Comprehensive Studio 2015: Civic Unity

CIVIC UNITY

AN EXPLORATION OF THE URBAN VOID LAVAPIES, MADRID, SPAIN

CHRIS BROWN

Civic Unity Madrid, Spain Arch 513.01 Comprehensive Design Studio RWU SAAHP Fall 2015 Roberto Viola Ochoa_Professor Chris Brown

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION CONTEXT SITE ANALYSIS CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK TECHNICAL FRAMEWORK APPENDIX

INTRODUCTION

EUROPE

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SPAIN

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MADRID

The language of a civic space provides a foundation for a strong sense of community. In part, it provides a sense of identity for the people it serves, giving a sense of their place in the greater world. In this semester-long design question, the idea of creating a civic identity for the community of the LavapiĂŠs neighborhood of Madrid is explored through the redevelopment of an empty void in the urban fabric with a hybrid program of uses and an urban plaza.

In the design process, the ideas of civic presence and what typologies of architecture are appropriate in regard to a neighborhood typology are explored. How does one design for such a diverse community with such a rich collection of cultures? How can an architecture be designed so as to accommodate any culture while still maintaining its own identity and not becoming a bland multi-purpose space that is unrelated to its context?

Through use of materials, the architecture gives its own answers to these questions. Heavy materials gives the space a presence of civic ness and permanence, juxtaposed to lighter elements that give a playful, light nature to the space as a part of LavapiĂŠs.

Communities around the world are driven by civic unity. It provides a place for all to be equal and yet unique, with one identity and many at the same time. In LavapiĂŠs, the presence of an environment that nurtures this is paramount.

CONTEXT LOCATION __ GROWTH __ CLIMATE

The cultural, economic, and political center of Spain, Madrid is a bustling twentyƓUVW FHQWXU\ PHWURSROLV EXLOW XSRQ FHQWXULHV RI KLVWRU\ /RFDWHG FHQWUDOO\ LQ 6SDLQ the capital is located on the banks of the Manzanares River, near the center of the larger Community of Madrid. Housing the Spanish Monarchy, Madrid is also often FRQVLGHUHG D ƓQDQFLDO SRZHUKRXVH LQ (XURSH DGGLQJ WR LWV DIŴXHQW UHSXWDWLRQ LavapiÊs, in the south of the city center, has long had the reputation of being a more working class neighborhood in contrast with some of its more wealthy surroundings. The culturally diverse district has seen the expulsion of the Jews who initially inhabited its streets, supplanted by waves of immigrants from inside Spain and then later abroad. The result has been a culturally rich and active neighborhood where inhabitants originate from near and far.

CONTEXT OVERVIEW Coordinates: Region: Community:

40°24’26.60�N 3°41’54.43�W Central Spain Community of Madrid

The Community of Madrid, located centrally in Spain, is one of seventeen autonomous communities in the country. The region is located in the Castilian Central Plateau, and is situated in the center of the Iberian Peninsula. As the home to the city of Madrid, seat of government for the region as well as being the national capital, the Community of Madrid’s population centers on the city’s metro area.

The city of Madrid is a vibrant modern metropolis built on centuries of history. Situated in 604.3 km² (233.3 mi²) of land on the Manzanares River, more than 6.5 million people call Madrid home, making it the third largest city in the European Union, behind London and Berlin. The city’s staWXV DV D PDMRU JOREDO FLW\ LV FHPHQWHG E\ LWV LQŴXHQFH LQ DUWV IDVKLRQ SROLWLFV DQG ƓQDQFH :LWK a large array of cultural institutions and a number of major Spanish corporate headquarters, Madrid is seen as a desirable place to visit, live, and work to many people around the world. As a result, the population of the city has become very diverse.

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CONTEXT GROWTH OF THE CITY The Area of Roman and Islamic Settlement The area of Madrid has been occupied since prehistoric times. The area along the Manzanares River was occupied by a Roman settlement until the 9th century when it became an Arab Fortress Town, occupied by the Islamic people known as the Moors. From the name these settlers gave the river, al-Majrit, or “source of water,” would be the source of which the name Madrid was later derived. The Islamic Palace, the Royal Alcazar, were built on the banks of the Manzanares; on the site of Madrid’s Royal Palace today. The legacy Islamic rule is still present in Madrid through architectural styling throughout the city.

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Residential and Commercial Buildings outside of the Royal Palace, Present Day

MADRID, SPAIN

Plaza outside of the Royal Palace, Present Day

The Royal Palace of Madrid, Present Day 15

CONTEXT GROWTH OF THE CITY Christian Expansion The area of Madrid saw a shift in power in the early 1300s, when King Ferdinand IV of Castile conquered and assembled the Cortes Generales in Madrid. This was the beginning of the modern day Madrid monarchy. Despite the fact that Ferdinand IV was a Christian king, he allowed the Muslims to remain and practice their faith.

King John I of Castile, Ferdinand IV’s successor, named Leo IV, of Armenia, the Lord of Madrid in 1383. At the time of his appointment, Leo IV was sick and poor. His rule over Madrid lasted only a few years; however, during that time he rebuilt the towers of the Royal Alcazar, the Islamic Palace.

Following Leo IV’s death, King Henry III of Castile gained control over Madrid. King Henry III worked to rebuild the city following a devastating ƓUH LQ WKH ODWH V $V WKH FLW\ ZDV UHEXLOW WKH population grew and expanded outside of the original Islamic Settlement. Characteristics of the area of expansion included dense neighborhoods with narrow winding streets. There is little sense of a grid, since the growth happened as needed.

The built portions of the city appear more like puzzle pieces than blocks of a city. Buildings in this area typically included a commercial zone at the street level and residential zones above.

King Henry III remained in power until 1406.

With the death of King Henry VI of England, King Henry III’s control over Madrid was disputed by the Aragon empire. The dispute came to an end with the marriage of King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile in 1469 which united the two empires, forming the Austrian Habsburg Empire.

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City Hall of Madrid

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Comunidad de Madrid in Puerta del Sol, Present Day

Residential and Commercial of Plaza Mayor, Present Day 17

CONTEXT GROWTH OF THE CITY Austrian Hapsburg Empire Madrid underwent major change during the mid 1500s when King Felipe II named Madrid the la Villa y Corte, the capital of the empire by royal decree. At the time, the city consisted of a population of just under 20,000 people. History shows that Felipe II decided to move the royal court of the Austrian Habsburg Empire to Madrid due to its lack of relevance in history. The city had no notable sites, architecture, or historical events; therefore, Felipe II saw Madrid as a blank slate and an opportunity to leave his mark on history.

Over the next thirty years Madrid grew both in population and city size. By 1598, the end of Felipe II’s reign, the population of Madrid had increase four-fold to approximately 80,000 people. Many of these people migrated to the city from surrounding provinces in search of work and a better life. Within Madrid a majority of the new population worked for the court as military, servants, bureaucratic staff, religious staff, or artisans of luxury products.

7KH FLW\ Ĺ´RXULVKHG ZLWK WKH HVWDEOLVKPHQW RI the court. Visual improvement of the city were apparent, mainly with decorative architectural elements. A major architectural overhaul occurred in Plaza Mayor, where state ceremonies including Ć“HVWDV EXOOĆ“JKWV DQG SXEOLF H[HFXWLRQV ZHUH held. Urban renewal also occurred in Puerta del Sol, developing it into the social centre of the city.

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Painting of Madrid during the 1600s

Plaza de la Cortes, Present Day

Calle del Huertas, Present Day

Restaurant near Plaza del Angel, Present Day

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CONTEXT GROWTH OF THE CITY Creation of “El Centro�

7KH FLW\ FRQWLQXHG WR Ĺ´RXULVK WKURXJKRXW WKH V ZLWK WKH Spanish Golden Age, which was a period of growth in arts and literature. In 1625 city walls were built, and remained the boundary of the center of the Madrid until the late 1800s.

With the death of King Charles II in 1700, the Bourbons ascend to the thrown, with the arrival of Philip V in 1714.

Bourbon control led to pervasive economic and urban reform. As the grandson of King Louis XIV of France, Philip V developed an intense love for Italian architecture. He felt the architecture of Madrid, prior to his reign, was heavy and sombre. When the Royal Alcazar was destroyed in D Ć“UH 3KLOLS 9 FRPPLVVLRQHG ,WDOLDQ DUFKLWHFWV WR GHVLJQ the Palacio Real, the Royal Palace of Madrid in 1738.

Over the next several decades, Madrid continued to grow and evolve into a city worthy of the title of European Capital.

Much of this growth is a result of Philip V’s son, Charles III. Charles III appointed Italian architect Francesco Sabatini as the city engineer, who brought sanitation reform in the city. Charles III banned the dumping of waste in the streets, improved sewage collection, paved streets, and safely lit streets for safe travel after dark. Unfortunately, these reforms failed to keep up with the ever growing population of the city.

In 1808 Napoleon gained control over Madrid during the War of Independence, by invading the city. He then appointed his brother, Joseph Bonaparte, as King. While his reign was short, Bonaparte made rational urban improvements to the city. He ordered the relocation of the burial grounds, from the center of the city to outside the city walls. Bonaparte also created a number of public squares, earning him the nickname of “the King of Square�. Because of the Peninsular War, power returned to the Bourbons in 1813.

In 1831 Ramon Mesonero Romano published “The Madrid Manual, a Description of the Town and Court� which reinvigorated the city’s interest in urban renewal. The city was still contained within its 1625 walls even though the city’s population was continuously rising. The health of citizens was brought into questions after the 1834 cholera epidemic swept through the city killing thousands. This further encouraged the need for urban growth.

Mesonero was charged with the job of reform and embellishment of the city. Over the next several years improvements were made to Plaza Mayor, Calle de Sevilla, Puerta del Sol, and an effort was made to clean up the slum areas.

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Map of Madrid, 1831

Puerta del Sol, early 1800s

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Calle Sagasta, Trafalgar Madrid, Present Day

Calle de Conde Duque, Present Day 21

CONTEXT GROWTH OF THE CITY Proposed Expansion Urban and economic growth were further encouraged in the second half of the 1800s by the extension of the rail system throughout Spain and into France. Madrid quickly became a new cultural center of middle class urbanity.

Health conscious urban planners developed the greenscape of the city, adding treelined roads and improving public gardens.

In 1860, Carlos Maria de Castro proposed an expansion of the city to the north, northeast, and south respectively. This plan would increase the population of Madrid three-fold. He also proposed widening Paseo de la Castellana in order to make it easier to reach the center of the city from the expanded regions.

Castro’s efforts at expansion were met with an unwillingness by the people living in the Madrid to invest and move out of the crammed center city. By 1911, only 700 properties had been completed, with a population of 4,000 people living in the expansion areas, while the population of Madrid reached 600,000 people.

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Streets of Tetuan, Early 1900s

Calle de Tetuan, Tetuan Madrid, Early 2000s

MADRID, SPAIN

Aerial View of Tetuan Madrid, Present Day

Green Scape in the Tetuan District of Madrid, Present Day 23

CONTEXT GROWTH OF THE CITY Final Expansion Madrid fell to Fransisco Franco’s control in 1939 which brought economic and urban growth to a halt, including the expansion plan developed

by Castro. Following the death of Franco in 1975, democracy was established in Madrid with the Spanish Constitution of 1798. Growth was further encouraged by the connection made between Spain and the rest of Europe when Spain joined the European Union in 1982.

