Airport Valley Bicycle Center: M.Arch (Professional) Thesis Document

CHIPOSI F. SINALO

Airport Valley Bicycle Centre THE DESIGN OF A BICYCLE MANUFACTURER IN WALMER TOWNSHIP PORT ELIZABETH

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CHIPOSI F. SINALO

AIRPORT VALLEY BICYCLE MANUFACTURER

THE DESIGN OF A BICYCLE MANUFACTURER IN WALMER TOWNSHIP PORT ELIZABETH CHIPOSI F. SINALO



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CHIPOSI F. SINALO

AIRPORT VALLEY BICYCLE MANUFACTURER

I would firstly like to express gratitude to my Mom and Dad (Grace and Sam Kampondeni) who have made my studies a possibility by supporting me both financially and emotionally.

Without them, I would not have had the chance to be in the position that I currently in.

Thanks go to my department lecturers and staff support team who gave me the knowledge, resources and time that led to writing this thesis. A special mention goes to Andrew Palframan and Bryan Wintermeyer the 5th year studio masters and also Helena Langner my document editor.

Last but not least, I would like to thank my fellow friends and colleagues who have been there for me academically and socially. They have made my studying experience a pleasant one.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Acknowledgement

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CHIPOSI F. SINALO

AIRPORT VALLEY BICYCLE MANUFACTURER

The purpose of this research is to explore the potential for Industrial areas in contributing positively to their surrounding urban landscape. This is done by using the design of a Bicycle Manufacturing Facility in Airport Valley, Gqebera, Walmer as a study of how the facility can provide a gateway to the Airport Valley Precinct and align itself to an urban ‘playscape’ for the community’s leisure activities. Airport Valley, an informal settlement, was chosen as a premise for improving the city due to South Africa’s colonial planning that resulted in disconnected urban outskirts. These urban outskirts suffer from segregation and lack of integration from their urban surroundings, and character. This leads to cities that are not ‘liveable’.

The research is qualitative and empirical in nature and takes the form of pure research. The research involved site analysis and observations using sketches and photographs taken on-site and relevant areas, as well as by reviewing relevant literature and conducting precedent studies based on discussed theories.

The design plays on the concept of the roof as a ‘walkable continuation of landscape’ whilst dealing with a contrast of privacy and openness. As the design is of an industrial building, materials that have the potential to enhance the working environment are explored whilst realizing the need for them to be economical and yield a return on investment.

ABSTRACT

Abstract

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CONTENTS

Acknowledgement

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Abstract

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Part [01]

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INTRODUCTION 2 THEORIES AND PRINCIPLES

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INDUSTRIAL BUILDING AS TYPE Precedent Studies The Macallan New Distillery & Visitors Experience FUTURE STITCH Smart Factory Gläserne Manufaktur Substrate Factory Ayase How the Bicycle is Manufactured Frame manufacturing process Mass Production Bicycle Facilities Real Bicycle Co. Manufacturing Facility Small Scale Bicycle manufacturing Facilities

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UNDERSTANDING SITE Contextualizing site through maps

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Part [02]

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Design Brief

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Accommodation Schedule

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Urban Response

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Design Development

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Final Design Concept

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Final Design

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Technical Drawings

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References

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Abstract

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AIRPORT VALLEY BICYCLE MANUFACTURER

The First part of this document includes the Introduction, Theories and Principles, Industrial Building typology, and Site. These chapters build up the background discussion and thoughts relating to The Design of a Bicycle Factory in Airport Valley in Walmer Township. The project design then follows in Part 02.

PART [01] Abstract

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Image 1.1: Image of factory roof (Author, 2019)

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CHIPOSI F. SINALO

AIRPORT VALLEY BICYCLE MANUFACTURER

INTRODUCTION THE DESIGN OF A BICYCLE MANUFACTURER IN WALMER TOWNSHIP

More than one half of the world population now lives in urban areas, and virtually all countries of the world are becoming increasingly urbanized. A large percentage of the richer countries already have a majority of the population residing in urban areas. However, Africa is still mostly rural and urbanising at a fast rate with population increase factoring a 90% rise in growth. These trends are changing the landscape of human settlement, with significant implications for living conditions, the environment and development in different parts of the world (United Nations, N.D..). As the population grows, the gap between those with access to sustainable resources and those without, increases.

Technology and advances in the economy play a vital role in the rapidly increasing process of urbanisation. In just two centuries, the industrial revolution globalized the economy with new forms of energy organization, production and distribution capabilities; propelling industrialized countries into a golden age of prosperity (Nsengimana, 2019). Africa has failed to benefit from the industrial revolutions with some influence from badly planned cities which negatively impact the prosperity and living standards of select groups of people whilst allowing for others to thrive and grow economically. For instance, colonial and apartheid city planning is highly evident in South Africa. It grouped classes of people by race with ‘non-whites’ highly marginalized. Whilst post-apartheid cities currently provide great opportunity for a select few, the overall sense is of disconnectedness, isolation, uncontrolled sprawl, lack of economic opportunities and unhealthy living conditions.

With regard to the issues mentioned, if African cities are to benefit from the emerging industrial revolution (also dubbed the 4th industrial revolution (Nsengimana, 2019)), a homogeneous outlook to issues like connectivity, economic empowerment and ecological, sustainable growth has to be addressed. One big factor to consider, as observed, would be that of connectivity.

Sustainable spatial and socio-economic interconnections can help unite the inhabitants of African cities allowing for a better distributed growth in wealth and health, thus creating better living spaces.

With the 4th Industrial revolution as a springboard, this treatise, through the process of designing a bicycle manufacturing facility, will look at how industrial architecture can contribute positively to the urban landscape.

The treatise addresses the problem faced by majority of township and urban segregated areas.

The problem being disconnectedness from the city and lack of formal infrastructure that act as a gateway to the positive socio-economic wellbeing of the outlying settlements.

The aim of this treatise is to design a Bicycle Manufacturing Facility which will offer some employment whilst attempting to generate an urban response that is conducive to a quality environment by providing an edge and opportunity for certain kinds of recreational activity in the public realm.

From the stated aim various objectives can be found. The first objective is to state the theoretical principles that will be undertaken in researching and producing the stated design. The second objective will be to understand the industrial building as a typology. The third objective will be to look at the site conditions and the challenges of implementing a design on the given site.

INTRODUCTION

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METHODOLOGY

“The methods section describes actions to be taken to investigate a research problem and the rationale for the application of specific procedures or techniques used to identify, select, process, and analyse information applied to understanding the problem, thereby, allowing the reader to critically evaluate a study’s overall validity and reliability. The methodology section of a research paper answers two main questions: How was the data collected or generated? And, how was it analysed?” (University of Southern California, 2019). Fundamentally there are two main approaches to research, one being quantitative and the other qualitative.

“Quantitative methods emphasize objective measurements and the statistical, mathematical, or numerical analysis of data collected through polls, questionnaires, and surveys, or by manipulating pre-existing statistical data using computational techniques. Quantitative research focuses on gathering numerical data and generalizing it across groups of people or to explain a particular phenomenon.” (University of Southern California, 2019) “The word qualitative implies an emphasis on the qualities of entities and on processes and meanings that are not experimentally examined or measured [if measured at all] in terms of quantity, amount, intensity, or frequency.”(University of Southern California, 2019) Due to the sociological nature of architectural production, the research approach taken is qualitative. This is the result of research carried out to gain an architectural product implicating inductive reasoning.

Since the investigation is academic, pure research is used. “Pure research, also known as fundamental or basic research, is conducted without any specific goal in mind. The main aim of pure research is to advance knowledge and to identify or explain the relationship between variables.” (Hasa, 2017) Methods The method of study involves the identification by which the data for the research is obtain.

The research uses both primary and secondary methods of data collection. Primary methods include site analysis and observations using sketches and photography taken on site and relevant areas by the author. Included are also discussions and informal interviews with professionals, lecturers and experts in various relevant fields.

Primary research methods were used to obtain and translate primary data. These include literature, photographs, maps, newspaper articles, journal articles and the buildings around the site.

Secondary research methods were also employed to obtain and translate secondary data. These included treatises, literature and precedents. This was to gain an understanding of the body of knowledge and past research pertaining to similar past research and architectural works.

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INTRODUCTION

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THEORIES AND PRINCIPLES INDUSTRIAL ARCHITECTURE, CORPORATE IDENTITY & URBAN PLACEMAKING

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SEMIOTICS

Symbolic expressions reflected in architecture and its interpretation

STRIATED SPACE

SMOOTH SPACE

NON-BUILDING

BUILDING

Figure 2.1: Visual overview of chapter (Author, 2019)

URBAN PLACEMAKING

Geoffrey Broadbent (Broadbent, 1977) points out that disregard of semiotics still leads to a subconscious representation of symbols in architectural work. Semiotics, also called semiology is the study of signs and sign-using behavior within society (Encyclopædia Britannica, 2019). Broadbent makes a point to understand the implications of semiotics in architecture and its socio-impacts. For instance, Broadbent states that modern functionalism failed in its attempt at a “machine-like and meaningfree” architecture because of architecture’s “inescapable semantic dimension”. The effort made by modern architecture to erase symbolism and/or ornaments brought about a different type of symbolism.

By understanding the history of identity in the workplace or industrial building, we can

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establish how the corporate industrial image has been expressed through architecture and how to go about expressing the corporate industrial image relevantly in the present times. This chapter will discuss semiotics (the study of signs and sign-using behavior within society) and how this topic can be used to better understand the effects of signals/signs. In doing so, exploration has revealed how in architecture this has changed from an identity that rests in a formal expression to one that incorporates the entrenchment of human values.

