)'O!=ST_XM!!!!! ! K/2!C)*+!;&2*,!Z+$!,&$4)7262,!&'!=S_R!Z&%/!+!,&$4)7268!Z2**!4)09*2%2,!%)!+!%)%+*! ,29%/!)I!=?O>Q_!I22%!WQO==S!0X!&'!%/2!L+$+*!N6)0&,2!5+',$%)'2M!!K/2!&'&%&+*!L)%%)0! /)*2!962$$#62!Z+$!+L)#%!QU??!`5D!+',!L8!=S]?!/+,!,24*&'2,!%)!>OS??!`5D!Z&%/!$272'! 96),#4&'3!Z2**$!&'!%/2!I&2*,!W5Z2$'&4.!+',!1622'O!=S]?XM!

!

Q!!

!


!

97°30'0"W

97°20'0"W

34°40'0"N

34°40'0"N

Garvin

Mill Creek Fa ult

Eola Fa u R eaga

lt

n Fault

Washita Valley F au Ro

34°30'0"N

ber

son

Fa

lt

ult

34°30'0"N

Carter 0

2

4

97°30'0"W

8

12

16 Kilometers 97°20'0"W

!

8%9264)G)B)8#2.')$#N)*(6)':4)!(.#)8%4.1;)?@.#:($#K))O:%3@)9644&).%&4,)#64)*#2.',) $(1%*%41)*6($)7#6.'(&)IAEUVJK))8#2.',),:(M&)#,)':%&)964/).%&4,)#64)*6($)5'(4,46)4')#.K) IGHHFJK))!(.#)*%4.1)%,)3(.(641)#),#.$(&)3(.(6)IT(/1;)GHHGJK)

! 7/16#2.%3)86#3'26%&9)?N46#'%(&,)#')+%3@4')W&%')T)X4..)VBAD) ) (8,6+#*&4!I6+4%#6&'3!)926+%&)'$!L23+'!)'!B)',+8!V+'#+68!=RO!>?==!+%! +996)\&0+%2*8!T!"B!WE5KXO!=>c??!FKEM!!K/2!/8,6+#*&4!I6+4%#6&'3!)I!%/2!Z2**! 4)'$&$%2,!)I!+!I)#6:$%+32!/8,6+#*&4!I6+4%#6&'3!)926+%&)'!Z&%/!I6+4!&'%267+*$!)I!SOUQ?e: =?O>U>eO!UOUS?e:UQ>TeO!ROTT>e:UO=>UeO!+',!RO???e:RO]T>eO!!Z&%/!%/2!*+$%!I6+4!$%+32! 4)09*2%2,!)'!V+'#+68!>QO!>?==M!!K/2!Z2**!Z+$!%/2'!I*#$/2,!#'%&*!;2L6#+68!TO!>?==M!! N24+#$2!%/2!2+6%/Y#+.2$!L23+'!+I%26!%/2!I&6$%!I6+4!$%+32!Z2!Z&**!96&0+6&*8!4)'$&,26! %/&$!$%+32M!!K/2!I&6$%!I6+4!$%+32!/+,!+'!+726+32!6+%2!)I!&'[24%&)'!)I!UUM]!L90!+',!+'! +726+32!&'[24%&)'!962$$#62!)I!_U]?!9$&M!!K/&$!$%+32!+*$)!&'4*#,2,!+'!+4&,!$%&0#*+%&)'M!! K/262!Z+$!+!%)%+*!)I!>O_R]O]_]!3+**)'$!)I!I6+4!I*#&,!&'[24%2,!+',!]R]OSR_!*L$!)I! 96)92'%M!!K/2!`&4.2%!F'&%!N!Z2**!_:=U!&$!+!'2+6*8!726%&4+*!Z2**!*)4+%2,!+%!Q_M]]>R>!: SRM__]U?O!2*27+%&)'!>RRM_!0O!Z&%/!+'!"`D!'#0L26!)I!?_S:>_RSRM!!K/2!I&6$%!I6+4! )44#662,!&'!%/2!&'%267+*!L2%2Z22'!SOUQ?e!W>OSSTM>!0XO!+',!=?O>U>e!WQO=Q_M?!0X! ! !#6':C2#@4)Y#'#)P&#./,%,)#&1)Z4':(1,) ! K/2!1+67&'!E)#'%8O!2+6%/Y#+.2$!Z262!+'+*8^2,!#$&'3!6)#%&'2!96)42$$&'3!$%29$!L8! %/2!-15!I)6!2+6%/Y#+.2!0)'&%)6&'3M!!K/2!9/+$2!+66&7+*$!Z262!9&4.2,!#$&'3!%/2! &'%26+4%&72!9&4.&'3!4+9+L&*&%&2$!)I!%/2!$2&$0&4!$)I%Z+62!9+4.+32!5CD5"P!W(+7$.)7! +',!-%%20)**26O!=SSSXM!!K/2!2+6%/Y#+.2!/89)42'%26$!+',!)6&3&'!%&02$!Z262! ,2%260&'2,!#$&'3!%/2!*)4+%&)'!96)36+0!(H`-ECPKC<!WA&2'26%!2%!+*MO!=SUT!+',! A&2'26%!+',!(+7$.)7O!=SS]XM!!K/2!-15!%89&4+*!,#6+%&)'!0+3'&%#,2!4+*4#*+%&)'$!Z262!

!

_!!

!


