7. APPENDICES Appendix A. Geology Files Appendix B. Case Study Surveys Appendix C. Figure Reference Appendix D. Bibliography

7. APPENDICES

Appendix A. Geology Files Appendix B. Case Study Surveys Appendix C. Image Reference Appendix D. Bibliography page 25

page 27

page 32

page 34

Appendix A. Geology Files

Borehole From nearest drilling [2.B.1]

Borehole From nearest drilling [2.B.1]

Appendix B. Case Study Surveys Categories: Above Ground Conservation, Strata Building Typologies

CONSERVATION/RE-USE OF RUIN:

Name: Kalø Tower Visitor Access Architects/Designers/Engineers: MAP Architects + MAST Studio Client: Danish Ministry Of The Environment Location: Mols Bjerge National Park, Denmark Year: 1313 (original), 2016 Height/depth: 17.5 m Ventilation Type: open-air Lighting: Natural Area: tower: 145 sqm stair in tower: 38 sqm Access/Entry: Open entry

CONSERVATION/RE-USE OF RUIN:

Name: Landschaftspark Duisburg Nord Architects/Designers/Engineers: Latz + Partner Client: Stadt Duisburg/ Landesentwicklungsgesellschaft NRW Location: Duisburg, Germany Year: 2002 Area: 230 hectares Access/Entry: Park Entrance Program: leisure, event venue, recreational facilities

STRATA-HYBRID

Name: Glasgow Subway Client: Glasgow District Subway Company Location: Glasgow City Centre Year: 1896 (opened) Ventilation Type: Hybrid Length of Tunnel: 10 km Access/Entry: ticketed Program: City Rail Transport

Mural by Alasdair Gray in Hillhead Subway Station

STRATA-SHALLOW

Name: Shaanxi Yao Dong Architects/Designers/Engineers: Vernacular Unknown Location: Unknown, Shaanxi, China Depth: ~4-10 m underground Ventilation Type: Natural, Courtyard Lighting: National Rural grid, Generator for emergency Access/Entry: Open access from ground level into sunken court Program: Housing

Aerial view of an earth shelter neighborhood in Lian Jiazhuang, Shanxi Province, NW China

STRATA-MEDIUM

Name: London Deep Tunnel Air Raid Shelter Consulting Engineers: W.T. Halcrow & Partners Client: UK Government, London Underground Location: London, UK Year: 1940 Depth: >100 ft/ 30.5 m underground Ventilation Type: Lighting: full lighting, dimmed lighting (for sleeping), quarter/emergency lighting Access/Entry: Vertical stair and lift shafts Program: Originally for use as air raid shelters, today one of these abandoned structures houses the world’s first underground farm.

Section of double-decker air raid shelter tunnel

Appendix C. Figure Reference

Unless otherwise noted, case study images come from the same source as the text

Cover: Own Photographs

1. Intro

[figure 1.1] – Own Parti Drawing

2. SITE ANALYSIS/FEASIBILITY STUDY

[figure 2.A.1] – David Narro Associates, Page/Park. (2018, June). Site Plan: Risk Assessment of the Impact of Collapse and Falling Debris(18.0649-SK03) [Planning Submission Drawing]. Glasgow School of Art Mackintosh Building. [figure 2.A.2] – David Narro Associates, Page/Park. (2018, June). Phase 1 Making Safe: North Elevation (18.0649-SK15) [Planning Submission Drawing]. GSA Mackintosh Reconstruction. [figure 2.A.3] – David Narro Associates, Page/Park. (2018, June). Phase 1 Making Safe: South Elevation(18.0649-SK15) [Planning Submission Drawing]. GSA Mackintosh Reconstruction. [figure 2.A.4] – David Narro Associates, Page/Park. (2018, June). Phase 1 Making Safe: East Elevation(18.0649-SK16) [Planning Submission Drawing]. GSA Mackintosh Reconstruction. [figure 2.A.5] – David Narro Associates, Page/Park. (2018, June). Phase 1 Making Safe: West Elevation(18.0649-SK19) [Planning Submission Drawing]. GSA Mackintosh Reconstruction. [figure 2.B.0] – Air-raid shelter straicase phtotograph - https://www.subbrit.org.uk/features/ deep-level-shelters-in-london/. [figure 2.B.1] – Glasgow Drumlins Urban Structure Diagram [figure 2.B.2] – Borehole location diagram [2.B.2] [figure 2.B.3] – Diagram of Garnethill soil composition from borehole data [2.B.2] [figure 2.B.4] – Cut-and-Cover Diagram - Own Work [figure 2.B.5] – Figure 5 from bibliography reference 2.B.4 [figure 2.B.6] – MONA Photograph - Taken by Edris Goubin-L’Azou [figure 2.B.8] – Ground Freezing Process- from reference [2.B.8]

