“...great buildings help define and create the context in which they stand, to reveal the nature of a place that was often unappreciated before the architecture made it visible.� (Mackay-Lyons; 2015:14)
Figure 01: View of PMC site with the copper ore pit in the foreground and Kruger National Park in the background. Source: by Author.
1
2
3
4
5
the design of an ecological observatory in Phalaborwa
6
7
8
The design of an ecological observatory in Phalaborwa By Christelle Coetzee Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree MAGISTER TECHNOLOGIAE: ARCHITECTURE: PROFESSIONAL In the Department of Architecture FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT TSHWANE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY Supervisor: Jacques Laubscher July 2015
The opinions expressed and conclusions arrived at are those of the author and cannot necessarily be attributed to Tshwane University of Technology
DECL AR AT ION This document is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Magister Technologiae: Architecture (Professional) in the Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Tshwane University of Technology. I hereby declare that this is my own original work and has not previously been submitted to any other institution. I further declare that all sources cited or quoted are indicated and acknowledged by means of a comprehensive list of references.
Christelle Coetzee 2 November 2015
Figure 02: Concept Model. Source: by Author.
A
B
S
T
R
A
C
T
The proposed intervention explores architectural systems inspired by nature and made possible through technology and science, enforcing a symbiotic relationship between the structure and the environment. Ultimately it will form part of the South African Environmental Observation Network’s larger environmental observation framework, with the transforming Ndlovu Node being a landmark and the new core site of the Savannah biome. The investigated site is located at the existing Palabora Mining Company copper and FOSKOR phosphate mines south of the town of Phalaborwa in the Limpopo Province. While a mine site might not be the most obvious site choice for an eco-observatory, this particular site is of interest because of its location and close proximity to the Kruger National Park and various other nature reserves. Located in the Savannah region surrounded by rivers and an abundance of animal and plant life, the site holds great potential for future environmental rehabilitation and adaptive re-use of existing infrastructure and ultimately, establishing a new connection between humankind, nature and the built environment. The new building programme concentrates on the study of environmental, climatic and meteorological processes that play out at different time scales, such as daily, seasonally and yearly. Biophilic design patterns and biomimicry were examined to create appropriate architectural systems for the savannah landscape.
glossary •
GEOSS - Global Earth Observation System of Systems
•
KNP - Kruger National Park
•
Koppie / Koppies - A small hill in a generally flat area
•
Ndlovu - Elephant (Zulu)
•
PMC - Palabora Mining Company Ltd
•
SAEON - South African Environmental Observation Network
•
Topography - Mapping of surface contours, natural artificial surfaces.
•
Typology - The classification of existing building types and forms as prototypes in terms of function and efficacy.
•
WMO - World Meteorological Organization.
•
Meteorology - Includes atmospheric chemistry and atmospheric physics, with a major focus on weather forecasting.
•
MAMAsL - meters above sea level
CONTENTS
chapter
chapter
1
introduction outline brief
2
1.1 1.2
Background Research Methodology
1.4 1.3 1.4
Outline Brief Site Selection Ecological Observatory
1.5 1.6
Time Line Conclusion
01-22
context analysis 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Site History 2.3 Climatic Study 2.4 Macro Analysis 2.5 Meso Analysis 2.6 Micro Analysis 2.7 Nano Analysis
23-64 chapter
3
theoretical discourse 3.1 The Liminal Landscape 3.2 Nature in Flux 3.3 Memories of the Elapsed Vernacular
65-100
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
chapter
4
design concept 4.1 Design Concept Generators 4.2 Concept
101-132
4.3 Design Development chapter
5
brief programme, accommodation 5.1 Brief 5.2 Design Criteria 5.3 Programme 5.4 Accommodation Schedule
chapter
6
133-142
technical investigation + design synthesis 6.1 Design Synthesis 6.2 Technical Resolution
chapter
7
conclusion
7.1 Project Exhibition 7.2 Conclusion
177-202
8.1 References
203 - 204
8
chapter
143-176
references
h y p o t h e s i s The central theme of this dissertation relies on a symbiotic relationship between the built environment and the natural environment. The re-use of existing infrastructure with no connection to the local environment requires a rehabilitation plan that creates an interdependent relationship between human beings and nature. Architecture and innovative design can assist as mediating factors. The implementation of a typology that is dependent on natural elements to function correctly is a primary requirement for its success. Architecture could become a third skin responding to the constant natural flux, while ameliorating environmental change.
Figure 03: Concept Sketch. Source: by Author.
chapter
1
n
The Global Issue Indigenous landscapes and eco systems are constantly transformed by various land uses such as mining, agriculture, forestry and urban sprawl. Anthropogenic and natural factors increase global warming; according to the WMO (World Meteorological Organization, Causes of Climate Change, 2015), this is occurring faster than ever and is therefore of considerable interest and importance to society. There is a growing need to conduct research on ecological issues that may last decades and span large geographical areas. Various organizations and networks are working together towards global climate monitoring
Figure 04: View of the copper pit with the two mining shaft towers in the background
01Source: by Author.
