CONTENT CONTENT PREAMBLE EXECUTIVE SUMMARY LOCATION & EXTENT extent of regeneration focus project site SITE ANALYSIS method historical context topography flood risk analysis climate public and green space connectivity land use and site users heights of buildings vehicular traffic pedestrian circulations ecology and biodiversity twelve-criterion assessment over the project site s.w.o.t. analysis PROJECT BACKGROUND philosophy objectives vision theoretical framework proposed clients and associated parties deliverables PRECEDENT STUDIES the creative corridor, usa keyaki plaza, japan san francisco Transbay transit centre, usa garden bridge, uk treasure island, usa jardin public aval, france labor- und werkstattgebäude des institutes für festkörperund werkstoffforschung, germany APPENDIX A photos of existing conditions APPENDIX B details of twelve quality criteria REFERENCE literature graphics
1
2 3 4 5
8
15
19
25 27 28
2
1
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PREAMBLE
The process of making this brief is the start of a design process which to me is the beginning of a journey without a clear destination, but it is the uncertainty makes it thrilling while sometimes worrying. It is a journey of wondering how landscape architecture concerns a great breath of knowledge and professions. For a design process, one may stop at a place for a while to discover more. For a design career, one may be like an adventurer that never feels satiated at one place and always looks forward to the next wonderland.
3
The HS2 high-speed rail has recently stirred up a lot of heat discussions in the UK, but one thing can be assured is that the construction of this transport infrastructure will profoundly shorten distance between cities. In the Manchester City, the officials have confirmed that the HS2 terminal will be situated adjacent to the northern boundary of the existing Piccadilly Station. In response to the estimation that the arrival of the terminal will produce massive benefits to the nearby areas, the City Council is planning to regenerate the surrounding areas with emphasis on the north side. It is now, to the north of the station, a regeneration plan is proposed and, to the south, an independent Mayfield development is ongoing, leading to a situation that the train station and railway is sandwiched by two developments. The project has taken this valuable opportunity to re-evaluate the relationship between the train station & railway and the proximal urban fabric, in terms of functional, social, visual and environmental aspects. In order to study the future regenerated fabric, an extensive examination on the draft proposal titled HS2 Manchester Piccadilly – Strategic Regeneration Framework – Draft drawn up by Bennetts Associates Architects (2013) was carried out, supplemented with site visits and literature review. The project at the first stage will aim at finding out broadbrush landscape strategies that can fulfil the requirements of the mentioned aspects. It will then look into an area on top of the future train station and next to a proposed hotel in more detail (please refer to bottom right of page 18) which will result in a landscape master plan. This will move on to the final stage which will be a further zoom-in on a smaller area that will provide higher resolution for detailed hardscape and softscape design and formulation of specifications. The design process will be informed by a range of theoretical framework concerning quality of urban public space, aesthetic quality, spatial quality and ecology, and a number of precedents in different parts of the world.
4
LOCATION & EXTENT extent of regeneration focus Piccadilly Gardens
Piccadilly Station
New Islington
Medlock Valley
2
UK K
Manchester City North Manchester
City Centre
East Manchester
Central Manchester
South Manchester
Piccadilly Regeneration Wythenshawe
North Campus, Manchester University 5
Ardwick
Manchester City is composed of six districts of which the City Centre is located to the north-west of the territory. The City Centre is connected by five train stations of which Piccadilly Station is the principal one. Recently, the decision of placing a HS2 terminal to the north of the existing station has been made and it is believed that the number of commuters will surge as the journey times from Manchester to London and Birmingham will be greatly reduced to 68 minutes and 41minutes respectively (HS2, 2014). It is also estimated that the transport infrastructure ‘could support between 29,700 and 42,900 jobs and between 3,100 and 4,100 houses’. In light of this, the City Council is looking into regenerating the area to the north of the station and railway. Together with the regeneration plan of Mayfield, to the south of the railway, which was conducted prior to the HS2, it is anticipated a wave of change is going to sweep this area.
6
Site Analysis
project site
method
3
The site analysis was mainly conducted by reviewing the proposal titled HS2 Manchester Piccadilly - Strategic Regeneration Framework - Draft written by Bennetts Associates Architects (2013) as ‘prophetic pictures’ showing the future urban conditions of the region. In parallel, site visits (please refer to Appendix A), desk studies and academic and grey literature review were carried out to ensure the information in the proposal is up-to-date and to allow gathering of more information.
As the station and the railway are sandwiched between two regeneration plans, it is the perfect timing to re-evaluate the roles of train stations and railways in a city and the side effects they pose to the nearby urban fabric, in addition to its intended function of transportation. A series of issues can be questioned: such as accessibility across the railway, how people perceive the security and safety in the space nearby, friendliness to pedestrians and cyclists in the surrounding areas, whether it is a structure that physically and/or visually isolates areas in a city and whether dead pocket spaces are created along the railway. In order to study these issues in more detail, the Project will cover the train station, part of the railway and a main road that runs along the northern edge of both, covering approximately 114190m2 (please see both the figures on the right and below).
4
5
Projec Site on Existing Conditions
historical context LON NR
DO
D OA
Exis Rai ting S lwa tati on y
Piccadilly Station (at that time called Store Street Station) was built in 1842 and itt together with other railways serve a large population of commuters. In addition,, it also transported sand stone that was a primary construction material of thatt period, which indirectly influenced the appearance of the city (Parkinson-Bailey,, 2000). From that year onwards, as depicted in the series of historical maps, as the e railway was widened, the effect of a physical and visual barrier was aggravated. &
Today, within the regeneration focus area, it can be roughly summarised thatt the further northwest it goes, the higher density of listed buildings are presentt which complies with the regeneration proposal that a ‘historical’ character off neighbourhood will be created in Piccadilly North.