Identity in the workplace or industrial building is a status or brand image that is carried as a representative symbol of ‘who’ or ‘what’ the company is and its philosophies (Treefrog, N.D..). There is an attempt to represent this identity in industrial buildings as companies seek to represent their image through the use of architecture. When architecture became free of any semiotic meaning, it embraced the industrial utilitarian aesthetic which the factory building is at its core. Broadbent realizes that semiotics is within every composition, there is no getting away from it: “just as Chartres Cathedral carries meanings, so does the meanest garden shed.” (Broadbent, 1977). Knowing this, it is vital for architects to understand the symbols that they produce and how it is interpreted by the audience.

How to bring back meaning has always been an underlying exertion within the architectural realm. After the modern movement, attempts at achieving appropriate semiotics for the industrial building have taken shape in the form of a tussle between ‘buildings that explicitly represent their function through their shape and construction’ (Kohlstedt, 2016) and generic buildings that have signage uttering what the function of the building is. A critic of this approach is that, like modern architecture, both approaches are still a case of “form follows function” (Sullivan, 1896); taking the idea of “form follows function” to the extreme (Kohlstedt, 2016).

By realizing that the semiotics of architecture goes beyond the discussion of form or aesthetic representation, contemporary architecture must take a shift in paradigm to address the users of the created spaces. This notion comes from understanding that there is a chance of misinterpreting a symbol if the experience of the symbolized space is not equivalent. The early 20th-century preoccupation of form and standardization of architectural principles resulted in an architecture that was not well suited for the people using such spaces (Salingaros, 2015). And thus, the architectural semiology of the modern era has negative connotations associated with it. ‘The 21st-century solution is to re-discover and document the properties of responsive spaces that adapt naturally to human needs’ (Salingaros, 2015). Putting the human experience above all architectural discourse is a response that tailors the design to the specific users.

This shift in architectural paradigm comes at a time when contemporary companies and organizations see corporate identity and human values in the same light. In a period of self-awareness and environmental focus, companies have taken on the challenge to have a personal connection to their clients and an awareness of environmental issues as part of their philosophies and image. If architecture is going to play the role of expressing corporate identity, the mentioned agenda should be a major

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consideration in creating relatable spaces. From this, we can understand that when making architecture, it is further required not only to understand the underlying task of creating a building that merely ticks the functional aesthetic boxes, but that it is heavily connected to its surrounding environment and its systems. Thus, the architecture should be able to speak about a social experience and an embedding of ecosystems to create highly connected and sustainable social and Eco-friendly spaces.

The play of interconnected spaces can be seen in Aldo Van Eyck’s theories. Van Eyck speaks of the articulated in-between space which holds multiple meanings and a balance of various forces. These forces shall be taken as the different energies from a spectrum of enclosed private spaces to the open public spaces. Van Eyck speaks on creating overflow with the usage of in-between spaces which allows for “spaces to enter each other and occasions to encounter each other” (Van Eyck, 1997). This intermingling of space, although on a different spectrum, can also be seen in the writings of Gilles Deleuze titled Striated and Smooth Spaces (Deleuze & Félix, 2004).

Without getting too deep into the complex writings, the two terms striated, and smooth spaces shall be defined in a simplified manner. The smooth spaces can be seen as unbroken space; the place of the nomad (The Funambulist, N.D..) left for anyone and everyone to explore and occupy with no clear hierarchy. Once there is a difference between two neighbouring spaces there is some form of striation. Striation can be easily seen with a sort of bordering; striated spaces are created by the sedentary: the stationary or the settled (The Funambulist, N.D..).

In the pre-modern era in architecture, the in-between space is demarcated and although the ‘non-buildings’ of the modern era started to blur the lines between spaces, the boundaries of the in-between spaces are still visible. Smooth spaces can be a very powerful urban placemaking tool. It allows for the in-between space to blend in with the inside and outside spaces creating an infusion between the private and public space. However, as Deleuze points out, the smooth space and striated space both exist in complex mixed forms and therefore smooth spaces do not entirely exist on their own. A clear move from striated spaces to smooth space is first seen in the 1990s with a series of European projects “that aimed at a complete fusion of the individual building with the site”. These projects attempted to blur the boundaries between figure-ground and ground, “becoming themselves, reconstituted, folded, and punctured versions of the ground surface” (Mallgrave & Goodman, 2011). A good example of this is the Yokohama Port Terminal by Foreign Office Architects (FOA). A more recent example of a smooth space would be Bjarke Ingels’ Maritime Youth House. The mentioned projects tackle architecture pragmatically. Pragmatism concerns itself with architecture that justifiably takes a stance on prevailing architectural culture whilst realizing an ‘adaptive synthesis’ of the multiple dynamic forces and contingencies that it inevitably confronts (Macarthur, 2017, p. 105). This results in architecture developed from a dynamic ideology that is critically informed by its location’s constraints and informants.

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CHAPTER CONCLUSION

When architecture became free of any semiotic meaning it embraced the industrial utilitarian aesthetic where the factory building is at its core. Industrial buildings were as basic as they needed to be because they were just factories. As companies took on architecture to represent their corporate identity, a task of how to create meaning in industrial buildings brought about a form-based grapple.

Contemporary companies have moved away from an aesthetic approach to building design to more of a value-based outlook, were company branding is more concerned with wellness, eco-consciousness, and socio-systemic views on their indirect and direct surroundings. This then allows for industrial architecture to set itself away from a formal expression to one that speaks of human value sets and environmental conditioning. This is assisted by an understanding of the industrial building as a climate, land and ecological modulator and a repository of human values as opposed to a symbol left to the interpreter to skew or misinterpret.

INDUSTRIAL BUILDING AS ORNAMENTED OBJECT

INDUSTRIAL BUILDING AS VALUE EMBEDDED SPACE

Figure 2.2: Transition of Indusrial building (Author, 2019)

This Chapter then sees the industrial building not as a specific typology dictated by architectural theories and principles on what an industrial building should look like (the industrial type will be further discussed in the next chapter) but rather a grapple of semiotics that can be understood by the interpreter through their pragmatic interpretation of what the created spaces mean.

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Image 3.1: Image of factory roof, Airport Valley, Walmer (Author, 2019)

INDUSTRIAL BUILDING AS TYPE

UNDERSTANDING THE NATURE OF A BICYCLE MANUFACTURING FACILITY AS INDUSTRIAL BUILDING TYPE 9

CHIPOSI F. SINALO

AIRPORT VALLEY BICYCLE MANUFACTURER

“In recent years, industrial building construction has undergone fundamental changes. Not only have the functional conditions and technical possibilities changed – smoking chimneys and old-fashioned north-light sheds of bricks are also a thing of the past. Economic progress has given rise to several new branches of industry – light industry, production of consumer goods, service undertakings – and this has also increased the number of “clean” plants which use oil and electricity rather than coal as a source of power… With the advent of the container which permits easy transition ties to a particular location and the conventional functional characteristics are gradually disappearing and new tasks come to the fore.” (Grube, 1971) This chapter will try to understand the core industrial building type. By going through the timeline of major industrial architectural works, the characteristics that give the essence of the industrial buildings shall be established. Thereafter, several industrial buildings can be analysed to understand the given characteristics and therefore develop criteria for a well-functioning industrial building that accommodates its processes spatially and formally expresses itself in a fitting manner.

Industrial buildings are buildings used for industrial activities. Industrial buildings as an identifiable architectural type rose to prominence during the industrial revolution during the 18th and 19th centuries, when new activities and the availability of new materials and techniques led to the creation of some of the most innovative buildings of the period. (Wiki, 2017) This treatise tackles issues on branding/identity of the industrial building, and the relation of the industrial building to its urban landscape. Therefore, this chapter will attempt to understand the core components of physical expression and their effect on branding and identity. Secondly, a spatial organization concerning the surrounding urban or rural context.

To comprehensively understand the industrial building as a type, a brief history shall be looked at. Thereafter, precedents will be analysed to gain a basis for creating an appropriate Industrial building.

INDUSTRIAL BUILDING AS TYPE

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Industrial Revolution

1911 Fagus Factory

1909 AEG Turbine Factory

Pre-Industrial Revolution

1760s

FACTORY AS TEMPLE

Preoccupation with new building materials and methods

Small scale hand production

There were relatively high levels of pollution coming out of industries using coal for fuel so ‘smoking chimneys’ had to be located away from the cities.

materials and technology developments limited the size of open factory space without internediate support interrupting production space.

Bio fuels as the main source of The type of energy used for any industrial Use of new materials such as concrete, iron and energy operation had an influence on the physical later on steel.

Basic and minimal and the spatial nature of industrial structure or formalization of working building. Use of coal and electric power allowed environments for large open floor plans with flexible layouts Early stages of advancement in construction CIVIC BUILDING AS EXPRESSION

TECTONICS AS EXPRESSION

INDUSTRIAL BUILDING & PHYSICAL EXPRESSION THROUGH HISTORY

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20th & 21st Century Industries

2001 Gläserne Manufaktur

1960s development of PLC

End of WW2 1945

Preoccupation with flow of production process The early history of the programmable logic controller PLC goes back to the 1960s when control systems were still handled using relay control systems (Bolton, 2006) and (Amunrud, 2002) industry adopted the use of electronics - PLC - and further automate production changed the spatial requirements and configurations for production.

The spatial requirements and the physical structure of a high tech, robotics based production factory differ fundamentally from the industrial revolution and the early modernist factory.

By analysing the factory and its development over time, a clear picture of the fundamental characteristics which make up a factory building is obtained. The factory in its essence is a sort of enclosure that allows for a specific industrial activity to occur. Before the industrial revolution, this enclosure was determined by machinery (massive mill plants requiring several floors to operate) and the specific technology and materials of the time. The physical expression was of an ornament free civic building as it took on a utilitarian approach. A shift of machinery and energy source (steam combustion engine; which caused the factory moving away from the urban landscape to the outskirts due to smoke) saw the factory change from a multi-storey building to a large, single floor shed which gave flexibility to the production process. A significant moment of formal expression can be marked by the AEG Turbine factory by Peter Behrens. The factory is represented as a temple and therefore the process of working as a form of worship: factory on relatively large scale and large, open workspace with an abundance of light flooding in. The next significant building is the Fagus Factory by Walter Gropius. This factory took on new materials and building techniques to give the building a formal expression.