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All of these events marked major changes in Madrid. Development quickly began again.

Castro’s expansion plan was resumed following the democratic establishment of 1978. These areas are characterized by gridded urban layout, with wider roads designed for cars and pedestrians.

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Train Station of Atocha Madrid (section 3), Present Day

MADRID, SPAIN

Calle de Ibiza, Ibiza Madrid (section 2), Early 2000s

Parks along the Manzanares River, Present Day 25

CONTEXT MADRID GREEN SYSTEMS Madrid has the highest number of trees and green surface per inhabitant of any European city and boasts the second highest number of aligned trees in the world. Within the city of Madrid there are a number of public green spaces, the largest being el Parque de El Retiro located in the south east side of the city.

The major green spaces of the city are linked by tree-lined streets. The most prominent thoroughfares of this green belt system are the Paseo del Prado and Paseo de Recletos. The minor streets of the city often are also lined with small trees, carrying the green belt through the majority of the city. The trees serve a variety of purposes such as shading, noise control, promoting a healthy environment , and for aesthetics.

1. Jardines del Campo del Moro

2. El Parque de El Retiro 26

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CONTEXT MADRID TOPOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE Madrid, like much of Spain and southern Europe, has a relatively warm climate. The temperature is hottest in July and August with a mean of about 78 째F and records reaching about 100 째F. It is coldest in December and January with mean temperatures around 36 째F and record lows reaching 25 째F .

The topography in Madrid varies by 310 feet, from the Northeast corner of Parque de El Retiro to the South end of the Rio Manzanares. The Rio Manzanares lies just outside of Madrid, but contributes greatly to its topography.

European Radiation

Spain Radiation Average Annual Sum (4/2004-3/2010)*

1200

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1350

1500

1650

1800

1950kWh/m2

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Low: 38 °F Average: 42.13 °F High: 50 °F

Low: 55 °F Average: 69.5 °F High: 82 °F

*Solar *So *S *Sol Sollar arr G GIS IS (htt IS ((http://solargis.info) htt ht htt ttp:/ p:/ ://s /so sso ola lar argis gis i .i .info) fo o)

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CONTEXT MADRID ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN SOLUTIONS Green roofs are a commonly used design tool in Madrid. They greatly reduce the amount of heat that is transferred into the interior and reduce the amount of runoff water on the site.

A multilayered facade or roof structure can reduce heat gain by allowing air to travel and escape in between the layers. Overhangs can also allow for passive solar control by regulating the amount of sunlight that enters the building.

Madrid, similar to many European cities, does not utilize air conditioning, relying instead on cooling the building using natural means.

Successful natural ventilation can reduce or eliminate air conditioning in warm weather, if windows are oriented to prevailing breezes. A whole house fan or natural ventilation can store cool nighttime temperature in high mass interior surfaces to reduce or eliminate air conditioning.

Department of Economics, Madrid

Royal Palace of Madrid, Thermal Mass Example 30

Barajas T4 Terminal Airport Parking, Madrid

Plant Production Pavilion, Madrid

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In hot climates direct sunlight is the largest contributor to building cooling loads. Because a roof receives the most direct sunlight over a day, It is the most important surface when considering passive cooling strategies. In areas with hot climates such DV 0DGULG D OLJKW FRORUHG URRI UHŴHFWV sunlight, remains cooler, and reduces the amount of heat transferred to the interior of a building. The two surface properties that determine a roof’s temperature are solar UHŴHFWDQFH DQG WKHUPDO HPLWWDQFH ZKLFK range on a scale from 0 to 1. The larger the two values are, the cooler the roof with be. Make the roof surface a light color and FKRRVH D URRƓQJ PDWHULDO WKDW KDV D VXUIDFH • • Housing in Carabanchel, Madrid )RUHLJQ 2IƓFH $UFKLWHFWV )2$

Cooling Tower House, Madrid dosmasuno arquitectos 2007

165 Social Housing Units in Vallecas, Madrid Guillermo Vasquez Consuegra TBD

Housing in Carabanchel, Madrid Amann-Canovas-Maruri 2009

6RODU UHĹ´HFWDQFH 65 RI !

7KHUPDO (PLWWDQFH 7( RI !

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SITE ANALYSIS HISTORY

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TYPOLOGY

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PEOPLE

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SITE

The site proposal is located in the heart of the neighborhood of Lavapiés, in a void in the urban fabric that has stood empty for decades. The site current use of the site, as “Esta Es Una Plaza,” reinforces the importance of the space now to the community, and the neighborhood’s desire to have a space for themselves.

SITE ANALYSIS LAVAPIES &HQWUDO 0DGULG LV FRPSULVHG RI RYHU ƓIWHHQ districts, each with their own building typology, environmental and topographical characteristics, and varying population diversity. Our site for this projected is located in Lavapiés, highlighted in yellow in the adjacent map. Lavapiés is one of the oldest neighborhoods in Madrid.

Its architectural typology dates back for centuries.

“Lavapiés” roughly translates to “wash feet”.

The origin of the neighborhood’s name comes from the Jewish ritual of washing your feet before entering a Synagogue. The current church of San Lorenzo is said to have been built on the site of Lavapies’s main synagogue, located in the Plaza de Lavapiés. People were said to have washed their feet in the fountain in the plaza before entering the synagogue.

Lavapiés is located in the southern end of central Madrid. It is one of the largest original neighborhoods of Central Madrid. During the 14th century, Lavapiés was known as the Jewish quarter of Madrid. The community of Lavapiés saw a drastic change after the 15th century, when King Ferdinand expelled people of Jewish descent from the kingdom.

Lavapiés has always been known as a working class neighborhood, with salt mines located in the district during the 17th century. The neighborhood has evolved over time, but still remains a community of hard working people who are full of pride of their heritage and their surroundings. The current population of Lavapiés is comprised of about 60% immigrants from many different regions, including but not limited to, the Middle East, Northern Africa, Asia, and Europe.

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SITE ANALYSIS LAVAPIES HISTORY During the 16th and 17th century, the area of LavapiĂŠs became a place for Spanish immigrants from outside of Madrid to settle in search for work and a new life in the city due to its affordability.

During the 1800s the neighborhood quickly fell into decay and garnered a working class reputation. The second wave of immigration came during an economic boom in Spain GXULQJ WKH ODWH QLQHWLHV DQG HDUO\ WZHQW\ ƓUVW century. People moving to LavapiÊs this time were from outside Spain, predominately from Asia, the Middle East or North Africa, with the largest groups hailing from Morocco. Lavapies’s reputation suffered further, as people around Madrid began to regard the area as a dangerous, crime-ridden neighborhood. Entire blocks were left vacant and empty, encouraging squatting.

Urban renewal of the area began in the late 1900s. Buildings were renovated, torn down DQG UHEXLOW DQG QHZ EXLOGLQJV ƓOOHG YRLGV OHIW in the neighborhood’s urban fabric. Greenery was integrated into the area with tree lined Plaza Tirso de Molina streets. As the built environment improved RYHU WLPH D SURFHVV RI JHQWULƓFDWLRQ EHJDQ leading to the displacement of some members of the existing population that inhabited the LavapiÊs neighborhood could no longer afford the rent and moved out of the area.

LavapiĂŠs Present Day 36

1844 Map of Madrid, LavapiĂŠs located in red

Plaza LavapiĂŠs 1979

LavapiĂŠs Present Day

SITE ANALYSIS

LAVAPIES TYPOLOGY

Lavapiés, like other neighborhoods in the center of Madrid, has a variety of architectural typologies.

The most frequent building typology is the patio.

Almost every city block in the neighborhood contains either patios or narrow light wells. La corrala, a housing typology that was common in Lavapiés originating during the early 1800s, is prevalent still today. It consists of a rectangular central patio around which apartments are oriented.

The facades of the buildings have little level of variation, with the most predominant move architecturally being the use of balconies. Even on the narrowest of streets, most buildings will either have a shared balcony or a balconet. The elevation of a typical building in Lavapiés contains D FRPPHUFLDO JURXQG ŴRRU ZLWK UHVLGHQFHV above. It is often common to have a roof terrace, completing a vertical three part facade.

The street typology differs throughout the neighborhood, with street widths varying from 14’ to larger than 64’ wide. Section 1 is taken near our site, and shows the proportional relationship of the street and buildings.

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SITE ANALYSIS

ADJACENT NEIGHBORHOOD TOPOGRAPHY

LavapiĂŠs is dominated by large topography changes.

Compared to the rest of Madrid, it is a very hilly area, which has become a major characteristic of the neighborhood. This affects the nature of the streets and the interactions between the buildings and the landscape.

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SITE ANALYSIS

PUBLIC SPACES AND IMPORTANT INSTITUTIONS IN LAVAPIES

Highlighted in red are the major roads of the neighborhood. As shown in the map on the left from 1831, many of the roads that exist today have carved their way through the city for centuries. Ronda de Toledo, the major road that encompasses the neighborhood at the base of the map, was originally the path of the 1625 city walls. While the neighborhood has become more dense since 1831, the major roads of 1831 are still the major roads of today.

Map of Lavapiés, 1831

Map of Lavapiés, Present Day 42

PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION IN LAVAPIES

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The site is located in a dense residential area RQ &DOOH GHO 'U )RXUTXHW ZLWKLQ Ć“YH PLQXWHV walk to the center of the neighborhood, Plaza de LavapiĂŠs. The site is well served by public transportation, with two metro stations and Atocha Station, the main train station of Madrid, all within a 5 minute walk.

This makes the site easily accessible to people throughout the neighborhood, and across the city and further to its suburbs.

LavapiĂŠs Metro Entrance, Present Day

3 minutes

4 minutes

5 minutes

LavapiĂŠs Metro Entrance, early 1900s 43

SITE ANALYSIS LAVAPIES DEMOGRAPHICS Lavapiés is statistically the most diverse neighborhood in the city of Madrid. This diversity has affected the commercial characteristics of the area, with shops and cuisine of many countries invigorating the streets. The 21st century Lavapiés looks very different from the early 1900s. The population consists of about 60% immigrants, bringing different cultures, world views, foods, and religions into one place. The neighborhood’s community is known for being very politically active regarding what is happening in their area as well as around the world.

Of the people in Lavapiés born outside Spain, most DUH ƓUVW JHQHUDWLRQ LPPLJUDQWV 7KLV IDFW KDV OHG many to draw comparisons with England, France, and Germany where problems have arisen with second-generation immigrants. The average age of immigrants in the neighborhood is younger than that of the local residents, resulting in school populations consisting of nearly 70% immigrants.

Although Lavapiés is generally safe and without crime, some worry of problems arising from disenfranchised second generation immigrants in the near future, as have occurred in immigrant The graphic above shows the birth origin of the people of Lavapiés. 1/3 of the people were born in Madrid, populations in major cities such as Brussels, while the remaining people were born outside the city. 1/3 of the total population of the neighborhood was London, and Paris, where children of immigrants born outside of Spain. have caused issues as they expect more from society in terms of integration of culture. This, combined with a lack of parks and sports facilities in the area have many worried about youths joining gangs and causing trouble. This issue can be addressed in part by our Esta es una Plaza intervention.

