Chris Robertshaw, Gloucester Canal Corridor Brief

Special Project: Research & Development

TABLE OF CONTENTS .

Part 1

Part 1 - Introduction Introduction Site Location History Current Land Uses Social Context

Image

Part 2

Part 2 - Recent Drivers of Urban Change Planning Policies GHURC Aims & Objectives Process Model

Part 3

Part 3 - Site Selection & Precedent Studies Sub Site Selection Hammarby Sjostad Regeneration Vauban Urban Village Bristol Harbourside Regeneration Glasgow Canal Regeneration Falmouth Float & Ride

Part 4

Part 4 - Vision Creation SWOT Anaylsis Vision, Aims & Objectives Summary

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Chris Robertshaw

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INTRODUCTION .

INTRODUCTION .

/ part 1 / introduction

Site Summary The 16 mile Gloucester & Sharpness Canal was once the broadest and deepest canal in the world, providing Gloucester with a means to become one of the foremost trading hubs in Great Britain and developing this inland city as a global player. At its height the canal and docklands were the economic driver of the city, but as a result of industrial decline and the advancement of alternative trade methods, the canal became a forgotten backwater.

For many years the perceptions of the Canal Corridor and the surrounding areas were of widespread dereliction and high social deprivation within the neighbouring wards. In recent times, as will be explored, there has been a concerted effort to rejuvenate this historic area, but there is still plenty to be done to restore the canal corridor to its former importance.

This document aims to provide analysis and detailed reason for the creation of a strategy which will grasp the major opportunity that still exists for the regeneration of not only the canal corridor, but also the South of Gloucester as a whole. It aims to analyse existing regenerative projects within the vicinity and build on the progress made to ensure the Canal Corridor once again becomes a key asset to the City of Gloucester.

Images from Google Images, retrieved November 2012

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SITE LOCATION .

/ part 1 / introduction

The Gloucester Canal Corridor is located to the South of the city of Gloucester, which is itself a historic city situated close to the Welsh border in the South West of England.

The Canal runs for 16 miles connecting the River Severn and the Gloucester Docks in the city centre.

canal corridor gloucester docks

The major circulation routes within the canals vicinity are Bristol Road which runs parallel river seven to the canal in the East, the relatively new Gloucester South West bypass and junction 12 of the M5 motorway which serves the south of Gloucester.

bristol road - major route in canal corridor

two mile bend - key circulation gateway

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existing green spaces

The map shows the Northern end of The Canal Corridor where there is clearer opportunity for redevelopment. In this section there are a number of interesting sites that could be developed such as Bakers Quay or Llanthony Bridge Site, which are indicated. This part of the canal corridor is in close proximity with the city centre, along with new and existing developments such as the restored Gloucester Docks and newly created Gloucester Keys Retail Centre.

The town centre with historic attractions is a 6 minute walk and the city’s largest urban park two minutes walk away.

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llanthony bridge potential site 2

bakers quay - potential site 1

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bristol road

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Image from Google Images, retrieved November 2012

HISTORY OF THE SITE .

/ part 1 / introduction

Below is a flow diagram, which briefly maps out the long and storied history of the Canal Corridor and indicates the potential opportunities that exist in the future. It brings us up to present day where the current land uses and social context will be examined further.

PHASE 1: ORIGIN OF THE CANAL

PHASE 2: GLORY YEARS OF THE CANAL

• The Docks at Gloucester were accessible only by the River Seven, which were often dangerous for shipping.

• The Canal finally opens in 1823 and is the world’s deepest and widest canal.

• The Canal enables Gloucester to become a major global port and a period of growth and development ensues, with many new docks and warehouses been built.

• In 1793 an act was passed to build a canal to bypass the dangerous bends of the River.

• During the 1840’s a number of railways were built to link Gloucester with the rest of the country, which formed a more integrated trade network.

• Work begins, but progress is ever so slow.

PHASE 3: DECLINE OF THE CANAL

PHASE 4: REVIVAL OF THE CANAL CORRIDOR

• The Canal began to experience decline when the railways began to overtake the canal as a preferred method of transport.