! #$2,!%)!,2%260&'2!%/2!0+3'&%#,2!)I!%/2!2+6%/Y#+.2$!WA+Z$)'!+',!A#^+O!>??TXM!!K/2! 72*)4&%8!0),2*!#$2,!&$!%/2!$+02!0),2*!%/+%!&$!4#662'%*8!L2&'3!#$2,!L8!%/2!-15!I)6! 0)$%!623&)'$!)I!-.*+/)0+O!%/2!fB+'&%)#!B),2*g!$/)Z'!&'!K+L*2!=M!!F$&'3!%/2! (H`-CAAD`5C!02%/),!/89)42'%26!*)4+%&)'$!+62!9))6*8!62$)*72,!L24+#$2!%/2!'2+62$%! $%+%&)'!&$!+996)\&0+%2*8!Q]!.0!+Z+8O!9/+$2!+66&7+*$!Z262!,&II&4#*%!%)!&,2'%&I8!I)6! %/2$2!272'%$O!+',!%/2!272'%$!+992+6!%)!/+72!L22'!$/+**)ZM!!K/2!I)60+*!#'426%+&'%&2$! +62!$&3'&I&4+'%!&'!%/2!6+'32!)I!$2726+*!.&*)02%26$!I)6!%/2$2!2+6%/Y#+.2$!+',!&',&4+%2! %/+%!*)4+%&)'$!I)6!%/2$2!2+6%/Y#+.2$!$/)#*,!L2!4)'$&,262,!$#$924%M!!K/2!I)60+*!266)6! 2$%&0+%2$!I6)0!%/2!&'&%&+*!(H`-ECPKC<!*)4+%&)'$!4+'!L2!$22'!&'!K+L*2!>M!!"$&,2! I6)0!%/2!I)60+*!#'426%+&'%&2$!&%!&$!7268!*&.2*8!%/+%!%/2!623&)'+*!72*)4&%8!0),2*!#$2,!&$! ')%!Y#&%2!+996)96&+%2!I)6!%/&$!+62+!)I!-.*+/)0+M!!D'!I+4%O!+!$&'3*2!72*)4&%8!0),2*!&$! ,2I&'&%2*8!')%!+996)96&+%2!+46)$$!%/2!$%6#4%#6+**8!4)09*2\!623&)'!$9+''&'3!%/2!,229! Wh=?.0X!"6,0)62!L+$&'!%)!%/2!&002,&+%2*8!+,[+42'%!"6L#4.*2!#9*&I%M! ! D'!+'!+%%209%!%)!&096)72!%/2!/89)42'%26!,2%260&'+%&)'$!%/2!J)#L*2:J&II262'4&'3O! (89)JJO!%24/'&Y#2!)I!b+*,/+#$26!+',!C**$Z)6%/!W>???X!Z+$!209*)82,!%)!62*)4+%2! %/2!2+6%/Y#+.2$M!K/&$!+996)+4/!%+.2$!+,7+'%+32!)I!%/2!I+4%!%/+%!%/262!&$!7268!*&%%*2! ,&II262'42!&'!9/+$2!%6+72*%&02$!L2%Z22'!2+6%/Y#+.2$!%/+%!)44#6!'2+6!2+4/!)%/26M!!D%! 4+'!%/2'!#$2!+**!%/2!2+6%/Y#+.2$!%)!I&',!%/2!42'%6)&,!)I!%/2!2+6%/Y#+.2$O!Z/&*2!0)62! 2+$&*8!&,2'%&I8&'3!+',!2\4*#,&'3!L+,!9/+$2!+66&7+*!%&02$!+%!$%+%&)'$M!!-'42!%/2! 42'%6)&,!)I!%/2!2+6%/Y#+.2$!&$!,2%260&'2,!%/2!62*+%&72!*)4+%&)'!)I!2+4/!2+6%/Y#+.2! %)!%/2!42'%6)&,!4+'!+44#6+%2*8!L2!,2%260&'2,M!!(89)JJ!96)7&,2$!7268!3)),! 62$)*#%&)'!)I!62*+%&72!2+6%/Y#+.2!*)4+%&)'$O!L#%!%/2!+L$)*#%2!2+6%/Y#+.2!*)4+%&)'! 266)6!4+'!L2!*+6326!%/+'!%/2!I)60+*!266)6!2$%&0+%2$M!!K/2!$&'3#*+6!7+*#2! ,24)09)$&%&)'!W5GJX!02%/),!Z+$!#$2,!&'!(89)JJ!L24+#$2!%/&$!&$!+!$0+**!,+%+$2%O! +',!%/2!5GJ!02%/),!96)7&,2$!+!L2%%26!2$%&0+%2!)I!%/2!I)60+*!#'426%+&'%&2$! Wb+*,/+#$26O!>??=XM! )

(89)JJ!+*$)!/+$!%/2!4+9+L&*&%8!%)!#$2!Z+72I)60!46)$$!4)662*+%&)'!L2%Z22'!272'%$M!! b+72I)60!46)$$:4)662*+%&)'$!4+'!)I%2'!,6+0+%&4+**8!&096)72!2+6%/Y#+.2! /89)42'%6+*!*)4+%&)'!266)6$O!L8!620)7&'3!+'8!/#0+'!266)6!&'!9/+$2!+66&7+*!9&4.$M!! K/&$!02%/),!#$2$!%/2!$&0&*+6&%&2$!&'!Z+72I)60$!L2%Z22'!272'%$!%)!0)62!+44#6+%2*8! 02+$#62!+66&7+*!%&02$O!+',!/+$!L22'!$/)Z'!%)!,6+0+%&4+**8!&096)72!*)4+%&)'$!+',! %/2&6!+$$)4&+%2,!#'426%+&'%&2$M!!E6)$$!4)662*+%&)'!&$!$&09*8!I&',&'3!%/2!9+6%!)I!%/2! 624)6,2,!Z+72I)60O!Z/&4/!&$!0)$%!*&.2!%/2!%209*+%2!Z+72I)60!Z&',)ZM!!"!%209*+%2! Z+72I)60!Z&',)Z!&$!+'!2\+09*2!Z+72I)60!+6)#',!2&%/26!+!`!)6!5:b+72!+66&7+*! I6)0!+'!272'%!Z&%/&'!%/2!2+6%/Y#+.2!$2Y#2'42M!!E6)$$!4)662*+%&)'$!I)6!%/2$2! 2+6%/Y#+.2$!Z262!+%%209%2,M!!D'!)6,26!%)!+%%209%!%/2!46)$$!4)662*+%&)'!+!I2Z!)I!%/2! *+6326!272'%$!Z262!$2*24%2,!+$!%209*+%2$!+',!Z&',)Z$!+6)#',!%/2!`!+',!5!9/+$2! +66&7+*$!Z262!$2*24%2,M!!K/2$2!Z&',)Z$!Z/262!%/2'!6#'!+3+&'$%!%/2!4)662$9)',&'3! %209*+%2!272'%!%)!,2%260&'2!/)Z!Z2**!%/2!,+%+!4)#*,!L2!46)$$:4)662*+%2,!Z&%/!%/2! 2'%&62!Z+72I)60!I)6!%/2!62$924%&72!2+6%/Y#+.2M!!D'!%/&$!%2$%O!%/2!5:Z+72$!4)#*,! 62+,&*8!L2!&,2'%&I&2,!#$&'3!46)$$!4)662*+%&)'O!L#%!%/2!`:Z+72!4)#*,!')%M!!K/2!`:Z+72$! Z262!32'26+**8!4)662*+%&'3!L2%%26!Z&%/!5!)6!$#6I+42!Z+72$!&'!%/2!4),+!%/+'!Z&%/!%/2! `!9/+$2!+66&7+*O!2\429%!I)6!%Z)!$%+%&)'$!iQ_"!+',!HQ_"M!!K/2!&'+L&*&%8!%)!46)$$:)) )

!

)

]!!

!


! O#-.4)A)B)[4.(3%'/)$(14.,)2,41)%&)':%,),'21/Q)#..):#=4)#)[N\[,)6#'%()(*)AKF]K))Z#&%'(2) #&1)>:4.,4#)$(14.,)#64)146%=41)*6($)Z%'3:4..)#&1)^#&1%,$#&)IAEFHJK))O6/99=#,(&) #&1)_2#..,)IAEUFJ)$(14.)M#,)14=4.(N41)*6($)':4),#$4),4%,$%3)64*6#3'%(&).%&4)#,) Z%'3:4..)#&1)^#&1%,$#&)IAEFHJK))O:4)>4&'6#.)?@.#:($#)$(14.)M#,)14=4.(N41)*6($) '6#=4.'%$4)%&=46,%(&)*(6)4#6':C2#@4,)%&)34&'6#.)?@.#:($#K)

!"#$%#&' !"#$%&'(()*%+,) 012) 013) 416) 6015) 510) 617) 814) :16) 6616) ";<=>(.;$') ) ) )

! !

!