Introduction OUTLINE BRIEF 1.1 Background 1.2 Research Methodology 1.3 Outline Brief 1.4 Site Selection 1.5 Ecological Observatory 1.6 Time Line 1.7 Conclusion
02
1.1 background Many factors influence the Earth’s climate. According to the report titled “Causes of Climatic Change, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO, 2015), scientists have been observing climate change since the beginning of the 20th century and concluded that the current climate issues cannot be solely attributed to ‘natural’ influences of the past. The WMO states that this accelerating change in climate, also referred to as global warming, is occurring faster now than any other period since climate change has been recorded by humans and is consequently of extreme interest and importance to society. This global issue necessitates research on ecological issues that may last decades and span vast geographical areas. Site based scientific research might lead to important findings on regional and global scales. Various organisations and networks have been established and are working together towards global climate monitoring. INTERCONTINENTAL: The Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS) aims to connect the producers of environmental data and decision-support tools with the end users of these products, the purpose being to improve the relevance of Earth observations to global issues. The result is intended to be a global public infrastructure that generates comprehensive, near-real-time environmental data, information and analyses for a wide range of users. CONTINENTAL: The information and understanding obtained through Ecological Networking in Southern Africa will support regional natural resource management. In doing so, it will contribute to the battle against poverty by serving to stabilise and enhance livelihood opportunities in Southern Africa. Effective environmental policies resulting in productive environments will in turn strengthen the regional economic region for greater stability and security. NATIONAL: The South African Environmental Observation Network (SAEON) consists of six geographically dispersed nodes, each of which operates environmental observatories (field stations and research sites) within the particular eco-region. Taken together, the environmental observatories represent the diverse landscapes, coastal areas and the offshore marine environments in South Africa. The six regions include: the arid lands node, fynbos node, grasslands node, forests and wetlands node, savannah node and the marine-offshore node. The proposed design project falls within the savannah node. 03
REGIONAL: Located in the province of Limpopo within the Savannah biome is the Ndlovu Node. Currently it monitors global climate change in the vegetation of the escarpment. The existing Ndlovu Node building is a small head office located in the Kruger National Park close to Phalaborwa with surrounding affiliated sites, experimental sites and sample locations. The transformed Ndlovu Node would be the final stakeholder or client forming part of South Africa’s larger environmental observation network. Monitoring the region’s climate and the effects on the local environment, this hybrid observatory will be the new core site hosting various laboratories and interactive educational facilities. The project’s aim is to develop an integrated facility that could assist in the mine rehabilitation plan. The selected site is located on the eastern edge of the copper pit.
LOCAL: The economy of the Ba-Phalaborwa municipality is highly dependent on the mining industry; for this reason there are plans to grow the tourism sector as an alternative to mining. The greatest challenge here is to stimulate the local economy and attract sustainable investment into the area when mining activities are decommissioned. Key anchor programmes and projects have been identified by this municipality to accelerate economic development and job creation when mining activities cease (Ba-Phalaborwa Municipality, 2015). These programmes include fresh produce markets and nature reserve initiatives. The said programmes should be integrated into and form part of the larger master plan (see figure Figure 04). With existing infrastructure and services in place and its close proximity to the KNP, the site has the potential to host various amenities, thus ensuring a positive economic influence.
Figure 05: Intercontinental to regional organization networks Source: by Author.04
proposed new master plan development
b
d
d d
copper pit
d b A
b b b 10m
Figure 06: Master development. Source: by Author.
problem statement The Palabora Mining Company has been an active copper mine since 1956. During these active mining years it contributed to local economic growth and development. Unfortunately, it has simultaneously contributed to the destruction of the environment and exhibited disconnection from the natural environment. With the decommissioning of the mine that will take place in 2016, the PMC site will remain a scarred, disconnected landscape, exerting little positive influence economically and environmentally. The architectural intervention should aim to establish a new connection and act as mediator between the built environment and the natural environment. Transforming a negative space into a positive one will, hopefully, promote fresh economic growth with a new interdependence on natural elements. 05
100m
Nature reserve initiatives
view points
A
b
Hiking & biking trails
Fresh produce market
d
c
b a
d a c
Figure 07: Proposed programs and projects for rehabilitation development. Source: by Author.
06
1.2 research methodology The research methodology consists of information and data collection by means of literature reviews, interviews, precedent studies, models and photographic studies. This iterative research process informed the resolution and its resultant hypothesis. To gain a better understanding of the mining process and activities the mine site was visited on various occasions. This assisted the researcher in becoming familiar with the physical context and scale of the existing infrastructure and the copper mine pit. Site visits to the neighbouring areas, including the nature reserves and parks, were carried out on a seasonal basis to observe seasonal and climatic changes. The larger context was analysed on various scales, from macro to micro. This provided the analytical basis for the subsequent design decisions. The aforementioned research provided insight into the mining history of the Ba-Phalaborwa region and its subsequent cultural, economic and environmental influence. Detailed analysis of existing infrastructure and the mining processes followed on this mine provided valuable insight into the existing structures that could be integrated and reused to promote sustainability. Literature reviews focussing on the heritage and memory of the context assisted in determining the new connection between the mining site and the surrounding context.
Figure 08: View from F9 (vermiculate waste dump) towards PMC site with Kruger National Park in the background. Source: by Author.
07
D e l i m i t a t i o n s This dissertation is based on a proposal within the realms and constraints of architecture. It explores the role of the latter within the engineered and technological spheres. It attempts to describe how an architectural inter vention could be used to facilitate a symbiotic relationship between humans, nature and the built environment. Given the aforementioned scope, it is important to note that not all of these aspects could be addressed at the same level of detail in the final resolution. Aspects relating to practices that fall outside the architectural vocation were not resolved to their fullest extent. The proposal forms part of a large scale rehabilitation programme convening an area of approximately 40km². The current mine closure plans for the Palabora and Foskor mines do not include an architectural response, although a diagrammatical master plan was authored by Golder and Associates in 2013 (Golder, 2013). Hence this dissertation focuses on an architectural inter vention responding to the existing infrastructure of the Palabora Copper Mine.