6
7
Source: English Heritage (2014)
8
Projec Site on Regenerated Urban Fabric
0.2 7
listed building
Manchester City developed rapidly during the Industrial Revolution and became e a leading textile manufacturer and producer in 1800s. Cotton as one of the e most important raw materials in textile industries was used to coin the term m ‘Cottonopolis’ (Museum of Science and Industry, 2015) while the industriouss workers are symbolised by the worker bees (Frangopulo et al., 1962) whose figuress can be frequently seen in the city, such as on litter bins, on its coat of arm and the e paving of Manchester Town Hall. HS2
N
key:
0.1
0.4 0.3
1.0km 0.5
Scale 1:7000
1840s
1920s
1980s 8
topography
public and green space connectivity
Digimap (2015)
Bennetts Associates Architects (2013) green space
From the GIS generated data, it can be seen that the Piccadilly Station and the railway is sitting on a valley which partly suggests the need of elevating the whole structure to isolate the railway from the rolling topography. It is worth noting that the elevation of the railway within the project site is roughly constant with variation of heights of structures built over it.
public space active frontage
elevation high
ey
low
c
lo
bou lev ard
M
ed
all kV
flood risk analysis Environment Agency (2014)
Ro
ch
da
l
a an eC
Among all the patches of green spaces identified within and around the regeneration focus area, the Medlock Valley is the most prominent one. The new green space to the east and the proposed central green space in Mayfield are meant to strengthen the connectivity to the Valley, but the railway still keeps them apart. Two corridors of active frontage are designated to link up public spaces of different scales longitudinally, but it lacks transverse links. Using the existing canals as a blueprint of transverse links can be a good alternative to a casual walk or bicycle journey. A boulevard is envisaged to be a dramatic space that connects a series of new public spaces together, as well as linking the west side of Manchester to the east.
l
on ht
l na Ca
As
k
er M Riv
oc edl
River Medlock runs from east to south that crosses the southeast of the project site. The opposite diagram indicates that in the development of Mayfield, quite a large area is under the risk of flooding. In response to this, a green area was planned to accommodate the floodwaters (Bennetts Associates Architects et al., 2009). In order to reduce stress of flooding in Mayfield, landscape design within the project site should be aware of not promoting water flow to River Medlock.
commercial
land use and site users
community
Bennetts Associates Architects (2013)
residential
hotel
parking
bicycle storage possible retail zone
possibility of flood one in a thousand years
Mayfield
one in a hundred years
Piccadilly North East Village
climate
Bennetts Associates Architects (2013) Met Office (No Date)
ANNUAL
prevailing wind
bo ule va rd
winter sun
Source: Bennetts Associates Architects (2013) 9
Piccadilly Central
Manchester Climate AVERAGE
summer sun
monthly max. temp.
13.2 째C
monthly min. temp.
5.5 째C
monthly mean wind speed
7.5 knots
air frost
44.8 Days
sunshine
Mayfield
Having a mix of land use was stated the principal of the regeneration plan. However, the opposite diagram shows that major land use will be commercial and residential, so a high number of residents and workers are expected to use the space in the project site, no matter staying, walking or riding bicycles. There will also be retail shops that attract shoppers. Due to the fact the project site includes a station, there will be commuters and tourists. Additionally, the North Campus to the southwest will bring in university students to the site as well. Only one small place is planned for bicycle storage which apparently the proposal is not very keen on promoting cycling as a sustainable alternative to locomotion.
North orth Ca Campu Campuss 1372.6 Days
rainfall
867.1 mm
rainfall >= 1mm
151.8 Days
Re Resi side dent nt aand nd P et Resident Pet Commuter
Cyclist
Tourist
Worker
Shopper
Student
The climate of Manchester is mild with relatively warm temperature and mildly moist. The railway is facing southwest that in both summer and winter it can receive reasonable amount of sunlight while a proposed boulevard to the immediate north of the railway will be under shadow of the elevated railway. 10
12+ storeys
heights of buildings
ecology and biodiversity
8 - 12 storeys
Bennetts Associates Architects et al. (2009) Bennetts Associates Architects (2013)
Wildabout Manchester (2005) Manchester City Council (2011)
6 - 7 storeys up to 5 storeys
A number of high-rises line the sides of station and railway. These are mostly commercial buildings and hotels. Farther away from the project site, the buildings will be shorter and are mostly planned for residential use. The consequence is more people inside the buildings will be able to see the fast-moving trains and railways which are not a very pleasant feature to look at. The affected people are not only workers, but also frequently changing tourists in the hotel where people instantly acquire their impression of the City from the windows.
Great crested newt Water vole Brown hare Pipistrelle bat Pipistrellus pipistrellus Skylark Linnet Reed bunting Spotted flycatcher Tree sparrow Grey partridge Bullfinch Song thrush Floating water plantain Grass-wrack pondweed Manchester poplar Serotine bat
Gedgehog Badger Daubenton’s bat Myotis daubentonii Whiskered bat Myotis mystacinus Leisler’s bat Nyctalus leisleri Brown long-eared bat Plecotus auritus Common shrew Common toad Common frog Smooth newt Slow worm Adder Eumerus ornatus - hoverfly Lymnea glabra - mud snail Haploporus orodrus - fungus Hyacinthoides non-scripta - bluebell
Pipistrellus pipistrellus 11
Myotis daubentonii
12
Myotis mystacinus
13
Nyctalus leisleri
Plecotus auritus
priority habitats in Manchester
bus stops
taxi drop-off & holding
coach station
Metrolink
vehicular traffic
Bennetts Associates Architects (2013)
roads
A great network of vehicular access is planned in the regeneration focus area. In particular, the envisaged dramatic boulevard will accommodate two venues for taxi drop-off and holding, two areas for bus stops and is going to carry a lot of coaches as a coach station is planned just next to the boulevard. Although the boulevard is wide and long, it is very unlikely that the pedestrians can enjoy walking along the boulevard or even standing/staying. Gehl (2010) stated that how lively a place depends on how long people stay, rather than quickly moving. Therefore, it seems that the boulevard is not going to make a lively place.
Acid grassland Ancient and or species-rich hedgerows Wet woodlands Lowland broadleaves woodland Lowland heathland Lowland meadows Unimproved neutral grassland Marshy greenspace Reedbed Rivers Canals Ponds and Lodges
14
Northern Quarter
10
9
species of conservation interest
Manchester City Council (2011) set out the objectives in Biodiversity Action Plan (2012) of encouraging wildlife-friendly development and promoting the importance of biodiversity in development processes. However, none of these have been concretely addressed in the proposal. Thus, a brief study of the local species and habitat was carried out. Wildabout Manchester (2005) listed 28 species of conservation interest and of which five species are bat and the report explained that all bat species are protected in Europe. Bat is a type of nocturnal animal which is believed to have little conflict with diurnal human activities. In addition, its high mobility also broadens the range of its habitats in terms of altitude and latitude. As a result, a high possibility to incorporate their habitats into the future design can be seen. Additionally, the report mentioned 12 priority habitats of which six types are not dependent on water. These habitats are highlighted and believed to have higher potential for reference during the future design process.