3. CASE STUDIES: RUIN, PARTIAL/HYBRID, SHALLOW, MEDIUM, DEEP, EXTREMELY DEEP

[figures 3.1, 3.2] – Kalø Tower Visitor Access, ArchDaily.com [figure 3.3] – Landschaftspark Duisburg Nord, http://landezine.com/index.php/2011/08/postindustrial-landscape-architecture [figure 3.4] – Glasgow Subway St Enoch Station Renovation Section https://ahr-global.com/StEnoch-Station [figure 3.5] – Glasgow Subway St Enoch Station original construction Glasgow subway. (n.d.). Retrieved January 10, 2021, from http://www.spt.co.uk/corporate/about/our-services/ glasgow-subway

[figures 3.6, 3.7] – (Yaodong), Akubue Jideofor Anselm (October 31st 2012). Earth Shelters; A Review of Energy Conservation Properties in Earth Sheltered Housing, Energy Conservation, Azni Zain Ahmed, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/51873. Available from: https://www.intechopen. com/books/energy-conservation/earth-shelters-a-review-of-energy-conservation-properties-inearth-sheltered-housing [figure 3.9] – Pill Box Entrance at Head of Shaft- Deep level shelters in London. (n.d.). Retrieved February 10, 2021, from https://www.subbrit.org.uk/features/deep-level-shelters-in-london/ [figure 3.9] – Plan and Section Diagram of Bomb Shelters in London - Deep level shelters in London. (n.d.). Retrieved February 1, 2021, from https://www.subbrit.org.uk/features/deeplevel-shelters-in-london/

[figure 3.10] – http://glasgowpunter.blogspot.com/2014/11/alasdair-gray.html

4. SECTIONS

[figure 4] – Own Drawing with Reid Section from Steven Holl’s Planning Submition Drawings

5. VENTILATION OF UNDERGROUND SPACES

[figure 5.1] – construction hybrid ventilation - Own diagram based on readings [figure 5.2] – natural ventilation of a vernacular house in Spain, https://doi.org/https://doi. org/10.1016/j.tust.2019.04.023 [figure 5.3] – section showing ventilation system of metal mine, bibliography reference 5.4

Appendix D. Bibliography

1. INTRO/FRAMEWORK FOR INVESTIGATIONS

TIMELINE - M134 Glasgow School of Art. (2014). Retrieved December 12, 2020, from https:// www.mackintosh-architecture.gla.ac.uk/

2. SITE ANALYSIS/FEASIBILITY STUDY

A. Mackintosh Ruin

2.A.1 - Planning Submission Drawings 2.B.2 - Emails with Project Manager Liz Davidson

B. Garnethill Geology

2.B.1 - Geology of BRITAIN viewer: British Geological Survey (bgs). (n.d.). Retrieved January 29, 2021, from http://mapapps.bgs.ac.uk/geologyofbritain/home.html 2.B.2 - Raeburn. (1962). [Bore records at Glasgow Dental Hospital]. Unpublished raw data. 2.B.3 - Underground excavations and structures. (2019). Retrieved February 7, 2021, from https://www.britannica.com/technology/tunnel/Underground-excavations-andstructures#ref72467 2.B.4 - Lei Weng, Xibing Li, Ming Tao, “Influence of Geostress Orientation on Fracture Response of Deep Underground Cavity Subjected to Dynamic Loading”, Shock and Vibration, vol. 2015, Article ID 575879, 9 pages, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/575879 2.B.5 - M.Ciancia, N. Huydma, T. Oommen, R. Player, K.S. Sajinhumar, A. Shidlovskaya (2017). Engineering Geology Course Material for Civil Engineers, ASCE Geoinstitute Technical Committee of Engineering Geology and Site Characterization. 2.B.6 - “Strathclyde University Archives: Thomas Garnett.” Accessed February 4, 2021. https:// www.theglasgowstory.com/image/?inum=TGSS00021. 2.B.7 - Elder, S., R. J. S. McCall, W. D. Neaves, and A. K. Pringle. “The Drumlins of Glasgow.” Transactions of the Geological Society of Glasgow 19, no. 2 (1935): 285–87. https://doi.org/ https://doi.org/10.1144/transglas.19.2.285. 2.B.8 - “Ground Freezing in Construction.” groundfreezing.com, January 10, 2020. https:// groundfreezing.com/ground-freezing-in-construction/.