08
1.3 outline brief The architectural intervention will serve as a national instrument for detecting, translating and predicting the impact of environmental change. The programme develops experimental spaces within the scarred landscape. It will incorporate the latest technology and futuristic methods of testing and construction. The final resolution forms part of an integrated environmental observation network that should serve as a national instrument for detecting and translating environmental change, and for predicting the impact of such change on terrestrial ecosystems. The programme concentrates on the following: Observation and monitoring sites and systems: The architecture should focus on the adaptive re-use of existing mine infrastructure on the PMC mine site, responding to changing environmental conditions, whether daily, seasonally and or yearly. Therefore the first-mentioned will become the tangible link to creating environmental awareness. Facilitating research on affiliated sites and sample locations: The facility should provide the scientific community, policy makers and society with the necessary facilities to observe, protect, and manage the nation’s ecosystems and their biodiversity. Mobile capsules could assist in the process of data collection, allowing the architecture to reach out beyond its parameters. Developing and maintaining collections of accurate, consistent and reliable long-term environmental databases: The overall goal of the facility will be to obtain and store long-term ecological knowledge that is able to contribute to the advancement of the health, productivity, and welfare of the local and global environment, thereby enhancing human well-being. The facility should promote access to data and encourage research discoveries contributing to education in the environmental sciences.
09
Figure 09: Site selection and location from macro to micro scale. Source: by Author.
10
1.4. site selection
mine closure
The existing PMC and FOSKOR mine has left an enormous scar in the natural landscape. Located adjacent to the Kruger National Park, the mining activities covering almost 40km² have had a major impact on the surrounding ecological systems.
The mine closure plan involves the future planning for development of the site when mining activities are decommissioned. It sets out all the activities required before, during and after the mine has closed. The central focus of this plan is to rehabilitate the landscape to an acceptable state.
Although the mine has adhered to environmental legislation, simultaneously running various environmental projects and mine closure plans, it is inevitable that the land has been permanently damaged. This is particularly noticeable when one is viewing the massive open pit of 1,8km by 1,3km and roughly 700 meters deep, for which there is no future rehabilitation or development plan. In a personal interview with Mr J. Muhlarhi (2015), environmental manager of PMC), he explained that the current notion is to leave the pit as it is. The proposed architectural intervention would form part of the larger landscape rehabilitation plan. The proposal is to re-use the existing infrastructure for: 1
2
3
O BSER VATIO N research facilities assisting in environmental, climatic and meteorological observations. INFORMATIO N data gathering and storing. Allowing access for all enquirers to this information, and sharing it with the larger regional and global networks. EDUCATI O N making informed decisions and educating the public by means of interactive facilities and experimentation.
The diagrammatical master plan by Golder Associates (Golder Associates, 2013) mostly addresses the rehabilitation of mine areas. The plan proposes open spaces to be used for animal rehabilitation and breeding facilities. Other amenities include hiking and cycling trails with viewpoints. In most cases it is impossible to rehabilitate a mining site. The impact of mining activities, especially open pit mines, is irreversible and the landscape is permanently altered. Currently, as noted, the open copper ore pit will be left as it is when mining activities cease. In South African law, the Principles of Mine Closure, Act no. 26275 (SA, 2004:30) stipulates the following regarding mine closure:
“in accordance with applicable legislative requirements for mine closure, the holder of a prospecting right, mining right, retention permit or mining permit must ensure that: (e) the land is rehabilitated as far as is practicable, to its natural state, or to a predetermined and agreed standard or land use which conforms with the concept of sustainable development.� This dissertation aims to answer the following questions: - What will happen to the site after mine closure? - How can the existing infrastructure be re-used? - How will the closure plan influence the design proposal? - How can the design influence the future use of the site and local environment?
11
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Activity Viewing hole / Copper Pit Possible town development Rehabilitated Landscape Animal rehabilitation and breeding Activity Viewing point Rehabilitate water basins Re-use infrastructure
Figure 10: Proposed mine closure development. Source: by Author.
12
1.5 ecological observatory The study proposes that the existing infrastructure and services of the Palabora Copper Mine be re-used and recycled. The scarred mine landscape will act as an experimental site contributing to the larger mine closure and rehabilitation plan. This landscape altered by human intervention will become the new testing ground for rehabilitation. Using the identified site as their basis, mobile data capsules will visit surrounding sites and sample locations. The data gathering and testing process can be divided into the following four elements:
2 3
2 1 4
3
3 2 13Figure 11: Core site, affiliated, sample and experimental site locations. Source: by Author.
4
Core site This will become the headquarters and data base facility of the eco-region. It is situated in the existing production shafts’ concrete headgear of the Palabora Copper Mine. Located on the eastern boundary of the copper pit, the core site will use the existing landmark within the landscape and assign it a new function.
Figure 12: Core site, Production Shaft transformed into the new Ecological Observatory. Source: by Author.14
2 Affiliated sites – CAPSULE 01 Locations will be manually observed by experts on a continuous basis (e.g. monthly). This staffed capsule will provide accommodation and basic research facilities. Samples of the land and natural systems are documented and the data are returned to the core site.