15
16
17
18
Ancoats Holt Town
pedestrian circulations Bennetts Associates Architects (2013)
New Islington
key: pedestrian route
Five underpasses are provided to reduce the physical barrier of the railway. Of which, two are shared with vehicles and all are linked to the boulevard with busy traffic. It is questionable whether it is a safe and enjoyable walk across and surrounding the railway for pedestrians. The space at the entrances and in the underpasses can rather be perceived an unsafe and unwelcoming space, if not treated well. The existing conditions of the site exhibits certain degree of lifeless and feeling of unsafe.
North Campus East Manchester 11
Ardwick
Anci An cien ci ent an en and/ nd// orr spe peci peci c es es -riich h He edg ge errow ows ows
Lo L owl wla an nd Broa Br ro oa ad dllea e ve v s wood wo odland odla la an nd d
Lo L owl wlan and He H eat athl athl hla an nd
Lowl Lo w and wl and an me ead dow w
Unim Un impr im p oved pr ov ved d neut ne utturral grassssllan gr and
12
s.w.o.t. analysis
twelve-criterion assessment over the project site Gehl, J. (2010), for details of each criterion, please refer to Appendix B
Protection
Comfort
Safety
to Walk
to See
Roads are on both sides of railway and there seems no means to protect pedestrians which makes it not a very safe walk. The boulevard is shared with too many types of vehicles, e.g. buses, coaches and taxis.
If the boulevard is not mainly serving vehicular traffic, it should be a nice walk. The buildings along boulevard will have interesting façades at ground level that enrich walking experience. The railway physically limit access between north and south.
View looking down the boulevard should be clear unless lots of heavy vehicles, e.g. double decker buses and coaches. Views looking from north to south and vice versa are certainly blocked by the elevated railway, but the experience could be better if there is interesting feature on the sides.
Security The active frontage along the boulevard should be able to initiate a lot of activities that make people feel safe. Presumably, there will be sufficient lighting along the street. The entrances of and the undercroft itself may appear to be insecure, esp. in the night.
to Stand or Stay The shops along the boulevard will attract people to stay. The indentation of ground floor will create good refuge and prospect feeling. Squares near the train stations encourage people to stand/stay, but the nature of these squares are unknown. Few supports for standing are identified
to Talk & Listen High level of noise is expected in the boulevard because of the heavy traffic. Benches arrangement may not encourage interaction between people.
to Sit Numerous benches are placed along the boulevard Heavy vehicular may ruin the view when sitting. No secondary seating is identified
to Play & Exercise A new public park is proposed at the eastern end of the project site. The place was mentioned to host festivals and civil activities, no indication of space for play and exercise was given.
POSITIVE
Delight Scale Buildings near the project site are no doubt tall, but if the ground floors are designed well, it should be still an interesting place.
Strengths •
•
against -ve Sensory Experience The ground floors of the buildings along the boulevard is indented which provides shelters. People in the buildings near the railway may suffer from the noise and the ever moving busy traffic is not a visually pleasant landscape feature.
INTERNAL
to Enjoy Climate Tall buildings to the south may cast shadow and promote the phenomenon of wind corridor.
Positive Sensory Experience Trees are planted along the boulevard, but there is no indication of what kind of quality of space is made by them, e.g. seasonal changes, textures and fragrance. Question whether the linear nature of the tree arrangement encourages people to move, rather than staying?
•
• •
• B’ C’
Piccadilly Central Piccadilly Central
section A-A’ modified from diagram Bennetts Associates Architects (2013, p. 43)
towards a new public park
EXTERNAL
B C
13
•
• •
Opportunities
A’
section C-C’
•
•
•
section B-B’
The station and the railway is elevated, so 1) people at ground level will not see the train traffic; 2) the railway can be kept at a constant elevation; 3) the possibility that the railway being flooded can be minimised During summer and winter, the raised railway can still receive a sufficient amount of sunlight. The active frontage of two longitudinal streets (one of which is the boulevard) can link up public spaces and make the streetscape more legible and lively. There are numerous of underpasses that allow pedestrians to cross the railway. The indentation of the ground floors of buildings along the boulevard allow people to gain shelter.
Weaknesses •
•
19
A
NEGATIVE
•
•
•
•
Possible inspiration drawn from the historical context: worker bee which represents the industrious workers. 2) The notion of ‘Cottonopolis’ 3. The bloom of textile industry. A large area of a deciduous woodland with a river located at Medlock Valley has already established. If a green space at a infrastructure scale can link to this woodland, the ecological values of both the newly created habitat and Medlock Valley will be mutually enhanced. It lacks transverse legibility linkage of public space to the project site. Perhaps, the river canals can be a good option that provides a casual walk /cycling journey. The regeneration development emphasises mix land use will bring in a great variety of site users, such as workers, shoppers, residents, tourists, students and cyclists. The train station and HS2 will also lead to a big number of commuters. Manchester City Council has set out objectives to promote wildlife-friendly development and the importance of biodiversity. Five bat species are found of conservation interest which are possible to incorporate their habitats into future landscape design due to their high mobility and nocturnal habit. Five priority habitats were also identified having potential for inclusion in the design.
Part of the boulevard which is to the immediate south of the raised railway will be under its shadow most of the time. This will affect the feeling of a space and also the selection of planting materials. The prevailing wind from the south to north may be aggravated by the wind corridor between the future high-rises in Mayfield. The boulevard will serve different types of vehicles, e.g. buses, coaches, taxis and private cars. It is believed that the noise and traffic safety will be problems for pedestrians. The underpasses are all connected to the boulevard which has heavy traffic. Poor view from south to north and vice versa as the elevated railway has blocked the view. Benches arrangement along the boulevard does not encourage interaction between people. Few supporting structure and other secondary seating are indicated. These features can encourage people to stay.
Threats •
•
Flood risk is present at Mayfield, which raises the awareness of not to exacerbate the stress in the landscape design of the project site. Many high-rises line along the north and south sides of the railway, so an increased number of people can see the train traffic. Some of hotels that tourists may not get a very good impression of Manchester when look at a view of busy traffic.