• During the 20th century the loss of traditional imports such as timber and corn were a major factor in the declining success of the canal.

• The final blow to the canal as a major trading port was the increasing reliance on heavy goods vehicles in the 1950’s and 60’s which led to irreparable decline and the dereliction of much of the canal corridor.

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• The Canal Corridor and particularly the Northern Section were a series of derelict landscapes for a number of years, however recently a series of regenerative projects have rejuvenated much of the dereliction.

• There are still a number of sites which have great potential for regeneration that could significantly improve the area and the South of Gloucester as a whole.

• The themes that can be taken forward from the history of the site are, Transportation and a Desire for Trade of Goods.

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bakers quay built on the back of global trade success

gloucester docks at their peak

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CURRENT LAND USES .

/ part 1 / introduction

The current land use map to the right shows in more detail the current makeup of the Canal Corridor and specifically the Northern Section. It can be seen that along Bristol Road to the East there is a strong swathe of industrial land use, which predominantly blocks access to the Canal.

Residential areas are concentrated on the West Bank where there is greater pedestrian access to the Canal, and further away on the East Bank with limited access to the water.

The key gateway within the corridor is to the South at Two Mile Bend, where the South West Bypass and Bristol Road connect.

llanthony bridge potential site 2

The map also indicates the areas which still suffer from dereliction level of dereliction, it is these major sites that have potential to be developed in stages 1 and 2 of the special project as they are either under utilised land or is a vacant open space. These prove the need for regeneration is still great within the Canal Corridor and that there is a massive opportunity to enhance the urban landscape in this corner of Gloucester, benefiting not only the Canal Corridor itself but also the wider area. bakers quay potential site 1

KEY Light Industry

Derelict Sites With Potential

Residential

Gloucester College

Existing Green Spaces

Key Roads

Retail

Key Walking/ Cycle Routes

Docks

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Key Gateways

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industry limits eastbank canal access

poor canalside routes

new housing on west bank

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derelict land at bakers quay

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SOCIAL CONTEXT .

/ part 1 / introduction

The decline of industries and trade in the South of Gloucester has not only had an impact on the physical landscape of the Canal Corridor but also has had a major impact socially. Many of the wards that the canal runs through have developed serious social problems and the diagrams to the right aim to identify the most serious of these problems.

Supporting Statistics

2nd

People With A Limiting Longterm Illness 8.54 - 12.47%

Gloucester has second highest crime rate in the South West after Bristol

12.48 - 16.41% 16.42 - 20.35% 20.36 - 24.26%

“ Economically Active Full Time Employed

There are particular problems with burglary, vehicle crime and youth crime, which leads to quite a bit of fear for residents in this area.

“

36.16 - 41.94% 41.95 - 47.73% 47.74 - 53.52% 53.53 - 59.30%

-120,000 in 2012

- 160,000 in 2033

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Projected Population Increase of Gloucester

Statistics Conclusion The statistics and diagrams on the opposite page clearly ratify the perception that the surrounding wards are relatively socially deprived. There is a higher percentage of long term illnesses’, a less economically active population and one which suffers from higher levels of crime. All these confirm the original perceptions of the wards that border the Canal Corridor.

The expected population growth of Gloucester, a 33% increase in 20 years, highlights the urgent need to address the residential situation, otherwise current problems will remain and will be only heightened by an ever expanding population.

The conclusion that can be taken from this brief look at key statistics within Gloucester and the Canal Corridor wards is the pressing need to create new residential buildings to accommodate rises in population, these must be set within higher quality environments and an increased number of green spaces as to aid in the alleviation of long term health issues. It is these issues alongside the dereliction of numerous sites within the Canal Corridor which for the basis and justification for the former of a strategic plan and vision to be formed in stages 2 and 3 of the special project.

run down shops highlight the current state of the community

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RECENT DRIVERS OF URBAN CHANGE .

PLANNING POLICIES .

