2019 Penny White Project Graduate School of Design Harvard University Chohao Victor Wu
C O F I L
am u l aA G E s a N dD
CAMOUFLAGE ISLAND Re-imagining the contested landscape of kinmen
迷彩之嶼 Harvard University Graduate School of Design 2019 Penny White Project Chohao Victor Wu
All photographs and text are by Chohao Victor Wu unless otherwise credited 1st Edition, September 2019 Cambridge, MA 02138
“The scar is a deeper level of reconstruction that fuses the new and the old, reconciling, coalescing them, without compromising either one in the name of some contextual form of unity. The scar is a mark of pride and of honor, both for what has been lost and what has been gained. It cannot be erased, except by the most cosmetic means. It cannot be elevated beyond what it is, a mutant tissue, the precursor of unpredictable regenerations. To accept the scar is to accept existence. Healing is not an illusory, cosmetic process, but something that -by articulating differences- both deeply divides and joins together.”
Lebbeus Woods
Content
01
Introduction
21
Fieldwork
85
Workshop
99
Interview
109
Appendix
119
Acknowledgement
1
01
Introduction
2
中共來襲」。金門島上居民生活很快恢復正常。67
The fire coverage area map between Kinmen and China Source ”Morale on the Offshore Islands,” 1955.02.01, CIA RDP91T01172R000300050019 5 , National Archives, College Park, MD.
火覆蓋範圍
3 e on the Offshore Islands,” 1955.02.01, CIA-RDP91T01172R000300050019-5, Nation
Research Background Due to the strategic location of Kinmen County and its spatial and ecological features, the distribution of plant species always reflected the military requirement. The island was originally full of trees before the massive timber demand for boat construction during the Ming Dynasty. Later in 1949, the government started to broadly distribute Indian Sesbania and Beef Wood for managing the desertification and water resources. Kinmen island became the frontline of the conflict between Taiwan and China in 1956, numerous military facilities including bunkers, tunnels, antilanding barricades, and anti-airborne poles were constructed. Different plant and animal species were adopted as camouflage and the reinforcement of defense infrastructure. After the decommissioning of military control in 1992 the economy in Kinmen drastically declined because almost 80% of the soldiers were assigned back to mainland Taiwan. The island became an abandoned place that stored the memory and history of the Cold War era and the post-war monuments. The land in Kinmen was fragmented because of the military facility construction. Until 2013, the government declared that all the landmines in Kinmen were cleared. The local Kinmen people then
accommodated military facilities and developed their unique industry. For instance, the famous Kinmen knife is made of the abandoned bombshell and the oyster farm which reuses anti-landing barricades. After the implementation of ‘Mini Three links’ agreement in 2001, Kinmen government was eager to develop this island. However, without comprehensive consideration and preservation plan, the military landscape is drastically destroyed by the developers for hotels and residential units. Tourism development ignores and eradicates this incredible history, and does not take advantage of these unique historical structures that have reshaped the land, the ecology, and local settlement.. The precious historical military landscape has become a contested landscape.
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MEI-ZHO
QUANZHOU, CHINA [ QUANZHOU BAY ]
JINJIANG, china
[ SHENHU AY ]
02
kinmen county, taiwan 158.7 SQUARE KILOMETER | 61.274 SQUARE MILE
01 01 kim-lie waterway 02 lie-xia waterway
LIEYU TOWNSHIP, TAIWAN xiamen, china DA-DAN & ER-DAN ISLAND
[ TAIWAN BANK ]
THE TERRITORY OF CHINA 5 0
20
10 5
10
KM 20 MILE 7
OU ISLAND
WUQIU TOWNSHIP, TAIWAN INCLUDING DA-CHIU ISLAND & HSIAO-CHIU ISLAND
23 5 ki lo m et er
55min
TAIchung city
taiwan 36,193 SQUARE KILOMETER | 13,974.195 SQUARE MILE chunghua city 8
wu-tong pier china
JIANG-GON TAIWAN
BIN-LANG ISALND TAIWAN
XIAO-DAN ISALND [1 6
30m
TAIWAN
in
.5K M]
SHIYU TAIWAN
[5K
M]
[1.