Figure 3.1: Industrial Building Historic Timeline (Author, 2019)

1914 Start of WW1

PRODUCTION LINE AS EXPRESSION

The industrial building enclosure holds two main properties that allow for the stated activities to occur; creates a controlled environment for a specialized industrial process, allows maximum flexibility for the processes to occur efficiently. The aesthetics that the ‘enclosure’ takes are determined by the image and philosophies of the given corporation together with the architectural underpinnings of the period. Although the physical expression of the enclosure is influenced by the corporate image, the main purpose is to span the largest distance without

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obstructing the production process in the most efficient manner. Perforations are carefully articulated to capture the most glare-free daylight for the workspaces. To achieve this, the building structure relies on the technologies of the present time; marking a time stamp on the given architecture.

Following the high point of prefabrication was a quiet period in the development of the factory building type. However, the current times are starting to show renewed interest in the factory building type. The contemporary factory has become a lot “cleaner” than its predecessors, both from a pollution point of view and in terms of their interior standards. As such, the factory can start finding its way back into the city fabric, where there is again an opportunity for corporate branding to form part of the factory’s expression (van Uffelen 2009, pg. 10). This is evident with Volkswagen’s “Glaserne Manufaktur” (Transparent Factory) in Dresden, Germany

by Henn Architekten which takes on the task of showcasing the manufacturing process. The core expression of the plant is its machine-like, internal workings. The interior finishing of the production plant is of a high standard and the technical detailing of the structure and mechanical equipment has been articulated for visual effect. (Yspeert, 2018) “Throughout the development of the factory type, it is evident that factories have mainly gravitated towards the functional logic of the technological object. However, in many cases, there has been a subtle manipulation of tectonic expression to reflect qualities of the product which the building manufactures to express a certain corporate image. In any case, the tectonic expression is in line with that which a corporation values and finds meaningful and would like to express in their building.” (Yspeert, 2018) “In terms of place, the early factory was functionally dependent on place, but it was not long before the factory became a separated entity from the urban fabric. From here, hopes of placemaking rested in making the separated industrial entity into a place. Now, with the factory moving back into the urban environment, the place provides the opportunity for expression, once again.” (Yspeert, 2018) “Although it was found there was no longer a functional connection to place, the place has the potential to influence expression” (Yspeert, 2018).

Even though there have been many attempts at expressing corporate identity in the industrial building, the discourse has revolved around whether the building is a blatant symbol of its function - duck - or the symbol placed on a standard utilitarian building type - decorated shed.

The issue with both these approaches takes it as a given that the user or audience of these symbols will correctly interpret them.

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EXPANSIVE UNINTERRUPTED SPACE

FLAT ROOF

OBJECTS IN A PLANE

OPEN PLAN

PITCHED ROOF

MULTI-PITCH ROOF

Figure 3.2: Industrial Building summary (Author, 2019)

The case studies to follow were chosen to explore the industrial building expression as a symbol for corporate identity, their location with regards to proximity to an urban fabric paying attention to placemaking, formal expression, and spatial layout.

The last two case studies explore the workings of a bicycle factory.

PRECEDENT STUDIES

INDUSTRIAL BUILDING AS TYPE

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Image 3.2:The Macallan New Distillery front entrance (Archdaily, 2018)

Image 3.3:The Macallan New Distillery site plan (Archdaily, 2018)

RURAL SETTING: BUILT SCAPE SET OUT AS OBJECTS IN A FIELD

CAMPUS BUILDING

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Architects: Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partners Location: Tromie Mills, Kingussie PH21 1NS, United Kingdom Year: 2018 “The new Macallan distillery and visitor experience is set into the landscape of the estate that has been distilling the world’s leading single malt since 1824. The Macallan is one of the most sought-after whiskeys in the world and wanted to create a building that could reveal the production processes and welcome visitors while remaining sensitive to the beautiful surrounding countryside.”

The building is located in a rural setting with the surrounding buildings being part of the distillery campus set out as objects in a field. The formal expression takes one building as part of the landscape with a ‘raised ground’ for a roof. The corporate identity is seen through the use of a glazed curtain wall in the front that allows the public to peek into the inner workings of the production floor.

Image 3.4:The Macallan New Distillery overview (Archdaily, 2018)

THE MACALLAN NEW DISTILLERY & VISITORS EXPERIENCE LANDSCAPE AS EXPRESSION OF IDENTITY

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AS SCAPE ED LAND MANUFACTUR

O ET ONS RESP

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Figure 3.3: The Macallan New Distillery Cross Section (Archdaily, 2018)

SERVICES

PUBLIC

Figure 3.4: The Macallan New Distillery Floor Plan (Archdaily, 2018)

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Spatial Arrangement: A rectangular volume of open space holds the main production floor where a series of production cells are arranged in a linear format with supporting spaces aligned to the walls or edges. A service corridor is located behind the supporting spaces, both tucked away from the public front. The public spaces come in the form of mezzanine floors overlooking the production floor on one side and a view of the forest on the outside.

Function The production follows a linear process with an open plan layout. All heavy machinery is placed on one floor space.

Physical Expression The building is sunk into the ground with the roof taking the form of a manufactured landscape.

The undulating roof’s shape emphasizes the production cells underneath it whilst respecting the natural landscape.

Timber panelling is used to create beams, and panels combined to create a waffle-like roof that is held up by steel columns. The floor and retaining walls use concrete creating a contrast of heaviness (ground) and lightness (roof: raised ground).

Well Being The use of timber structure and the formal mimicking of nature allows for users to have a closer connection to nature. This is also enhanced by the inclusion of skylights that introduce daylight into the workspace.

Image 3.5:The Macallan New Distillery public interior (Archdaily, 2018)

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Image 3.6:FUTURE STITCH Smart Factory front perspective (Archdaily, 2018)

Figure 3.5: FUTURE STITCH Smart Factory overhead view (Author, 2018)

Figure 3.6: FUTURE STITCH Smart Factory Urban Plan (Archdaily, 2018)

BUILDING AS SCULPTURE

CAMPUS BUILDING

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OBJECTS IN GRID

Figure 3.7: FUTURE STITCH Smart Factory section and floor plan (Archdaily, 2018)

Architects: AZL Architects Location: Haining, Zhejiang, China Year: 2018 “STANCE, an American sports fashion brand, is featured for its brand declaration of The Uncommon Thread, aiming to make socks, the most common items in people’s daily life, excelsior. STANCE’s Punk & Poets culture attracts a large number of sports stars and leaders in the fashion industry, and its major partners include NBA, MLB (American Major League Baseball), NCAA (National Collegiate Athletic Association) and Disney.”

Spatial Arrangement Although set in an urban context the building sits in the round as a sculptural object rather than an urban filler. This is exaggerated by having the building fenced off giving a campus setting.

Multi-storey open-plan floors are placed in a rectangular volume with a column grid as a spatial organizer. A large majority of the spaces are dedicated to the exhibition and the production process. Supporting spaces for the production process are placed on the exterior wall leaving the exhibition space and production line uninterrupted. Circulation space acts as the main divider to activities.

Physical Expression The placement of the building in its context and its expression give it a ‘sculptural object’ representation. The exterior of the building takes on an abstract expression of primary geometries, building elements, and minimalist expression. The external cladding acts as a barrier between the internal and the external of the building making this an internalized experience.

A basic concrete column and slab is used, with a metal cladding for the external walls. Service stairs are exposed to the front of the building and expressed as a sculptural element.

Architectural elements are abstracted to create an artistic expression of the industrial building and its corporate identity. As partly an art gallery, this expression is suitable, but it is not easily understood by the average layman what the corporate identity is.

FUTURE STITCH SMART FACTORY

ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS AS EXPRESSION OF IDENTITY

INDUSTRIAL BUILDING AS TYPE

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Image 3.7:Gläserne Manufaktur front perspective (HENN, 2001)

Image 3.8:Gläserne Manufaktur rear perspective (HENN, 2001)

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Image 3.9:Gläserne Manufaktur interior (HENN, 2001)

AIRPORT VALLEY BICYCLE MANUFACTURER

MAIN VEHICULAR MOVEMENT

SERVICE YARD

BACK EDGE

FRONTAL CONDITION

FRONTAL CONDITION

PUBLIC

Figure 3.8: Gläserne Manufaktur Urban Plan (HENN, 2001)

CAMPUS BUILDING

Architects: HENN Location: Dresden, DE Year: 2001 “With its Gläserne Manufaktur, Volkswagen became the first manufacturer to realise a production concept linking processes of classical industrial automobile production and fine craftsmanship... Gläserne Manufaktur is a place of transparency and dialogue and makes the experience of automotive production visible to the outside.”

Spatial Arrangement: Gläserne Manufaktur is in an urban context but sits in a park, isolating itself from the urban fabric. This gives the building a campus setting with the building sitting as an object in man -made green space.

Multi-storey open-plan floors are placed in a rectangular volume with the production process defining spatial arrangement. An emphasis on the production process’ external visibility is seen with the production process floor placed in the front of the building and highly visible from the main vehicular channel. Mezzanine floors and floor openings create transparency and visibility throughout the factory. The supporting spaces (such as vehicle storage, public entrance, offices) are placed in different buildings to and create a field with objects in it. Size of the objects give hierarchy.

Physical Expression: The main building composed of curtain panels and composite floors held up by a lightweight steel structure. The form is of fundamental geometric forms with a transparent material to provide visibility. The corporate identity is expressed through the visibility of the production process.