/ part 2 / recent drivers of urban change

As previously seen the Canal Corridor and South Gloucester as a whole suffer from a series of issues, including dereliction of the urban landscape and significant levels of social deprivation, these clearly need to be addressed. However any future regenerative development schemes of The Canal Corridor must also consider and potentially incorporate the aims and objectives of Local Government and any other key potential partners. These will be amalgamated with the previously identified physical and social problems of the Canal Corridor to create a comprehensive strategy that aims to fulfill everybody’s needs.

Local Government

The local government bodies have identified 2 key points which have significant bearing on the future of the Canal Corridor: • Housing • Transport

Transport

Housing

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Gloucestershire County Council Housing Projection Within the next 8 years a further 10,000 houses need to be constructed in the Gloucester District.

Gloucester City Council Within the next 20 years years a further 10,000 to 13,000 houses need to be constructed within the city of Gloucester.

Gloucestershire Local Transport Plan 2011 - 2026 5.5 - 5.9 - Ease existing and future road congestion by focusing in on alternative methods to access the city centre.

Recognising that people will always use cars so there’s a need to provide multiple forms of effective transport.

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Chart showing the high levels of commuters in and out of Gloucester, and preferred modes of transport. It is clear that car is the predominant method and this needs to be addressed.

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GOVERNMENT AGENCIES .

/ part 2 / recent drivers of urban change

The Gloucester Heritage Urban Regeneration Company The wider issues for Gloucester have clearly been identified through a selection of planning policies and documents created by Local Government. In order to address these wider ranging issues and combat the dereliction and social deprivation of the Canal Corridor and other key areas within the city of Gloucester, a government agency was created in 2004. The Gloucester Heritage Urban Regeneration Company (GHURC) did indeed identify the Canal Corridor as one of 7 crucial areas which should be targeted. Their mission statement was:

......‘to bring life back to the historic areas of Gloucester, reflecting their

special character whilst creating a new, prosperous, attractive, safe and sustainable urban centre for the 21st century.’

Taking into consideration the onsite problems and the objectives set out by local government, The GHURC developed four key city wide objectives which would attempt to tackle the issues within their designated action areas, from there a series of more specific aims and objectives were produced which focused on the Canal Corridor itself, and will subsequently influence on plans for the chosen sub site

KEY CITY WIDE OBJECTIVES:

SPECIFIC AIMS & OBJECTIVES FOR THE CANAL CORRIDOR:

• The reclamation and development of 100 hectares of brownfield land.

• It will remain a focus for local employment and strengthen employment along Bristol Road.

• The building of 3000 homes

• The building of new residential units providing affordable family housing.

• The creation of 2000 new jobs

• The canal will provide a linear park for residents, and access to the waterfront along its length, encouraging walking, cycling and the connection between outlying residential areas and the city centre.

• The alleviation of traffic problems, congestion and the diversification of transportation into and out of the city.

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• Seeking other forms of transport to alleviate traffic congestion on the roads and creating a “green” gateway to the South of the City at Two Mile Bend for pedestrians, cyclists, bus, cars and water.

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SCHEME SELECTION MODEL .

/ part 2 / recent drivers of urban change

The process so far has analysed the previous attempts by the Local Council and Government agency, GHURC, to determine the problems facing Gloucester as a whole and then at a lower scale the problems within the Canal Corridor. It is debatable whether any initiatives or prior plans have significantly aided the regeneration of this corner of Gloucester.

The model on the right simply shows the different factors which need to be amalgamated in order to select the right site and then to generate an appropriate vision and type of development for the regeneration of the site.

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SITE SELECTION & PRECEDENTS .

SITE PREFERENCE .

/ part 3 / site selection & precedent studies

Chosen Sub site: Bakers Quay

Having overviewed the whole canal corridor and the northern section in more detail during site visits, the obvious site to take forward into stages 1 and 2 of the special project was the Bakers Quay site. The brownfield site is a throwback to the past with a series of impressive but dilapidated warehouses, however the rundown nature of Bakers Quay casts a shadow over the newly constructed Gloucester Quays retail centre and recently redeveloped Docklands that are both in close proximity. Bakers Quay has the potential to be the most significant regeneration project in the Canal Corridor and could be key in alleviating the issues that South Gloucester has and the answering the needs of the city as a whole.