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Lavapiés, by Jorge Dolç, 2012 The painting shows Plaza Lavapiés and its cosmopolitan inhabitants 45

SITE ANALYSIS

GREENERY WITHIN LAVAPIES

In the map of LavapiĂŠs to the right, open public outdoor spaces are shown in dark green and private outdoor spaces in light green. Given the density of the community, a lack of open spaces for the public is evident.

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CULTURAL INSTITUTIONS

MADRID, SPAIN

Public greenspaces around LavapiĂŠs include parks, paved plazas and tree lined avenues with spaces for gathering. Shown in the diagram to the left in blue are important landmarks and cultural institutions including the Teatro Valle Inclan, area VFKRROV DQG WKH 5HLQD 6RĆ“D 0XVHXP DQG WKHLU location in relationship to the proposed site.

1. Escuelas Pias 3 1

4

2 Map of Site Neighborhood, Present Day

2. Teatro Circo Price

3. Teatro Valle Inclan

Map of LavapiĂŠs, Present Day

5HLQD 6RĆ“D 0XVHXP 47

SITE ANALYSIS

VACANT LOTS IN LAVAPIES

Several abandoned lots dot the urban fabric of LavapiĂŠs. The largest of these sites, seen in the map to the right as number 5, is the Esta Es Una Plaza site for which this project is being proposed. While revitalizing and redeveloping these site would have a positive impact on the neighborhood, access to the sites has been UHVWULFWHG ZLWK FLW\ RIĆ“FLDOV UHOXFWDQW WR DOORZ pubic intervention.

4.

3.

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1.

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5.

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Abandoned Site 1

Abandoned Site 2

Abandoned Site 3

Abandoned Site 4

MADRID, SPAIN

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SITE ANALYSIS ESTA ES UNA PLAZA The site is located in a dense residential area on &DOOH GHO 'U )RXUTXHW ZLWKLQ D Ć“YH PLQXWHV ZDON to the center of the neighborhood. For over thirty years, the site has sat abandoned, and unutilized, leaving approximately 20,000sf of empty green space.

Un Jardin Compartido obtained the site from the Municipal District in 2008 as a social intervention for the neighborhood. The site became known as Esta es una Plaza, meaning “this is a plaza�. The idea behind Esta es una Plaza is to encourage people of all generations, ethnicities, and religions to come together in a common community space, strengthening the bond of the community. This not only creates a sense of place for the community, but also weaves the lives of community members together, dramatically improving social growth of the neighborhood.

Un Jardin Compartido have had struggles in the past with the government of LavapiĂŠs allowing them to use the space. They began their intervention in 2009, planting agriculture, creating a place for soccer, and a hammock sleeping area nestled in the trees of the site. They came back the next day to the doors welded shut. A bulldozer had come through the site without notice and left the space in ruins, crushing everything in its path.

South Side of the Site, Pre 2008

The site has been manipulated in modest ways to be used as a place for agriculture, sports, outdoor markets, an outdoor theatre, and outdoor festivals.

The group reuses items found on the streets and in the site to create the amenities that they need.

All structures on the site are removable, allowing users to easily manipulate the site to their needs.

7KH PDLQ HOHPHQWV WKDW GHĆ“QH WKH VSDFH DUH agricultural interventions on the site. *UDIĆ“WL DQG VWUHHW DUW DGRUQ WKH ZRUQ ZDOOV RI the plaza, which is populated by garden plots and makeshift structures for cooking, shelter, gathering, and bike storage.

South-West Side of the Site, Pre 2008 50

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South-West Side of the Site, Pre 2008

MADRID, SPAIN

South-West Side of the Site, Pre 2008

West Side of the Site, Pre 2008 51

SITE ANALYSIS SITE USAGE With the intervention by Esta Es Una Plaza, activities that occur on the site range from political debates, intellectual lectures, agriculture, and dance lessons, to pickup soccer games. These activities happen in and around each other, without permanent barriers allowing visual and audible connections to be made between one activity and another. The current state of the site DOORZV XVHUV WR PROG WKH RSHQ VSDFH WR Ć“W WKHLU needs. The versatile space lends itself to large gatherings while seamlessly transforming to a quiet garden. *UDIĆ“WL DQG VWUHHW DUW DGRUQ WKH ZRUQ ZDOOV RI the plaza, which is populated by garden plots and makeshift structures for cooking, shelter, gathering, and bike storage.

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SITE ANALYSIS SITE APPROACH

2.

Approach from Northeast on Calle Sombrereria

1.

Approach from Northwest on Calle Sombrereria

Approach from Southwest on Calle del Dr Fourquet 54

Approach from South Calle Mallorca

Approach from Southeast on Calle del Dr Fourquet

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The streetscapes of the neighborhood range from narrow sidewalks with a one lane road to large tree-line avenues with enough space to accommodate cafe seating. Often, trees are present in between parallel parking spaces, allowing for there to be enough space on the narrowest of VLGHZDONV ZKLOH QRW EORFNLQJ WUDIĆ“F 7KLV LV the case along both Calle de la SombrererĂ­a DQG &DOOH GHO 'U )RXUTXHW ZKLFK GHĆ“QH the north and south edges of the site.

Approach from Southeast on Calle del Dr Fourquet

Approach from Southwest on Calle del Dr Fourquet 55

SITE ANALYSIS

Site View 1

Site View 2 56

VEGETATION IN AND SURROUNDING SITE

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The proposed site has a number of existing trees. A number of Ash trees grow along the perimeter of the site, due to being a very tolerant species, resistant to high pollution and able to grow in less than ideal conditions. Other species that scatter the site include Cypress and Yew. A vegetable garden exists in the southwest corner of the site. The community has worked to grow plants on the site that can EHQHĆ“W WKH FRPPXQLW\ DQG WKHVH SODQWV have successfully grown on the site.

ADD SITE TREE DIAGRAM 1.

2.

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SITE ANALYSIS

SITE SUN AND WIND CONDITIONS

Winter: December 21st Wind Diagram

Spring: March 20th Wind Diagram

Summer: April 21st W

Winter: December 21st Sun Diagram

Spring: March 20th Sun Diagram

Summer: April 21st S

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Wind Diagram

Sun Diagram

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Wind Studies Wind in Madrid predominately comes from the north at 10 to 20 mph. It also comes from the west, but less frequently.

Wind on the site primarily comes from the north, east, and the west.

Fall: September 22nd Wind Diagram

Sun Studies The site experiences sunlight during the spring, fall, and summer months, but is submerged in shadows during the winter.

With taller buildings across the street to the southeast, there is a large amount of shade cast on the eastern corner of the site.

Fall: September 22nd Sun Diagram 59

SITE ANALYSIS SITE TOPOGRAPHY The elevation difference of the site is 9 feet. The lowest point lies adjacent to Calle de Dr. Fourquet. The highest point lies within the middle of the site. There is a moderate slope from north to the south, and from east to west. Section AA, which runs from West to East is UHODWLYHO\ Ĺ´DW ZLWK WKH VWHHSHVW VORSH DW +RZHYHU section BB, which runs from North to South the greatest grade change. At the center of the site, the slope is 10.4%, running South. This slope occurs where the housing block was demolished, and continues south.

Section Reference Plan 60

Site Section AA

CIVIC UNITY

MADRID, SPAIN

Site Section BB 61

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK SITE

REACTIONS

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CONCEPTUALIZATION

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PROGRAMMING

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CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK INITIAL SITE REACTIONS The Need for a Civic Space Being in the historic center of Madrid, the geography of LavapiÊs is dominated by some of the most important landmarks in Madrid. The main gate to the city for many, Atocha Station - the city’s main railway station, is located just outside of LavapiÊs at the southeastern corner RI WKH QHLJKERUKRRG PDNLQJ WKLV RQH RI WKH ƓUVW parts of Madrid some travelers see upon arrival.

Cultural institutions have a strong footprint KHUH 7KH 5HLQD 6RĆ“D 0XVHXP LQ WKH VRXWKHDVW offers a world-class collection of twentiethFHQWXU\ DUW $ WZHQW\ Ć“UVW FHQWXU\ H[SDQVLRQ

by Jean Nouvel further increased its presence.

To the south, Teatro Circo Price is a renowned theater and former circus that draws crowds from all over Spain. At the heart of LavapiĂŠs is another theater, the Teatro Valle Inclan, along with the historic Escuelas Pias de San Fernando located a few blocks away.

LavapiĂŠs is not lacking in landmarks, nor cultural institutions. What it is lacking is a place for the people of the community. The current pallet of venues is focused on attracting people who are not necessarily of the working class streets of LavapiĂŠs, but rather a class of people from Madrid as a whole, and in the case of the Reina 6RĆ“D 0XVHXP DQ LQWHUQDWLRQDO GHPRJUDSKLF that includes tourists from countries around the globe.

The creation of Esta Es Una Plaza by the people of LavapiĂŠs was a direct response to this void in the community, both metaphorically and physically, when taking over the vacant space that

is to be the site of this project.

The site, a scar in the urban fabric of the neighborhood, has been vacant for more than four decades, following the demolition of a several buildings that formerly occupied the site.

The resulting void takes the shape of a rectangle with a panhandle that connects two of the streets, Calle de la Sombrereria and Calle del Doctor Fourquet, creating a link in the urban condition that did not exist before.

,Q RUGHU WR Ć“OO WKH YRLG LQ WKH XUEDQ IDEULF here successfully, the sense of a place of civic space for the community of LavapiĂŠs must be achieved, through the language of the building and also through the language of the public space it adds to the neighborhood. This “newâ€?

YRLG VSDFH PXVW EH Ĺ´H[LEOH \HW GHVLJQHG IRUPDO and yet still colorful, so as not to subdue the diverse people of this lively part of Madrid.

3 1

4

2 Distribution of key landmarks in LavapiĂŠs

1. Escuelas Pias

2. Teatro Circo Price

3. Teatro Valle Inclan

5HLQD 6RĆ“D 0XVHXP

Esta Es Una Plaza functions on the site 64

CIVIC UNITY

MADRID, SPAIN

The Hybrid Building: A Spanish Typology

Iglesia de Iesu San Sebastian, Spain Rafael Moneo 2011

Sant Antoni Library and Senior Center Barcelona, Spain RCR Arquitectes 2007

Iglesia de Iesu is a hybrid building with an eclectic collection of program. The primary function of the building is as a church including housing for the priests, while the building also houses a supermarket.

The Sant Antoni Library and Senior Center utilizes the hybrid building typology by combining a center for seniors with a library. The program elements are complimented by an urban plaza space.

The hybrid building, that is, the building typology characterized by having programmatic elements that have largely nothing to do with one another under one roof, have become common in Spain in the past twenty years. In cities across Spain, architects have been experimenting with the effect of putting different functions together to gain new spaces and new relationships between venues that otherwise would not be related.