-.)*%+/(,) -()*%+/(,) 3100) 4156) 2107) 5170) 7170) 5168) 2108) 5176) 213:) 5197) 2140) 5178) 2194) 5188) 9107) 3108) 9152) 3147) 8168) 3195)

) ) ) /&(0)-1' !"#$%&'(()*%+,) 610) :17) 716) 417) 814) :16) 6616) ";<=>(.;$')

!#()*&$'+,$&"-.&'

) ) )

!"#$%&'(()*%+,) 017) 017) 410) 017) 617) 510) 410) 710) 6610) :10) 6610) ";<=>(.;$') )

-.)*%+/(,) -()*%+/(,) 3132) 4178) 3120) 4122) 3197) 4197) 2165) 5173) 2162) 5172) 216:) 5178) 216:) 5178) 2140) 5178) 2195) 518:) 9160) 3166) 9152) 3147) 8168) 3195)

) ) 2*3445&%-(671&$$%'

-.)*%+/(,) -()*%+/(,) !"#$%&'(()*%+,) -.)*%+/(,) 7170) 5168) 0173) 3100) 2108) 5176) 65162) 71:2) 213:) 5197) 671:0) 2122) 2140) 5178) 46183) 9140) 2194) 5188) ";<=>(.;$') 8154) 9107) 3108) ) ) 9152) 3147) ) ) 8168) 3195) ) ) !

T!!

-()*%+/(,) 4156) 5137) 5187) 3162) 3186) ) ) )

!


! O#-.4)G)`)0&%'%#.):/N(34&'46).(3#'%(&,)*6($)5!05PR)#&1)7L+?>!RO!aK))^#694) 2&346'#%&'%4,)%&):/N(34&'6#.).(3#'%(&,)#64)'/N%3#.)(*)4#6':C2#@4,)M%':(2')&4#6-/) ,4%,$%3),'#'%(&,K))O:4)$4#&)466(6)#')#)EHb)3(&*%14&34)%&'46=#.)%&).(3#'%(&,)%,)]KD;)SKG;) AVKV)@$)*(6).(&9%'214;).#'%'214;)14N':)64,N43'%=4./K)

!

!

!

!

R!!

!


! 4)662*+%2!+'!2+6%/Y#+.2e$!`:b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j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kG$!6+%&)!)I!=MRQ!Z+$!#$2,!&'!+**!)I!%/2! 62*)4+%&)'$M!!N24+#$2!%/2!*)4+%&)'$!)I!%/2$2!2+6%/Y#+.2$!62*8!)'!%/2!/&3/!Y#+*&%8!5: b+72!9/+$2!+66&7+*$!%/&$!7+*#2!4+'!/+72!+!$&3'&I&4+'%!&09+4%!)'!%/2!62*)4+%&)'$!)I! %/2$2!272'%$M!!"'!27+*#+%&)'!)I!%/2!+996)96&+%2!G9kG$!6+%&)!&$!Z2**!L28)',!%/2!$4)92! )I!%/&$!Z)6.!+',!0+8!L2!27+*#+%2,!&'!%/2!I#%#62M!!K/2!#'426%+&'%&2$!$/)#*,!L2! 4)'$&,262,!+!0&'&0#0!I)6!%/2!2+6%/Y#+.2!62*)4+%&)'$!3&72'!)#6!+$$#09%&)'!)I!%/2! G9kG$!6+%&)!+',!%/2!*+4.!)I!'2+6L8!$%+%&)'$M! ! )) )

!

)

U!!

!


! O#-.4)])`)7/N(YY)64.(3#'%(&)3.2,'46)34&'6(%1,)*(6)':4)1%**464&')=4.(3%'/)$(14.,)2,41K)) O:4)&2$-46)(*)4#6':C2#@4,)':#')64$#%&41)%&)':4),(.2'%(&)%,),:(M&)%&)':4).#,') 3(.2$&K))7/N(YY)4.%$%&#'4,)4#6':C2#@4,)':#')(3326)#-(=4)':4),26*#34)(6).(,4).%&@)'() &4#6-/)4#6':C2#@4,)%&)':4)3.2,'46K)

!"#$% !"#$%&' 456786" 9:;<<="88&#. >'"778 46#%:"7? @A7"5&B"

&'()(*#$ &"+,)(*#$ -$.(/01234 ()*+),),- .,/*)0)0/1 0*/-)(2+ ()*++3+(( .,/*)0)01- 0*),,-2)

5$),/($#0 6!7 3*00-( 3*02

8*39$:0";0 <':(/=*'2$> (/ )(

()*+),,/- .,/*)0-30+

0*-,+,+/

3*00(

(+

()*++2(1) .,/*)0(,12

0*+(+)/2

3*03,)

)0

! ! ! 97°27'0"W

97°26'0"W

97°25'0"W

COK TQ

34°33'0"N

Chelsea

34°33'0"N

Manitou

0 0.2 0.4

0.8

1.2

1.6 Kilometers

34°32'0"N

34°32'0"N 97°27'0"W

97°26'0"W

97°25'0"W

8%9264)])`)7/N(YY)3.2,'46)34&'6(%1).(3#'%(&,;)-.#3@)36(,,4,;)%&)64.#'%(&,:%N)'()+%3@4') W&%')T)X4..)VBAD;),:(M&)#,)-.#3@):4"#9(&;)!(.#)8%4.1)IT(/1;)GHHGJ)%,),:(M&)%&) ,#.$(&K)O:%3@)9644&).%&4,)#64)*#2.',)$(1%*%41)*6($)7#6.'(&)IAEUVJK)))

)

)

!

S!!

!


!

97°28'0"W

97°26'0"W

97°24'0"W

97°22'0"W

34°34'0"N

34°34'0"N

34°32'0"N

34°32'0"N

Legend Chelsea Model Depth 0.77 - 1.45

0 0.5 1

2

3

1.46 - 2.12

4 Kilometers

2.13 - 2.68 2.69 - 3.64 3.65 - 5.62

97°28'0"W

97°26'0"W

97°24'0"W

97°22'0"W

8%9264)V)`)7/N(YY)4#6':C2#@4)64.(3#'%(&,)I3(.(641)-/)14N':)%&)@%.($4'46,J) 14'46$%&41)2,%&9)>:4.,4#)$(14.K))+%3@4')W&%')T)X4..)VBAD;),:(M&)#,)-.#3@):4"#9(&;) !(.#)8%4.1)IT(/1;)GHHGJ),:(M&)36(,,B:#3:2641)#64#K)O:%3@)9644&).%&4,)#64)*#2.',) $(1%*%41)*6($)7#6.'(&)IAEUVJK)))

! ) )

!

)

)

! =?!

!