GLÄSERNE MANUFAKTUR

PRODUCTION PROCESS AS EXPRESSION OF IDENTITY

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SLIDING SHUTTERS USED TO FLEXIBLY CONTROL LEVELS OF PRIVACY

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Image 3.10:Substrate Factory Ayase front perspective (Archdaily, 2017)

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URBAN FILLER

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EXPRESSION RELATES TO CONTEXT BY MIMICKING SURROUNDING FORMS

CLERESTORY WINDOWS PROVIDE DAYLIGHT WHEN SHUTTERS ARE CLOSED

SLIDING WALLS CONTROL PRIVACY AND FUNCTION OF OPEN FLOOR CLOSED SHUTTERS PROVIDES PRIVACY

Figure 3.9: Substrate Factory Ayase Front (Archdaily, 2017)

Image 3.11:Substrate Factory Ayase Interior (Archdaily, 2017)

Architects: Aki Hamada Architects Location: Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan Year: 2017 “This is an extension to an existing circuit board factory located near Atsugi base. The first floor area, which had originally been planned as a workshop, was changed to be used as a showroom and a multi-purpose space for local community, and therefore versatility and openness were required.”

Spatial Arrangement The building situated in a dense urban setting and acts as an urban filler and a corner building.

There is clear interaction with the street as the building has transparent edges and movable screens allowing for a controlled visual and physical reciprocation of energy between the interior and the street.

Two-storey open-plan floors are placed in a rectangular volume with a focus on a multipurpose arrangement that caters for “multiple uses while providing adjustable spaces and programs following the active involvement of users”. Separation through the floor area is achieved by sliding walls.

Physical Expression This building is constructed of a timber frame structure with glazed external walls screened by movable metal cladding. The internal walls are sliding panels. This allows for a dynamic hierarchy externally and internally.

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KNOWLEDGE GAINED FROM PRECEDENT STUDIES

The case studies presented were chosen to explore the industrial building expression as a symbol for corporate identity, their location with regards to proximity to an urban fabric paying attention to placemaking, formal expression, and spatial layout.

The first precedent looks at a campus building located outside the urban settlement. Here the continuation of the land is used as a tool for form-making. The second precedent is a campus building located in an urban settlement which is semi-dense in terms of the built-up fabric. An artistic abstraction is used as a reference for the creation of formal expression. The third precedent, similar to the second precedent, is a campus building in a semi-dense urban settlement. The manufacturing process is used as the main driver for the building’s expression.

The fourth building is an urban filler, with its building edges defining the street. The material choices and the exposure of the internal spaces is the given formal expression.

Through these precedent studies, it can be observed that the difference between a campus building and an urban filler can play a major part in influencing the freedom of formal expression.

This is due to the proximity to other structures (contextual references) and whether the building is seen as a background or foreground building.

From observing the precedent studies, it is clear to see that, apart from making the production line visible to the exterior, expressing corporate identity and the industrial type through a building is a difficult task. This ends up with the interpreter/audience not knowing what the building is about just by looking at the formal expression.

This then brings about the opinion that it is better to put the focus that is placed into the creation of the formal expression of industrial type and corporate identity rather into spatial values that create a great environment for the primary and secondary users of the building. This can be done by incorporating human value sets and environmental conditioning in the building design.

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Figure 3.10: BicycleTypogram(Kuehn, n.d.)

HOW THE BICYCLE IS MANUFACTURED

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ABOUT THE BICYCLE

The modern bicycle can be traced from the 1890s (Made How, 2019). In the first half of the 20th century, stronger steel alloys allowed thinner frame tubing which made the bicycles lighter and faster. Derailleur gears were also developed, allowing smoother riding (Made How, 2019). The bicycle has gone through several minor iterations to be where it currently looks but the form hasn’t drastically deviated from what the 1890s bike looked like. (Made How, 2019) Bicycle parts are manufactured at a mass scale and are readily available from all parts of the world. It takes a massive amount of funding, research, and experience to make all the components on a bicycle in-house and still make the profit. Therefore, it makes sense as a bicycle company or factory to specialize in a single component such as frames and import the rest of the necessary components for assembly. This allows for the necessary time and quality to be placed on one or two of the components that are being manufactured. The rest of the components can be sourced from quality suppliers. (Benedict, 2012) To understand the manufacturing process taken by the bicycle, a look at the components that make up a bicycle will be analysed in terms of materials and manufacturing processes.

BICYCLE MANUFACTURING PROCESS Components and materials: The Frame, Forks, Stem, and seat post The most important part of the bicycle is the diamond-shaped frame, which links the components together in the proper geometric configuration. The frame provides strength and rigidity to the bicycle and largely determines the handling of the bicycle. The frame consists of the front and rear triangles, the front forming more of a quadrilateral of four tubes: the top, seat, down, and head tubes. The rear triangle consists of the chain-stays, seat stays, and rear wheel dropouts. Attached to the head tube at the front of the frame is the fork and steering tube.

(Made How, 2019) Early and common bicycles used steel, aluminium or a steel alloy as materials for the frame, fork, stem, and seat post. These parts are made from tubes and or collars which are welded, brazed or glued together. Modern bicycles tend to use composite materials such as carbon fibre which is stronger and lighter than steel. The carbon fibre production can be expensive therefore leading to it being mostly used in high end and specialized bicycles. (Benedict, 2012)

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STORAGE

CARBON FIBER SHEET Carbon fiber work should be done in an enclosed area to prevent fine carbon fiber dust escaping into the air as carbon fiber particles can be harmful.

STEEL PIPES

MILLING MACHINE TIP MITERING OF PIPES

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CROSS LAYERING Adds multi-directional strength

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HIGH HEAT WHILST IN NEGATIVE, VACUUMED MOULD APPLIED TO CURE CARBON FIBER

FRAME PARTS WELDED

Welding should be done in an enclosed area to protect against bright light and harmful fumes

CURED FORM FRAME PARTS MERGED TOGETHER WITH CARBON RESIN AND HEATED TO CURE. FINISHED FRAME SMOOTHED AND PREPPED FOR PAINTING

FRAME MANUFACTURING PROCESS

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SPRAY PAINT PROCESS

Figure 3.11: Bicycle Frame Production Process (Author, 2019)

WELDING PROCESS

CARBON FIBER MOULDING PROCESS

1718mm BANDSAW Used for cutting the pipes to required length

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AIR REGULATED PAINT BOOTH filtered air circulated whilst spraying and recirculated when curing the paint. Dust free enclosure needed.

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Image 3.12: Giant Factory, Taichung (Cycletips, 2015)

Image 3.13: Giant Factory, Taichung. Interior (Cycletips, 2015)

The pictures show examples of mass-production bicycle factories. Bicycle companies like Giant and Canyon manufacture and export bicycles worldwide. These bicycle factories are usually expansive buildings inside an enclosed campus space in the outskirts of urban settlements or industrial zones. Bicycle factories embody the form of a basic shed with a utilitarian industrial form with branding applied to the skin (decorated shed).

As indicated in the floor space diagram the bicycle factory will be made of several workspaces catering to different components of the bicycle. These components are then stored for shipping or put into the assembly line for complete bicycles. The floor diagram shows the spaces spread out in several buildings inside an industrial campus.

The factory building is typically made from large spanning, structural steel portal frame with standard cladding such as IBR sheeting. Lighting is either provided through skylights and or artificial lighting.

MASS PRODUCTION BICYCLE FACILITIES

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Image 3.14: Canyon Bikes Factory Interior (Kerton, 2016)

Image 3.16: Canyon Bikes Factory storage (Kerton, 2016)

Image 3.17: Canyon Bikes Factory front perspective (Kerton, 2016)

Image 3.15: Canyon Bikes Factory front entrance (Kerton, 2016)

Figure 3.12: Old Columbia Bicycle Factory Floor Diagram (Cycle Banter, 2010)

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Image 3.18: Real Bicycle Co. Interior (Bike Hub, 2018)

Image 3.19: Real Bicycle Co. (Bike Hub, 2018)

Image 3.20: Real Bicycle Co. (Bike Hub, 2018)

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REAL BICYCLE CO. MANUFACTURING FACILITY

Location: East London, Eastern Cape, South Africa

Real Bicycle Co. is a bicycle manufacturer in South Africa owned by Qhubeka Charity. The bicycle manufacturer currently produces one type of affordable commuter bicycle which is supposed to cater to a broader spectrum of bicycle users starting from children of 12 years and upwards (Bike Hub, 2018). The factory is on the outskirts of urban settlement and due to its utilitarian approach takes on the typology of a ‘basic shed’ (aesthetically fitting of a warehouse). The warehouse aesthetic fits its context as a rural industrial area where buildings sit as objects in an open field.

SECTION DIAGRAM SKETCH

The factory is housed in one large, open floor space where all the workspaces are concentrated under one shed. Each different work process has its demarcation on the production floor. Placing all the processes on one floor gives flexibility to the production. The mentioned spatial placement is possible due to the simplicity of the program. The bicycle manufacturer only manufactures one type of bicycle that does not require complex processes such as moulding carbon fibre.

The factory shed is made of structural steel framing and cladding in IBR sheeting. Lighting is provided through roof openings and translucent IBR panels on the facades which give diffused daylight lighting to the workspaces.

FLOOR PLAN SKETCH DIAGRAM

Figure 3.13: Real Bicycle Co. Section and Floor Diagram (Author, 2019)

Figure 3.14: Real Bicycle Co. Urban Plan (Author, 2019)

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SMALL SCALE BICYCLE MANUFACTURING FACILITIES

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CHAPTER SUMMARY

The main gist of this chapter was to understand the bicycle manufacturing facility as an industrial building type which in its core is a factory. The factory typology was analysed through its history to obtain an understanding of the components that make up a factory and the development of the industrial building expression. This analysis together with case studies that look at examples of factories in different environments creates a basis for industrial building design.

The expression of an industrial building is determined by corporate identity and values together with the location of the building (high public visibility or not).

Economic efficiency is a matter of concern when the functionality of the factory is regarded. This determines spatial layout and construction material choice.