The intervention at Esta Es Una Plaza will be a continuation of this trend. The new building will be a center for the community, with several different programmatic elements united together in one structure. Among these functions there will EH D ƓWQHVV FHQWHU DQ HGXFDWLRQDO SLHFH KRXVLQJ a lecture hall and workshops, a children’s center and day-care, a library with computer lab and SULQWLQJ FHQWHU DQG D FDIH 7KH XQLƓFDWLRQ RI WKLV diverse program will occur using architectural elements, creating moments where programs that are very different can talk to one another. The resulting building will prove to be a metaphor for the neighborhood of LavapiÊs, where diversity is a part of everyday life and cultures that have little to do with one another interact routinely.

65

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK INITIAL SITE REACTIONS When intervening on the site of Esta es Una Plaza in LavapiĂŠs, one must understand the economic and social conditions under which the residents Ć“UVW FDPH WRJHWKHU WR WDNH WKH DFWLRQ RI FOHDQLQJ up this site themselves. Feeling neglected by the local authorities, the diverse people of this ZRUNLQJ FODVV TXDUWHU RI DIĹ´XHQW 0DGULG PDGH WKLV space their own center for gathering, teaching, celebrating, and demonstrating. In the shadow of VXFK FXOWXUDO LQVWLWXWLRQV VXFK DV WKH 5HLQD 6RĆ“D D place for the community such as this was absent.

Any intervention here should be mindful of this, and strive to create a civic space for the people of LavapiĂŠs, while unifying its diverse population.

Currently occupying the site is the aforementioned intervention made by Esta es Una Plaza, a neighborhood effort to turn a site that has been abandoned and vacant for more than four decades into a community garden. The site’s uses vary greatly; at one end, wood pallets are stacked into a makeshift amphitheater for performances, while towards the middle are plots of land for growing vegetables and plants. Makeshift wood shelters and bike-racks, a pair of soccer nets, and even ovens for cooking are a testament to the multiple uses of the space.

In a neighborhood such as LavapiĂŠs, one that is known as a place of humble yet proud people, what type of architecture is appropriate? In what ways can this space convey a sense of civic monumentality and yet still be of the people who live here? How can architecture signify the unity of such a diverse population, and embody the spirit in which they came together of their own accord to create Esta es Una Plaza?

Collages of spacial experience in the site ignited conceptual design with ideas of elements of the architecture unifying the plaza, primarily with a large roof structure sheltering the void in the city’s fabric. As seen in the collage to the right, WKH GHƓQLWLRQ EHWZHHQ RXWGRRU DQG LQGRRU ZRXOG begin to blur, and the over arching structure would act as a visual umbrella connecting different activities.

66

CIVIC UNITY

MADRID, SPAIN

This spacial unity is key to the development of the outdoor elements on the site. The URRI VWUXFWXUH GHĆ“QHV GLVWLQFW ]RQHV ZKLOH VWLOO DOORZLQJ DFWLYLWLHV WR Ĺ´RZ G\QDPLFDOO\ between these zones as needed.

The roof is a simple gesture, but a powerful one. It provides a sense of visual connectivity and unity, and an emotional feel of shelter. Physically this roof also provides shade during the hottest months of the year, and some protection from the rain. The structure breaks in areas, allowing sun through and trees to break through toward the sky.

Conceptual sketches show the development of these unifying elements, and the search for the form of the void which will become the main plaza space for the community.

67

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK SEARCHING FOR THE VOID

68

CIVIC UNITY

MADRID, SPAIN

69

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK SEARCHING FOR THE VOID Underneath the roof active and passive uses collide.

The collage to the right embodies the diverse way in which the community needs the plaza to function.

In the foreground, a couple relaxes while a group children play soccer. In the distance, a crowd is gathered around a performance. Overhead is the unifying structure, which here has broken in places to reveal the sky. All of the boundaries of the site have been controlled, and the space is performing as a site for both active and passive users.

One Omotesando_ Tokyo, Japan

Tokyo, Japan Kengo Kuma Associates 2003

Kengo Kuma Associates’ mixed use building in Tokyo utilizes a wood louver as a unifying wrapper across a building with multiple functions. This allows the facade behind this skin to change as the program does, including some open air gaps, ZKLOH DFKLHYLQJ D XQLƓHG DSSHDUDQFH IURP WKH street.

70

CIVIC UNITY

MADRID, SPAIN

The conceptual model to the left shows the over arching idea of a roof structure spanning over WKH VLWH 6RPH RI WKH ERXQGDULHV DUH GHĆ“QHG ZLWK ZDOOV GHĆ“QLQJ DQG FRQWUROOLQJ WKH YLHZV out of the site. The roof structure varies as it crosses the site, with some sections covered, DQG D YDULDWLRQ RI PHPEHU FRQĆ“JXUDWLRQV In some points, the roof breaks to give room to a tree protruding through, while in others greenery is hanging from members.

Beneath the roof structure, people are going about different activities. While the structure’s FROXPQV GHƓQH VRPH VSDFHV ORRVHO\ WKH DFWLYLWLHV DUH DEOH WR ŴRZ IUHHO\ EHQHDWK WDNLQJ as much space as they need.

In creating a civic space, the boundary of the space is paramount in controlling the appearance, and through this, the feel, of the place. The site strategy for this space is the tool IRU FUHDWLQJ DQG FRQWUROOLQJ D XQLĆ“HG IHHOLQJ WR the space.

The site strategy of the LavapiĂŠs Community Center is a driving force behind the organization of the program elements, creating the form of the building. The program lines the edges of the site, leaving the space along the street open to the outdoors, creating the outdoor civic space in front of the building.

71

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK INITIAL PROGRAM The initial program of the Esta es Una Plaza &RPPXQLW\ &HQWHU FRQVLVWHG RI ƓYH PDMRU SLHFHV an education piece containing workshops and a OHFWXUH KDOO D ƓWQHVV SLHFH LQFOXGLQJ D J\P ZLWK locker room amenities, a children’s day-care, a library, and a cafe. The building’s hybrid program of varied functions is becoming a common phenomenon in Spain, where mixed functions often are paired alongside one another.

72

Category

Program

Area (net SF) Quantity

Total Area (SF)

Library

Lobby / entrance Locker / coat area Computer zone Magazines / Journals Main Collection Administration / Help desk Photocopy / Printing room

500 250 1500 1500 3000 400 300

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

500 250 1500 1500 3000 400 300

Education

Lecture room Projection room Workshop Computer lab

1750 300 500 500

1 1 3 2

1750 300 1500 1000

Kids’ Area

Playroom / day-care Reading room for kids Toy storage Cubbies / Coats Staff room Kitchenette

2400 500 200 200 150 150

1 1 1 1 1 1

2400 500 200 200 150 150

Fitness

Group exercise Storage Fitness room Locker rooms 6WDII RIĆ“FH Reception

1000 200 2500 900 500 500

2 2 1 2 1 1

2000 400 2500 1800 500 500

Cafe

Cafe / Dining area Kitchen

2000 600

1 1

2000 600

CIVIC UNITY

MADRID, SPAIN

Esta Es Una Plaza functions on the site

73

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK UNIFYING ELEMENTS The LavapiĂŠs Community Center is unique in its hybrid program, which is made up of a elements that do not necessarily relate to one another.

Using a second skin facade, these program pieces are able to have their own response to the SOD]D ZKLOH WKH RXWHU VNLQ RI WKH EXLOGLQJ XQLĆ“HV all of these elements. The second skin creates a “facade-zoneâ€? in which a system of louvers provide shade and visual continuity.

Plexiglass louvers in the roof and the facade take the colors of buildings in the neighborhood, connecting the building with its context and adding to the lively street fronts of LavapiĂŠs. As light passes through the plexiglass elements in the roof, the colors are transferred to the ground, making the plaza a lively space.

Facade and Roof Exploded Axonometric 74

CIVIC UNITY

MADRID, SPAIN

Lavapiés Color Study

75

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK SITE STRATEGY

Program

Unifying Facade

South Facade from Calle del Doctor Fourquet 76

CIVIC UNITY

Public Space

MADRID, SPAIN

Roof

North Facade from Calle de Sombrereria 77

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK SCHEMATIC DESIGN 7KH VLWH RI (VWD HV 8QD 3OD]D LV DQ LQƓOO VLWH LQ Lavapiés between two smaller streets, Calle Sombrereria and Calle del Doctor Fourquet.

This void in the urban fabric has a large frontage on Calle del Doctor Fourquet, with only a small portion of the site fully connecting the two streets.

The small frontage on Calle Sombrereria includes a historic facade.

In creating a civic space, the boundary of the space is paramount in controlling the appearance, and through this, the feel, of the place. The site strategy for this space is the tool for creating and FRQWUROOLQJ D XQLƓHG IHHOLQJ WR WKH VSDFH 7KH program lines the edges of the site, leaving the space along the street open to the outdoors, creating the outdoor civic plaza.

Initial site strategies dictated several keys to designing on this site. Most important of these was that the site retain an open space for the people.

Given the civic approach to this intervention, the mass of the building was designed to surround the plaza, creating a controlled boundary visually around the entire site. The passage between streets which existed on the site is to be kept, with a quiet outdoor space happening under the program behind the historic facade on Calle Sombrereria. This allows one to walk through this facade, into the lobby of the building, which is glazed on both sides to allow for visual access to the plaza beyond.

The plaza is spanned by a roof, which folds and changes height in different areas. In some portions, this roof is broken to reveal areas of clear sky, allowing trees to grow through.

7KH ƓWQHVV DQG HGXFDWLRQ SLHFHV ZHUH GHVLJQHG WR EH RQ WKH ORZHU ŴRRUV DV WKH\ DUH WKH PRVW used, with the cafe situated along the center of the plaza to activate the outdoor space. The children’s day-care area occurs toward the rear of the site, sheltered above the plaza and away from the streets, while the library occurs on the highest levels of the building, intended to be lifted up away from the noisy streets of the city below.

78

CIVIC UNITY

MADRID, SPAIN

79

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK SCHEMATIC DESIGN

Ground Floor 1. Lobby 2. Lecture Hall 3. Secondary Entry Court 4. Cafe 5. Kitchen 6. Fitness Reception 7. Group Exercise Room 8. Fitness Storage 9. Coat Storage and Lockers

3.

9.

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5.

8.

7.

6.

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80

CIVIC UNITY

MADRID, SPAIN

81

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK SCHEMATIC DESIGN

Basement Level 1. Men’s Locker Room 2. Women’s Locker Room 3. Men’s Restroom + Shower 4. Women’s Restroom + Shower 5. Storage 6. Electric + Transformer Room

2.

4.

6.

5.

82

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Section through site between streets

MADRID, SPAIN

Section through tower portion of building

83

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK SCHEMATIC DESIGN

84

CIVIC UNITY

MADRID, SPAIN

The main entry plaza is the centerpiece of the Lavapiés Community Center, creating an urban space for the people of the neighborhood that provides a place for the community gatherings that were occurring at the Esta Es Una Plaza site. A spacious plaza space with minimal benches takes the language of the neighborhood streets by using the same stone in its pavers, while the roof structure’s outline is mimicked using a polished version of this stone. Benches provide places to sit and read or people watch, while the majority of the plaza is obstruction-free to allow for the community to maximize its functionality and use it for anything they please, from cultural celebrations to concerts, markets to political demonstrations, or just as a simple place to relax outdoors.