3. CASE STUDIES: CONSERVATION, PARTIAL/HYBRID, SHALLOW, MEDIUM, DEEP, EXTREMELY DEEP

CONSERVATION: Kalø Tower Visitor Access Leiva, Sabrina. “Kalø Tower Visitor Access / MAP Architects + Mast Studio,” May 4, 2019. https://www.archdaily.com/802994/kalo-tower-visitor-access-map-architects. Stevens, Philip. “Map Architects Installs Staircase inside Medieval Danish Ruin,” January 17, 2017. https://www.designboom.com/architecture/map-architects-kalo-tower-visitor-accessobservational-staircase-medieval-ruin-denmark-01-16-2017/. Zilliacus, Ariana. “Kalø Tower Visitor Access - Dansk ARKITEKTUR CENTER.” Accessed February 8, 2021. https://dac.dk/en/knowledgebase/architecture/kaloe-tower-visitor-access.

Landschaftspark Duisburg Nord Landschaftspark Duisburg Nord [Editorial]. (2011, August 25). Landezine. Retrieved from http:// landezine.com/index.php/2011/08/post-industrial-landscape-architecture/

UNDERGROUND: Subway “Glasgow Subway.” SPT. Accessed February 3, 2021. http://www.spt.co.uk/corporate/about/ our-services/glasgow-subway.

Shaanxi YaoDong Earth Shelter Housing Akubue Jideofor Anselm (October 31st 2012). Earth Shelters; A Review of Energy Conservation Properties in Earth Sheltered Housing, Energy Conservation, Azni Zain Ahmed, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/51873. Available from: https://www.intechopen.com/books/energyconservation/earth-shelters-a-review-of-energy-conservation-properties-in-earth-shelteredhousing

Air Raid Shelters in London

“Deep Level Shelters in London.” Accessed February 14, 2021. https://www.subbrit.org.uk/ features/deep-level-shelters-in-london/. “Growing Underground,” May 16, 2011. https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/growingunderground.

5. VENTILATION

[5.1]- Li, Angui, Risto Kosonen, Arsen Melikov, Bin Yang, Thomas Olofsson, Bjørn Sørensen, Linhua Zhang, Ping Cui, and Ou Han. ‘Ventilation and Environmental Control of Underground Spaces: A Short Review’. Edited by S.I Tanabe, H. Zhang, J. Kurnitski, M.C. Gameiro da Silva, I. Nastase, P. Wargocki, G. Cao, L. Mazzarela, and C. Inard. E3S Web of Conferences 111 (2019): 01039. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911101039.

[5.2]- King, J. C. “Gravity Ventilation Of Underground Shelters.” U.S. NAVAL CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY, 1965. https://doi.org/10.21236/ad0613550. [5.3]- Song, J., Pokhrel, R., Lee, H., & Kim, S. (2014). Box Model Approach for Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management in a Subway Station Environment. Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 8(4), 184-191. doi:10.5572/crossmark_policy [5.4]- Tien, J. C. (1999). Chapter 9 Mine Ventilation Systems. In Practical mine ventilation engineering. Chicago, IL: Intertec Pub. [5.5] - Villoría Sáeza, Paola, Ignacio Cañas, Fernando R. Mazarrón, and César PorrasAmores. “Natural Ventilation Analysis in an Underground Construction: CFD Simulation and Experimental Validation.” Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 90 (August 2019): 162–73. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2019.04.023.

THE END