! O#-.4)V)`)7/N(YY)64.(3#'%(&,)2,%&9)':4)>:4.,4#)=4.(3%'/)$(14.K))O:4)$4#&)Gc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

344(4. +',#-. /12 56 !$%#) )*,, $!)#" )*,, "+"#% )*,, &&) )*,, ,%+#& )*,, !%!#( )*,, !%*#& )*,, !!(#, )*,, !!"#! )*,, ")!#! )*,, +(, )*,, ,,*! )*,, )!!#, )*,, ",&#+ )*,, $(*#+ )*,, )%%#" )*,, "$*#$ )*,, ++*#" )*,, !**#% )*,, !,& )*,, ),$#" )*,, )&$ )*,, ""$#) )*,, )!)#! )*,, !*+#% )*,, "*(#$ )*,, )%&#, )*,, )%"#" )*,, ,&&#& )*,, !),#% )*,, )&!#! )*,, ,(*#$ )*,, !**#$ )*,, )$(#( )*,, ),$#& )*,, )(+#+ )*,, )",#$ )*,, ,+*#( )*,, !*$#+ )*,, )"%#( )*,, "*,#$ )*,, ),"#, )*,, )()#$ )*,,

7 8 , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,

+5 ,& ,& ,& ,& ,& ,& ,& ,& ,& ,& ,& ,& ,& ,& ,% ,% ,% ,% ,% ,% ,% ,% ,% ,% ,% ,% ,% ,% ,% ,% ,% ,% ,% ,% ,% ,% ,% ,% ,% ,% ,( )) ))

96 ,( )* )* )* )* ), ), ), ), )) )) )! )! )! * * * * , , , , , ) ) ) ! ! " " $ & & & % ( ( ,) ,) ,( " ,! ,$

7 : ;3< 7& !$ !&#"" ,#( " $,#,) ,#$ ,+ &#*) )#, $* ( ,#+ $+ "(#*+ )#, ,) )*#%% ,#% )! !)#)" ,#& "" $,#)% ,#+ "+ !&#*% ) )& "%#"% )#) !$ $#,) )#! !& ,#"" ,#+ "% !(#+% ,#( $) )"#!% ,#" ," ))#,! )#+ !! !(#"" ,#& !" $(#$, ,#! "+ "+#&+ , $ ,$#,% ,#+ + !,#( ,#) !, "!#&( ,#& !& *#$& ,#& "* ")#)" )#) ,! )*#,& ) )& !)#%+ ,#$ "! !"#)" ) ,& )&#$, ,#% "* +#+) )#% , $!#!" )#" $! *#*( ,#$ $& $%#(& )#, $ "(#&( ,#) $% ")#$, ,#) $( $*#+! ,#! )! $#)$ ,#& )) "!#%( )#! $) "!#$$ ,#$ !) $!#%! ) "! $&#&% ,#$ "* $#!" ,#" )( $$#+, ) % ,*#%" )#, + "(#"+ )

!

!

! ==!

!


! 52$$#6/)(*)!#6':C2#@4)P3'%=%'/! ! K/2!2+6%/Y#+.2!+4%&7&%8!&'!$)#%/26'!1+67&'!E)#'%8!L23+'!+%!=k=Rk==!=Sc=S! FKE!+',!%/262!Z262!_Q!2+6%/Y#+.2$!*+632!2')#3/!%)!L2!*)4+%2,!L8!=k=Sk==!_c>S! FKEM!!-I!%/2$2!272'%$O!QS!2+6%/Y#+.2$!)44#662,!L8!=k=Uk==!Sc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c! • K/2!272'%$!+62!4*2+6*8!$/+**)Z!+',!32'26+%2!$&3'&I&4+'%!$#6I+42!Z+72!2'2638! • `:Z+72$!+62c! – 5#L,#2,!&'!+09*&%#,2! – P)%!&09#*$&72!272'!)'!%/2!4*)$2$%!$%+%&)'$! – 5&3'&I&4+'%!2'2638!&'!%/2!`:4),+!W6&'3&'3X! – P2+6*8!+$!96)0&'2'%!)'!/)6&^)'%+*!+$!726%&4+*!4)09)'2'%$! – G268!/+6,!%)!&,2'%&I8!)'!+**!L#%!%/2!'2+62$%!$2&$0&4!$%+%&)'$! – E)#*,!')%!L2!&,2'%&I&2,!#$&'3!46)$$!4)662*+%&)'O!32'26+**8!4)662*+%&'3! L2%%26!%)!+'!+66&7+*!$)02%&02!+I%26!%/2!5:Z+72! • 5:Z+72$!+62c! – 5)02Z/+%!,&II&4#*%!%)!,&$%&'3#&$/!I6)0!`:4),+!+',!L24+#$2!)I!%/2! $&3'&I&4+'%!$#6I+42!Z+72!2'2638! – C+$&2$%!9/+$2!%)!&,2'%&I8!)'!0)$%!$2&$0&4!$%+%&)'$! –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`:Z+72!+66&7+*$!&%!Z+$!')%!9)$$&L*2!%)!96),#42!I&6$%!0)%&)'!I)4+*! 024/+'&$0$!I)6!%/2$2!2+6%/Y#+.2$M!!K/2!0+[)6&%8!)I!%/2!2+6%/Y#+.2$!)44#6!Z&%/&'!_! .0!/)6&^)'%+*!,&$%+'42!I6)0!%/2!`&4.2%!F'&%!N!Z2**M! ! ) )

!

! =>!

!


!

)

8%9264)S)`)O%$4)$#9&%'214)N.(')(*)!(.#)8%4.1)4#6':C2#@4,)*(..(M%&9):/16#2.%3) *6#3'26%&9)#')+%3@4')W&%')T)X4..)VBADK))7/16#2.%3)*6#3'26%&9)-49#&)#')#-(2')A\AF\AA) AGdHHK)

!

! =Q!

!


! ) 97°28'0"W

97°26'0"W

97°24'0"W

97°22'0"W

34°34'0"N

34°34'0"N

34°32'0"N

34°32'0"N

Legend Chelsea Model Time 0.0 - 3.0

0 0.5 1

2

3

3.1 - 9.3

4 Kilometers

9.4 - 17.1 17.2 - 32.9 33.0 - 115.4

97°28'0"W

97°26'0"W

97°24'0"W

97°22'0"W

)

8%9264)U)`)7/N(YY)64.(3#'%(&,)2,%&9)':4)>:4.,4#)=4.(3%'/)$(14.Q),/$-(.,)#64)3(.(641) -/)':4)&2$-46)(*):(26,)#*'46)':4)*%6,')4#6':C2#@4)(-,46=41)%&)':4)!(.#)8%4.1K))+%3@4') W&%')T)X4..)VBAD;),:(M&)#,)-.#3@):4"#9(&;)!(.#)8%4.1)IT(/1;)GHHGJ),:(M&)36(,,B :#3:2641)#64#K)O:%3@)9644&).%&4,)#64)*#2.',)$(1%*%41)*6($)7#6.'(&)IAEUVJK)))

)

!

!

! =_!

!


Seconds

Vertical Md2.6, 36 km

Jan 25 08:48 Radial

M2.6, 37 km

Jan 18 00:14

X34A

Transverse

!

!

8%9264)F)`)>($N#6%,(&)(*)'M(),%$%.#6),%e41)4#6':4C2#@4,)643(6141)#'),'#'%(&)f]VP)%&) <#6=%&)>(2&'/K))O:4)4#6':C2#@4)(&)g#&K)AD)(3326641)%&)':4)!&(.#)8%4.1)#&1)':4) 4#6':C2#@4)(&)g#&)GS)(3326641)*26':46)'()':4)&(6':)#')#-(2')':4),#$4)4N%34&'6#.) 1%,'#&34K))O:4)M#=4*(6$,)#64)#.%9&41)(&)4#3:)4=4&',)3(664,N(&1%&9)(6%9%&)'%$4K)

!

! =]!

!