Overhead the roof structure provides shade from the sun’s harshest rays in the summer, while the louvers are angled to allow sunlight in during the winter months. These louvers, made of plexiglass colored in the palette of the neighborhood’s bright buildings, create an exciting and colorful quality of the light that does pass through to the plaza below. The roof structure breaks open to reveal sky in certain areas, and allows a tree to grow through, adding greenery to the plaza.

The plaza slopes gently with the site, approximately covering an elevation of three feet over the span of ninety, with the lowest level being at the southwestern end of the plaza in front of the main lobby entrance.

On the perimeter of the plaza, the facade of the building is glazed, and a facade-zone of louvers made of the same plexiglass provide a sense of the unity of this civic space, tying together the unique programmatic elements into a uniform, yet playful facade.

85

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK SCHEMATIC DESIGN

86

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MADRID, SPAIN

Level 2 1. Lobby Lounge 2. Workshop 3. Computer Lab 4. Main Exercise Room )LWQHVV $GPLQLVWUDWLRQ 2IƓFH

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4.

3.

2.

1.

88

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MADRID, SPAIN

89

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90

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MADRID, SPAIN

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Level 4 1. Library Reception + Lounge 2. Help Desk + Administration 3. Library Main Collection

1.

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91

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK SCHEMATIC DESIGN

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CIVIC UNITY

MADRID, SPAIN

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93

TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS CODE

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CAFE

FITNESS

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EDUCATION

LIBRARY

CIVIC UNITY LOBBY / ENTRANCE

34

LOCKER + COAT AREA

2

COMPUTER ZONE

30

MAGAZINES + JOURNALS

25

MAIN COLLECTION

50

ADMINISTRATION + HELP DESK

7

PHOTOCOPY + PRINTING ROOM

6

LOBBY

93

LECTURE HALL

110

PROJECTION ROOM

2

WORKSHOPS

30

COMPUTER LAB

18

PLAYROOM

25

READING ROOM FOR KIDS

10

TOY STORAGE

1

CUBBIES + COATS

3

STAFF ROOM

2

KITCHENETTE

2

GROUP EXERCISE

66

STORAGE

6

FITNESS ROOM

83

LOCKER ROOMS

50

STAFF OFFICE

13

RECEPTION

65

CAFE DINING AREA

124

KITCHEN

6

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= 10 PEOPLE 97

TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS

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Accessibility

2QH RI /DYDSLHVĹ?V GHĆ&#x201C;QLQJ IHDWXUHV LWV WRSRJUDSK\ PDNHV WUDYHUVLQJ WKH QHLJKERUKRRG GLIĆ&#x201C;FXOW IRU WKH handicapped and elderly. Many of the streets in this part of the city are steeper than the 1 to 12 ratio required by codes in some countries as the maximum slope for a ramp.

Accessibility is designed for at the LavapiĂŠs Community Center to ensure that all can access and use the facility. The site is accessible from Calle del Doctor Fourquet, where the gently sloping entry plaza (at a slope of 1 to 30) greets arrivals. The entrances to all of the main programmatic elements occur along this plaza. Interior ramps account for elevation difference between program at the higher end of the plaza to the lower end. Due to the extreme slope between Calle del Doctor Fourquet in the south, and Calle de la Sombrereria to the north at the rear of the site, an accessible entrance from the north was not a feasible solution. The result is a building that is completely accessible, although handicapped accessibility does not extend to passing through the rear of the site.

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1. Daylighting Strategy Daylighting is optimized on the site by creating a utilizing massing to create more facade surface area along the plaza than there would be along the streetfront. Glazing here and a light well inside of the tower bring light deeper into the building.

2.

2. Natural Ventilation Natural ventilation is used to lessen the load of mechanical ventilation systems so as to reduce energy consumption. This is done through the use of operable portions of the curtain walls along the plaza, light well, and north facade.

3.

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3. Sun Shading Sun shading is the most dramatic sustainable move in the design, manifested in the plexiglass louvers in the facade and roof that are designed to unite the building. The louvers are angled to block intense light from the south and west, lowering cooling loads in the building.

4. Displacement Ventilation A displacement ventilation system is XVHG LQVWHDG RI D OHVV HIĆ&#x201C;FLHQW V\VWHP IRU mechanical ventilation. The system uses less energy as it only heats and cools the air in the bottom 7 feet of the space, and does not waste energy heating and cooling space near the ceiling that is not habitable.

4.

1.

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Daylighting Strategy Daylighting is optimized on the site with the creation of the plaza on the south side of the site. This leads to an elongation in the perimeter of the building as the facade is now facing this plaza on 3 sides. Designed to create a visual connection and transparency between the inside and the outside, the face of the building along the plaza is a glazed curtain wall, allowing lighting to penetrate deep within the building.

In the tower portion of the building, a light well FDUYHV LWV ZD\ WKURXJK WKH XSSHU Ĺ´RRUV RI WKH building, bringing light into the densest part of the buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s mass. This lights the center of the Ĺ´RRUV LQ WKH WRZHU DV ZHOO DV LOOXPLQDWLQJ WKH UHDU entry plaza below.

By bringing in as much natural daylight into WKH EXLOGLQJ DV SRVVLEOH WKH QHHG IRU DUWLĆ&#x201C;FLDO lighting is greatly reduced and in some areas completely eliminated. This reduces the amount of energy the building consumes for lighting needs, creating a more sustainable solution for the design.

7KH PDVVLQJ FRQĆ&#x201C;JXUDWLRQ RI WKH EXLOGLQJ DOVR takes into consideration the daylighting of neighboring buildings and their patios. The tallest portion of the building occupies a space between two party walls, while the mass of the building along the plaza is kept lower, rising only two levels. This ensures that some daylight reaches the patios of the buildings directly behind the LavapiĂŠs Community Center, preserving their access to the sun.

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Transparent facades on Level 1

Spaces with Daylight - Level 1

Spaces with Daylight - Typ. Upper Level

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Typical Wind Conditions in Madrid

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Natural Ventilation Natural ventilation is utilized in the LavapiĂŠs Community Center to supplement the displacement ventilation system used. On the ground level and level 2, operable portions of the curtain wall that faces the plaza allow for natural ventilation into the building when opened.

Winter

Spring

Summer

Autumn

Year

$ORQJ WKH XSSHU Ĺ´RRUV RI WKH WRZHU portion of the building, operable glazing panels occur in curtain walls on both the north and south facades of the building, allowing for ventilation at both ends of the Ĺ´RRUV PD[LPL]LQJ QDWXUDO YHQWLODWLRQ IRU these areas.

In utilizing natural ventilation to supplement the displacement ventilation system, the mechanical elements of the later system need not be operating at all times, and also not at as high of a capacity.

This reduces the amount of power that is needed to run these systems, making the system overall more sustainable.

1DWXUDO YHQWLODWLRQ DOVR EHQHĆ&#x201C;WV WKH inhabitants of the building psychologically, as the fresh air makes them feel healthier and more productive, and emotionally happier.

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TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS Sun Shading Sun shading is perhaps the most dramatic element of sustainability in the design of the Lavapiés Community Center. A facade zone is developed facing the plaza and unifying the programmatic elements in the facade of the building by creating one system that ties them together. This system is comprised of a series of steel grates that hold up VWHHO IUDPHV ƓOOHG ZLWK FRORUHG SOH[LJODVV ORXYHUV The louvers take the colors of the buildings of the neighborhood, adding a colorful layer to the facade and a colorful quality to light that does enter the space.

The louvers are angled to block direct sunlight from the southwest, when the sun is low in the sky in the late afternoon and sunset. The same louver system is carried over to the north facade, but here it is purely for visual continuity with the rest of the building.

Concrete overhangs in the tower portion of the facade add to the effect of the sun shading louvers, blocking light from the summer sun, while letting in light during the winter.

In addition to sun shading in the facade, a large roof made of the same louvers adds a level of shading to the plaza. The orientation of the louvers allows them to block sunlight in the height of the summer months, while allowing sunlight into the plaza during winter months when the sun is low in the sky.

Sun shading on the Lavapiés Community Center reduces glare, as well as greatly reducing cooling load for the mechanical system attempting to make up for heat gains from direct sunlight. This adds to the sustainability of the building.

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Displacement Ventilation The displacement ventilation system in the LavapiĂŠs Community Center introduces conditioned air from the outdoors at low velocity into the spaces at diffusers LQ WKH Ĺ´RRU 7KH DLU VSUHDGV DORQJ WKH Ĺ´RRU JDLQLQJ KHDW DQG WKHQ ULVLQJ LQ D phenomenon known as thermal plumes.

The air is then extracted through return ducts.

The displacement systemâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s advantage to this design is that it allows for all of the GLIIXVHUV WR EH ORFDWHG LQ WKH Ĺ´RRU LQVWHDG of the ceiling, which is a concrete slab in this building.

The sustainable advantage to using a displacement ventilation system lies LQ LWV HIĆ&#x201C;FLHQF\ &RPPRQ LQ (XURSHDQ construction, displacement systems generally do not heat or cool air above VHYHQ WR HLJKW IHHW IURP WKH Ĺ´RRU 7KLV means that only habitable space is heated DQG FRROHG ZKLFK FXWV GRZQ VXSHUĹ´XRXV heating and cooling of air well above even the tallest occupants of the space. This lightens the heating and cooling loads of the building, reducing its need to consume electricity.

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MECHANICAL SYSTEMS

The system chosen for the LavapiĂŠs Community Center was a variable air volume (VAV) system.

Given the hybrid nature of the building, and the varied uses it houses, the variable air volume system makes sense as it affords each zone with its own controls. This allows for programs that need special heating and cooling loads, such as WKH Ć&#x201C;WQHVV VSDFH RU WKH OHFWXUH KDOO WR JHW WKHP The program itself is grouped into zones with other elements of program that share similar needs in mechanical load. The educational portion of the building, including the workshops and computer labs, shares a zone with the library DQG FKLOGUHQĹ?V GD\ FDUH 7KH Ć&#x201C;WQHVV QHHGLQJ more air changes and different cooling loads, is on its own zone, as is the cafe. The lecture hall also has its own zone, as it has a high occupancy, requiring more air changes.

Ductwork runs through chases in the side wall of the tower portion of the building, feeding GXFWV XQGHU WKH WHFKQLFDO Ĺ´RRU RQ HDFK OHYHO The system of pushing air up from registers in WKH Ĺ´RRU DQG KDYLQJ UHWXUQ UHJLVWHUV LQ WKH Ĺ´RRU utilizes displacement. This system of heating and cooling allows for the ceiling to remain exposed concrete, a desired design element conceptually.

8VLQJ GLVSODFHPHQW LV DOVR D PRUH HIĆ&#x201C;FLHQW ZD\ of heating and cooling as it only conditions WKH DLU ZLWKLQ IHHW RI WKH Ĺ´RRU HOLPLQDWLQJ WKH unnecessary heating and cooling of air closer to the ceiling which is not habitable.