14
PROJECT BACKGROUND
OBJECTIVES
PHILOSOPHY
The philosophy as a source of value together with the site analysis result has informed the objectives of the project. SOCIAL ASPECT To prioritise pedestrian and bicycle traffic To protect pedestrians and cyclist from vehicular traffic To create space that can encourage standing and staying To provide an alternative route for crossing the railway that can reduce the safety hazard and physical barrier from vehicular traffic To provide flexible space for a great variety of activities that can meet the needs of different users To provide accessible space for socialising and exercising that can maintain physical and mental2 well-being of individuals in society To enhance the view from the buildings surrounding the station and the railway.
• •
‘If it is true that a living thing has inherent worth, then it possesses such worth regardless of any instrumental or inherent value it may have and without reference to the good of any other being.’
• •
(Taylor, 1986, p.75) •
Evans & Jones (2008, pp. 83-4) stated that sustainability is commonly defined as ‘using resources fairly’, an inclusion of the notion of equity, ‘to meet the needs of both the current and future populations.’ A set of three overlapping circles representing three important aspects of policy which are environmental, social and economic concerns are frequently used to visualise the idea of sustainability where it stands on the overlap of the three circles. This project will pursue the ideal of sustainability with emphasis on environmental and social aspects partly by following the ideas of Gehl (2010). Creating public places for people, in contrast to motorised vehicles, by fundamentally understanding the lives and sensory limitations of people in the very first place will be the principal measure towards social sustainability. The adoption of pedestrianism and re-promotion of bicycles in urban realm will not only drastically reduce the emission of greenhouse gases1 that help combat climate change, but also improve social sustainability. On the other hand, if dealing with environmental issues simply in the hope that our current and future generations can exploit resources from environment, it is in fact not completely fair. Considering Homo sapiens is only one of the many millions of species in the Planet Earth, is it equity that only human needs should be the centre of sustainability? In light of this, the project is longing for creating a utopia of sustainability where nature and lives of people can thrive harmoniously.
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT for
ENVIRONMENTAL
thriving of nature and human activities
SOCIAL
ECONOMIC
•
•
15
According to Department of Energy and Climate Change (2014), CO2 emissions from the transport sector accounted for around one fourth of all CO2 emissions in 2013.
• • • •
ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECT To create better micro-climate, e.g. a wind barrier and dappled sunlight, that both wildlife and people can enjoy To provide a green infrastructure that can reduce heat island effect To create habitats that can increase biodiversity To reduce water runoff to the surrounding environment To reduce the amount of pollutants in air
VISION SPACE FOR LIFE, OF EVERY PERSON AND OF NATURE Deriving from the objectives, an intervention to public space in the project site is envisaged. A ‘cloth of green’ showcases the character of Manchester will be unfolded on top of the train station and the railway which will be connected by bridges from the surrounding buildings. This green cloth will be ‘interlaced’ by a range of plant materials that form a series of spaces of different scales and types, e.g. volumetric and cubist (Booth, 2012), yet still associated with the human dimensions. The atmosphere will gradually change from mild wilderness at the eastern end to very urban green at the western end on top of the station. Seasonal changes will be one of the visual attractions. Artistic appeal will be a crucial factor when designing the landscape while the lives within the landscape will always be the first consideration factor. This piece of green infrastructure will not host major festivals and public events as these functions have been shared by a number of squares and a new public park. Instead, it is a casual space where people can have self-expression, play, exercise and enjoy fresh air (Gehl, 2010). Other than these, foraging will be introduced as a key activity. While natural environment itself can be a good playground, foraging for plants is a critical move that connect people to nature by having more intense observation of the surroundings. At the same time, the wildlife will share the joy of foraging food at the same place as well as perching. The thriving of various types of fruits and vegetative parts will further celebrate the seasonal changes. This foraging landscape will differ from the ordinary edible landscape because the process of finding foods made itself an adventure. The boulevard will be more prioritised for pedestrians and cyclists, which means that relocation of the coach station, bus stops and taxi drop-off and holding will be considered. Other arrangement of street trees that create forms of space more favourable for staying activities, rather than just a linear space that promote moving, will be investigated. Many staying activities, such as window shopping, relaxing outside cafés and waiting for friends, are expected at the interface between the buildings and the boulevard. The boulevard and the green cloth altogether will form a cohesive landscape of different elevation levels which make the urban public space more fascinating, yet legible. 20 0
1.
•
2.
21 2 1
Study done by Beyer et al. (2014) revealed a positive relationship between levels of neighbourhood green space and mental health. 16
theoretical framework
proposed clients & associated parties
Lively Urban Public Space The big ideas advocated by Gehl (2010) will form a framework of the design, in particular for the contextual design of space. These ideas are highlighted as follows: 1) giving priority to pedestrians and cyclists; 2) creating enjoyable experience to travel and stay; 3) making space responding to human scale and sensory limitations, particularly the range of eye sight. The 12 quality criteria will be a crucial tool to confirm that the designed space will meet human needs. The criteria set out by Edwards (2011) will be another set of guidelines that is going to be more relevant to the design of boulevard, especially for those that address space surrounding the train station and the railway and the interaction between indoor and outdoor space.
comment on landscape proposal during public consultation
General Public
Manchester City Council HS2 Limited
Integrating Form and Space into Site Design The project will aim at integrating forms and space, at the same time fulfilling the functional goals. During the design process, possible forms and organisational structures will be thought through and the subsequent spatial qualities will be assessed. Diagram will be a tool to think, design and communicate. The implication and tactics of having different organisation of forms and space will follow the theories given by Booth, 2012. The overall purpose is to orchestrate forms and space in the project site, from the perspective of the people’s eye level as well as from the top.
giving professional advice on landscape proposal
Forming Space with Plant Materials Possible woodland types from those categorised in the book edited by Dunnett and Hitchmough (2004) will be selected based on the description of their characteristics. The collective architectural quality of each woodland type that influences the spatial and sensory experience inside a space will be a major criterion. The suggested plant species and type in the core of the woodland and at the edge will also be taken into account. Foraging Landscape Foraging guidebooks, such as the one written by Phillips (1983) will be consulted for the selection of plants in planting scheme. The edible plants will be checked against the criteria of hardiness, aesthetic value and architectural quality. Creating High Quality Space in Street Although the strategies suggested by Lewis and Schwindeller (2014) are for adapting different types of spaces in existing urban streets to create new quality spaces, that different types of spaces in the urban realm will still be relevant to those in the boulevard. Thus, the strategies listed out by them will be used as an insight for the project.
direct appointment
Landscape Architect
Sub-consultants providing advice of different aspects
Architects
Urban Designers
Engineers
Ecologists
deliverables The design team will deliver broadbrush landscape strategies for the boulevard and the green infrastructure above the future station and the railway, namely the green cloth (see diagram at the middle left). In the next stage a landscape master plan for the area, covering approximately 15777m2, on top of the new train station adjoining a proposed hotel will be produced. (see the figure on the bottom left). Then a smaller area will be selected for detail design in which the design concept will be more explicitly demonstrated by showing the planting and construction details with specifications.