Seconds

Vertical Md2.6, 57 km

Jan 25 08:48 Radial

Md2.6, 46 km

Jan 18 00:14

X35A

Transverse

!

!

8%9264)D)`)>($N#6%,(&)(*)'M(),%$%.#6),%e41)4#6':4C2#@4,)643(6141)#'),'#'%(&)f]VP)%&) <#6=%&)>(2&'/K))O:4)4#6':C2#@4)(&)g#&K)AD)(3326641)%&)':4)!&(.#)8%4.1)#&1)':4) 4#6':C2#@4)(&)g#&)GS)(3326641)*26':46)'()':4)&(6':K))O:4)M#=4*(6$,)#64)#.%9&41)(&) 4#3:)4=4&',)3(664,N(&1%&9)(6%9%&)'%$4K) )

!

! =T!

!


!

8%9264)E)`)>($N#6%,(&)(*)+BX#=4)#66%=#.,)*(6)':4)'M()4=4&',)3($N#641)%&)8%9264,)F) #&1)DK))+BM#=4,)*(6)':4)g#&K)AD':)!(.#)8%4.1)4#6':C2#@4):#=4).(M46)*64C24&3/)#66%=#.,) ':#&)':(,4)*6($)':4)4#6':C2#@4)(&)g#&K)GS':K)

) )

!

!

)

! =R!

!


! Y%,32,,%(&) ! "'%/6)9)32'&4!%6&33262,!$2&$0&4&%8!/+$!623+&'2,!$4&2'%&I&4!+',!02,&+!+%%2'%&)'! 6242'%*8M!<242'%!2+6%/Y#+.2$!&'!%/2!J+**+$:;)6%!b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d!<+*2&3/!2%!+*MO!=SRTXO!`+6+,)\!G+**28O!E)*)6+,)!W".2!2%! +*MO!>??]XO!+',!%/2!@KN!J229!b2**!&'!1260+'8!WV)$%!2%!+*MO!=SS]d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`&4.2%!F'&%!N!Z2**!&'!%/&$!$%#,8M! ! K/262!+62!+*$)!*2$$!4*2+6!2\+09*2$!&'!Z/&4/!2+6%/Y#+.2$!0+8!)6!0+8!')%!/+72!L22'! %6&33262,!L8!I*#&,!&'[24%&)'!+%!+!Z2**M!!D'!%/2$2!4+$2$O!%/262!&$!')!4*2+6!4)662*+%&)'! L2%Z22'!I*#&,!&'[24%&)'!+',!2+6%/Y#+.2$!+',!%/2!2+6%/Y#+.2$!0+8!)44#6!+%! $)02Z/+%!*+6326!,&$%+'42$!I6)0!%/2!$#$924%2,!Z2**$M!!5)02!2\+09*2$!)I!%/2$2!4+$2$! +62!5*2298!()**)Z!-&*!;&2*,O!P2L6+$.+!W<)%/2!+',!A#&O!=SUQd!C7+'$!+',!5%229*2$O! =SURXd!+!3+$!I&2*,O!A+4Y!;6+'42!W16+$$)!+',!b&%%*&'326O!=SS?Xd!+!,229!Z+$%2!,&$9)$+*! Z2**!&'!')6%/2+$%26'!-/&)!WP&4/)*$)'!2%!+*MO!=SUUd!522L26!2%!+*MO!>??_Xd!;+$/&'3O! K2\+$!WJ+7&$!2%!+*MO!=SS]Xd!%/2!b+L+$/!G+**28O!D**&')&$!WC+326!2%!+*MO!>??TXO!+',!%/2! J;b!+&69)6%!W;6)/*&4/!2%!+*MO!>?==XM!!K/2$2!+62!')%!2\/+#$%&72!*&$%$!)I!96)9)$2,! &',#42,!$2&$0&4&%8!+',!%/262!&$!+!*+632!$924%6#0!)I!$4&2'%&I&4!)9&'&)'$!623+6,&'3! 0+'8!)I!%/2$2!4+$2$M!! !

!

! =U!

!


!

8%9264)AH)`)R2$-46)(*)4#6':C2#@4,)=46,4,)1%,'#&34)*(6),4.43'41)4"#$N.4,)M:464) ,4%,$%3%'/)%,)3.4#6./)%&12341)*6($)*.2%1)%&h43'%(&)#')14N':K))O:4)%&*(6$#'%(&)M#,):#&1) 1%9%'%e41)*6($)a#.4%9:)4')#.K)IAEFGJ;)7,%4:)#&1)T6414:(4*')IAEDAJ;)#&1)T#%,3:)4')#.K) IGHHGJK))O:4)-%&),%e4)2,41)%,)HKGS)@$K)))

!

!

!

!

! =S!

!


!

a)

Well 4-18

b)

8%9264)AA)`)#J)R2$-46)(*)4#6':C2#@4,)N.(''41)=46,2,)1%,'#&34)*6($)':4)+%3@4')W&%')T) X4..)VBADK))O('#.)#&1)=46'%3#.)1%,'#&34,)M464)14'46$%&41)64.#'%=4)'()':4)34&'6#.)14N':) (*):/16#2.%3)*6#3'26%&9),'#94)AK)-J)5N#'%#.)1%,'6%-2'%(&)(*)4#6':C2#@4,)%&)64.#'%(&,:%N) '()X4..)VBAD)M%':)4,'%$#'41)#-,(.2'4).(3#'%(&)466(6),:(M&)#,)9644&)36(,,4,K))O:4) 14N':)%&'46=#.)*(6)':4)*%6,')*6#3),'#94)%,),:(M&)#,)':4)36%$,(&)N(6'%(&)(*)':4)M4..K)

!

! >?!

!

!