Floor diffuser conceptual diagram Comfort levels year round: Dry Bulb Temperature is 67 to 75 degrees Humidity ratio is .003 to .013 Relative humidity is 30% to 90%

YEARLY PSYCHOMETRIC

Air displacement conceptual diagram The temperature is hottest in July and August with a mean of about 78 °F and records reaching about 100 °F. It is coldest in December and January with mean temperatures around 36 °F and record lows reaching 25 °F .

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Conceptual sketches show early mechanical development of the air displacement system as well as the beginning of the three-air handling unit system utilized in the building.

Diagrams below shows which areas are served by the three air handling units. The program in the tower is serviced by the air handling unit on the roof of that space, the educational program of the workshops and lecture hall are served by an air handling unit directly above on level three, and WKH FDIH DQG Ć&#x201C;WQHVV VSDFHV DUH serviced by a third air handling unit above them, also at level 3.

Level 1 HVAC Zones

Level 2 HVAC Zones

Levels 3-5 HVAC Zones

Source: The Architectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Studio Companion 109

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Supply and Return Distribution Diagram 110

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1. Air Handling Unit 1 2. Boiler 3. Chiller 4. Cooling Tower 5. Air Handling Unit 2 6. Air Handling Unit 3 7. Return Ducts 8. Supply Ducts 9. Fin Tubes

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2.

6.

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Mechanical System Axon 111

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STRUCTURAL CONCEPT

The structural system utilized in the LavapiĂŠs Community Center is the concrete bubble deck. Concrete was vital for use throughout the building as a show of civic monumentality and permanence. The slabs are exposed to the Ĺ´RRUV EHORZ DQG DOO HOHFWULFDO DQG SLSLQJ RFFXUV EHQHDWK D UDLVHG Ĺ´RRU VLWWLQJ DERYH WKH VODE RQ D series of supports. The bubble deck is ideal for this design as it forms well to the light wells in the tower portion of the building, and can then take the shape of the rest of the program surrounding the site.

The slab is supported by cast in place concrete bearing walls and columns. The bearing walls occur around the edges of the site, adjacent to the party walls of the abutting properties. Here, there is no possibility of windows, so the situation lends itself to bearing walls. In the interior of the site, the building opens up to the plaza with a glazed facade. The slabs here are supported by a system of concrete columns, allowing the facade WR IUHHO\ Ĺ´RZ LQ IURQW RI WKHP DQG OHWWLQJ OLJKW DQG views into and out of the building.

Structural Axonometric

Initial Structural Grid Structural Axon Exploded 114

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Concrete bubble deck is a type of voided biaxial concrete structural slab, in which concrete is removed to make the structure lighter. This technique of making the slab lighter is not new; the coffers of the Pantheon were an early form of this. Bubble deck is an abstraction of this concept.

Hollow ellipsoids of material are used in the cross section of the slab, making it much lighter and requiring much less material. This allows for larger spans than conventional concrete slab construction; the minimal span of a bubble deck system for it to be appropriate is around twentyVHYHQ IHHW ZKLOH LW FDQ VSDQ MXVW VK\ RI Ć&#x201C;IW\ feet.

Conceptual Bubble Deck Detail The diagram above was provided by Australian Bubble Deck manufacturer Perth Precast. It shows the ellipsoids and the frame in which they sit, as well as the lack of ellipsoids column conditions.

In construction, the ellipsoids are placed in a system of reinforcing steel members that keep them in place. The concrete is then cast around the elements to create the slab. The ellipsoids are placed at the center of the cross section, where the concrete is the least necessary, allowing for the top and bottom of the slab (where the most stresses occur) to be solid and able to function as a normal concrete slab.

This allows the slab to be fully functional under both tension and compression.

The proposed LavapiĂŠs Community Center lends itself well to the bubble deck system due to its modular design; the longest span between parti walls in the tower portion is forty feet, as is the distance between the property line and the proposed facade. This allows the building to be more open than a building of traditional concrete construction, while still giving the monumental civic presence that concrete delivers.

The chart above was used to size the bubble deck for the LavapiĂŠs Community Center. The minimum depth necessary for the bubble deck was found to be 12â&#x20AC;?.

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Installation process of concrete being cast around ellipsoids

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TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS The bubble deck structure of the Lavapiés Community Center is set up in 40’ modules, which is approximately the distance between the party walls in the rear tower portion of the site. This is within the bubble-deck’s spanning limitations.

Around openings and at edge of slab conditions, as well as in key structural points such as around beams, the ellipsoids in the slab are removed so the slab can achieve a greater structural thickness.

The concrete bubble deck structure has the added effect of contributing to the sustainability of the EXLOGLQJ 7KH VXVWDLQDEOH EHQHƓW RI WKLV PDWHULDO is the ability of concrete to be constructed locally.

It is also a low-energy construction system when compared to its alternative, steel. This is because steel has to be manufactured and then shipped a long distance from the factory in which it was made to the site.

Concrete construction proves to be a sustainable solution, as the concrete can be mixed and the slab can be poured on site, without the need for the material to be shipped long distances.

The slabs of concrete also provide a thermal mass that lessens the load for heating and cooling loads. During the day, the material absorbs heat, usually through direct sunlight. At night, as the building cools, it releases this heat back into the building, lessening the heating loads at the coolest hours of the day.

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Levels 4 + 5

117

TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS In keeping with the idea of civic permanence and monumental presence while at the same time respecting the diversity of the program within, the enclosure system of the Lavapiés Community Center is twofold: concrete encloses the building along the party walls of the adjacent properties, while a glazing system creates opportunities for the public to see into the center from the plaza.

Insulation in the concrete wall is provided on the interior, where a continued line of insulation ascends the building, with reinforcing elements WR WLH ŴRRU VODEV WR WKH EHDULQJ ZDOOV To unify the program, the facade along the plaza to the south is lined with a series of wood louver elements. This system changes as it traverses the facade to adjust to the building’s orientation to the sun. This allows the actual facade behind the louver system to take whatever form the program requires, while still presenting a uniform appearance to the plaza. The louvers are unifying the diverse program, as the plaza and community center will be unifying the diverse cultures of the neighborhood of Lavapiés.

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The layers of enclosure on the Esta es Una Plaza Community Center are expressed in the exploded axonometric to the ULJKW 7KH XSSHU Ĺ´RRUV RI WKH WRZHU DUH clad in a glazing system. Light from the south, higher in the sky, is blocked using overhangs in the concrete slabs at each Ĺ´RRU On the lower levels of the building, the facade is treated with a plexiglass-louver skin system. This allows the glazing behind to respond to the needs of the different elements of the program that occur on WKHVH Ĺ´RRUV VXFK DV WKH FDIH Ć&#x201C;WQHVV and lecture spaces. The frequency of the louvers changes over the course of the facade, creating moments of more density in some places and more openness in other

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CONTEXT FLORA Historic Plants of Madrid

Secondary Plants/Trees

Clavel [Carnation] 7KH FDUQDWLRQ LV 6SDLQĹ?V QDWLRQDO Ĺ´RZHU DQG LV DVVRFLDWHG with love, passion, and folklore. Like roses in many cultures, the colors of the carnation are carry different meanings such as red for love, pink for gratitude or mothersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; love, and white for luck. The climate in much of Spain, including Madrid is favorable for growing carnations.

1. Alder Tree 2. Holm Oak 3. Scots Pine 4. Black Poplar 5. Cork Oak

1

6. Aleppo Pine 7. Yew Tree 8. Aspen Poplar 9. English Elm 10. Strawberry Tree 11. European Beech 12. Cyprus Tree 13. White Willow

2

14. Common Ash

Madrono [Strawberry Tree] The Strawberry Tree has importance to the city of Madrid because it appears on their coat of arms. The meaning behind this is unknown, but Strawberry Trees grow around the area and are harvested for their fruit.

15. Blackwood Acacia 16. Pomegranate Tree 17. Gum Rockrose 18. Juniper 19. Carnation 20. Spanish Bluebells

3

21. English Lavender 22. Rosemary 23. Lantana 24. Gazania

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Madrid Madrid

Group 1 - HISTORICAL AND GEOGRAPHIC BACKGROUND Chris Brown, Connor Byrne, Christian Johnson, Kristen Weigel

Los Mapas Histรณricos Historical Maps

La Ubicaciรณn Location: Castilla District of Spain

ElCity Crecimiento de la Ciudad Growth

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Las y Las Avenidas CityMurallas Walls/ Avenues

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Los Puntos de Referencia Landmarks

Los Puntos de Referencia Landmarks Cuatro Torres Business Area

ChamartĂ­n Train Station

Gates of Europe Towers

Estadio Santiago BernabĂŠu

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Los Puntos de Referencia Landmarks

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Los de la Ciudad CityDistritos Districts

Palacio Real

Puerta del Sol

Plaza Mayor

Museo del Prado

Caixa Forum

Museo Reina Sofía

Atocha Train Station

Esta es una Plaza Site

Estadio Vicente Calderón

Lavapiés Lavapies

La Historia History 14TH-15TH CENTURY: JEWS INHABIT LAVAPIES.

15TH CENTURY: JEWS EXPELLED BY MONARCHY, NOT THE CHURCH.

1930S: BECOMES PLACE FOR SPANISH IMMIGRANTS LOOKING FOR A FRESH START.

EARLY-MID 1900S: NEIGHBORHOOD FALLS INTO DECAY. IMMIGRANTS FROM NORTH AFRICA AND MIDDLE EAST.

LATE 1900S: NEW BUILDING REINVIGORATES THE NEIGHBORHOOD.

21ST CENTURY: WEALTHY AND WORKING CLASS LIVING TOGETHER. VERY DIVERSE POPULATION, NEW DYNAMIC.

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La Figura-Fondo Figure/ Ground

La GeografĂ­a Geography

La Cultura Culture

Las Calles Streets

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Las Plazas y Puntos de Referencia Plazas & Landmarks

ElTransportation Transporte

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Las Instituciones Cultural Institutions Culturales

MADRID, SPAIN

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TYLER DAVENPORT, MICHAELLA FUSCO, LESLIE HULBERT, & CATHERINE SMEYKAL ARCH 513: FILLING THE VOID - PARTIALLY

MAP OF MADRID

MADRID, SPAIN

40.4000° N 3.7167° W

MAP OF SPAIN

MAP OF DOWNTOWN MADRID

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MONTHLY DIURNAL AVERAGES

MAP OF LAVA PIÉS

Temperature - Summer Solstice

Temperature (°F)

dĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ ; &Ϳ

Temperature - Spring Equinox 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0

4

8

Low: 40 °F Average: 50.71 °F High: 60 °F

12

16

20

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0

24

Hours

Temperature (°F)

Temperature (°F)

0

The temperature is hottest in July and August with a mean of about 78 °F and records reaching about 100 °F. It is coldest in December and January with mean temperatures around 36 °F and record lows reaching 25 °F .