Reasons for choosing Bakers Quay • The large size of this derelict space has huge potential • The proximity to new attractions and Gloucester City Centre • The presence of attractive old warehouses • Canal side location

Selection of Bakers Quay Images

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PRECEDENT STUDIES . /

part 3 / site selection & precedent studies

Precedent 1: Hammarby Sjostad, Stockholm In the south of Stockholm on the waterfront, lies the new urban district of Hammarby Sjöstad, home to 20,000 people and the workplace for 10,000. Built on a 250 hectare brownfield site the area has undergone significant redevelopment which is now recognised as a leading example of how integrated planning can provide dynamic new urban quarters to both work and live in. The main design driver was a series of sustainable principles, collectively now known as the Hammarby model, involving sustainable use of resources, the minimisation of energy consumption and optimum use of recycling and an integrated transport plan, these principles have been very successful making this neighbourhood the most energy efficient in Stockholm, itself a very green city.

Overall Hammarby Sjostad is a remarkably successful new urban neighbourhood with a diverse range of shops, services and facilities set amongst extremely high quality streets and public spaces. The natural landscape has been used in the design of public spaces extremely effectively, especially as all development is orientated to the waterfront making the most of this excellent asset. In summary this development is a fantastic precedent for the Bakers Quay site, all be it on a much larger scale, and can take numerous lessons forward into the strategic planning and subsequent design stages of the special project.

well designed streets

Key Lessons to learn • An integrated transport system can provide the necessary links and alleviate reliance on the car. Hammarby is served notably by ferries, trams and a large cycle network which excellently serves the new district.

• Interlinked sustainable principles of waste removal, energy consumption and recycling can lead design of urban areas.

• Orientation towards the water increases legibility and makes sure its the key feature of the site, which the canal should be in Gloucester.

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emphasis on sustainable transport

high quality public spaces

waterfront activity

high density (without being dense)

Overview of Hammarby Sjostad

Images from Google Images, retrieved January 2013

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PRECEDENT STUDIES . /

part 3 / site selection & precedent studies

Precedent 2: Vauban Urban Village, Freiburg Vauban Urban Village is a new community that used sustainable transport and innovative housing as drivers to form the development. Finished in 2006, the scheme which was built on a 30Ha brownfield site, houses 6000 residents with 90 and 100 dwellings per hectare and has created 600 jobs for the local community.

The land use plan ensured local facilities and local jobs are within easy reach by walking or cycling.

Focus on reducing car necessity via a highly integrated, tram, bike and walking network which has proved highly successful. Cars haven’t been entirely banned but heavily restricted by speed limits, pedestrian priority and edge of town car parks.

Overall the development puts people’s needs first and takers a common sense approach. It shows how transport and innovative residential design can drive urban development and cultivate community spirit, drive economic growth and be a fantastic place to live.

ownership of streets through small outdoor plots

Key Lessons to learn • Residential developments should be focused around the needs of people, including pedestrian friendly streets and access to quality public space.

• Provide innovative and well connected transport links, in Vauban’s case it was a tram system whereas in Gloucester it could be a water born system.

• High density housing does not have to be monotonous, if personalisation and ownership of spaces is encouraged it can create interesting and dynamic neighbourhoods.

pedestrian orientated streets

Images from Google Images, retrieved November 2012

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PRECEDENT STUDIES .

/ part 3 / site selection & precedent studies

Precedent 3: Bristol Harbourside Regeneration The Bristol Harbourside regeneration created a lively quarter for the city, with new cultural and leisure facilities, public spaces & housing on the numerous brownfield sites in the historic harbour. Located on a complex prime brownfield site between the city centre & main railway station, the scheme gives Bristol a series of carefully conceived and well executed public spaces, new leisure uses for refurbished industrial buildings and new waterside housing, creating a new and exciting quarter for the city.