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Image 3.21: Airport Valley Site (Author, 2019)

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ROADS AIRPORT INDUSTRIAL ZONES SITE CBD Figure 4.1: Port Elizabeth Map (Author, 2019) Image 4.1: Port Elizabeth Industrial area - late 1940’s (View from Above, 2019)

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The treatise project is set out in Port Elizabeth also known as Nelson Mandela Bay. Nelson Mandela Bay is a major seaport and automotive manufacturing center located on the southeastern coast of Africa. It is the economic powerhouse of the Eastern Cape Province and one of eight metropolitan areas in South Africa. Its boundaries are formed by Cassie Mountain View in the north, Cape Recife in the south, Sundays River Mouth in the east, and Van Stadens River Mouth in the west (Yes Media, 2019). Having modern industrial facilities can revive and/or preserve Port Elizabeth’s industrial heritage.

The project site is situated in Airport valley, part of Walmer Township, which is surrounded by an industrial zone on the east, residential suburbia on the North and Restricted Greenfield and airport space on the west and south of the township respectively. The project site benefits from being in an industrial zone and having high levels of national and local nodes including international status with the presence of the airport and harbor close by. As displayed on the map of Port Elizabeth, it is clear to see the immediate proximity of the chosen site with the Central Business District (CBD). However, the site remains segregated socially and economically.

The illustrations and dialogue in this chapter try to analyze and understand the site from a macro to a micro-scale. This, in turn, will help develop constraints and informants necessary to come up with a suitable design strategy.

Issues Facing the South African Cities The background discussion on the choice of site reveals several issues that South African cities face in general due to their inherent city planning. South African city planning has resulted in cities that are not well connected and have outer settlements that are highly segregated through social and economic barriers. These barriers result in cities that perform poorly in terms of living conditions (Dewar, n.d.). As the cities rapidly grow it is vital to ensure that they are conducive for good living. By giving more attention to the urban poor areas, an attempt can be made to enhance living conditions and productivity - Livable cities (Dewar, n.d.) Throughout the cities examined, Gqebera, a township in Walmer, is one of these urban poor areas.

Even though Gqebera is on the edges of urban settlement and has relatively close proximity to the central business district (CBD), it lacks in connectivity and permeability, ordering elements and place definers/character (placemaking).

What Makes ‘Livable Cities’?

From David Dewar’s writing (Dewar, n.d.) on City Planning theories, settlement performance is gauged by efficiency, sustainability, equity and social justice, integration, dignity, sense of place, sociability and privacy, safety and security and aesthetic appeal.

As the theories involving the performance of the city are expansive, only the easily accessible points that are relatable to this treatise will be discussed and analyzed; These being efficiency, sustainability, integration and sense of place.

Efficiency refers to minimizing energy utilized in the general settlement activities. This impacts on the urban structure and form as accommodation of reasonable ease of movement,

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Figure 4.2: What makes great places (Spaces, 2007) reduction of utility and waste infrastructure costs, and increase of convenience. (Dewar, n.d.)

Integration is a critical factor in South African towns where there is an overwhelming presence of sprawl, fragmentation, and separation. These factors create towns that have unevenly distributed social, economic, natural and cultural resources. (Dewar, n.d.)

Most settlements that are planned poorly tend to not have a sense of place or a clarity in character. This brings about an unpleasant monotony as there is no uniqueness and memorability. Contributing factors of sense of place include the appropriateness of the form of settlements to the landscape which it is part of, quality and coherence of the public spatial environment, hierarchy of public and private spaces, and the clarity or legibility of urban public structure. (Dewar, n.d.)

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WALMER

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Figure 4.3: Walmer Composite Map (Author, 2019)

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Figure 4.4: Walmer Composite Map Interpretation (Author, 2019) AIRPORT VALLEY BICYCLE MANUFACTURER

The following illustrations are composite maps showing energies that affect the selected site, on a macro and micro scale. From these illustrations, a conclusion of site constraints and informants can be expressed.

Urban Scale The first map shows an overview of Walmer. Baakens Valley borders the northern edge of Walmer with a protected green zone bordering the southern edge. These two natural features define the urban extents of Walmer on the northern and southern edges.

Heugh Road which connects Walmer to the coastline and the CBD runs adjacent to main Walmer from East to West. Walmer is highly connected with roads feeding onto Heugh Road and also the Airport which borders Walmer on the south-east.

The red border marks the Walmer Township called Gqebera. The selected site sits in the Gqebera precinct. Gqebera is constricted to the south with the protected green zone and the airport. The north of Gqebera is edged by the Walmer Suburbs, this border is well demarcated by the road and the abandoned Apple Express train station. Marked in orange are the industrial zones. One is on the west of the township and the latter finishing the edge of on the east side.

Gqebera Township makes for a great study point as it is relatively small and not as complex in terms of geography and population as compared to other townships in Port Elizabeth.

(Masifunde, 2016) After looking at the composite map, it is possible to pick up the main constraints and informants that affect the selected area and thus an interpretation of the findings can be established. The bottom map is a result of an interpretation of the previous composite map.

Here we can see how Walmer is backboned by a primary road (Heugh Road). The suburbia of Walmer is well linked by Heugh Road and this is a big definer of movement throughout the suburb. It is also clear to see How Gqebera township is not as well connected to Heugh Road and further fenced off by the Apple Express railway and its buffer zone (green space becomes a barrier as it does not speak of urban functionality and or integration). On the south of Gqebera are a protected green zone and a golf course on the western edge. The mentioned features form Gqebera’s boundaries. The mentioned features also act as barriers segregating the township from its surroundings.

CONTEXTUALIZING SITE THROUGH MAPS

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Figure 4.5: Gqebera Composite Map (Author, 2019) The criteria for site selection was informed by the sites’ viability as an industrial/commercial area with a possibility to investigate an industrial site’s capability to contribute towards an integration of the urban surroundings and defining public space. The map above shows five potential areas for site selection based on connectivity to movement/transport infrastructure, proximity to industrial facilities, institutional and commercial facilities, and public facilities.

From the map, it is easy to identify that there are several private and public facilities set out in the main part of the township which is on the West compared to Airport Valley informal settlements labeled on the East.

The validity of the potential sites is then analyzed to pick the position with the most impact towards achieving the set criteria.

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The first site is located on the western edge of Gqebera. This site comprises one of the few formal entries into Gqebera, an industrial zone, low-cost project housing (RDP) and informal settlements. Bordering the west of Gqebera is a private Golf Club/course.

1

Public Space is presented in the form of playgrounds in the middle of the RDP housing and the internal streets.

Connectivity is low as the planning or lack thereof gives single access points to most areas. This is further evident with the Industrial area offering no integration into the urban makeup.

The Industrial zone places itself in a campus-like condition with the industrial buildings fenced off.

Figure 4.6: Gqebera Site 1 (Author, 2019) The second site is on the second main entry into Gqebera by the North-Western edge. Here the main road acts as a spine for public institutional buildings (school, hospital, sports Centre), commercial buildings and residential buildings.

2

The effort to make public space is in the form of a sports center that is currently inactive. This site has the potential for intensification of build to line on the main road to create street conditions vital for public interaction (placemaking).

Figure 4.7: Gqebera Site 2 (Author, 2019)

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On the direct North Edge of Gqebera is the third potential area for site selection. The North of the boundary borders mixed residential and light industrial area. On the South of the border is an informal residential settlement (Airport Valley). In the middle sits a hospital and floodwater retention pond.

3

The Apple Express railway and its buffer zone create a barrier between the main Walmer and the Gqebera Township.

Figure 4.8: Gqebera Site 3 (Author, 2019) The fourth site is located in the heart of the Airport valley informal settlements. The area was a rubbish/refuse disposal area before it became informal settlements. The waste underground has created an issue of methane zones over a long period throughout the settlement. Building on sites with underground methane can be very problematic in terms of foundation stability and also hazardous to humans.

4

Figure 4.9: Gqebera Site 4 (Author, 2019)

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Figure 4.10: Airport Valley Composite Map (Author, 2019) The composite map above shows the selected site which best attained the site selection criteria and the level of connectivity from a precinct scale. From this illustration, it is clear to see how the site is the middle ground between three different economies: the Airport Valley informal settlement, The Industrial zone, and the Walmer suburbia. As having a border condition, the site has a chance to play the role of connector (socially and economically) and gateway to the Airport Valley Settlement.

The nodes indicated with yellow circles showcase the potential for urban intersections and connections points allowing for better flow through to the Airport Valley. These also play a big part in being significant points of transportation directly linked to the Airport Valley. This is vital as the center point of Airport Valley is further than 400m (recommended maximum walking distance from services such as transportation) away from any major service facilities (Global Designing Cities Initiative, 2016).

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AIRPORT VALLEY BICYCLE MANUFACTURER Figure 4.11: Airport Valley Municipal urban proposal Composite Map (Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality, 2013)

Shown on this map is the Nelson Mandela Bay Municipal’s urban proposal for Airport Valley. The scheme plans to formalize the precinct by replacing informal settlement with RDP housing, construct roads, provide civc facilities, and add service infrastructure (roads, electricity and water). The proposed plan can be analysed through different lenses to see how well it satisifys in the cleation of a good living space.

Ordered planning vs organic growth: The dense grain informal layout is replace with a loose grain, suburb like layout in the proposal. This would take away and the streets (living space for people) that exist and replace them with roads (pass through channels) that do not serve the cause of creating good living spaces. suburb vs dense urban housing Connectivity & Integration: There are two main entry roads into the proposed precinct. These do not allow for adequete connectivity and integration to the surrounding context; a major issue that is seen as detremental to the liveability of the precinct. The open land which is the selected site for the treatise is not catered for and underutilized in the proposed municipal plan.

Dealing with the existing: The proposed plan takes a harsh approach by demolishing existing informal settlements to replace with new structures. Relocating people can be politically and financially strenuous. Therefore a more sensitive approach should be formulated.