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Temperature - Winter Solstice

Temperature - Fall Equinox 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

Low: 59 °F Average: 69.04 °F High: 78 °F

4

Low: 55 °F Average: 69.5 °F High: 82 °F

20

24

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0

4

8

Low: 38 °F Average: 42.13 °F High: 50 °F

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16

Hours

DAILY TEMPERATURE

RESEARCH

CIVIC UNITY Relative Humidity - Fall Equinox

90

Mar

Apr

May

High

Jun

Jul

Low

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

0

50

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Hours

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8

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Low:38% Average:57% High:79%

Relative Humidity - Summer Solstice

30 20

Spring

the month with the lowest average humidity, at approximately 40%. The relative humidity occurs in December, average of approximately 84%.

12

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

40

0

Average

8

Low:43% Average:60.3% High:79%

10

Dec

4

60

Summer

Fall

Winter

The lowest relative humidity occurs in the summer, with an average of about 45%. This is followed by the spring at 59% and the Fall at 67%. The highest levels of humidity occur in the winter, with a seasonal average of approximately 75%.

Relative Humidity - Winter Solstice

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

Relative Humidity (%)

Feb

70

Relative Humidity (%)

Jan

80

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

Relative Humidity (%)

100

RElative Humidity (%)

Relative Humidity (%)

Seasonal Relative Humidity

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

July is relative highest with an

Relative Humidity (%)

Relative Humidity - Spring Equinox

Monthly Relative Humidity

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0

4

Low:35% Average:51.75% High:75%

8

12

Hours

16

20

24

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0

4

8

Low:72% Average:82% High:89%

In each season, the relative humidity follows a similar pattern throughout the day, which is inverse to the daily temperature pattern. The daily high occurs in the morning, typically between 4 a.m. and 8 a.m., while the daily low occurs in the afternoon, between 3 p.m. and 7 p.m. The Winter Solstice is a clear outlier, as its average humidity is much higher than the other times of year. The relative humidity also varies less throughout the day in the Winter.

MONTHLY AND SEASONAL HUMIDITY

12

16

Hours

DAILY HUMIDITY

Temperature + Humidity: Providence

Temperature + Humidity: Madrid 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Jan

Feb

Mar

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Jun

Temperature (째F)

Jul

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Sep

Humidity (%)

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Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Temperature (째F)

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Humidity (%)

The temperature in both Madrid and Providence follows a similar pattern throughout the year, with the lowest temperatures occuring in the winter and the highest temperatures occuring in the summer. However, the average temperatures are around 10째F higher in Madrid than Providence in any given month.

The Humidity in Madrid has an inverse pattern than the temperature, with the highest humidity occuring during the winter and the lowest humidity occuring in the summer. In Providence, the humidity is relatively constant throughout the year. Therefore, the average humidity in Madrid is higher than that in Providence during the winter and much lower than Providence during the summer. This allows the high temperature to feel more comfortable.

TEMPERATURE+HUMIDITY: MADRID VS. PROVIDENCE

Wind in Madrid predominately comes from the North and consistantly comes at 10 to 20 mph. It also comes from the west, but less frequently.

YEARLY WIND PATTERNS

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January

February

March

60

12

50

10

40

8

30

6

20

4

10

2

0

April

Number of Wet Days

Average Percipitation Precipitation (mm)

APPENDIX

0 Spring

Summer

Fall

Winter

Season

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

October is when wind is at a low point and June and July is when it is at its highest. There is not much of a difference because wind is a year round condition.

80

10

60 40

5

20 0

0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

20

120 15

100 80

10

60 40

5

20 0

0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Axis Title

Axis Title Precipitation (mm)

Average Number of Wet Days

SEASONAL/MONTHLY RAIN FALL

Precipitation (mm)

Fall Equinox

Winter Solstice

Altitude: 50° Azimuth: 270°W, 90°E

Altitude: 25° Azimuth: 120°W, 240°E

Spring Equinox

Summer Solstice

Altitude: 50° Azimuth: 270°W, 90°E

Altitude: 70° Azimuth: 300°W, 60°E

Average Number of Wet Days

15

140 Precipitation (mm)

120

Average Number of Wet Days

Precipitation (mm)

20

100

MONTHLY WIND

Providence Rain Fall

Madrid Rain Fall 140

There is not much rainfall in Madrid, with the most amount occuring in the month of October, at 64.5 mm (2.5 in). October and December both have an average of 12 wet days. The lowest amount of rain fall occurs in August, with 8.5 mm (.33 in)of precipitation.

Overall, Fall is by far the wettest season, with an average of 49.27 mm (1.94 in) of rainfall per month, which is over four times the average rainfall of the Summer season, which is 11.23 mm (.44 in) per month.

Average Number of Wet Days

Providence and Madrid significantly differ when it comes to precipitation. Providence recieves much more precipitation than Madrid in any given season. In Providence, the highest precipitation falls in March with 125 mm (4.92 in), and the lowest is in July with 75 mm (2.95 in) of precipitation. In Madrid, the highest precipitation falls in October, with just over 60 mm (2.36 in), which is still less than the amount of precipitation Providence receives in its least rainy. The lowest amount of precipitation in Madrid falls in August, with less than 10 mm (.39 in).

PRECIPITATION: MADRID VS PROVIDENCE

166

SUN STUDIES

RESEARCH

CIVIC UNITY

MADRID, SPAIN

Madrid

Spain has a very high level of radiation compared to the rest of Europe and within the country, the radiation level increases as you progress south. Madrid is in the mid-range of the radiation levels within the whole country.

SOLAR RADIATION EUROPE / SPAIN

More solar radiation occurs around noon, when the sun is at its highest. The most amount of radiation occurs around week 20 of the year (May).

ANNUAL SOLAR RADIATION

Providence follows the theoretical projections, just like Madrid, with only record highs reaching above that projection. Madrid falls out of the projections once, in the month of July. Both solar radiation charts are very similar, however the solar radiation of Madrid is generally higher than that of Providence in the summer months.

Solar radiation follows the theoretical projections with only record highs coming out of the theoretical range. Anything above 150 BTU/ sq ft per hour is considered uncomfortable, therefore the majority of the time in Madrid is uncomfortable in regards to radiation.

MONTHLY SOLAR RADIATION

RADIATION: MADRID VS PROVIDENCE

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APPENDIX

Comfort levels year round: Dry Bulb Temperature is 67 to 75 degrees Humidity ratio is .003 to .013 Relative humidity is 30% to 90%

Fall

Winter

Spring

Summer

YEARLY PSYCHOMETRIC

SEASONAL PSYCHOMETRIC

Housing in Carabanchel, Madrid Amann-Canovas-Maruri 2009

Apartments in Madrid

High thermal mass uses materials that resist change in high temperatures. High thermal mass night flushed or night purge ventilation keeps windows and other passive ventilation openings closed during the day, but open at night, to flush warm air out of the building and cool thermal mass for the next day.

Cooling is the use of personal air conditioning to control the comfort level.

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SUMMER PSYCHOMETRIC/ DESIGN SOLUTIONS

High thermal mass uses materials that resist change in high temperatures. High thermal mass night flushed or night purge ventilation keeps windows and other passive ventilation openings closed during the day, but open at night, to flush warm air out of the building and cool thermal mass for the next day.

Cooling is the use of personal air conditioning to control the comfort level.

SUMMER PSYCHOMETRIC/ DESIGN SOLUTIONS

RESEARCH

CIVIC UNITY

MADRID, SPAIN

Sources of internal heat gains include people, lights, and equipment. This provides a good balance for the fall and spring. It is also a major component of the total building cooling load. This is a major contributor to the cooling in the summer.

Heating is the use of a personal heater to control the comfort level. If the heat is too dry, add a humidifier to maintain the comfort level .

WINTER PSYCHOMETRIC/ DESIGN SOLUTIONS

FALL PSYCHOMETRIC/ DESIGN SOLUTIONS

Spanish "S" Tiles used to create air flow between tile and roof deck. Ideal Materials include, Slate, Terracotta, Clay, and Concrete

Housing in Carabanchel, Madrid dosmasuno arquitectos 2007

FALL PSYCHOMETRIC/ DESIGN SOLUTIONS

Natural ventilation, also called passive ventilation, uses natural outside air movement and pressure differences to both passively cool and ventilate a building. Natural ventilation is important because it can VXU\OJK°GTJ°SU\K°LXKYN°GOX°]OZNU[Z°LGTY °,UX°]GXS°GTJ°NUZ°IROSGZKY °OZ°IGT°NKRV°SKKZ°G°H[ORJOTM OY°IUUROTM° load without using mechanical air conditioning systems.

SPRING PSYCHOMETRIC/ DESIGN SOLUTIONS

Mechanical, or forced, ventilation is used to control indoor air quality.

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APPENDIX

Housing in Carabanchel, Madrid Foreign Office Architects (FOA) 2007

165 Social Housing Units in Vallecas, Madrid Guillermo Vasquez Consuegra TBD

FALL PSYCHOMETRIC/ DESIGN SOLUTIONS

The topography in Madrid varies by 310 feet, from the Northeast corner of Parque de El Retiro to the South end of the Rio Manzanares. The Rio Manzanares lies just outside of Madrid, but contributes greatly to its topography. Lavapies is located on the south side of Madrid, and is between both the high and low point of greater Madrid.

TOPOGRAPHY OF MADRID

Section AA

Section BB

The difference in elevation of the adjacent land to the side in Lavapies, is 81 feet above sealevel. The elevation difference of the actual site is 9 feet. The lowest point lies adjacent to Calle de Dr. Fourquet.

The highest point lies on the south end of the housing block that was demolished on the north end of the site.

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TOPOGRAPHY OF LAVA PIĂ&#x2030;S

Since the site varies by 9 feet, there is a large variation is slope. Section AA, which runs from West to East is relatively flat, with the steepest slope at 2.7%. However, section BB, which runs from North to South the greatest grade change. At the center of the site, the slope is 10.4%, running South. This slope occurs where the housing block was demolished, and continues south.

SITE SLOPE DIAGRAMS

RESEARCH ARCH 513 | VEGETATION

CIVIC UNITY

BIOMES OF EUROPE

ARCH 513 | VEGETATION

MADRID, SPAIN

LAND BREAKDOWN

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The country of Spain occupies two of the world’s fourteen Biomes. Northern Spain is composed of Temperate Broadleaf, Mixed Forest. The remainder of the country, including Madrid, occupies the Temperate Grasslands, Savannas, and Shrublands zone.

Dry Spain: The central (Lavapiés) and southern regions of Spain foster two types of vegetation in the Mesa plateau/Iberian Depression and along the Mediterranean. In the driest of areas, steppe flora is common, including thorny scrub, plants and woodlands able to retain moisture in the dry, salty environment. The Meseta sprouts holm oaks to the west and cork trees to the east. (Lipscomb, Kelly. Madrid & Its Surroundings)

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ARCH 513 | VEGETATION

LAND UTILIZATION

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ARCH 513 | VEGETATION

GEOLOGICAL ZONES

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Since the 1970’s, the interest in Spain’s ecological concerns and awareness has increased. Although harmful industrial and agricultural practices in Spain still exist (dumping waste haphazardly, over-using pesticides and artificial fertilizers and water, deforesting) measures have been enacted to counter the side effects of these activities. Nevertheless, Spain still maintains more wild spaces, mountains, forests, and arguably more bio-diversity than anywhere else in Europe.