xiamen
9K
M]
meng-hu ISLAND
china
TAIWAN
DA-DAN ISLAND
chiu-kung pier
TAIWAN
TAIWAN
er-DAN ISLAND TAIWAN
SAN-DAN ISLAND SU-DAN ISLAND WU-DAN ISLAND
LIEYU TOWNSHIP TAIWAN
TAIWAN
fu-hsin yu TAIWAN
9
hou yu TAIWAN
CAO yu
JINJIANG
TAIWAN
china
NG YU
23 5 k il om et er
t o t a ic hu ng
ci t y
55min
bei-ding island TAIWAN
[ TAIWAN BANK ]
kinmen county, taiwan KIMEN AIRPORT / KNH ESTABLISHED : 1987 2018 ANNUAL PASSENGER : 2,429,828 2018 CYCLE COUNT : 32,874
SHUITOU PIER ESTABLISHED : 2002 2018 ANNUAL PASSENGER between kinmen & xiamen : ≈ 1,730,000
THE TERRITORY OF TAIWAN THE TERRITORY OF CHINA 2 0 10
4 2
8 4
10 KM 6
MILE
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KIN M EN G EOL OG Y M AP COASTAL SAND gRANITE + gneiss sTONE KINMEN LAYER lateritic terrace deposits contemporary sedimentary layer Source Pei-Yuan Chen, 1965 Redrawn by Chohao Victor Wu 12
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Introduction Camouflage [ Noun ] ‘The disguising of military personnel, equipment, and installations by painting or covering them to make them blend in with their surroundings.’ Kinmen (Chinese: 金門), also known as Camouflage Island, due to its vast military installations that adopted the unique island landscape, plants and animals as their camouflage, is a Taiwanese island located in close proximity to China. It was heavily fortified during the Cold War era against China’s invasion, with barricades on beaches, anti-airborne poles in farmlands, tunnels dug for troops, and concrete architecturess of loudspeakers built to blast propaganda across the water. This infrastrastructure are now redundant, and as the residents consider closer commercial ties with China, developing the island for tourism, and farmers, land owners claim back their fields, the question is how to reimagine this contested landscape to bridge the gap between the preservation of the cultural and historic heritage, the demand for tourism development, and establish a local community identity that utilises and celebrates this infrastructure for social, economic, and ecological benefit?
Kinmen is massively destroyed and erased by tourists, real estate developers, local residents, and even the military themselves. Rather than the lengthy process of formulating the regulation, the preservation of Kinmen’s landscape requires more active proposals. This research aspires to explore the agency of landscape architecture to understand and contribute to highly contested landscapes by studying, documenting and mapping the relationship between the redundant military landscape, its related ecology, and the surrounding flora and fauna which was previously designated for camouflage purposes and is now merging into local daily life. This project will form the basis of re-imagining Kinmen’s contested ground through creating and distributing a guidebook, GIS data, and a booklet in both Chinese and English; I also conducted a workshop, several interviews, and participatory activities with local communities and students. I aim to come up with proposals for both the short-term and long-term repurposing and preservation strategy of these space. All the works of this project will be organised as a traveling exhibition in Kinmen and mainland Taiwan.
Kinmen was one of the largest existing military sites during the 1950’s; however, Taiwan’s government has not formulated an approach to preserve this precious historical asset. The military landscape in
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Japanese Colonial Period in Ta
t i me l i n e
Kinmen island was officially assigned as Kinmen County by r.o.c.
1 933
1 27 1
1 36 8
1644
1 91 3
World War I
Kinmen was included in Song Dynasty's territory
1 939 1 937
1 927 1 91 8 1 91 5 1 91 4 1 91 2 1 895
1 27 9 96 0 91 7 618
Kinmen was temporarily governed by People Republic of China
United States established diplomatic relations with R.O.C.
Set up salt pan in Kinmen
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Kinm Janp The establishment of Republic of China (R.O.C.)