The scheme is seen as a major success, as shown by the numbers of visitors and users throughout both the day and night and so therefore provides a great example of how a waterfront regeneration can reinvigorate a previously neglected waterside location.

pedestrian orientated streets

Key Lessons to learn • Linking of new public spaces to enable accessibility and a sense of ownership from the local population • Creation of high speed waterbus service not only improves linkage but also activates the water and creates interest.

• The implementation of activities and visitor attractions means not only residents use the harbourside and so there is 24hour activity. aerial showing public spaces & excellent linkages

pedestrian scale Images from Google Images, retrieved November 2012

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PRECEDENT STUDIES .

/ part 3 / site selection & precedent studies

Precedent 4: Glasgow Canal Regeneration The Glasgow canal regeneration is an ongoing project to transform the canal into a fantastic waterside environment that will bring benefits to those living and working in Glasgow, whilst providing special destinations for visitors to the city.

Very similar in nature to the Gloucester Canal Corridor in that it was the lifeline for industry, providing a way of transporting goods and ships around the world. The Glasgow canal entered in a period of industrial suffered the same fate as Gloucester when the industries they so depended on went into terminal decline, creating a landscape dominated by derelict industrial units. However now the canal is now been regenerated to create a vibrant city centre area, full of life and culture. Not a bland, impersonal “anytown”, but a series of thriving communities; villages within the city, places where people live and work.

"Faced with a daily choice of commuting into Glasgow City Centre by bus or bike, the existence of the Forth-Clyde canal path makes me get on my bike. It's the ultimate traffic-free, pollution-free alternative to main roads and makes getting to and from work a pleasure. The route is well maintained and easy to negotiate."

Key Lessons to learn • Providing a continuous green link for commuting and enjoyment makes such a big difference.

• Provision of different activities and uses within the Canal Corridor enhances the urban landscape and creates a lively and activated environment which people are more likely to want to work, live and play in.

• Creation of a regional centre for watersports draws in locals and tourists as well.

Images from Google Images, retrieved November 2012

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PRECEDENT STUDIES .

/ part 3 / site selection & precedent studies

Precedent 5: Falmouth Float & Ride The issue of transport and reducing road traffic weighs heavily on the development of The Canal Corridor, but an excellent precedent of how to alleviate these problems is The Falmouth Park and Float/Ride. It is an extremely innovative water based transport system in the mould of a park and ride but utilising ferries and waterbuses instead. As well as a water based transport link the scheme has also been created in tandem with enhanced land bus routes to create a cohesive transport network into the town centre.

Overall the scheme activates the River Fal making it a key transport link in Falmouth’s Transportation Plan, it provides a cohesive link to the numerous activities that line the banks and those in the immediate vicinity. This relates brilliantly to the Gloucester Canal Corridor with its historic destinations such as the Docks and the new developments such as the new shopping quarter.

waterbuses activate the river

Key Lessons to learn • Creating a water orientated transport system alleviates pressure on the roads.

• Most effective when used as the focal point in a combined transportation strategy.

• Activates the water and makes the river/ canal the focal point once again.

provide quick and direct Images from Google Images, retrieved November 2012

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VISION CREATION .

SWOT ANALYSIS .

/ part 4 / vision creation

Now that the sub site has been identified within the Canal Corridor, a SWOT Analysis can be formed to fully identify in more detail the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats that exist. From there a vision and set of aims and objectives can be conceived that are appropriate for not only Bakers Quay, but the surrounding area as well. It is these that will form the basis of the Strategic Planning and subsequent design stages of the special project.

STRENGTHS • Bakers Quay’s and the canal corridor in general has a strong sense of history which makes it appealing for regeneration and to restore it as an essential component of Gloucester’s urban fabric. The presence of 3 sizeable warehouses is a real strength on the Bakers Quay site.

• Plenty of previous development in the vicinity, such as Gloucester Quays shopping centre and regeneration of the Docklands themselves has led to a rise in tourism within the immediate vicinity showing potential for the Bakers Quay to tap into this.