N
1:17000
LisCriteria by TRUNCATED LIST OF CRITERIA BY EDWARDS (2011, P.22) City Level •
Link transport interchanges to urban areas using a network of streets, pedestrian malls and cycle ways • Ensure these are lined by shops and public facilities • Place civic, commercial and educational buildings within 500m of transport hubs • Open up views from interchanges to city landmark Urban Design Level
the boulevard the green cloth
23
•
Form squares and gathering spaces at interchange entrances • Remove barriers to movement around interchanges such as busy roads, pedestrian fences. • Ensure visual connections to all forms of transport • Provide level traffic free flows around interchange • Reduce taxi areas to minimum and maximize bike storage area Interchange Design Level
17
Create passengers flow space three-dimensionally Connect interior routes with exterior ones Maximize daylight especially in underground areas Provide views to interior and exterior landmarks Create memorable concourse spaces
Others
2 22
Ecology The species and habitats of conservation interest listed by Wildabout Manchester (2005) and the objectives set out by Manchester City Council (2011) will inform the design decision. The guidelines provided by Bat Wildlife Trust (2015) will be a reference for creating bat friendly habitats.
• • • • •
The Manchester City is committed to creating a better quality of life for the people and being environmentally responsible, so it is endeavour to receive advice from a wide range of professions on the Piccadilly regeneration proposal. Acknowledging that the currently proposed train station and the railway have not fully resolved some of the fundamental problems in the urban fabric and the boulevard is such an important elements in the regeneration, it is now with HS2 Limited to employ a landscape architect who will be an independent specialist offering advice from a another perspective on how the situation can be improved and making more details to the vision. The opposite diagram depicts other associated parties which will involve in the design process.
hotel
extent for landscape master plan 1. 2. 3. 4.
The dark high woodland The light high woodland Multi-stemmed, one-storied high woodland Two-storied high woodland with shrubs
5. 6. 7. 8.
Two-storied high woodland with well developed middle layer Three-storied high woodland Multi-layered high woodland Low woodland types 18
PRECEDENT STUDIES keyaki plaza, japan Phase 1 24
the creative corridor, usa
The more than 100 acres plazas, designed by Masayuki Kusumoto, is on the roof of a complex in the heart of a urban centre which comprises sports arena, government offices and a train station. It can be accessed barrier-free by ramps, stairs and lifts.
29 2 9
The scheme has made effort on the interaction between the indoor and outdoor space, especially at the ground level and how the semi-private space is used, e.g. the symphony rehearsal space. At the ground floor, the vertical and visually permeable facade can encourage people to have staying activities (Gehl, 2010). It offers equal opportunity that every person can access to art and at the same time the art will also catalyse life in the street space.
Phase 2 25
The water management has been addressed by having bioswale underneath street trees and permeable paving being laid. It could have considered other arrangements of street trees in the garden room that aim at making greater variety of space in terms of scales and quality, instead of a plain linear form. The concept of parklets and formation of space can potentially be incorporated into this scheme.
Phase 3 26
Cycle paths are only placed next to the motorised vehicular road which does not protect cyclists from cars at all. The ‘Copenhagen style’ (Gehl, 2010) that using parked car along the road to protect cyclists could have been considered and reinvent based on that. Design that can help build up the local character could have been done more in detail. This can be through the expression of certain elements discovered in site analysis.
30 3 0
31
Trees are indeed used as a medium to create spatial contrast between volumetric and cubist which is reinforced by pressing three spaces lower.
Phase 4
32
27
33 3
Key:
1
Bioswale
5
Gallery
2
Garden room
6
Symphony rehersal space
3
Arcade
7
Back-in parking
4
Public art
8
Proposed transit system
28
35 34
19
The minimalist orthogonal composition are expressed by rigorous control of trees arrangement, paving patterns, layout of seating and a very flat surface. The overall spatial quality convey a sense of solemn. Nonetheless, the softness of the canopies of the trees introduces peacefulness. That combination of feelings just represents the design intent of placing zelkova trees as a means to echo those planted in the nearby Hikawa Shrine.
The design language is also coherent to the façade of the architecture and earth is incorporated into it. Water is harvested for the trees by having the truly flat surface and the perforated metal paving. All in all, the design has shown a symphony between landscape and architecture. However, the use of single species that can create a very strong identity bears a very low ecological value. Plus, the lack of complexity edges does not provide variety types of habitats for wildlife. The overall low ecological friendliness could be an inherent down side of a minimalist approach to landscape design.
20
36
san francisco transbay transit centre, usa (officially approved proposal)
39 39
This project and the Piccadilly regeneration share very similar context. Both involve proposed links of high-speed rail to the cities and both multi-modal terminals are going to be surrounded by high density redevelopment. In addition, the vision of having a green space at a infrastructure scale on top of the station matches what this document has proposed. The clear bilateral organisation of the 5.4-acre public park creates a rather formal atmosphere of space. In the park, there will be a 100-seat outdoor amphitheatre, a children’s playground, lily pond, and a 304.8-meter-long fountain shaped like a bus (Rich, 2010). Everything is very rigidly laid out with very solid forms, even the plants and water features are obeying the rules. On one hand, it can be an extremely legible space. On the other hand, it may be perceived as a place lack of excitement. In contrast, the vision of the ‘green cloth’ in Manchester is a transition from naturalistic to more organised in which visitors will have more room to explore different ways to utilise the space. This public park is embedded with features that can capture daylight into the indoor environment. The inclining columns allow wider pedestrian paths around the centre and there is linkage between the centre and the adjacent buildings making the station more fit into the city fabric.