15Figure 13: Capsule 1, Affiliated site - This staffed capsule providing accommodation and basic research facilities. Source: by Author.
Figure 14: Floor plan, capsule 01. Source: by Author.
Figure 15: Floor plan with sleeping mezzanine, capsule 01. Source: by Author.
Figure 16: Floor plan with view roof deck, capsule 01. Source: by Author. 0
1m
4m
Figure 17: Section illustrating interior of capsule 01. Source: by Author.16
camera point
soutlek
soutlek
floral and herbal wall
watering hole
water tank with wind pump
birds nest
gps co-ordinates beacon
camera point
insects eg. beehives
watering hole
3 Sample locations CAPSULE 02 Unstaffed capsules will be stationed at sensitive sites to document the natural processes without human interference. This can be achieved by the use of camera systems and monitored site visits.
17
Figure 18: Unmanned capsule 02, monitoring natural processes. Source: by Author.
4 Experimental site – (copper pit + bio-domes) CAPSULE 03 Biomes will be constructed to assess and test data within a controlled environment.
1
5
4 2 3 4
1 2
1
4
1 Bio-domes 2 Planters for trees 3 Decking 4 Private circulation, walkways above 5 Accommodation units
Figure 19: Plan and conceptual section of Bio-domes. Source: by Author.18
1.6 time line - past, present & future development It is important to identify the future stakeholders and clients of the prospective rehabilitated site. Berger (2006:239) states that in the case of rehabilitation of waste landscapes, or abandoned ones, there is no client consultant relationship or contractual agreement. In most cases there is no client; consequently, this “client� needs to be identified through research and custom fitted to the designer’s discoveries. The proposed project should address the integration of waste landscapes left over from any form of development and foresee which types of waste may be productively reintegrated for the development of social, cultural and environmental benefits. The following possible future clients and stakeholders have been identified:
19Figure 20: Time line of site history and future development. Source: by Author.
Foskor and PMC: Mining Division Local Municipality: Ba-Phalaborwa Municipality Kruger National Park SAEON: Ndlovu Node. The proposed project will be future orientated, considering the closure of mining activities and implementation of the closure plan. In order to design for a speculative future scenario, a timeline is used to analyse emerging developments. Using grounded theory and historical analysis as a basis, the following timeline was developed:
20
1.7 conclusion Applying the concept of bio-mechanisms, the aim of the architectural design will be to act as the mediator between the natural and the industrial entities. Biomechanics refers to the philosophical theory concerning the nature of life and biology. It is the study of the structure and function of biological systems such as humans, plants, organs and cells by means of the methods of mechanics. Latour (2012) states that “only out of nature may ecological politics start again and new”. This means that if we want to create or, in this case, rehabilitate an environment, this project should be conceived out of natural concepts. Technology and innovation should not be regarded as a form of liberation of nature, but rather as a means of becoming more attached and intertwined with the natural context in which they stand.
“It is not a question of whether or not something can be immediately realized or built, it’s a question of how open-ended, fictional design proposals can change the way someone thinks about an entire field or class of technologies.” (BLDG BLOG, lightning farm, 2013)
21
Figure 21: Conceptual extrapolated perspective of western and southern facades. Source: by Author.
22
chapter
2
n
Augmented Landscapes
The site was analysed on four major scales, owing to the size and larger impact of the mining activities. By means of analysing the site on the macro, meso, micro and nano scales, specific characteristics and patterns can be identified. The information is translated into maps and data graphs to gain a better understanding of the selected site that will inform future design decisions.
Figure 22: View of the copper pit with the two mining shaft towers in the background
23Source: by Author.
site analysis 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Site History 2.3 Climatic Study 2.4 Macro Analysis -2.4.1 Topography -2.4.2 Mine Closure Plan -2.4.3 Past- Present & Future Development 2.5 Meso Analysis -2.5.1 Geological Study of Area -2.5.2 Copper Ore Pit Analysis 2.6 Micro Analysis -2.6.1 Mining Operations - 2.6.2 Re-use of Existing Infrastructure 2.7 Nano Analysis - 2.7.1 Terrestrial Ecology -2.7.2 Fauna & Flora
24
2.1 Introduction This chapter explains the analytical part of the design process. It involves the investigation and analysis of the local environment, including environments constructed by humans (infrastructure and mine site) and untouched natural landscapes (nature reserves and parks). The aim is to identify pertinent characteristics of the landscape to generate an appropriate design response.
National Park and the Klaserie Nature Reserve, the mining activities have consisted mainly of extracting a phosphate ore (Foskor) and a copper pit ore (PMC). The life time expectancy of each mine is reaching its end, with the PMC copper mine to be decommissioned at the end of this year.
Smout (2007:06) states that human activity is relentless in altering the natural landscape from wilderness to cultivation. The representation of the past, present and future landscapes plays an important role in understanding the environment. According to Smout (2007:07) a comprehensive analysis of the restless landscape requires a two- and three dimensional demonstration of the site. This includes photography, collages, prototypes, models and drawings. By representing the site in various dimensions, its transformation and events are examined together with the notions of static space and material. As part of the analysis, the inherent features of the landscape, that is, the geography, climate, geology and land use were all examined in order to appreciate the natural processes and the resultant transformation of the site. Limpopo Province is located in the Southern region of Africa, just below the tropic of Capricorn. The province consists of five local municipalities, four regions and four district management areas and is part of the Greater Limpopo Transfrontier Park. It is bordered by Mozambique to the east and Zimbabwe to the north.