! ! ! J+7&$!+',!;6)*&4/!W=SSQX!)#%*&'2,!$272'!Y#2$%&)'$!%)!/2*9!+&,!&'!2\+0&'&'3!Z/2%/26! )6!')%!2+6%/Y#+.2$!0+8!/+72!L22'!&',#42,!L8!I*#&,!&'[24%&)'!+%!,29%/M!!b2!Z&**! 2\+0&'2!%/2$2!$272'!Y#2$%&)'$!&'!62*+%&)'!%)!%/2!/8,6+#*&4!I6+4%#6&'3!)I!%/2!`&4.2%! F'&%!N!+',!%/2!2+6%/Y#+.2$!)L$2672,!&'!%/2!C)*+!;&2*,!&'!1+67&'!E)#'%8M!!"II&60+%&72! +'$Z26$!%)!+**!$272'!Y#2$%&)'$!+44)6,&'3!%)!;6)*&4/!+',!J+7&$!W=SSQX!Z)#*,!&',&4+%2! %/+%!2+6%/Y#+.2$!+62!4*2+6*8!&',#42,M! ! !"#$%&'()*+)),-#)%.#$#)#/#(%$)%.#)0&-$%)1('2()#3-%.4"31#$)'0)%.&$)5.3-35%#-)&()%.#) -#6&'(7!!!WFP@-bPX! 1&72'!%/2!+'+*)3!624)6,&'3!/&$%)68!I)6!0)$%!)I!%/2!-.*+/)0+!12)*)3&4+*!5#6728e$! 624)6,&'3!/&$%)68!&%!&$!,&II&4#*%!%)!,2%260&'2!Z/2%/26!%/2!4/+6+4%26!&$!#'&Y#2*8! ,&II262'%!I6)0!%/+%!)I!2+6%/Y#+.2$!9627&)#$*8!)L$2672,!&'!%/2!+62+M!!K/262!/+72!L22'! $&3'&I&4+'%!'#0L26$!)I!2+6%/Y#+.2$!)44#66&'3!&'!%/&$!+62+!&'!%/2!9+$%O!;&3#62!=M!!K/&$! '23+%&72!62$9)'$2!L8!&%$2*I!Z)#*,!$#332$%!%/+%!/8,6):I6+4%#6&'3!+%!`&4.2%!F'&%!N!,&,! ')%!&',#42!%/2$2!2+6%/Y#+.2$M!!!()Z2726O!Z2!Z&**!2\+0&'2!+**!)I!%/2!46&%26&+!)#%*&'2,! L8!J+7&$!+',!;6)*&4/!W=SSQXM!! ! ! !"#$%&'()8+))9$)%.#-#)3)5:#3-)5'--#:3%&'();#%2##()&(<#5%&'()3(=)$#&$>&5&%?7))WHC5X) K/262!&$!+!4*2+6!4)662*+%&)'!L2%Z22'!%/2!%&02!)I!/8,6+#*&4:I6+4%#6&'3!+',!%/2! )L$2672,!$2&$0&4&%8!&'!%/2!C)*+!;&2*,M!!()Z2726O!$#L$2Y#2'%!/8,6+#*&4:I6+4%#6&'3! $%+32$!+%!`&4.2%!F'&%!N!b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k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

! >=!

!


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bPX) "!I#6%/26!2\+0&'+%&)'!)I!%/&$!Y#2$%&)'!&$!96)7&,2,!L2*)ZM!D%!&$!9)$$&L*2!%)!+99*8!+! 62+$)'+L*2!9/8$&4+*!0),2*!%/+%!$#332$%$!%/2!/8,6+#*&4!I6+4%#6&'3!4)#*,!/+72! &'462+$2,!962$$#62$!+%!/89)42'%6+*!*)4+%&)'$M!!b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l!!"%!%/&$!9)&'%!D!Z)#*,!*&.2!%)!,&624%*8!Y#)%2!J+7&$!+',!;6)*&4/! W=SSQXM! J,%)A-#$#(%)&%)&$)&>A'$$&;:#)%')A-#=&5%)%.#)#00#5%$)'0)&(<#5%&'()2&%.)3;$':"%#) 5#-%3&(%?K))L.&$)"(5#-%3&(%?)3-&$#$);'%.);#53"$#)%.#)"(=#-:?&(6)A.?$&53:) >#5.3(&$>$)'0)#3-%.4"31#$)3-#)A''-:?)"(=#-$%''=G)3(=);#53"$#)&()(#3-:?)#/#-?) $A#5&0&5)$&%"3%&'()%.#-#)&$)&(3=#4"3%#)'-)&(5'>A:#%#)&(0'->3%&'()3;'"%)-#6&'(3:) $%-#$$#$G)0:"&=)>&6-3%&'(G).&$%'-&53:)$#&$>&5&%?G)#%5K))M:#3-:?G)3)$#-&#$)'0)$#/#()'-) %#()?#$)'-)(')4"#$%&'($)'/#-$&>A:&0&#$)>3(?)'0)%.#$#)&$$"#$KN) K/&$!$%+%202'%!62I*24%$!%/2!&'462,&L*2!4)09*2\&%8!+',!#'426%+&'%8!I)6!0)$%!4+$2$!&'! +$$)4&+%&'3!+'%/6)9)32'&4!4+#$2$!+',!2+6%/Y#+.2$M!! ! K/2!9/8$&4+*!024/+'&$0O!Z/&4/!4)#*,!%6&3326!%/2$2!2+6%/Y#+.2$!I6)0!%/2!/8,6+#*&4! I6+4%#6&'3!)926+%&)'$!+%!%/2!`&4.2%!F'&%!N!Z2**O!&$!%/2!,&II#$&)'!)I!9)62:962$$#62! &'%26+4%&'3!Z&%/!+!962:2\&$%&'3!$%6#4%#62!%)!&'&%&+%2!2+6%/Y#+.2$!)'!+!I+#*%!)6!I6+4%#62! %/+%!/+$!+'!)6&2'%+%&)'!I+7)6+L*2!%)!I+&*#62!Z&%/&'!%/2!623&)'+*!$%62$$!I&2*,M!!B+'8! 62$2+64/26$!/+72!,2$46&L2,!%/2!0&36+%&)'!)I!&',#42,!$2&$0&4&%8!L8!,2$46&L&'3!%/2! 0&36+%&)'!)I!+!962$$#62!I6)'%!%/6)#3/!%/2!,&II#$&)'!)I!9)62!962$$#62O!/8,6+#*&4! !

! >>!

!


! ,&II#$&7&%8!WK+*Z+'&!+',!"4622O!=SU]d!P&4/)*$)'!+',!b2$$)'O!=SS?d!5/+9&6)!2%!+*MO! =SSSd!<)%/26%!+',!5/+9&6)O!>??Qd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k$M!!;)6!)#6!4+$2!Z2!,2%260&'2,!%/2!$2&$0&4!/8,6+#*&4!,&II#$&7&%8!Z/&4/!I&%! S]a!)I!%/2!2+6%/Y#+.2$!Z+$!>MU\=?T!%)!>MT\=?T40>k$!,292',&'3!)'!Z/2%/26!%/&$! Z+$!,2%260&'2,!I)6!%/2!%)%+*!/89)42'%6+*!,&$%+'42!I6)0!%/2!42'%26!9)&'%!)I!%/2! &'[24%&)'!&'%267+*!)6!$&09*8!%/2!6+,&+*!,&$%+'42!I6)0!%/2!Z2**M!!K/2!/8,6+#*&4! ,&II#$&7&%8!4+'!L2!62*+%2,!%)!92602+L&*&%8!I6)0!%/2!I)**)Z&'3!62*+%&)'$/&9M! ! !! ! !"!! Z/262O! ! .!m!&$!%/2!92602+L&*&%8! ! µ – is the viscosity of water (10-8 bar/s) ϕ – is the porosity of fractured rock (3x10-3 for this example, and βF = is the effective compressibility of the fluid (3x10-5 bar-1). K/&$!96)7&,2$!+!0+\&0#0!92602+L&*&%8!'22,2,!%)!,2$46&L2!%/&$!2+6%/Y#+.2! $2Y#2'42!)I!>]]!0&**&J+64&2$!W0JXM!D'!%/&$!2\+09*2!%/2!#'426%+&'%&2$!&'!2+6%/Y#+.2! *)4+%&)'$!+62!')%!4)'$&,262,!W;&3#62!=>XM!!b/&*2!%/&$!92602+L&*&%8!0+8!$220!/&3/!I)6! +!$/+*2!&%!&$!Z&%/&'!%/2!7+*#2$!629)6%2,!I)6!&'!$&%#!6)4.$O!2$924&+**8!I6+4%#62,!6)4.! WN6+42O!=SU_XM! !

!

! >Q!

!


!

!

!