RESIDENTIAL 4 PUBLIC OPEN SPACE BUSINESS 1 COMMUNITY BOUNDARY OF REFUSE TIP

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Image 4.2: Gqebera (Author, 2019)

Image 4.3: Airport Valley street (Author, 2019)

Image 4.4: Airport Valley street (Author, 2019)

Image 4.5: Airport Valley View (Author, 2019)

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Industrial Zone

49 CHIPOSI F. SINALO Figure 4.12: Treatise site Short section (Author, 2019)

AIRPORT VALLEY BICYCLE MANUFACTURER

Image 4.6: Gqebera (Author, 2019)

Image 4.7: Gqebera (Author, 2019)

Image 4.8: Airport Valley (Author, 2019)

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Figure 4.13: Airport Valley Constrints and informants (Author, 2019) The map above is a continuation of the previous map (fig 4.4) further distilling the information displayed on the previous map. The map emphasises the factors to be considered in analyzing the Airport Valley urban makeup. Marked in with the zig-zag lines are the forms that can be read as barriers. These being the railway line and its buffer zone. With this being the lowest point in the settlement, it faces seasonal flooding. The second barrier is the row of RDP housing on the east edge which creates a poorly defined urban edge. It is clear to see that although a naturally dense settlement is observed, it has no formal urban edges and gateways.

The illustration also looks at trying to find order in the erratic settlements by analyzing the energy concentration in the streets together with some potential urban internal conditions. These two factors start to understand the order that is presented in such a ‘chaotic’ fabric.

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Figure 4.14: Airport Valley Constrints and informants interpretation (Author, 2019) A synthesis of the constraints and informants is compiled in the diagram above. These constraint and informants include: Undefined settlement edges Non-functional green zone, Lack of hierarchy in and or public spaces Lack of integration Underutilized open spaces (green zones and open land which is the treatise site that is currently used as a construction dump site) Ill-defined urban street edges

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Figure 4.16: Airport Valley Site Constrints and informants iagram (Author, 2019)

D PR FLOO ONE Z ONE

Figure 4.15: Airport Valley Constrints and informants response (Author, 2019)

Through the interpretation of the constraints and informants obtained, an urban response guideline can be proposed. The guideline drives the urban design intentions which directly react to the issues raised. As the site has specific and unique traits, the urban guideline is tailored to respond to the needs of the context.

The urban response intends to firstly address and define the North and Eastern edges of the Airport Valley Informal Settlement. The edges of the Walmer Suburbia and Industrial zone to the North and the East, respectively, are also addressed to create street conditions.

Secondly, permeability is also addressed by highlighting the high energy points in most used movement channels. This goes with the motive of creating streets and public spaces that people can live on. By intensifying specific areas, a hierarchy of public space can be established thus creating an organized quality of space and legibility.

After that, the North edge of Airport Valley is which is demarcated by an inactive railway line and a green zone is considered to introduce a functional green lung/corridor with floodwater mitigation features.

Lastly, it has to be realized that the proposed site is currently a large unused field that has the potential to be a gateway to Airport Valley and also a middle point between three different socioeconomic zones (Suburbia, Industrial Zone and Informal settlements).

After analyzing the previous maps, the information is taken and used to create a diagram of constraints and informants at a micro-scale. The site design drivers will be formed from this generated diagram.

The first constraint to realize is that Airport Valley suffers from occasional flooding. The highly affected zone is marked in blue; this happens to be the lowest point. The design will have to deal with water control around the site to mitigate the flooding condition. The second constraint is realizing that the site is on a potentially crucial middle ground with three social-economic zones and has the potential of being a social-economic integrator.

Simultaneously the architecture placed on the site has to deal with the different edge conditions.

These being the hard edge that faces vehicular movement, the soft edges of pedestrian movement and finally, the edge neighboring an unsightly refuse exchange point.

Refuse Exchange

CAMPUS BUILDING VS

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CHAPTER SUMMARY

This chapter has gone through the contextual research for the treatise. By investigating the physical and spatial makeup of the context within several scales ranging from metropolitan scale down to site-scale an acknowledgment of site conditions can be established. This process derives site-based design drivers.

The first insight is that Port Elizabeth town planning has created cities that have highly segregated urban zones and not as well integrated surrounding townships. In contributing spatially to the urban fabric of South Africa it is vital to understand how these segregated zones can be better considered and integrated into an urban landscape. This led to understanding ways in which industrial and commercial urban spaces can be integrated into the isolated zones using intermediate spaces as a link. This led to looking at Gqebera Township, as a basing precinct as it reflects the issues of urban, social and economic segregation.

Understanding the texture of the site and reading it to obtain constraints and informants created a basis for a design suitable for the given context. The design drivers derived from the constraints and informants presented on the mapping in this chapter can be summarized as: Creating physical and social-economic connection and integration. This looks at how the Industrial and commercial architecture can set itself to create a positive connection to its urban surroundings.

Creating Identity/character through placemaking. The methods selected to do this include finding and establishing order and hierarchy in public spaces and defining better town edges that contribute positively to the urban landscape. Through the understanding of the site as a potential gateway to Gqebera brings forward a further method of placemaking which is defining suitable gateway and correctly scaled middle ground or common space that acknowledges residential, commercial and industrial edges - Space linked by common space (Ching, 2014).

Refuse Exchange

55 CHIPOSI F. SINALO Figure 4.17: Treatise site Long Section (Author, 2019)

site

AIRPORT VALLEY BICYCLE MANUFACTURER

Rail line

Walmer Suburbia

UNDERSTANDING SITE

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DESIGN INTERVENTION

The first part of this document included the Introduction, Theories and Principles, Industrial Building typology, and Site. These chapters build up the background discussion and thoughts relating to The Design of a Bicycle Factory in Airport Valley in Walmer Township. The design development then follows in Part 02.

PART [02]

Design Intervention

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Figure 5.1: DLALA Logo design (Author, 2019) 59

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DESIGN BRIEF

Background

Qhubeka, which translates “to progress”, “to move forward”, is a charity organization founded in 2005. The organization builds and supplies affordable commuter bicycles to schools and communities to assist people in achieving things that are difficult to do without the appropriate transportation, such as fetching supplies, traveling to school or work, visiting a clinic, or providing emergency help after a disaster. “A bicycle is a tool that helps people move forward”.

Currently, Qhubeka manufactures its affordable bicycle range through its offspring company Real Bicycle Co. (RBC) which currently operates from East London, Eastern Cape, South Africa. In efforts to “reshore” South Africa’s bicycle manufacturing history, RBC uses local materials, skills, and labour, and maintains control of the entire parts supply chain. With the current success of RBC, Qhubeka is set to broaden its bicycle user group by setting up a manufacturing facility in Port Elizabeth (the Industrial heart of South Africa) that will produce a new range of bicycles targeting professional athletes and sports enthusiasts.

This new range of bicycles will be manufactured by a recently registered off-spring company named DLALA which stands for “play”. DLALA continues the pursuit to “reshore” South Africa’s bicycle manufacturing history by entering into South Africa’s well-established bicycle market (sporting). The DLALA range of bicycles aims at: - creating high-performance bicycles whilst maintaining reliability - working with athletes and sports enthusiast to make bespoke bicycles - improving component spec for South African climate and terrain - using locally sourced materials, both raw and finished in a sustainable and eco-friendly manner - designing bicycle components for local manufacture, to improve service life and create jobs - meeting requirements for South African certificate of origination - reaching out to a new client base whilst maintaining its commitment to community outreach Aim This treatise aims to design a bicycle manufacturer in Airport Valley, Walmer. The design of the bicycle factory will understand that the site has the potential for being a connector and gateway and thus integrating and improving the quality of the urban landscape.

Client The hypothetical client for this project is a south African based bicycle manufacturer specialized in high-end, bespoke sports bicycles. The manufacturer will produce once-off sports bikes for its VIP client list whilst also producing a value commuter bicycle that intends to promote bicycle transportation as an alternative to motor vehicle transportation.

Values Being a 21st-century company, sustainability and social responsibility become important values.

This comes in realizing that there is value in going further than just profit. The company’s image should reflect these values through the building.

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Figure 5.2: Program (Author, 2019) 61

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ACCOMMODATION SCHEDULE 4871m2

Factory Floor Shipping & Receiving

400m2

Materials & part storage

385m2 1200m2

CNC Machines Carbon Fibre workshop

200m2

Machine Shop

160m2

Purpose Multi-tools

450m2

Washing Tanks

200m2

Welding Booths

150m2

Frame adjustment area

128m2

Sand blasting

120m2

Painting

128m2

Wheel Building

150m2

Assembly

300m2

Packaging

400m2

Production storage

500m2

Offices

680m2

Design Studio

250m2

Admin Offices

120m2

Staff Lounge

50m2

Conference Room

12m2

General Storage

25m2

Multipurpose room

60m2

Cafeteria

400m2

Factory Shop

300m2

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Figure 5.3: 3D of Urban response (Author, 2019)

CONSOLIDATION OF PROGRAMS LIC

PUB

PRIVATE

PRIVACY GRADIENT

PERFORATED URBAN EDGES TO CREATE CONNECTION AND INTEGRATION

ROOF AS RAISED GROUND

URBAN EDGE FILLER VS SCULPTURAL OBJECTS IN A FIELD OR PLANE INTEGRATION

PRIMARY GATEWAY

G

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AV E

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A

ER

EB

GQ

Figure 5.4: Urban response (Author, 2019) The Urban Strategy takes on the key issues discussed in the chapter on site and translates them into an urban design guideline. The proposed urban design guidelines are as shown in the illustrations above and the previous page.

Edge Defining: Densification of the precinct boundaries allows for a clear definition of public space and allows for the built areas to interact with the defined public spaces.

Connectivity: by perforating the precinct at key points, connection and integration can be achieved.

Place making: with the use of urban gateways, city squares and nodal points such as public/civic buildings to create a place, with people living out into the public space, gives the Airport Valley precinct character.