(Lipscomb, Kelly. Madrid & Its Surroundings)

Barker | Jean-Baptiste | Panzarino | Ray

This map shows how Lavapies is situated within the continental region of Spain that makes up most of the country. A major mountain range, the Sistema Central is located to the north.

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APPENDIX ARCH 513 | VEGETATION

NOTABLE FLORA TO MADRID

Clavel [Carnation] The carnation is Spain’s national flower, and is associated with love, passion, and folklore. Like roses in many cultures, the colors of the carnation are carry different meanings such as red for love, pink for gratitude or mothers’ love, and white for luck. The climate in much of Spain, including Madrid is favorable for growing carnations.

ARCH 513 | VEGETATION

Madrono [Strawberry Tree]

MADRID GREEN SPACE

Regional Scale

The Strawberry Tree has importance to the city of Madrid because it appears on their coat of arms. The meaning behind this is unknown, but Strawberry Trees grow around the area and are harvested for their fruit.

OPEN SPACE

Site

Park

Forest

Water bodies

Castile and León

Castilla-La Manchav

Madrid

CASTILLA-LA MANCHA

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ARCH 513 | VEGETATION

MADRID GREEN SPACES CHAMBERI

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ARCH 513 | VEGETATION

GREENERY WITHIN LAVAPIES

Neighborhood Scale OPEN SPACE WITHIN BARRIO DE EMBAJADORES

Private Space Public Space

Abandoned lots

SALAMANCA

MONCLOA ARAVACA

CENTRO

RETIRO

LATINA

ARGANZUELA

CARABANCHEL

USERA PUENTE DE VALLECAS

Open space

VILLAVERDE

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RESEARCH

CIVIC UNITY

ARCH 513 | VEGETATION

VEGETATION WITHIN LAVAPIĂ&#x2030;S

ARCH 513 | VEGETATION

MADRID, SPAIN

VEGETATION WITHIN THE SITE

Diverse vegetation within the site is hardly prevelant, however it should be noted that there are several Ash trees that populate the boundaries. Ash is a very tolerant tree to high pollution and can grow in less than ideal conditions.

Other species that scatter the site include Cypress and Yew.

Madrid is the European city with the highest number of trees and green surface per inhabitant and it has the second highest number of aligned trees in the world. The streets in the LavapiĂŠs neighborhood are heavily lined with trees, and balconies are frequently decorated with various flora. The trees serve a variety of purposes such as shading, noise control, promoting a healthy environment, and for aesthetics.

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ARCH 513 | VEGETATION

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Barker | Jean-Baptiste | Panzarino | Ray

ARCH 513 | VEGETATION

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APPENDIX ARCH 513 | VEGETATION

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ARCH 513 | VEGETATION Alder Tree Dimensions: 82â&#x20AC;&#x2122; High, 20-30â&#x20AC;&#x2122; Spread The Alder Tree naturalized in Spain, and is often planted as a windbreaker. It is planted in full sun to part shade and does best in medium to wet soil. However, it can grow in unfavorable conditions such as dry soil.

Typical uses for Alder wood is for domestic woodware and woodcarving.

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Holm Oak

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Dimensions: 82â&#x20AC;&#x2122; High, 65â&#x20AC;&#x2122; Spread The Holm Oak grows in moist soil and requires part shade to full sun. This evergreen is a very slow grower.

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Scots Pine

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Dimensions: 82â&#x20AC;&#x2122; High, 32â&#x20AC;&#x2122; Spread The Scots Pine is a fast growing tree that prefers dry-wet soils. It requires semi shade to full sun. Quality grades are used for furniture, joinery, and turnery.

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Dimensions: 98â&#x20AC;&#x2122; High, 65â&#x20AC;&#x2122; Spread The Black Poplar requires full sun and regular water. The roots of the poplar run deep, and the tree blooms between April and May. The tree has a short life span. It has a variety of uses such as veneer, joinery, light structural work, and food containers.

Barker | Jean-Baptiste | Panzarino | Ray

ARCH 513 | VEGETATION English Elm

TREE INFORMATION White Willow

Dimensions: 114â&#x20AC;&#x2122; High, 49â&#x20AC;&#x2122; Spread The English Elm, a fast growing tree, thrives in moist soil, and prefers semi to full shade.

The elm wood is used for cabinetmaking, chairs, flooring, bent components, and decorative veneer.

Dimensions: 82â&#x20AC;&#x2122; High, 32â&#x20AC;&#x2122; Spread The Willow tree is a fast growing tree that flowers in April to May. It is found near streams, rivers, and rich soils. The wood of the Willow is used for cabinetmaking and decorative veneer, as well as fencing, gates, and stakes.

Strawberry Tree

Common Ash

Dimensions: 25â&#x20AC;&#x2122; High, 26â&#x20AC;&#x2122; Spread This tree, which is featured on Madridâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s coat of arms, prefers dry to moist soil. It can also accommodate being in semi shade to full sun. The fruits of this tree are edible.

Dimensions: 98â&#x20AC;&#x2122; High, 65â&#x20AC;&#x2122; Spread The Ash tree grows in moist to wet soil, and needs full sun. It is a fast growing tree that can tolerate high pollution. It is an attractor of wildlife and has uses that include cabinetmaking, panelling and decorative veneers, we well as handles for sports equipment.

European Beech Dimensions: 98â&#x20AC;&#x2122; High, 49â&#x20AC;&#x2122; Spread The Beech tree grows in a variety of soil conditions, from dry to moist, and can tolerate shade to full sun. It has a medium growth rate, and is used as desks, benches, and chairs as well as domestic flooring and decorative veneer.

Cyprus Dimensions: 29â&#x20AC;&#x2122; High, 19â&#x20AC;&#x2122; Spread The Cypress, which requires full sun and dry-moist soil is a slow growing tree. It has uses that range from flooring, shutters, shingles, and fence posts, to cooperage and food containers.

Blackwood Acacia Dimensions: 60-100â&#x20AC;&#x2122; High, 98â&#x20AC;&#x2122; Spread The Blackwood Acacia is a fast growing tree which flowers in April. The wood can be used for doors and paneling (veneer) as well as decorative items and cabinetmaking. It is very tolerant of poor conditions.

Pomegranate Dimensions: 25â&#x20AC;&#x2122; High, â&#x20AC;&#x2122; Spread The Pomegranate Tree is an important icon to southern Spain and prefer part to full sunlight and regular water. They can withstand periods of flooding and produce edible fruit.

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Dimensions: 65â&#x20AC;&#x2122; High, 40-70â&#x20AC;&#x2122; Spread The Cork Oak is a slow growing, long lasting tree that thrives in habitats with cold winters and hot summers. The oak requires full sun and dry to medium wet soil conditions.

Aleppo Pine Dimensions: 49â&#x20AC;&#x2122; High, 23â&#x20AC;&#x2122; Spread The Aleppo Pine is a medium growing tree that prefers well drained soils and can grow in poor conditions. It requires full sun, and dry to moist soil.

Yew Dimensions: 49â&#x20AC;&#x2122; High, 32â&#x20AC;&#x2122; Spread The Yew is an evergreen which is highly attractive to wildlife. It requires semi moist soil and sunlight can range from shade to full. The fruit on this tree is highly poisonous. The tree is slow growing. Uses for the wood include furniture, and veneer for cabinetwork, marquetry, and paneling.

Black Poplar

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TREE INFORMATION Cork Oak

Aspen Poplar Dimensions: 50-100â&#x20AC;&#x2122; High, 32â&#x20AC;&#x2122; Spread The Aspen Poplar requires dry to wet soil, and semi shade to full sun. This tree is a fast grower, and can also grow in poor soil. It is known to have medicinal purposes, and uses similar to the Black Poplar.

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ARCH 513 | VEGETATION

FLOWER + SHRUB INFORMATION

Gum Rockrose

English Lavender

Dimensions: 3â&#x20AC;&#x2122;3â&#x20AC;? High, 3â&#x20AC;&#x2122;3â&#x20AC;? Spread The Gum Rockrose prefers open, sunny places with well drained soils, but can also live in poor soil. With evergreen leaves, it blossoms white flowers in the spring that only live one day.

Dimensions: 4â&#x20AC;&#x2122; High,3â&#x20AC;&#x2122;3â&#x20AC;?â&#x20AC;&#x2122; Spread The Lavender plant flowers from July to September, and has a large amount of small purple blooms. It is very fragrant, and lives in dry-moist soil and needs full sun.

Juniper

Rosemary

Dimensions: 29â&#x20AC;&#x2122; High, 13â&#x20AC;&#x2122; Spread The Juniper shrub is a slow growing evergreen that thrives in a variety of conditions including dry to wet soil, and part to full sun.

Dimensions: 5â&#x20AC;&#x2122; High, 5â&#x20AC;&#x2122; Spread Rosemary is a fragrant flower, also used as an herb, has blue blooms from March to October. It likes dry to moist soil and full sun.

Lantana Carnation Dimensions: 18-24â&#x20AC;? High, 12â&#x20AC;&#x2122; Spread The Carnation thrives in full sun, but does not require much water. They have a long flowering span and can last well into the Autumn months.

Dimensions: 1-4â&#x20AC;&#x2122; High The Lantana is a flowering shrub that blooms from late spring to early autumn.

The flowers change color as they mature, and this plant is often referred to as the Spanish flag. It prefers acidic soil and is very drought tolerant

Spanish Bluebells

Gazania

Dimensions: 9-18â&#x20AC;? High, 9-12â&#x20AC;&#x2122; Spread As the name implies, the Bluebell has blue, bell shaped blossoms. It can grow in many different types of soil and blooms in April and May. The bulb is planted 3-4â&#x20AC;? deep.

Dimensions: 8-10â&#x20AC;? High, 6-8â&#x20AC;? Spread The Daybreak Red Stripe Gazania thrives in full sun and well drained soil.

It is a yellow and red annual that flowers from June to September

Barker | Jean-Baptiste | Panzarino | Ray

RESEARCH ARCH 513 | VEGETATION

CIVIC UNITY

MADRID, SPAIN

FLOWER + SHRUB INFORMATION

Geraniums

Lesser Butterfly Orchid

Dimensions: 6” High, 12’ Spread Typically grown in hanging baskets or as vines, the Geranium flowers range from deep reds, scarlets, pinks, whites, purples, and salmon. They prefer part shade to full sun and moist soil.

Dimensions: 22” High The Butterfly Orchid thrives in full sun and moist soil. It blooms from mid spring to mid summer.

Ornamental Onion

Bee Orchid

Dimensions: 2’ High, The Ornamental Onion is a bulb-grown plant that has large violet-pink flowers which grow on singular stems from mid summer to early fall. They live in part shade to full sun and in moist soil.

Dimensions: 1’ High The Bee Orchid is a perennial which blooms in mid-summer. It prefers full sun and moist soil.

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Grey Leaved Cistus

Dimensions: 18” High This herbaceous perennial forms pink or white flowers from spring to mid summer. It lives in part shade to full sun and grows well in moist soil.

Dimensions: 3’ High The Grey Leaved Cistus is a flowering evergreen that produces one day pink, lilac, or purple flowers. This plant lives in moist soil with access to full sunlight.

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