23o59’38.16’’s 31o7’37.53’’e
The region under investigation is known as the Olifants Valley. Tourism and wildlife activities complement the economic contribution of the mines. Phalaborwa is the main town of the Ba-Phalaborwa municipal region and falls within the Great Olifants Valley, known for its diverse wildlife, spectacular scenery, mountains, rivers and dams. The Palabora Copper Mine is located within the PhalaborwaTimbavati Mopaniveld vegetation type of the savannah biome. This region extends approximately 40 km east and west of Phalaborwa and forms part of the Klaserie-, Umbabat- and Timbavati Game Reserves. This type of vegetation is easily identifiable because of the dominance of the Mopane Bushveld and is characterised by Golder Associates (2013:23) as “open tree savannah on undulating plains with sandy uplands and clayey bottomlands” .
25
Until 2015, the Foskor and PMC mines served as the major economic drivers of the town of Phalaborwa. Situated five kilometres south of Phalaborwa and adjacent to the Kruger
Figure 23: Site location and co-ordinates. Source: by Author.
Continent Country Province Municipalities Region District Town -
Africa South Africa Limpopo Ba-Phalaborwa Valley of the Olifants Mopani Phalaborwa
The proposed site the PMC and Foskor mine site is situated south of Phalaborwa town.
Tropic of Cancer
Equator
Tropic of Capricorn
Figure 24: Google map with PMC (Palabora Mining Company) site location Source: https://www.google.co.za/maps/search/conundrum+meaning/@-23.9881315,31.115911,14320m/data=!3m1!1e3, edited by Author.
26
27
Figure 25: Site Location. Source: by Author
28
Figure 26: From the apex of Loolekop, looking towards the Olifants River,1962. Today this is a huge open-cast pit for modern mining. Source: Foskor Museum Phalaborwa
Figure 27: Primitive horizontal mining tunnel in Foskor’s bench one on Loolekop, 1961 .Source: Foskor Museum Phalaborwa
Figure 28: Primitive minnig shaft in Foskor’s bench one on Loolekop, 1961. Source: Foskor Museum Phalaborwa
29Figure 29: Foskor’s bench 1 on Loolekop, 1955.Source: Foskor Museum Phalaborwa
Figure 30: The terraced benches on Loolekop, 1964. Source: Foskor Museum Phalaborwa
2.2 site history According to the Foskor Museum (A Miracle in the North, the Foskor History) the Phalaborwa region was once an area of intense volcanic activity. Over time this area was named the “Phalaborwa Igneous Complex�, referring to the mix of metals and minerals in existence here. The first settlers who lived and mined around these areas are estimated by archaeologists to have been there circa CE 770. Around the magnate outcrop is a koppie, previously referred to by locals as Loole Kop, where several types of furnaces dating from the Iron Age were discovered. Over time, Loole Kop was transformed into the current ore pit (Foskor Museum: A Miracle in the North, the Foskor History).
Figure 31: Illustrating the various elevation planes Loole Kop went through Source: by Author
B - Elevated Base Plane Visual seperaton between its field and surrounding ground by means of vertical surfaces. Loolekop before industrialized mining activities
A - Base Plane Removal of Koppie due to mining activities
C - Depressed Base Plane The vertical surfacws of the lowered area defines a volume of space. Open ore copper pit. Inverted version of what was there
D - Overhead Plane A horizontal plane located overhead defines a volume of space between itself and the ground plane. Proposed design intervention is to recreate the lost Loolekop silhouette by implementing an overhead plane.
30
2.3 climatic study Phalaborwa is situated in the Limpopo Province, in climatic 2.3.1 Temperature zone 3 (hot interior). The mine site experiences typical subtropical, summer-rainfall climatic conditions with hot The Phalaborwa area experiences warm to hot temperatures, with the highest temperatures being between summers and warm to cool winters. October and March. Average temperatures range from 18 to The following climatic features are outlined in Golder 30°C in summer and from 10 to 23°C in winter. However, extreme temperatures of 44.9°C in October 2010 and the Associates Environmental Management Plan (EMP) lowest minimum of 2°C in August 1972 were recorded Addendum (2013:12): between 1961 and 2013 (Golder Associates, 2013:12). • Warm to hot with high humidity According to Golder Associates (2013:12) very high levels • Rainy season: November to March with maximum of humidity can be expected during the first half of the year rainfall in January when rain occurs frequently and temperatures are high. • Rainfall varies from 250 to 700 mm per annum in From January to June high averages of humidity are between low-lying areas • The average number of rain days per year is 65 days 80% and 85% while low averages are from 76% to 80%. • Most precipitation falls in the form of thunderstorm A maximum of 97% humidity has been recorded. and heavy showers The design should consider these high temperatures by • Hail is rare implementing passive design principles that respond to local • Wind direction in mainly from the southeast or climate and site conditions. These principles include the use north-northwest. of cross ventilation, stack effect and thermal mass and the like to prevent heat or direct sunlight from penetrating the building. Allowing the building to transform in order to adapt to climatic conditions will hopefully enforce the connection with the environment. Alternative and sustainable design elements should not only contribute to climatic response but also become part of the overall aesthetic of the building.
Cardinal solar seasonal times and angles
Figure 32: Cardinal solar times and prevailing wind directions
31Source: by Author
Figure 33: Zone 3, hot interior. Source: Architective, building construction standards for south africa, 2013, page 105.