Ming Dynasty Tang dynasty
Set up defensive structures to prevent pirates
SOng dynasty
Set up Government-owned barn in Kinmen
Yuan Dynasty
ch
China bans individual Taiwan visits
2001
201 9
1 992 1 991
'Mini three links' agreement
1 989 1 987 1 97 9
1 95 6 1 95 4 1 95 3 1 95 0 1 94 9 1 94 7 1 94 5
The end of matial law period in Kinmen The Fall of the Berlin Wall
The end of matial law period in mainland Taiwan
United States broke the diplomatic relations with R.O.C. and established diplomatic relations with People Republic of China l East Germany began to build the Berlin Wall [ Augst 23rd Artillery War ] [ September 3rd Artillery War ]
Military government period in Kinmen
Declared the martial law in mainland Taiwan and Kinmen R.O.C. Government recovered the territory of Kinmen
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1 995
men was occupied by panese Government
1 96 1 1 95 8
korean War [ Battle of Ku-Ning-Tou ]
1 94 8 World War Ii
the cold war period
The establishment of Kinmen National Park
Military Autocracy period in kinmen iwan
hinese civil war
Prohibitions During the Military Administration period (June 23rd, 1956 - November 7th, 1992), the government of the Republic of China enacted a series of prohibition in Kinmen, its affiliated islands and Matsu to better protect these offshore islands of Taiwan.
5 / Telecommunications Control Kinmen’s people were not allowed to use any ground line telephone; they could not have radios or televisions either. They could only contact via hardcopy mail and telegram.
These prohibitions include:
6 / Financial Control Kinmen people had to use ‘Kinmen Dollar’ rather than the Old Taiwanese Dollar (OTD). They could only exchange OTD at specific banks, which was inconvenient and time-consuming.
1 / Curfew People who lived in Kinmen had to stay indoors after sunset. They were asked to recite the ‘daily order’ in order to pass checkpoints.
7 / Electronic Appliance Control Besides lighting facilities, other electronic appliances that consume high electricity, such as refrigerators, washing machines, rice cookers, and air conditioning, were not allowed to be used.
2 / Lighting Control All lamps were required to be covered with fabrics. People were not allowed to own their private flashlight. Additionally, they were asked to close all the windows and doors after sunset to prevent any visible target or reference point for the enemy.
8 / Food Control Kinmen people could only purchase salt, oil, cigarettes, and alcohol from the official supply center. Private trading of these merchandises were illegal.
3 / Military Jurisdiction People in Kinmen were considered as soldiers. They were not allowed to hire lawyers if needed.
9 / Livestock Control Since the majority of plants in Kinmen were planted according to military requirements, farmers were not allowed to have goats to protect the grassland and trees. Having pigeons was also banned because it could be used to deliver information.
4 / Immigration Control While Kinmen is identified as part of Taiwan, people in Kinmen still needed to apply for a permit if they wanted to travel to mainland Taiwan.
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Top / Permit for traveling between Kinmen and Taiwan Mid / Radio license Bottom / Kinmen Dollar Source Lei-yu Observation note https://taconet.pixnet.net/blog
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10 / Clothing Control Residents in Kinmen were not allowed to wear clothes that were similar to the military uniforms. Fancy or odd clothing such as bootcut jeans or flare jeans were also forbidden. Men with long hair would be captured and sent to the barbershop.
allowed to access the coastline in Kinmen with a specific license. 15 / Water Activity Control Not only was swimming in the ocean forbidden, but also any item that could be used as kickboards, such as tire, bucket, and basketball needed to be registered. People who can swim more than 500 meters had to register as well.
11 / Architecture Control All construction work required permit from the military. Buildings in the military-controlled area could only be built no higher than two stories high. And they had to have a basement and space for setting up the machine gun. Moreover, all the facade had to be painted black to prevent any light reflection.
16 / Camera and Video Recorder Control All cameras and video recorders were required to be registered. Photographs and videos were not allowed to be taken in any of the military-controlled areas.
12 / Association, Rallies, and Protests Control All rallies and protests were forbidden during the Military Administration period. Any religious activities were also prohibited.
17 / Entertainment Control Flying kites was not allowed because it could be used to deliver information. 18 / Mind Control To approach, receive, or read any Chinese information, flyers, and publications were disallowed. Every propaganda objects from China’s military had to be sent to the military center.