8%9264)AG)`)#J)+(64)N64,,264)1%**2,%(&)$(14.)64,2.',),:(M&)*(6)'('#.)1%,'#&34)*6($) +%3@4')W&%')T)X4..)VBADK))a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

! )

!

)

! >_!

!


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`&4.2%!F'&%!N!b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b/2%/26!)6!')%!%/2!2+6%/Y#+.2$!&'!%/2!C)*+!;&2*,!Z262!%6&33262,!L8!/8,6+#*&4: I6+4%#6&'3!%/2$2!Z262!$0+**!2+6%/Y#+.2$!Z&%/!)'*8!)'2!*)4+*!62$&,2'%!/+7&'3! 629)6%2,!I22*&'3!%/20M!!b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`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`&4.2%!F'&%!N!b2**!_: =UM! ! ) )

!

! >]!

!


! a4*464&34,) ! ".2O!VMO!@M!B+/626O!JM!-eE)''2**O!+',!AM!N*)4.O!>??]O!J229:D'[24%&)'!+',!E*)$2*8! B)'&%)62,!D',#42,!52&$0&4&%8!+%!`+6+,)\!G+**28O!E)*)6+,)O!O"::K)P#&$>':K)P'5K) ,>#-KO!ESIGJO!9M!TT_:TUQM! N+&$4/O!5MO!BM!N)/'/)IIO!AM!E26+''+O!HM!K#O!+',!(M`M!(+6[2$O!>??>O!`6)L&'3!%/2!E6#$%!%)! S:.0!J29%/c!;*#&,:D'[24%&)'!C\926&02'%$!+',!D',#42,!52&$0&4&%8!+%!%/2!@KN! 5#926,229!J229!J6&**&'3!()*2O!1260+'8O!O"::K)P#&$>':K)P'5K),>#-MO!EGIUJO!9M! >QTS:>QU?M! N+&$4/O!5MO!<M!b2&,*26O!<M!G)6)$O!JM!b8L)6'O!+',!AM!,2!16++IO!>??TO!D',#42,!52&$0&4&%8! ,#6&'3!%/2!5%&0#*+%&)'!)I!+!12)%/260+*!(;<!<2$27&)6!&'!%/2!E))926!N+$&'O! "#$%6+*&+O!O"::K)P#&$>':K)P'5K),>#-KO!EUIUJO!9M!>>_>:>>]TM! N)8,O!JMKMO!>??>O!B+9!)I!-.*+/)0+!-&*!+',!1+$!;&2*,$O!-.+/)0+!12)*)3&4&+*!5#6728! <Z]UM! N6+42O!bM;MO!=SU_O!`2602+L&*&%8!)I!E68$%+**&'2!<)4.$c!P2Z!D'!5&%#!B2+$#6202'%$O!QK) R#'A.?$K)S#$KO!DEITUJO!9M!_Q>R:_QQ?M! J+7&$O!5MJM!+',!EM!;6)/*&4/O!=SSQO!J&,!W)6!b&**X!;*#&,!D'[24%&)'!E+#$2!C+6%/Y#+.2$l!m E6&%26&+!I)6!+!<+%&)'+*!"$$2$$02'%G)P#&$>':K)S#$K)T#%%KO!UVI]BVJO!9M!>?R:>>_M! J+7&$O!5MJMO!`M"M!P8II2'23326O!+',!EM!;6)/*&4/O!=SS]O!K/2!S!"96&*!=SSQ!C+6%/Y#+.2!&'! 5)#%/:E2'%6+*!K2\+$c!b+$!D%!D',#42,!L8!;*#&,!b&%/,6+Z+*lO!O"::K)P#&$>':K)P'5K) ,>#-KO!DSIUJO!9M!=UUU:=US]M! C+326O!@MEMO!1MAM!`+7*&$O!+',!BMbM!(+0L#6326O!>??TO!C7&,2'42!)I!`)$$&L*2!D',#42,! 52&$0&4&%8!&'!%/2!b+L+$/!G+**28!52&$0&4!n)'2!I6)0!D096)72,! B&46)2+6%/Y#+.2!A)4+%&)'$O!O"::K)P#&$>':K)P'5K),>#-KO!EUISJO!9M!=R=U:=R>UM! C7+'$O!JM1M!+',!JMbM!5%229*2$O!=SURO!B&46)2+6%/Y#+.2$!'2+6!%/2!5*2298!()**)Z!-&*! ;&2*,O!5)#%/Z2$%26'!P2L6+$.+O!O"::K)P#&$>':K)P'5K),>#-KO!FFIAJO!9M!=Q>:=_?M! ;2/*26O!BMO!AM!()#$2O!bM5M!`/&**&9$O!+',!<M!`)%%26O!=SSUO!!"!02%/),!%)!+**)Z!%209)6+*! 7+6&+%&)'!)I!72*)4&%8!&'!%6+72*:%&02!%)0)36+9/8!#$&'3!0&46)2+6%/Y#+.2$! &',#42,!,#6&'3!/8,6+#*&4!I6+4%#6&'3O!L#5%'('A.?$&5$O!GDEO!9M!=US:>?=M! ;6)/*&4/O!EMO!EM!(+8Z+6,O!NM!5%#09O!+',!CM!`)%%26O!>?==O!K/2!J+**+$:;)6%!b)6%/! C+6%/Y#+.2!52Y#2'42c!-4%)L26!>??U!%/6)#3/!B+8!>??SO!O"::K)P#&$>':K)P'5K) ,>#-KO!AHAIAJO!9M!Q>R:Q_?M! J2&4/0+''O!PM!+',!JM!1&+6,&'&O!>??SO!C+6%/Y#+.2$!D',#42,!L8!%/2!5%&0#*+%&)'!)I!+'! C'/+'42,!12)%/260+*!58$%20!L2*)Z!N+$2*O!5Z&%^26*+',O!P#&$>':K)S#$K)T#%%KO! DHISJO!9M!RU_:RSUM! 16+'+%/O!VMbMO!=SUSO!5%6#4%#6+*!C7)*#%&)'!)I!%/2!"6,0)62!N+$&'O!-.*+/)0+c! `6)362$$&72!J2I)60+%&)'!&'!%/2!;)62*+',!)I!%/2!-#&4/&%+!E)**&$&)'O!L#5%'(&5$O! DISJO!9M!=?=]:=?QTM! 16+$$)O!VM!<M!+',!1M!b&%%*&'326!W=SS?XM!K2'!H2+6$!)I!52&$0&4!B)'&%)6&'3!-726!+!1+$! ;&2*,O!N#**M!52&$0)*M!5)4M!"026M!DHW>Xc!_]?:_RQM! (+6*%)'O!NM(MO!=ST_O!K24%)'&4!;6+02Z)6.!)I!C)*+!+',!5)#%/2+$%!())726!-&*!;&2*,$! +',!b2$%!K&0L262,!(&**$!"62+O!1+67&'!+',!B#66+8!E)#'%&2$O!-.*+/)0+O!Bull. Amer. Assoc. Petrol. Geol., 48(9), p 1555-1567.! (+7$.)7O!VM!+',!AM!-%%20)**26O!=SSSO!52&$"'!C+6%/Y#+.2!"'+*8$&$!5)I%Z+62O!P#&$K)S#$K) T#%%KO!FHM!