URBAN RESPONSE

Urban Response

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Image 5.1: Conceptual Form 1 (Author, 2019)

Image 5.2: Conceptual Form 2 (Author, 2019)

Image 5.3: Conceptual Form 3 (Author, 2019)

Concept 1

Concept 2

Concept 3

This exploratory form sees the factory as a building with a complementing man-made landscape. The concept brings forward two objects achieving two separate tasks and therefore, speak of two separate design languages.

This concept explores the merging of the two elements presented in Concept 1.

Here the factory building continues the form of the landscape, merging as one.

Concept 3 is a play on an uninterrupted man-made landscape. Here the landscape is raised as needed to provide internal space underneath.

The concept can also be viewed alternatively as the landscape opening to form building.

The lack of interruptions to the surface allows for flexibility to allow multiple activities to occur on the landscape.

Figure 5.5: response to context (Author, 2019)

FORMAL RESPONSE TO CONTEXT

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Image 5.4: Conceptual Form 4 (Author, 2019)

Image 5.5: Conceptual Form 5 (Author, 2019)

The two models above explore building edge defining concepts, Sharp corners bring an immediacy to the movement and are one being curvilinear and the other rectilinear. more directional. It is easier to establish a sense of hierarchy The curvilinear lines concept gradually flow from one end to the within the given edges and corners. next. This is mostly found in nature. This concept talks more about landscape rather than building.

This concept speaks more of man-made. Straight lines are easier to achieve in construction due to the nature of the materials used. This concept, therefore, speaks more towards being a standard building.

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

Design Development

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Figure 5.6: Technical Concept (Author, 2019)

ENGINEERED TIMBER BOARD PLATFORM

ENGINEERED TIMBER STRUCTURE PEDESTRIAN MOVEMENT

SHIPPING/SUPPLY DESIGN/OFFICE PRODUCTION FLOOR FACTORY SHOP

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Figure 5.7: Design Concept (Author, 2019)

SKYLIGHT AS FORMAL PATTERN CREATING OBJECTS ON A PLANE (ROOF)

SKATEPARK ELEMENTS AS SKYLIGHTS

BICYCLE T

RAC K

THR OUG H

PLA Y-S C

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RES

IDE

PED

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URB AN

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CORMMERCIAL EDGE

DENSE RESIDENTIAL

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L IA RC DGE E M E RM ET CO RE T S

EST T

FINAL DESIGN CONCEPT

Final Design Concept

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AIRPORT VALLEY BICYCLE MANUFACTURER Image 5.6: Frontal Perspective of Building (Author, 2019)

ROOF AS PLAYSCAPE

STRUCTURE Mass Timber system

CLADDING

THERMAL COMFORT

OFFICES (DESIGN/ADMIN)

PROGRAM

ENTRANCE FOYER MAIN PRODUCTION CAFETERIA BESPOKE PRODUCTION STORAGE / IMPORT / EXPORT ATHLETE & BICYCLE TESTING CENTRE

Image 5.7: Urban Frontal Perspective (Author, 2019)

Figure 5.8: Urban Site Plan (Author, 2019)

FINAL DESIGN URBAN//SITE PLAN | SITE AS INTERMEDIATE // PLAYSCAPE

Final Design

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Image 5.8: Roof Playscape Perspective (Author, 2019)

Image 5.9: Factory Shop (Author, 2019)

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KEY 1 Entrance Foyer 2 Cafeteria/Restaurant 3 Factory Shop 4 Bespoke bicycle production 5 Mass bicycle production 6 Shipping/Assembly First Floor Mezzanine Office

7 Bicycle/Athlete testing centre 8 Courtyard 9 Sotrage

8

7 9

4

A 3 1 B

B 2

5

6 Figure 5.9: North Elevation and Floor Plans (Author, 2019)

9

9

9

9 A Ground Floor

North Elevation

Final Design

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TECHNICAL DRAWINGS 1

HANOVER PREST PAVERS ON HIGH-TAB PEDESTALS

HIGHLOAD EXTRUDED POLYSTRENE INSULATION CROSS LAMINATED TIMBER ROOF

GLULAM BEAMS WITH CONCEALED BEAM HANGER CONNECTIONS

CLT FLOOR HANG FROM GLULAM BUILDING STRUCTURE BY HIGH STRENGTH STEEL TENSION RODS

GLULAM COLUMN BOLTED TO WEATHERPROOF COATED STEEL KNIFE PLATE BASE CONNECTOR BOLTED TO ANCHORS SET IN IN-SITU CONCRETET

Figure 5.10: Detail Drawings and Section (Author, 2019)

CROSS SECTION A-A

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2

3

2

3

1

Final Design

EAST ELEVATION

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CROSS SECTION B-B

Figure 5.11: Long Section B-B (Author, 2019)

CROSS SECTION A-A

Figure 5.12: Urban Cross Section A-A (Author, 2019)

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ROOF AS PLAYSCAPE

CLADDING

THERMAL COMFORT

OFFICES (DESIGN/ADMIN)

PROGRAM

ENTRANCE FOYER MAIN PRODUCTION CAFETERIA BESPOKE PRODUCTION STORAGE / IMPORT / EXPORT ATHLETE & BICYCLE TESTING CENTRE

Final Design

2019

Figure 5.13: Exploded Axonometric of Building systems (Author, 2019)

STRUCTURE Mass Timber system

76

Image 5.10: Physical Model Overview (Author, 2019)

Image 5.11: Final Portfolio Exams Presentation(Author, 2019)

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Image 5.12: Physical Model Front Entrance (Author, 2019) Image 5.13: Physical Model Front Top View (Author, 2019)

Final Design

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Image 5.14: Mass Bicycle Production Facility (Author, 2019)

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Image 5.15: Entrance Foyer (Author, 2019)

Image 5.16: Mezzanine Office (Author, 2019)

Image 5.17: Rear Perspective (Author, 2019)

Final Design

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Image 5.18: Perspective detail of Flashing with ventilation slits (Author, 2019)

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The design of a bicycle manufacturer, in Airport Valley, Gqebera Township, Walmer, explores the potential for industrial areas to contribute positively to their surrounding urban landscape with a focus on the ‘urban poor’ environments.

On an urban scale, the project stands as a gateway, and urban playscape to Airport Valley which is an informal settlement, surrounded by industrial, commercial, and suburb areas which pose as barriers instead of connectors to social and economic opportunities.

The design plays on the concept of the roof as a ‘walkable continuation of landscape’ whilst dealing with a contrast of privacy and openness. As the design is of a an industrial building, materials that have the potential to enhance the working environment are explored whilst realizing the need for the materials to be economical and yield a return on investement.

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Bell-Reim, L., 2018. Design for Wellness in the Workplace. [Online] Available at: https://www.interiorsandsources.com/article-details/articleid/22075/title/designingworkplace-wellness [Accessed 18 June 2019].

Bike Hub, 2018. Real Bicycle Company ramping up production in South Africa. [Online] Available at: https://www.bikehub.co.za/features/_/news/industry-news/real-bicycle-companyramping-up-production-in-south-africa-r7621 [Accessed 12 June 2019].

Borden, I. & Ray, K. R., 2006. The Dissertation: An Architecture Student’s Handbook. 2nd ed.

Oxford: Architectural Press.

Broadbent, G., 1977. A Plain Man’s Guide to the Theory of Signs in Architecture. In: K. Nesbitt, ed.

Theorizing a New Agenda in Architecture: An Anthology of architectural Theory 1965 - 1995. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, pp. 122-140.

Center for Climate and Energy Solutions, 2019. Global Emissions. [Online] Available at: https://www.c2es.org/content/international-emissions/ [Accessed 5 March 2019].

Cheng, R., Tripeny, P. J. & Meeting, A. o. C. S. o. A. A., 2006. Pragmatic Modernism. In: M. Sabini, ed. Getting Real: Design Ethos Now. Washington, DC: Association of College Schools of Architecture, pp. 425-432.

Deleuze, G. & Félix, G., 2004. A thousand plateaus: capitalism and schizophrenia. 18th ed.

London: Continuum.

Department of Transport Land Transport Directorate, 1982. Manual for the Planning and Design of Bicycle Facilities in Urban Areas, s.l.: Department of Transport Land Transport Directorate.

Droege, P., 2012. Cities and Urban Architecture: Home of The Fourth Industrial Revolution. In: G. C. Crysler, S. Cairns & S. Heynen, eds. The SAGE Handbook of Architectural Theory. London: SAGE Publications Ltd, pp. 599-600.

Encyclopædia Britannica, 2019. Semiotics. [Online] Available at: https://www.britannica.com/science/semiotics [Accessed 8 May 2019].

Fleming, S., 2013. Toward Cycle Cities: How Architects Must Make Bikes Their Guiding Inspiration.

[Online] Available at: https://www.archdaily.com/429945/toward-cycle-cities-how-architects-must-makebikes-their-guiding-inspiration [Accessed 23 April 2019].

Gilbert, V., Kiss, S., Nagy, G. & O’Neill, M., 2015. Workplace Design for Well-being.

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Grube, O. W., 1971. Industrial Buildings and factory. London: The Architectural Press.

HENN, 2001. Gläserne Manufaktur. [Online] Available at: http://www.henn.com/en/projects/industry/glaserne-manufaktur [Accessed 25 August 2019].

Jevremovic, L., Jordanovic, M. & Vasic, M., 2012. Aesthetics of Industrial Architecture in the Context of Industrial Buildings Conversion. Serbia, IV INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM FOR STUDENTS OF DOCTORAL STUDIES IN THE FIELDS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION. Kerton, S., 2016. Canyon Bikes: Behind the website. [Online] Available at: https://road.cc/content/news/188402-canyon-bikes-behind-website [Accessed 23 August 2019].

Kuehn, A., n.d. BICYCLE TYPOGRAM. [Online] Available at: http://aaronkuehn.com/art/bicycle-typogram [Accessed 12 August 2019].