20
8 j
f
m
a
m
j
j
a
s
o
n
d
Figure 34: Average night time temperature oC Source: by Author
32
24 j
f
m
a
m
Figure 35: Average midday temperature oC Source: By Author
j
j
a
s
o
n
d 32
Passive design principles
Figure 36: Passive design principles to apply to design
33Source: By Author
Figure 37: Passive design principles Source: Architective, building construction standards for South Africa, 2013, page 117.
34
It can be hypothesised that the cool air will drain down the massive copper pit’s slopes, and if captured or re-channelled, The Phalaborwa area has a relatively low annual rainfall. it could be used to cool the building during the night. Most precipitation takes place from November to March in the form of irregular and intense thunder storms. Per Wind ventilation uses the force of wind to draw air through annum, the area receives about 250 to 700mm, with an annual a building. This passive design principle is a cost effective average of approximately 500mm. This results in an and easy way of cooling a structure. Successful ventilation of average of about 94 rain days (Golder Associates 2013:12). a structure is determined by having adequate fresh air and Rainfall over the period May to September is generally very high thermal comfort for the spaces, while using little or no low and it is not unusual to receive no rain at all during this energy for HVAC systems. Strategies for proper natural wind period. The monthly evaporation at Phalaborwa exceeds ventilation include operable windows, ventilation louvres, precipitation, with the average annual evaporation being rooftop vents, as well as structures to funnel or steer 2 074 mm and the rainfall 527 mm. This high level of breezes. Implementing architectural elements such as wing moisture loss in relation to rainfall makes Phalaborwa a walls, casement windows, fences or strategically placed water scarce area. vegetation should create a pressure difference, allowing air to be pulled into the building from the high pressure zone The design therefore caters for rain water to be harvested to a low pressure zone (see Figure 38). Once again, these from the roof of the ecological observatory which will become architectural elements should contribute to the effective part of an integrated system where the water will be stored in ventilation of the building as well as to the aesthetic of each water tanks on various levels and make use of a gravity fed façade. system. Another method of water collection is the relocation of ground water pumped from the underground mining tunnels. The underground mining activities are below the 2.3.5 Extreme Weather Events water table and are currently being pumped away to tailings on the mine site. The proposal is to relocate this water to be The Phalaborwa area experiences occasional hailstorms used for irrigation and cooling of the building. and downpours; the following extreme events have been The harvested water will be used for fountains, the southern recorded: water wall, the northern green wall and other planters. It will also be integrated with a fluid misting system for cooling and • Floods during 2000 when extremely high rainfall resulted in extensive damage to infrastructure dust control. • A maximum 24-hour rainfall of 182 mm during February 2000 and January 2012 2.3.3 Wind • The area was struck by Cyclone Emily in 1977 The predominant wind direction for Phalaborwa is south- • Highest daily maximum temperature: 44.9°C in October 2010 east and south-south-east, in both summer and winter, while north and north-north-westerly winds are more frequent in •Lowest daily minimum temperature: 2°C during August 1972. winter than in summer. 2.3.2 Monthly and Annual Rainfall
Golder Associates (2013:14) state that wind speeds are lower in winter than in summer and occur on a daily basis; maximum wind speeds are found at night during all seasons. This is an advantage as higher wind speeds in summer can be used to cool the building down during the night. According to Golder Associates (2013:14), over 60% of the wind speeds experienced at Phalaborwa are between 1.1 and 3.5 m/s, with calm conditions experienced on an average of 29% of the time. On average wind speeds do not exceed 8 m/s, but wind gusts of up to 14 m/s have been recorded at the Palabora Copper Weather Station. The topography of the landscape also influences local wind systems by the development of surface inversions where cooler air will drain down a sloped area. 35
Figure 38: Principles to ventilate the building. Source: by Author
36
37
macro scale
Macro Scale consists of the larger PMC and Foskor mine site. and surrounding context. This analysis includes:
micro scal e
Micro Anallysis is focused on the selected area for architectural intervention and the re-use of existing infrastructure. This analysis includes:
- Typology - Koppies of Phalaborwa - Five elements - Closure Plan - Past, Present and Future development
- Existing infrastructure - Mining Operations - Re-use of existing infrastructure
meso s c a l e
Meso Scale analyses the selected site area, mapping the following:
nano s c a l e
Nano Analysis is the natural elements occurring on site. This analysis compromises of natural fauna and flora that occurred on the site and comparing current conditions and the impact of the mining activities.
- Geologic study of area - Copper ore pit analysis
Figure 39: Macro, Meso, Micro and Nano site scales. Source: by Author38
2.4 Macro analysis The design aims to create a new visual connection with the identified koppies. Viewpoints and elements will be placed Golder Associates (2013:14) describe the pre-mined land- to face these important hills. Their topography consists of scape as typical of the central Lowveld igneous complex, stacked granite boulders; and a similar typology can be consisting of low key grazing and natural bush. applied to the proposed architectural elements. The use of natural and locally available stone and materials would, Greater Phalaborwa is situated approximately 400 meters hopefully, reinforce this connection to the landscape. above sea level. The average elevation of the study area as listed by Golder Associates (2013:14) is 380 meters above sea level (mamsl), with the undulations varying between 360 and 420 mamsl. The koppies on the site can reach an elevation of up to 460 to 480 mamsl and are conical and rocky in nature. 2.4.1 Topography
Seventeen prominent koppies were identified in the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) located in the Phalaborwa area. Four of these have been historically disturbed by the mining activities. This disturbance not only includes present mining activities but also metal work and mining activities from the Iron Age, where narrow shafts and topes can be seen on the remaining hills.