!

! >T!

!


! ()6+*2.O!VMO!nM!V24/#0%+*)7+O!AM!J)6L+%/O!+',!VM!5&*2'8O!>?=?O!5)#642!024/+'&$0$!)I! 0&46):2+6%/Y#+.2$!&',#42,!&'!+!I*#&,!&'[24%&)'!2\926&02'%!+%!%/2!(J<!$&%2! 5)#*%^:$)#$:;)62%$!W"*$+42X!&'!>??Q!+',!%/2&6!%209)6+*!+',!$9+%&+*! 7+6&+%&)'$O!R#'A.?$K)QK)9(%KO!ADAO!9M!=]_R:=]T]M! ($&2/O!`M"M!+',!VMJM!N62,2/)2I%O!=SU=O!"!<2$27)&6!"'+*8$&$!)I!%/2!J2'726! C+6%/Y#+.2$c!"!E+$2!)I!D',#42,!52&$0&4&%8O!QK)R#'A.?$K)S#$MO!DUITGJ;)9M!S?Q: S>?M! Jost, M.L., T. BuBelberg, O. Jost, H.P. Harjes,1995, Source Parameters of InjectionInduced Microearthquakes at 9 km Depth at the KTB Deep Drilling Site, Germany, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer., 88(3), p. 815-822. Keller, G.R., E.G. Lidiak, W.J. Hinze, and L.W. Braile, 1983, The Role of Rifting in the Tectonic Development of the Midcontinent, U.S.A., Tectonophysics, 94, p. 391412. A+Z$)'O!VMCM!V6M!+',!@MGM!A#^+O!>??TO!-.*+/)0+!C+6%/Y#+.2$!>??]O!U1:3.'>3)R#':'6?) V'%#$O![K)UU;)R(K)]O!;+**!>??TM! A&2'26%O!NM!<M!CMO!CM!N263O!+',!AMPM!;6+^26O!=SUTO!(89)42'%26c!"'!2+6%/Y#+.2!*)4+%&)'! 02%/),!#$&'3!42'%262,O!$4+*2,O!+',!+,+9%&72*8!*2+$%!$Y#+62$O!O"::K)P#&$>':K) P'5K),>KO!FUO!9M!RR=mRUQM!! A&2'26%O!NM!<M!CM!+',!VM!(+7$.)7O!=SS]O!"!4)09#%26!96)36+0!I)6!*)4+%&'3!2+6%/Y#+.2$! L)%/!*)4+**8!+',!!3*)L+**8O!P#&$>':K)S#$K)T#%%KO!UUO!9M!>TmQTM! McCaskill, J.G. Jr., 1998, Multiple Stratigraphic Indicators of Major Strike-Slip Movement Along the Eola Fault, Subsurface, Arbuckle Mountains, Oklahoma, Shale Shaker, p. 119-133. Mitchell, B.J. and M. Landisman, 1970, Interpretation of a Crustal Section across Oklahoma, Geol. Soc. Amer. Bul., 81(9), p. 2647-2656. Nicholson, C., E. Roeloffs, and R.L. Wesson, 1988, The Northeastern Ohio Earthquake of 31 January 1986: Was It Induced?, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer., 78(1), p. 188217. Nicholson, C. and R.L. Wesson, 1990, Earthquake Hazard Associated With Deep Well Injection – A Report to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. Geol. Surv. Bull, 1951, pp. 74. Northcutt, R.A. and J.A., Campbell, 1995, Geologic provinces of Oklahoma, Oklahoma Geological Survey OF5-95. Raleigh, C.B., J.H. Healy, and J.D. Bredehoeft, 1972, Faulting and Crustal Stress at Rangely, Colorado, Am. Geophys. Union Geophys. Monograph, 16, p. 275-284. Raleigh, C.B., J.H. Healy, and J.D. Bredehoeft, 1976, An Experiment in Earthquake Control at Rangely, Colorado, Science, 191, p. 1230-1237. Rothe, G.H. and C.Y. Lui, 1983, Possibility of Induced Seismicity in the Vicinity of the Sleepy Hollow Oil Field, Southwestern Nebraska, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer., 73(5), p. 1357-1367. Rothert, E. and S.A. Shapiro, 2003, Microseismic monitoring of borehole fluid injections: Data modeling and inversion for hydraulic properties of rocks, Geophysics, 68(2), p. 685-689. Rozhko, A.Y., 2010, Role of seepage forces on seismicity triggering, J. Geophys. Res., 115, doi:10.1029/2009JB007182.

!

! >R!

!


! Rutledge, J.T., W.S. Phillips, and M.J. Mayerhofer, 2004, Faulting Induced bye Forced Fluid Injection and Fluid Flow Forced by Faulting: An Interpretation of Hydraulic-Fracture Microseismicity, Carthage Cotton Valley Gas Field, Texas, Bull Seismol. Soc. Amer., 94(5), p. 1817-1830. Scholz, C.H., 1990, The Mechanics of Earthquakes and Faulting, Cambridge University Press, pp. 439. Seeber, L., J.G. Armbruster, and W.Y. Kim, 2004, A Fluid-Injection Earthquake Sequence in Ashtabula, Ohio: Implications for Seismogenesis in Stable Continental Regions, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer., 94(1), p. 76-87. Shapiro, S.A., P. Audigane, and J.J. Royer, 1999, Large-scale in situ permeability tensor of rocks from induced microseismicity, Geophys. J. Int., 137, p. 207-213. Shapiro, S.A., C. Dinske, and J. Kummerow, 2007, Probability of a given-magnitude earthquake induced by a fluid injection, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34. Stoeser, D.B., G.N. Green, L.C. Morath, W.D. Heran, A.B. Wilson, D/W. Moore, and B.S. Van Gosen, 2007, Preliminary integrated geologic map databases for the United States: Central States: Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Iowa, Missouri, Arkansas, and Louisiana, U.S. Geol. Survey Open File Report, OF 2005-1351. Swesnik, R.M. and T.H. Green, 1950, Geology of Eola Area, Garvin County, Oklahoma, Bull. Amer. Assoc. Petrol. Geol., 34(11), p 2176-2199. Talwani, P. and S. Acree, Pore Pressure Diffusion and the Mechanism of ReseviorInduced Seismicity, Pageoph, 122, p. 947-965. Tanner, J.H. III, 1967, Wrench fault movements along Washita Valley fault, Arbuckle Mountain area, Oklahoma, Bull. Amer. Assoc. Petrol. Geol., 51(1), p. 126-134. Tryggvason, E., and B.R. Qualls, 1967, Seismic refraction measurements of crustal structure in Oklahoma, J. Geoph. Res., 72(14), 3738-3740. Waldhauser, F. and W.L. Ellsworth, 2000, A double-difference earthquake location algorithm: Method and application to the northern Hayward fault, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 90, 1353-1368. Waldhauser, F., 2001, hypoDD: A Program to Compute Double-Difference Hypocenter Locations, U.S. Geol. Survey Open File Report, OF 01-113. !

!

! >U!

!


Turn static files into dynamic content formats.

Create a flipbook
Issuu converts static files into: digital portfolios, online yearbooks, online catalogs, digital photo albums and more. Sign up and create your flipbook.