13 / Vehicle Control The headlights of vehicles in Kinmen were required to be two-thirds covered in black paint. Importing and exporting vehicles were not allowed in order to control the traffic condition in Kinmen. 14 / Coastline Control Approaching the coastline of Kinmen was strictly banned. Only fishermen and oyster farmers were
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L Top & Mid / License for fisherman L Bottom / Camera owner’s license R Top / Vehicle’s headlight was partially covered by black paint R Bottom / Lightings were covered with fabric Source Lei-yu Observation note https://taconet.pixnet.net/blog Chen-Liang Tung, Kinmen Pause 1987-1997, P.13 20
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Fieldwork
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R ESEAR CH M AP 47
FIELDWORK : 2019.07.15 - 2019.08.15 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09
COASTAL FORTIFICATION W027 bei-shan EMBANKMENT BEI-SHAN BROADCASTing wall CHANG-Liao blockhouse coastal fortification w013 anti-tank trench & agave wall coastal fortification w011 coastal fortification w003 abandoned reinforcement concrete structure
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abandoned barrack 01 bei-ru military camp nan-ru military camp oyster collecting trail yi-gu hall Cyong-lin tunnel military post office zhong-zheng hall
shipyard
shin-tou carriage pier anti-airborne facilities
ANTI-AIRCRAFT BLOCKHOUSE MILITARY GAS STATION SHIP-SHAPE blockhouse e037
abandoned training field Chen Jing-lan Western House COASTAL FORTIFICATION e042 tien-pu hotel (abandoned) COASTAL FORTIFICATION (no number) ma-shan broadcasting wall TA-SHAN Blockhouse wu-Kung mountain Howitzer front
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wu-Kung mountain Howitzer front tien-shing unit
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COASTAL FORTIFICATION (no number) wu-Kung mountain Howitzer front W048
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hou-bian no.5 military camp
Er-lang unit
abandoned military camp
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COASTAL FORTIFICATION e092
(demonstration site)
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squatting unit cheng-kung tunnel M032
Hua Gang Shi Hospital
zhong-zheng room (command post) window unit for grenade training bunker unit damou mountain tunnel Zhaishan Tunnel tung-chiang mountain stronghold W057
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COASTAL FORTIFICATION E052 the east red dot w003
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31 Days / 48 Research Sites During the thirty-one days field work, I visited forty-eight military sites across Kinmen. More than forty of them are now abandoned or being informally occupied and repurposed by the local residents. Each site has its own unique conditions in terms of strategic location, geology, topography, soil condition, tidal change to name only a few. As a result, every site has its own special way of adopting the given environmental features. According to the research conducted by Shing-Yen Yuan1 in 2015, there are more than 4,500 units of bunkers, blockhouses, and fortifications in the main Kinmen island. Except very few of them were constructed during the Ming Dynasty, the rest of them were built throughout five different periods: 1 / 1949 - 1955 The initial reinforced work for the field operation and battle after the Battle of Guningtou. 2 / 1955 - 1958 Kinmen’s military began to construct permanent units after the ‘September 3rd Battle’. 3 / 1958 - 1960 Most of the military buildings, infrastructures, and facilities were replaced by permanent materials. 4 / 1960 - 1970 The beginning of the ‘Project National Glory’, Kinmen was considered the primary counterback base for Taiwan. 5 / 1970 - present Introduced modern facilities to Kinmen’s military units and repurposed a few of the military units for tourism purposes. Shing-Yen Yuan is the assistant professor in the Department of Architecture, National Quemoy University. He is one of the pioneers in Taiwan who advocated the preservation movement of Kinmen’s military landscape 1
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Landscape Depiction In order to fully understand the landscape feature around each stronghold, there are landscape depiction drawings next to most of the shooting points which were drowned by unknown soldiers or painters. These drawings were painted by oil paint or crayon; Not only did they document the significant environmental features such as landform, plants, distance information but also represent the close observation and consideration of each site. While these unique hand-drawings might be some of the earliest landscape depiction drawings in Kinmen, Kinmen government does not have a comprehensive plan to preserve these precious historical relics.