• Numerous existing green spaces on the West Bank, along with its proximity to open countryside.

• Despite proximity to The River Severn there is no real risk of flooding due to large swathes of farmland acting as a storm water catchment area.

• Major access routes within the vicinity, the M5 and the South West Bypass create excellent links to Bristol and Birmingham.

WEAKNESSES • Large amounts of derelict brownfields sites and social issues within the Canal Corridor have generated a negative perception, which still persists despite ongoing regenerative projects.

• Limited access to green space on the East Bank, due to industries on Bristol Road acting as a buffer. The A430 ring road and new bridge may become a problem with noise and an issue of how to effectively bridge this barrier.

• Lack of green spaces close to the East Bank of the Canal.

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SWOT ANALYSIS .

/ part 4 / vision creation

OPPORTUNITIES • To address the need for housing in Gloucester by creating a canal side residential development at Bakers Quay, potentially creating an urban village orientated around the water and well designed public spaces. Providing for both families and the need for social housing.

•To create an economic centre which provides the community with everyday goods and has the potential to become a thriving neighbourhood whilst providing jobs for locals and fulfilling an aim of the GHURC. • Improve linkages between key gateway at Two Mile bend and the city centre, including enhanced continuous foot and cycle paths. Also the implementation of waterborne travel to link docks, city centre and Two Mile Bend with the Bakers Quay development in the style seen at Falmouth.

• Creation of better linkages to the Canals East Bank for existing residential areas to enable access for recreation.

• Implementing new public green spaces that create a network with existing spaces on both sides of the canal, with the new development acting as a hub.

THREATS • Continued development of historic sites within the city centre could make the development at Bakers Quay within the canal corridor too isolated and draw focus away.

• The A430 could become an almost impassable barrier.

• Anti social behaviour could prevent any benefits that developments could potentially bring, thus preventing the Canal Corridor from moving forward to a brighter future.

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VISIONS, AIMS & OBJECTIVES.

/ part 4 / vision creation

From the baseline analysis, summarising of the aims and objectives of the GHURC and the construction of a SWOT analysis the major issues that need addressing when developing the Gloucester Canal Corridor, in particular the preferred site at Bakers Quay, can be seen. From this a series of aims and objectives can be formulated in order to effectively implement a vision for the development of the site supported by local and national policy.

Vision Statement:

To create an easily accessible new city living quarter that is orientated around a fully utilised canal corridor, focusing on providing innovative housing set amongst well designed public spaces and to provide opportunities for an active outdoor lifestyle.

Aims .

Objectives .

1. Provide a range of affordable housing catering for families and the socially deprived in an urban village style development.

1. Exploring alternatives to standard residential developments, focusing on sustainable principles such as a car reduced environment and walking lifestyle.

2. Promoting a healthy outdoor lifestyle with provision for activities and play for young and old.

2. Providing a range of free and pay activities for all ages and abilities, including kayaking, play spaces and walking routes amongst others.

3. Attract businesses to the centre to create a village hub.

3. Providing shop units for everyday community use, aiming to foster a community spirit and enable the centre to organically grow.

4. Develop accessibility to the city centre with a series of key walking and cycle routes, cross canal links and promoting use of water transport as a key route into the city.

5. Creating a development which utilises innovative sustainable principles to ensure the community is as green as possible, using previously identified precedents as inspiration.

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4. Improving existing walking and cycling routes on the West Bank, developing East Bank linkage with existing residential areas and implementing a waterbus system to reactivate the canal and connect the development with key points along the Canal.

5. Creating a development with and integrated sustainability scheme sustainable focusing on waste removal, recycling and transportation. Using the Hammarby case study as a guide for development of planning strategies and subsequent design stage.

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SUMMARY .

/ part 4 / vision creation

It is clear that The Gloucester - Sharpness Canal Corridor and in particular the Bakers Quay site is a major opportunity to build upon existing regeneration projects and continue the rejuvenation of this area of Gloucester. It has the potential to address the obvious connectivity issues, tackle the social deprivation that exists in the immediate vicinity and enhance the physical landscape.