Le Corbusier, 1986. In: Towards a new architecture. New York: Dover Publication, p. 107.

Made How, 2019. Bicyle. [Online] Available at: http://www.madehow.com/Volume-2/Bicycle.html [Accessed 10 June 2019].

Mallgrave, H. F. & Goodman, D., 2011. An Introduction to Architectural Theory: 1968 to Present.

Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.

Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality, 2013. Propozed Rezoning & Subdivision of Erf 1935 Aiport Valley - Walmer. [Online] Available at: https://www.nelsonmandelabay.gov.za/Documents.aspx?pageID=208 [Accessed 15 August 2019].

Nelson, G., 1939. Industrial Architecture of Albert Kahn. New York: Architectural Book Publishing Company.

Nsengimana, J. P., 2019. Forbes. [Online] Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/startupnationcentral/2018/10/10/how-africa-wins-the4th-industrial-revolution/#42379d352f37 [Accessed 5 March 2019].

Sawe, B. E., 2019. Biggest Cities In South Africa. [Online] Available at: https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/biggest-cities-in-south-africa.html Spaces, P. f. P., 2007. “What Is Placemaking?”. [Online] Available at: https://www.pps.org/article/what-is-placemaking [Accessed 21 August 2019].

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The Funambulist, n.d. PHILOSOPHY: PROCESSES OF SMOOTHING AND STRIATION OF SPACE IN URBAN WARFARE. [Online] Available at: https://thefunambulist.net/architectural-projects/philosophy-processes-ofsmoothing-and-striation-of-space-in-urban-warfare [Accessed 17 June 2019].

Twombly, R., 2003. Louis Kahn: Essential Texts. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. United Nations, n.d. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs: Population Devision. [Online] Available at: http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/theme/urbanization/index. shtml [Accessed 5 March 2019].

University of Southern California, 2019. USC Libraries: Research Guides. [Online] Available at: https://libguides.usc.edu/writingguide [Accessed 28 February 2019].

Van Eyck, A., 1997. 1962 Team 10 Primer. In: C. Jencks & K. Kropf, eds. Theories and Manifestoes of Contemporary Architecture. West Sussex: Academy Editions, pp. 27-29.

Verbruggen, S., 2014. Poiesis or Semiosis in Architecturfal Design Practice. 4th International Conference on Architectural Research by Design, Proceedings, 8 June, p. 9.

Walters, J., 2014. Public Transportation Policy Implementation in South Africa: quo vardis.

Transport and Supply Chain Management, 8(1), pp. 1-10.

Wiki, D. B., 2017. Industrial Building. [Online] Available at: https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Industrial_building [Accessed 2 April 2019].

Yspeert, H., 2018. The Design of a Eucalyptus Furniture Manufacturing Facility in Hogsback, Eastern Cape. Port Elizabeth: Nelson Mandela University.

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LIST OF IMAGES

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Image 1.1: Image of factory roof (Author, 2019)

1

Image 3.1: Image of factory roof, Airport Valley, Walmer (Author, 2019)

9

Image 3.2:The Macallan New Distillery front entrance (Archdaily, 2018)

15

Image 3.3:The Macallan New Distillery site plan (Archdaily, 2018)

15

Image 3.4:The Macallan New Distillery overview (Archdaily, 2018)

16

Image 3.5:The Macallan New Distillery public interior (Archdaily, 2018)

18

Image 3.6:FUTURE STITCH Smart Factory front perspective (Archdaily, 2018)

19

Image 3.8:Gläserne Manufaktur rear perspective (HENN, 2001)

21

Image 3.7:Gläserne Manufaktur front perspective (HENN, 2001)

21

Image 3.9:Gläserne Manufaktur interior (HENN, 2001)

21

Image 3.10:Substrate Factory Ayase front perspective (Archdaily, 2017)

23

Image 3.11:Substrate Factory Ayase Interior (Archdaily, 2017)

24

Image 3.12: Giant Factory, Taichung (Cycletips, 2015)

31

Image 3.13: Giant Factory, Taichung. Interior (Cycletips, 2015)

31

Image 3.14: Canyon Bikes Factory Interior (Kerton, 2016)

32

Image 3.15: Canyon Bikes Factory front entrance (Kerton, 2016)

32

Image 3.16: Canyon Bikes Factory storage (Kerton, 2016)

32

Image 3.17: Canyon Bikes Factory front perspective (Kerton, 2016)

32

Image 3.19: Real Bicycle Co. (Bike Hub, 2018)

33

Image 3.18: Real Bicycle Co. Interior (Bike Hub, 2018)

33

Image 3.20: Real Bicycle Co. (Bike Hub, 2018)

33

Image 3.21: Airport Valley Site (Author, 2019)

36

Image 4.1: Port Elizabeth Industrial area - late 1940’s (View from Above, 2019)

37

Image 4.2: Gqebera (Author, 2019)

49

Image 4.4: Airport Valley street (Author, 2019)

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Image 4.5: Airport Valley View (Author, 2019)

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Image 4.3: Airport Valley street (Author, 2019)

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Image 4.6: Gqebera (Author, 2019)

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Image 4.7: Gqebera (Author, 2019)

50

Image 4.8: Airport Valley (Author, 2019)

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Image 5.1: Conceptual Form 1 (Author, 2019)

65

Image 5.2: Conceptual Form 2 (Author, 2019)

65

Image 5.3: Conceptual Form 3 (Author, 2019)

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Image 5.4: Conceptual Form 4 (Author, 2019)

66

Image 5.5: Conceptual Form 5 (Author, 2019)

66

Image 5.6: Frontal Perspective of Building (Author, 2019)

69

Image 5.7: Urban Frontal Perspective (Author, 2019)

70

Image 5.8: Roof Playscape Perspective (Author, 2019)

71

Image 5.9: Factory Shop (Author, 2019)

71

Image 5.10: Physical Model Overview (Author, 2019)

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Image 5.11: Final Portfolio Exams Presentation(Author, 2019)

77

Image 5.12: Physical Model Front Entrance (Author, 2019)

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Image 5.13: Physical Model Front Top View (Author, 2019)

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Image 5.14: Mass Bicycle Production Facility (Author, 2019)

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Image 5.15: Entrance Foyer (Author, 2019)

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Image 5.17: Rear Perspective (Author, 2019)

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Image 5.16: Mezzanine Office (Author, 2019)

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Image 5.18: Perspective detail of Flashing with ventilation slits (Author, 2019)

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List of Images

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LIST OF FIGURES

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Figure 2.1: Visual overview of chapter (Author, 2019)

5

Figure 2.2: Transition of Indusrial building (Author, 2019)

8

Figure 3.1: Industrial Building Historic Timeline (Author, 2019)

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Figure 3.2: Industrial Building summary (Author, 2019)

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Figure 3.4: The Macallan New Distillery Floor Plan (Archdaily, 2018)

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Figure 3.3: The Macallan New Distillery Cross Section (Archdaily, 2018)

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Figure 3.5: FUTURE STITCH Smart Factory overhead view (Author, 2018)

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Figure 3.6: FUTURE STITCH Smart Factory Urban Plan (Archdaily, 2018)

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Figure 3.7: FUTURE STITCH Smart Factory section and floor plan (Archdaily, 2018)

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Figure 3.8: Gläserne Manufaktur Urban Plan (HENN, 2001)

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Figure 3.9: Substrate Factory Ayase Front (Archdaily, 2017)

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Figure 3.10: BicycleTypogram(Kuehn, n.d.)

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Figure 3.11: Bicycle Frame Production Process (Author, 2019)

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Figure 3.12: Old Columbia Bicycle Factory Floor Diagram (Cycle Banter, 2010)

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Figure 3.14: Real Bicycle Co. Urban Plan (Author, 2019)

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Figure 3.13: Real Bicycle Co. Section and Floor Diagram (Author, 2019)

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Figure 4.1: Port Elizabeth Map (Author, 2019)

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Figure 4.2: What makes great places (Spaces, 2007)

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Figure 4.4: Walmer Composite Map Interpretation (Author, 2019)

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Figure 4.3: Walmer Composite Map (Author, 2019)

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Figure 4.5: Gqebera Composite Map (Author, 2019)

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Figure 4.6: Gqebera Site 1 (Author, 2019)

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Figure 4.7: Gqebera Site 2 (Author, 2019)

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Figure 4.8: Gqebera Site 3 (Author, 2019)

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Figure 4.9: Gqebera Site 4 (Author, 2019)

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Figure 4.10: Airport Valley Composite Map (Author, 2019)

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Figure 4.11: Airport Valley Municipal urban proposal Composite Map (Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality, 2013)

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Figure 4.12: Treatise site Short section (Author, 2019)

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Figure 4.13: Airport Valley Constrints and informants (Author, 2019)

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Figure 4.14: Airport Valley Constrints and informants interpretation (Author, 2019)

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Figure 4.15: Airport Valley Constrints and informants response (Author, 2019)

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Figure 4.16: Airport Valley Site Constrints and informants iagram (Author, 2019)

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Figure 4.17: Treatise site Long Section (Author, 2019)

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Figure 5.1: DLALA Logo design (Author, 2019)

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Figure 5.2: Program (Author, 2019)

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Figure 5.3: 3D of Urban response (Author, 2019)

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Figure 5.4: Urban response (Author, 2019)

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Figure 5.5: response to context (Author, 2019)

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Figure 5.6: Technical Concept (Author, 2019)

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Figure 5.7: Design Concept (Author, 2019)

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Figure 5.8: Urban Site Plan (Author, 2019)

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Figure 5.9: North Elevation and Floor Plans (Author, 2019)

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Figure 5.10: Detail Drawings and Section (Author, 2019)

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Figure 5.11: Long Section B-B (Author, 2019)

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Figure 5.12: Urban Cross Section A-A (Author, 2019)

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Figure 5.13: Exploded Axonometric of Building systems (Author, 2019)

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List of Figures

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