37 3 7
21
38 38
4 40
41 41
22
47
garden bridge, uk (half-way approved) The concept is to mix the function of a bridge and a garden together, which is originally proposed open to public, but it is now very likely that a ticketing system will be operated. Unfortunately, cycling will not be welcome based on the claim that the planting area will be much reduced if cycle paths are placed. Picnics and demonstrations will not be allowed as well (Wainwright, 2014a). RSPB (2014) stated that the design does not include any wildlife friendly features, although the green infrastructure is, according to them, damages little and adds little. There seems lack of emphasis on how character and quality of space formed by plant materials.
42 42
43
jardin public aval, france This project has extensively manipulated plants as an architectural elements to explore forms, light, shade, space and permeability. The spatial complexity is enriched by the different layers of heights of the landscape elements. The collective architectural quality of the evergreen ‘hedge’ has created a ceiling while the three individual tall trees, acting as a focal point, powerfully make a contrast of organity and height. Then the left over area of the ground cover is used to cue the suggested footpath and staying space.
50
48
49
51 5 1
44 4 4
treasure island, usa (half-way approved)
4 45
It is a cultural venue for leisure activities and performance, sitting on a historic site where the survivors of Titanic landed. (Wainwright, 2014b) The orientation of the site apparently looks bizarre that it does not speak to the surrounding context. However, the organic organisation of pathways demarcated by hard paved areas and the scattering of trees have given it a vibrancy of space. In addition, the undulating topography supported by the fungi-like platform has added another level of interest to the space. The overall legibility is high, yet there are places inviting people to discover. This is fulfilled the claimed vision of ‘wander and wonder’ which is similar to the vision of this design brief.
labor- und werkstattgebäude des institutes für festkörper- und werkstoffforschung, germany This garden conveys a feeling of the Japanese gardens which usually have a large coverage of monotonous ground cover as a backdrop. Above it are carefully organised rock, water and plants clipped in shape that altogether form a piece of 3D composition art. The design tactic is to have a rhythm the orthogonal forms that echo the paving pattern and move to the organic forms with the very subtle rise of topography. The multi-stemmed sub-shrubs are then planted at the peak to exaggerate the topographic change. On the other hand, the smooth water surface has made a contrast with the rough pebbles.
52 52
53 53
54 4
46
55 55
23
24
APPENDIX A photos of existing conditions 1
4
6
5
2
7
3
1. The faรงade of the raised railway can be an interesting face. 2. & 3. Some shops line along the side of the raised railway, but not much life is happening. 4. The existing underpasses are very not nice places to walk through. 5. A tunnel in the city centre of Manchester can be a good muse to imagine the future conditions of the underpasses after regeneration. 6. & 7. Pedestrian route are interrupted by transports, such as Metrolink, taxis, and buses 8. & 9. Lifts (public facility) and steps (to a private property) are present to provide access to the elevated platforms
9
8 25
26
APPENDIX B details of twelve quality criteria
REFERENCES
literature
Bennetts Associates Architects. (2013) Hs2 manchester piccadilly - strategic rengeneration framework - draft. Manchester, Manchester City Council. Available from: http://www.manchester.gov.uk/download/downloads/id/21210/hs2_piccadilly_regeneration_framework_aug_2013. Bennetts Associates Architects, Ekosgen, Happold, B., Jonas, D., KM Heritage, Langdon, D. (2009) Mayfield strategic regeneration framework - draft revision a. Manchester. Manchester City Council. Available from: http://www.corridormanchester.com/_filestore/corridormanchester/2010l-01-06-mayfield-consultation-document-low-res-1-pdf/original/2010l.01.06_Mayfield_Consultation_Document_low_res[1].pdf. Beyer, K., Bogar, S., Kaltenbach, A., Malecki, K., Nieto, F. and Szabo, A. (2014) Exposure to neighbourhood green space and mental health: evidence from the survey of the health of wisconsin. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 11(3), pp. 3453 - 72. Booth, N.K. (2012) Foundations of landscape architecture integrating form and space using the language of site design. New Jersey, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Department of Energy and Climate Change. (2014) 2013 uk greenhouse gas esmissions, provisional figures and 2012 uk greenhouse gas emissions, final figures by fuel type and end-user. UK, Department of Energy and Climate Change. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/295968/20140327_2013_UK_Greenhouse_Gas_Emissions_Provisional_Figures.pdf. Digimap. (2015) Data download. Available from: http://digimap.edina.ac.uk. [Accessed17th January 2015]. Dunnett, N. and Hitchmough, J. (Eds.) (2004) The dynamic landscape: design, ecology, and management of naturalistic urban planning. London, Spon Press. Edwards, B. (2011) Transport interchanges: a challenge for urban design. Urban Design, 120, pp. 19 -22. English Heritage. (2014) The national heritage list for england map search. Available from: http://list.english-heritage.org.uk/mapsearch.aspx. [Accessed 17th January 2015]. Environment Agency. (2014) Flood map for planning (rivers and sea). Available from: http://maps.environment-agency.gov.uk/wiyby/wiybyController?x=383500.0&y=398500.0&topic=floodmap&ep=map&scale=9&location=Manchester,%20Manchester&lang=_e&layerGroups=default&distance=&textonly=off#x=384987&y=397615&lg=1,2,&scale=11 [Accessed 17th January 2015]. Evans, J. and Jones, P. (2008) Urban regeneration in the uk. Lodon, SAGE Publications Ltd. Frangopulo, N.J., Hindle G.B., Manchester Teachers’ History Discussion Group. (1962) Rich inheritance : a guide to the history of manchester. Manchester, Manchester Education Committee for the Manchester Teachers’ History Discussion Group. Gehl, J. (2010) Cities for people. Washington, Island Press. Hartwell, C. (2001) Pevsner architectural guides manchester. New Haven, Yale University Press. Lewis, J. and Schwindeller, M. (2014) Adaptive streets strategies for transforming the urban right-of-way. Available from: http://issuu.com/schwin/docs/14_04_26_ adaptivestreets_final. Manchester City Council. (2011) Biodiversity action plan 2012 - 2016 valuing manchester’s nature. Available from: http://www.wildaboutmanchester.info/www/ images/stories/Biodiversity%20Action%20Plan%202012%20-%2016.pdf. Museum of Science and Industry. (2015) Cottonopolis. Available from: http://www.mosi.org.uk/explore-mosi/explore-revolution-manchester/revolution-manchester-themes/cottonopolis.aspx [Accessed 17th January 2015]. Met Office (No Date) Manchester climate. Available from: http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/public/weather/climate/gcw2hzs1u [Accessed 17th January 2015]. Parkinson-Bailey, J. J. (2000) Manchester an architectural history. Manchester, Manchester University Press. Phillips, R. (1983) Wild food a unique photographic guide to finding, cooking and eating wild plants, mushrooms and seaweed. London, Pan Books. Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (2014) London’s garden bridge falls short for wildlife. Available from: http://www.rspb.org.uk/news/details.aspx?id=387846. [Accessed 17th January 2015]. Rich, S. (2010) Moving designs for san francisco transit terminal put the light back in rail on top, there will be a 1000-foot fountain shaped like a bus. yes, a bus, since this is a bus station, get it!. Fast Company, April 2010. Available from: http://www.fastcompany.com/1631931/moving-designs-san-francisco-transit-terminal-put-light-back-rail. Taylor, P. W. (1986) Respect for nature: a theory of environmental ethics. Princeton, Princeton University Press. Wildabout Manchester. (2005) Biodiversity strategy 2005. Available from: http://www.wildaboutmanchester.info/www/images/stories/pdfs/mbs.pdf. Wainwright, O. (2014a) London’s garden bridge: the public park where groups and cyclists aren’t welcome. The Guardian, Wednesday 19 November 2014. Available from: http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/architecture-design-blog/2014/nov/19/londons-garden-bridge-the-public-park-where-groupsand-cyclists-arent-welcome. [Accessed 17th January 2015]. Wainwright, O. (2014b) Thomas heatherwick plans $170m hovering miracle island for new york. The Guardian, Tuesday 18 November 2014. Available from: http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/architecture-design-blog/2014/nov/18/thomas-heatherwick-miracle-hovering-island-new-york. [Accessed 17th January 2015]. Bat Conservation Trust. (2015) Bat babitats. UK, Bat Conservation Trust. Available from: http://www.bats.org.uk/pages/bat_habitats.html [Accessed 18th January 2015].
Gehl (2010. p. 239)
Wright, J. (2014) Forage a wild meal. BBC Wild, October 2014, pp. 19 -22.
graphics 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
27
Blueridge United Methodist Church. (2013) [online image] Available from: http://blueridgeumchouston.org/102013.pdf [Accessed 17th January 2015]. Google Map. (2015) [online image] Available from: maps.google.com [Accessed 17th January 2015]. Bennetts Associates Architects. (2013, p. i) Hs2 manchester piccadilly – strategic regeneration framework – draft. Manchester, Manchester City Council. Our Manchester. (No Date) [online image] http://manchesterhistory.net/manchester/stations/londonroadstation2.jpg [Accessed 17th January 2015]. BBC. (2015) [online image] http://ichef.bbci.co.uk/naturelibrary/images/ic/credit/640x395/e/er/eriophorum/eriophorum_1.jpg [Accessed 17th January 2015]. Digimap. (2015) Ancient roam. Available from: http://digimap.edina.ac.uk/digimap/. Digimap. (2015) Ancient roam. Available from: http://digimap.edina.ac.uk/digimap/. Digimap. (2015) Ancient roam. Available from: http://digimap.edina.ac.uk/digimap/. 28
graphics (ctn’)
graphics (ctn’)
9.
38. Thornton Tomasetti. (2015) [online image] Available from: http://thornton.s3.amazonaws.com/project_content_images/6913/transbay_10_main.jpg [Accessed 17th January 2015]. 39. Streets Blog SF. (2014) [online image] Available from: http://sf.streetsblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/2013_12_12_ Terminal_Dusk.jpg [Accessed 17th January 2015]. 40. Thornton Tomasetti. (2015) [online image] Available from: http://thornton.s3.amazonaws.com/project_content_images/6901/transbay_1_main.jpg [Accessed 17th January 2015]. 41. Fast Company. (2010) [online image] Available from: http://images.fastcompany.com/upload/13872_2_WAN%20Transbay%20Pelli%20Rendered_Section.jpg [Accessed 17th January 2015]. 42. BBC. (2014) [online image] Available from: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-29627906 [Accessed 17th January 2015]. 43. London Evening Standard. (2014) [online image] Available from: http://www.standard.co.uk/incoming/article8656741. ece/alternates/w620/AN22691075New%20garden%20bridge.jpg [Accessed 17th January 2015]. 44. Haute Residence. (2014) [online image] Available from: http://cdn2.hauteresidence.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/ Screen-Shot-2014-11-21-at-1.46.24-AM.png [Accessed 17th January 2015]. 45. Haute Residence. (2014) [online image] Available from: http://cdn2.hauteresidence.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/ Screen-Shot-2014-11-21-at-1.47.47-AM.png [Accessed 17th January]. 46. Haute Residence. (2014) [online image] Available from: http://cdn2.hauteresidence.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/ Screen-Shot-2014-11-21-at-1.46.45-AM.png [Accessed 17th January]. 47. Statenwerth, A. (Eds.) (2003, p. 186) Landschaftsarchitekten 3 neue entwürfe ausgewählter landschaftsarchitekten aus ganz deutschland. Wiesbaden, Verlag H.M. Nelte. 48. Statenwerth, A. (Eds.) (2003, p. 186) Landschaftsarchitekten 3 neue entwürfe ausgewählter landschaftsarchitekten aus ganz deutschland. Wiesbaden, Verlag H.M. Nelte. 49. Statenwerth, A. (Eds.) (2003, p. 187) Landschaftsarchitekten 3 neue entwürfe ausgewählter landschaftsarchitekten aus ganz deutschland. Wiesbaden, Verlag H.M. Nelte. 50. Statenwerth, A. (Eds.) (2003, p. 186) Landschaftsarchitekten 3 neue entwürfe ausgewählter landschaftsarchitekten aus ganz deutschland. Wiesbaden, Verlag H.M. Nelte. 51. Statenwerth, A. (Eds.) (2003, p. 186) Landschaftsarchitekten 3 neue entwürfe ausgewählter landschaftsarchitekten aus ganz deutschland. Wiesbaden, Verlag H.M. Nelte. 52. Statenwerth, A. (Eds.) (2003, p. 138) Landschaftsarchitekten 3 neue entwürfe ausgewählter landschaftsarchitekten aus ganz deutschland. Wiesbaden, Verlag H.M. Nelte. 53. Statenwerth, A. (Eds.) (2003, p. 138) Landschaftsarchitekten 3 neue entwürfe ausgewählter landschaftsarchitekten aus ganz deutschland. Wiesbaden, Verlag H.M. Nelte. 54. Statenwerth, A. (Eds.) (2003, p. 138) Landschaftsarchitekten 3 neue entwürfe ausgewählter landschaftsarchitekten aus ganz deutschland. Wiesbaden, Verlag H.M. Nelte. 55. Statenwerth, A. (Eds.) (2003, p. 138) Landschaftsarchitekten 3 neue entwürfe ausgewählter landschaftsarchitekten aus ganz deutschland. Wiesbaden, Verlag H.M. Nelte.