The implementation of a canal side urban village that draws heavily from key precedents, that links effectively with the key surrounding attractions and aims to alleviate identified problems can provide the spark for further urban regeneration within the canal corridor.

Image from Google Images, retrieved 17th November 2012

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REFERENCES .

Websites and PDF’s Cabe Space, Hammarby Sjostad, (2011) http://webarchive. nationalarchives.gov.uk/20110118095356/http://www.cabe. org.uk/case-studies/hammarby-sjostad/description, (accessed 18th November) Canal and River Trust, Gloucester and Sharpness Canal, http://canalrivertrust.org.uk/canals-and-rivers/gloucester-and-sharpness-canal, (accessed 20th November) Danish Architecture Centre, Hammarby Sjostad, (2012), http://www.dac.dk/en/dac-cities/sustainable-cities-2/all-cases/master-plan/hammarby-sjostad-integrated-sustainability-as-a-main-focus/?bbredirect=true, (accessed 6th January 2013) English Heritage, Gloucester Docks, (2007), http://www. heritage-explorer.co.uk/web/he/imagebythemedetail.aspx?id=1964&crit=&ctid=10&large=1, (accessed 20th November)

Gloucester City Council, Strategic Flood Assessment for LDF, (2008), http://www.gloucestershire.gov.uk/extra/CHttpHandler.ashx?id=28382&p=0 , (accessed 18th November) Gloucestershire County Council, Assessment of Housing Needs, (2012), http://www.gct-jcs.org/Documents/ PublicConsultation/DevelopingthePreferredOption/NLPAssessmentofHousingNeedsFULLREPORT.pdf, (accessed 20th November) Gloucestershire County Council, Housing Trend Analysis, (2011), http://www.gloucestershire.gov.uk/extra/ CHttpHandler.ashx?id=46399&p=0, (accessed 18th November) Gloucestershire’s Local Transport Plan, (2011) http://www.gloucesterpartnership.org.uk/Docs/Item%20 7%20LTP3%20Offical%20Summary.pdf, (accessed 15th November)

Gloucester Docks, Regeneration at Gloucester, 2010, http:// www.gloucesterdocks.me.uk/gloucester/regeneration.htm, (accessed 17th November)

Gloucester Heritage Urban Regeneration Company, Area Regeneration Framework, (2006), http://www.gloucesterurc. co.uk/Background_Information/Area_Regeneration_Framework.aspx, (accessed 20th November)

Gloucester Heritage Urban Regeneration Company, Canal Corridor Overview, (2012), http://www.gloucesterurc. co.uk/The_Magnificent_Seven/Canal_Corridor.aspx, (accessed 20th November)

Hammarby Sjostad, A unique environmental project in Stockholm, (2007), http://www.hammarbysjostad.se/inenglish/pdf/ HS_miljo_bok_eng_ny.pdf, (accessed 8th January 2013)

Gloucester Heritage Urban Regeneration Company, Restoring A Great English City, (2012), http://www.gloucesterurc. co.uk/Docs/Restoring%20A%20Great%20English%20 City%202012%20Update.pdf, (accessed 20th November)

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Institute for Transportation and Development Policy, Hammarby Sjostad, (2012) http://www.itdp.org/documents/092211_ITDP_NED_Hammarby.pdf

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Institute for Transportation and Development Policy, Hammarby Sjostad, (2012) http://www.itdp.org/documents/092211_ITDP_NED_Hammarby.pdf, (accessed 8th January 2013) Jones The Planner, Scandanavian Dreams, (2011), http:// www.jonestheplanner.co.uk/2011/04/scandinavian-dreams. html, (accessed 8th January 2013) Stockholm Royal Seaport, Stockholm Royal Seaport (2012),http://www.aplu.org/document.doc?id=2939, (accessed 8th January 2013)

Books Hugh Conway - Jones, Gloucester Dock: An Historical Guide, Black Dwarf Publications.

Written by Chris Robertshaw Registration Number: 120101539