Loolekop Profile
Maximum hight of surrounding koppies Hight of Ecological Observatory +475 amsl Water table level 24.17m
Section profile of copper pit with various mineral found in the Phalaborwa geological complex
Copper Pit depth 800 m below ground level
39 Figure 40: Section through landscape.Source: by Author
The
Ko p p i es
of
P
h
a
l
a
b
o
r
w
a
1 3
5
4
2
GPS Co-ordinates
Figure 41: Contour Map indicating positioning of Koppies .Source: by Author
1 Sealene - 23°57’18.55”S / 31° 7’6.76”E 2 Muhululu - 24° 1’38.64”S / 31°10’21.72”E 3 Shankare - 23°58’6.24”S / 31° 9’41.40”E 4 Moloto - 24° 0’43.88”S / 31°11’31.62”E 5 Lolwe - 23°58’53.23”S / 31° 8’2.12”E
Figure 42: The two ‘koppies’ that the Baphalaborwa regard as sacred ground. Right: Sealene. Left: Mmodimulle Source: by Author
40
Figure 43: Ceremony at Sealene Hill, 20 November 1970 .Source: Foskor Museum Phalaborwa
1 Sealene This is regarded as the resting place of the spirits of the royal ancestors of the baPhalaborwa. Sealene is a steep koppie serving as a landmark in Phalaborwa. FOSKOR (1970) states that for centuries the rulers of the tribes used this area as the mosate (seat of the chief) for the rulers of the tribe. Ruins at the koppie bear testimony of this. At its foot the remains of iron forges and an ironsmith workshop dating from the Iron Age are evident. The ability of the Ba-Phalaborwa to smelt and use iron made them a strong force in this region.
41Figure 44: Sealene Hill. Source: by Author.
2 Muhululu Muhululu is located to the north of the confluence of the Olifants and Selati Rivers. It is one of the few large mountains in Phalaborwa associated with metal working. Various archaeological metal working and residential remains were found at Muhululu (Pistorius, 1989:90-91).
4 Moloto Hill Moloto Hill was located to the north-west of Muhululu Hill. Today, only the top part of this dome-shaped hill is recognisable above a tailings dump. Settlements immediately to the west of Moloto Hill are all situated within the boundaries of the Foskor terrain.
Figure 45: Aerial view of Muhululu Hill. Source: Google Earth image, edited by Author.
Figure 46: Aerial view of Moloto Hill. Source: Google Earth image, edited by Author.
3 Shankare Hill Shankare Hill is located around 4 to 5 km to the north-east of the copper mining pit. Three hills with archaeological remains located to the east, north and to the west of Shankare were designated Shankare 2, Shankare 3 and Shankare 4. Copper ingots (marale) were manufactured at the hill and used as marriage goods during the Iron Age (Golder, 2013: 41-42).
5 Lolwe Lolwe, about 3km from Sealene, was the source from which these primitive ironsmiths gathered unlimited iron ore for the manufacture of picks, axes, spearheads, arrows and so forth.
Figure 47: Aerial view of Shankare Hill. Source: Google Earth image, edited by Author.
Figure 48: Aerial view of Lolwe Hill. Source: Google Earth image, edited by Author.
42
2.4.3 Five Elements The water-basin of Greater Phalaborwa forms part of the Letaba and Olifants Rivers to the north, and the Selati and Olifants Rivers to the south. The site is naturally divided by various water courses. The southern border is defined by the Selati River that flows in an easterly direction. Loole Creek defines the northern border, consisting of numerous water streams which drain into it. The water courses located on the southern region of the site drain directly into the Selati and Olifants Rivers (Golder Associates 2013:14). The vegetation can be classified as bushveld with scattered trees and shrubs, intermingled with tall tufted grasses. Features of the mines, such as the waste rock dumps and tailing dams, stand out from the natural undulating landscape. The natural landscape and identified elements acted as design generators for layout, material finishes and visual connections in the surroundings.
43Figure 49: Granite koppie with natural vegetation. Source: by Author
44
The macro site analysis superimposes various independent layers to produce a heterogeneous surface. The different layers represent the existing site and contextual conditions as well as future development.
districts
Topographic elements identified by Lynch (1982:47) include: Districts: Districts are medium to large sections of land, perceived as having a two-dimensional context which the observer mentally enters ‘inside of‘. These districts possess a common identifying character (Lynch, 1982:47). Paths: Paths are channels along which the observer moves. They can be streets, walkways, transit lines, canals or railways. People observe a space while moving through it and along these paths (Lynch, 1982:47). Edges: They are boundaries between two phases, linear breaks in the community. These edges can be barriers. Edges are important organising features, particularly in the role of holding together generalised areas (Lynch, 1982:47). Nodes: Nodes or points are strategic spots into which the observer can enter. They may be primarily junctions, places where a break in transportation methods occurs, a crossing or convergence of paths, moments of shift from one structure to another (Lynch, 1982:47). Landmarks: Another type of point-reference, but the observer cannot enter within them; they are external. They are usually a simply defined object: building, sign, store or mountain (Lynch, 1982:48).