10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37.
29
VK (2015) [online image] Available from: http://cs402826.vk.me/v402826271/9bd9/fUT4GBggF6E.jpg [Accessed 17th January 2015]. Wikipedia. (2014) [online image] Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daubenton%27s_bat [Accessed 17th January 2015]. United Environmental Service. [2010] [online image] Available from: http://www.ues.org.uk/news/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/Whiskered-bat-Myotis-mystacinus-800x607-300x227.jpg [Accessed 17th January 2015]. Flickr. (2010) [online image] Available from: https://www.flickr.com/photos/drcarmo/5047237236/ [Accessed 17th January 2015]. Rene Guettinger. (2012) [online image] Available from: http://www.rgblick.com/fotografie/galerie/94_Fledermaus/source/ image/03_090827_9514.jpg [Accessed 17th January 2015]. BugLife. (2013) [online image] Available from: http://www.buglife.org.uk/sites/default/files/04_4.jpg [ Accessed 17th January 2015]. Durham Biodiversity Action Plan. (2015) [online image] Available from: http://www.durhambiodiversity.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/Addison-Gateshead-Council-150x150.jpg [Accessed 17th January 2015]. Blogspot.com. (No Date) [online image] Available from: http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-_BB0Hqt8Tmk/TujX5YcBlaI/ AAAAAAAAAqM/BkzkxmQbunQ/s1600/Dunwich+Heath.JPG [Accessed 17th January 2015]. Google. (No Date) [online image] Available from: http://media-cache-ec0.pinimg.com/236x/a3/22/0e/a3220e82d5a9298c9d09cb0c783669c5.jpg [Accessed 17th January 2015]. Wiki Space. (No Date) [online image] Available from: http://room42.wikispaces.com/file/view/image.jpg/33625731/image. jpg [Accessed 17th January 2015]. Bennetts Associates Architects. (2013, p. iv) Hs2 manchester piccadilly – strategic regeneration framework – draft. Manchester, Manchester City Council. Tennessee Technological University. (No Date) [online image] Available from: http://iweb.tntech.edu/cabrown/AnimBehav/4230ForagingBehavior.pdf [Accessed 17th January 2015]. Department of Transportation, Seattle. (2015) [online image] Available from: http://www.seattle.gov/transportation/images/MarthaBrosParklet.jpg [Accessed 17th January 2015]. Dunnett and Hitchmough. (Eds.) (2004, p. 202) The dynamic landscape: design, ecology, and management of naturalistic urban planning. London, Spon Press. Bennetts Associates Architects. (2013, p. 10) Hs2 manchester piccadilly – strategic regeneration framework – draft. Manchester, Manchester City Council. Downtown Little Rock Partnership. (No Date, p. 8) the creative corridor: a main street revitalization for little rock, little rock, ark. Available from: http://www.downtownlr.com/files/27/Little_Rock_Creative_Corridor_AIA_Portfolio._1.pdf. Downtown Little Rock Partnership. (No Date, p. 17) the creative corridor: a main street revitalization for little rock, little rock, ark. Available from: http://www.downtownlr.com/files/27/Little_Rock_Creative_Corridor_AIA_Portfolio._1.pdf. Downtown Little Rock Partnership. (No Date, p. 21) the creative corridor: a main street revitalization for little rock, little rock, ark. Available from: http://www.downtownlr.com/files/27/Little_Rock_Creative_Corridor_AIA_Portfolio._1.pdf. Downtown Little Rock Partnership. (No Date, p. 27) the creative corridor: a main street revitalization for little rock, little rock, ark. Available from: http://www.downtownlr.com/files/27/Little_Rock_Creative_Corridor_AIA_Portfolio._1.pdf. Downtown Little Rock Partnership. (No Date, p. 22) the creative corridor: a main street revitalization for little rock, little rock, ark. Available from: http://www.downtownlr.com/files/27/Little_Rock_Creative_Corridor_AIA_Portfolio._1.pdf. American Society of Landscape Architects. (2014) [online image] http://www.asla.org/awards/2004/04winners/images/352-05.jpg [Accessed 17 January 2015]. American Society of Landscape Architects. (2014) [online image] http://www.asla.org/awards/2004/04winners/images/352-06.jpg [Accessed 17 January 2015]. American Society of Landscape Architects. (2014) [online image] http://www.asla.org/awards/2004/04winners/images/352-10.jpg [Accessed 17 January 2015]. American Society of Landscape Architects. (2014) [online image] http://www.asla.org/awards/2004/04winners/images/352-01.jpg [Accessed 17 January 2015]. Reed, P. S. (2005, p.60) Groundswell: constructing the contemporary landscape. New York, Museum of Modern Art. American Society of Landscape Architects. (2014) [online image] http://www.asla.org/awards/2004/04winners/images/352-02.jpg [Accessed 17 January 2015]. American Society of Landscape Architects. (2014) [online image] http://www.asla.org/awards/2004/04winners/images/352-04.jpg [Accessed 17 January 2015]. Fast Company. (2010) [online image] Available from: http://images.fastcompany.com/upload/13872_1_WAN%20Transbay%20Pelli%20Park_Aerial_Day.jpg [Accessed 17th January 2015]. Thornton Tomasetti. (2015) [online image] Available from: http://thornton.s3.amazonaws.com/project_content_images/6917/transbay_6_main.jpg [Accessed 17th January 2015].
30