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Bei-Shan Embankment 24°29’8.82”N 118°18’14.88”E
Material
Concrete, Granite, Earth
Original Program Coastal Fortification
Current Program Abandoned
Special Events
Some of the scenes in the Taiwanese film ‘Paradise in Service’ were shot at this site
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Chang-Liao Blockhouse 24°27’42.47”N 118°18’58.17”E
Material
Earth, Concrete, Granite
Original Program
Military residential unit, Blockhouse
Current Program
Unofficially occupied by unknown religious group / Abandoned
Special Events
2007 Blockhouse Art Festival
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Coastal Fortification W003 24°27’52.57”N 118°21’13.55”E
Material
Concrete, Granite, Laterite
Original Program
Military residential unit, Coastal fortification
Current Program Abandoned
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Oyster Collecting Trial 24°27’39.34”N 118°22’14.81”E
Material
Concrete, Steel rail
Original Program
Anti-landing barricades
Current Program
Some of them are adopted as oyster farming objects Oyster farmers added some stone columns as well
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Anti-airborne Pole 24°28’40.86”N 118°25’15.76”E
Material
Concrete, Steel
Original Program
Anti-airborne facility, Government claimed that this could also be used as the canopy for crop
Current Program
Abandoned Some other anti-airborne poles is now being adopted as the structure of the well
Special Events
Some of the anti-airborne poles were transformed into the installation work by Hong-Wen Hsu in 1993
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Installation work by Hong-Wen Hsu in 1993 Source Chen-Liang Tung, Kinmen Pause 1987-1997, P.11
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Anti-aircraft Blockhouse 24°28’36.18”N 118°25’18.17”E
Material
Concrete, Granite
Original Program
Military residential unit, Anti-aircraft blockhouse
Current Program Abandoned
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Hou-Bian no.5 military camp 24°29’41.29”N 118°27’8.00”E
Material
Concrete, Granite
Original Program
Military residential unit, Coastal fortification
Current Program Abandoned
Special Events
Kinmen National Park is planning to repurpose this site
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Coastal Fortification 24°28’9.59”N 118°27’40.78”E
Material
Concrete, Granite
Original Program
Military residential unit, Coastal fortification
Current Program Abandoned
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Wu-Kung Mountain Howitzer Front Er-Lang Unit 24°24’18.17”N 118°18’6.70”E
Material
Concrete, Steel
Original Program Howitzer front
Current Program Abandoned
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Coastal Fortification 24°24’0.31”N 118°17’51.17”E
Material
Concrete, Granite
Original Program Coastal fortification
Current Program
Farmhouse for goats, chickens, and ducks Farmland Storage space for farm tools
Special Event
This land was illegally occupied by the military during the Chinese Civile War period. This land was returned to the owner a few years ago after more than 50 years
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Zhong-Zheng Room Window Unit 24°23’56.52”N 118°19’7.87”E
Material
Concrete, Steel
Original Program Commend post Grendade training
Current Program Farm house for goat Abandoned
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Coastal Fortification E052 24°27’37.09”N 118°27’44.03”E
Material
Concrete, Steel, Laterite, Granite
Original Program Coastal fortification
Current Program Abandoned
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The East Red Dot W003 24°27’50.92”N 118°20’50.72”E
Material
Concrete, Steel rail
Original Program
Anti-landing barricades
Current Program
Some of them are adopted as oyster farming objects Oyster farmers added some stone columns as well
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Workshop
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Camouflage Island Workshop :
Visualizing the Unseen Military Landscape
The four-day ‘Camouflage Island workshop’ took place on July 30th to August 1st in Kinmen County. 15 Students from three different universities with various backgrounds including architecture, landscape, and urban planning participated in this intensive course. Students were asked to conduct fieldwork on four different sites as groups and to study how the flora and fauna system co-exists with the military facilities and infrastructures since 1949. Besides the fieldwork, students visited more than 20 different sites in Kinmen and were also asked to represent the first-hand data through photographs, videos, drawings, models, and animations as a way to reveal the unseen information of Kinmen’s military landscape. During the final presentation, students also proposed different possibilities and potentials of repurposing the contested military landscape.
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Interview
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5 People / 5 Characters During the one-month fieldwork period, I conducted interviews with five different people who represent five different stakeholders. These five interviewees include 1/ Guo-Chen Chuang, a veteran who participated in some of the significant battles during the Chinese Civil War. 2/ Sen-Pao Dong, a council member of Kinmen County who has continuously promoted the ‘Kinmen’s Military Cultural Heritage Preservation Act.’ for many years and dedicates himself to the preservation of Kinmen’s military assets. 3/ GuoMing Lee, the owner of Kim-Long Photo Studio. He was the first person in Kinmen who adopted the double exposure technique to collage individual portraits into one picture as a way to ease homesickness for soldiers who could not meet their partners or families during the war period. 4/ Yi-Jen Tseng, an associate professor and the chair of the department of architecture in National Quemoy University. During the past decade, he has participated in promoting the preservation act of historic buildings and cultural assets in Kinmen, he also specializes in nondestructive testing of timber structure. 5/ Mrs. Lee, who has lived in Kinmen County for more than 60 years. She was recruited into the civil defense team when she was 16; she also experienced the 38 years of martial law.
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Guo-Chen Chuang Veteran / Served in the military during the Chinese Civil War Currently self-employed in Kinmen County
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Sen-Pao Dong Council Member of Kinmen County Social Journalist Member of
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Guo-Ming Lee Photographer / Owner of Kim-Long Photo Studio
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Mandatory military conscription was introduced in Taiwan in 1949 when the National Government of the Republic of China (ROC) retreated to Taiwan. During the period of martial law from 1949 to 1992, the majority of conscripts who served in the main Kinmen island and its affiliated islands were required to serve 2.5-3 years. Soldiers who were assigned to serve in Kinmen were not allowed to return to mainland Taiwan during their military service, except for special occasions such as marriage, family member’s funeral, and emergent medical conditions. Those serving in the military could only contact their partners and families via post mail or telegram. Some soldiers brought pictures of their partners and families to Guo-Ming Lee’s photo studio and asked if he could find a way to collage multiple photographs into one. Mr. Lee came up with the idea of combining double exposure technique with some of his self-made tools and successfully generated the kind of collage photographs sought by the soldiers.
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Mrs. Lee Housemaker
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Appendix
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Kinmen map Source Lin Kun-Huang. 1993. Kinmen annalsTaiwan Historica
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The map of Kinmen island and schematic map of Fu-Chien County Source Institute of Taiwan History, Academia Sinica, File number B0168_00_00 114
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Kinmen military map Source Academia Historica 116
Top / The training of the civil defense team in Kinmen Bottom / Propaganda training for the female civil defense team Photo Credit General Hu-Lien’s Relic, Photograph category E075
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Left / Troops in Kinmen rushed to unload petrolium supplies on the beach Top / Beachhead Bottom / Construction work of the tunnel in 1959 Photo Credit The Republic of China Army Pictorial The Torch of Victory, August 1959
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Acknowledgement This project was funded by the Penny White Travel Fellowship at Graduate School of Design, Harvard University. “Winifred G. (Penny) White had just completed her second year of the MLA program when she died suddenly of leukemia in 1976. In her memory, her family established a fund within the GSD to offer financial support for student projects. The projects are to “carry forward Penny’s ideal of a culture which emphasizes a close relationship between people and nature in a cohesive living environment.” National Quemoy University, Department of Architecture provided additional funding, research equipments, and classrooms during the one-month fieldwork period as well as the workshop.
Author / Chohao Victor Wu
Master of Landscape Architecture, Harvard University Bachelor of Architecture, National Cheng Kung University Bachelor of Urban Planning, National Cheng Kung University
Academic Advisors / Craig Douglas
Assistant Professor of Landscape Architecture, Harvard University
Yi-Jen Tseng
Associate Professor of Architecture, National Quemoy University Chair of the Department of Architecture
Consultant & Project Assistant /
Cheng-Chung Huang - Project Assistant, Workshop Instructor Maggie Tsun-Tsun Yang - Project Assistant, Proofreading Po-Jui Cho - Project Consultant and Assistant Tong Lo - Workshop Assistant
Project Advisors / Chih-Yu Kuo, Wen-Chi Lan, Tsun-Yi Hsu, Shin-Ying Huang
Project Contributors / Ching-Yu Chiang, Mei-Fang Yeh
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CAMOUFLAGE ISLAND Re-imagining the contested landscape of kinmen 迷彩之嶼 Harvard University Graduate School of Design 2019 Penny White Project Chohao Victor Wu
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