FOSKOR and PMC mining zone Phalaborwa town Kruger national Park
paths
R40 R71 Railway
edges
Ga-Selati River Olifants River Kruger National Park Border
nodes
Hendrik van Eck Airport Phalaborwa town Kruger National Park gate Hand Merensky Golf Course
landmarks
Natural Unnatural
45
P Kruger National Park
Copper Pit Van Ryssen Dam
F9
Ga-Selati River
Selati Tailings Dam
Figure 50: Macro Site Map Source: Image by Author.
Olifants River
46
2.5 meso analysis 2.5.1 Geological Study of the Area Professor Gaudin of MIT (FOSKOR museum, 2015) states that millennia ago, a volcano that existed in the area somehow became filled with carbonate rock. During these carbonated deposits, deposits of other sulphide minerals containing copper, apatite, magnetite, uranium, sulphur, vermiculite, mica, thorium and zirconium oxide (represented by a mineral known as baddeleyite) as well as gold, silver and platinum also occurred. This rich deposit was mined since 1966 resulting in the scarred landscape of today.
Figure 51 (opposite page): Meso Scale Site Plan
47Source: Photos by Author
The Meso Site analysis will follow the “game-board� strategy Graafland game-boards are conceived as shared working surfaces and should facilitate the different spatial claims on the same territory to find a common ground while playing out various scenarios. This analysis will evaluate the different parties involved in the proposed project relating the larger context of this geomorphologic system to the various changes - political, soci cal-, that can effect the
0m 50m
1100
1200
1300
1300
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
2100
2200
2300
2400
2500
2600
2700
2800
2900
3000
3100
200m
100
300m
100
100
600m
100
100
100
800m
100
100
100
48
100
Figure 52: Site Samples - minerals colour, texture and reflectiveness analysis.
49Source: Photos by Author
Colours Textures Reflection Edges Transparency As part of the site exploration colours, textures, reflections, edges and transparency were investigated. Samples were collected during the various site visits. This analytical approach informed the subsequent design decisions.
1 Olivevine - mineral 2 Pyroxenite - mineral 3 Biotite - mineral 4 Granite - mineral 5 Metamorphic rock 6 Sandstone - Sedimentry rock 7 Biotite - mineral 8 Boitite - mineral 9 Boitite - miniral 10 Granite containing various minerals 11 Granite 12 Sedimentry rock 50
2.5.2 Copper Ore Pit Analysis
The mining activities in the open copper ore pit officially came to an end in 1996. Subsequently, the implementation of underground block cave mining extended the productivity of the mine. The underground mining of the pit was immediately deepened by 400m and this resulted in a major failure of the north-west wall when approximately 100 Mt of soil collapsed into the pit (Moss, Diachenko, Townsend, 2006). The following section analyses and describes the copper pit, aiming at a future settlement prediction . The proposed design is based on the conclusions of this analysis. Cave Pit Interaction According to Moss, Diachenko and Townsend (2006: 483), there is a direct relationship between the pit and the underground block and cave mining process. The cave’s breaking through into the bottom of the pit is adversely affecting the stability of the pit walls. Increased movement of these led to the discovery of cracks surrounding the pit, which extended up to 250 meters from it. This failure increased in extent so that after 18 months a partial wall collapse of approximately 800 meters high and 300 meters long occurred. Conclusion Based on the above information, the following design decisions were made: The underground mining activities will be decommissioned in 2015, initiating the rehabilitation process. The pit walls will remain in their current condition, the mining activities will cease and the underground tunnels will be left as they are order to prevent any further movement of the pit walls and perimeter. The shape, size and slope of the pit will be regarded as remaining in their current condition for the purposes of this dissertation.
Figure 53 (top): Paper model of Copper Pit before in-cavement
51 Source: Photos by Author
Pit boundry at base of weathered rock Ultimate pit crest
Concrete headgear
scale Figure 54: General Geology and Pit Slope Geometry Source: Interaction between the block cave and the Pit slopes at Palabora mine, A. Moss, S. Diachenko, P. Townsend. [pdf]
Figure 55: Interaction between the block cave and the pit slopes at Palabora mine Source: Interaction between the block cave and the Pit slopes at Palabora mine, A. Moss, S. Diachenko, P. Townsend. [pdf]
Figure 56: Movement of Pit mm/day during October 2006 Source: Interaction between the block cave and the Pit slopes at Palabora mine, A. Moss, S. Diachenko, P. Townsend. [pdf]
52
2.6 micro analysis existing infrastructure -
53
remove - reuse - recycle
The aim of the micro analysis is to gain a better understanding of the chosen mine sites infrastructure and its current activities. By understanding what is happening and why it is happening, informed decisions can be made on how to reuse existing structures in the future. Instead of destroying and recreating a new life and purpose is given to the site through incorporating the old and preserving the memory of the site. 2.6.1 Mining Operations
to produce coarse feed to the pebble crushers. The ore is then pumped to the Secondary Milling Plant (SMP) where it is further g round to less than 0.15mm. 5. Primary Crusher + Secondary Crusher (conventional process route) Copper and magnetite are recovered from the neighbouring FOSKOR mine. The primary crusher is used to reduce ore size. Feeders and conveyers transport the ore to a secondary crusher to reduce its size further before it is conveyed to the SMP.
Phalaborwa Copper (Pty) Ltd extracts and beneficiates copper and other by-products in the Ba-Phalaborwa area. This mine 6. Concentrator is South Africa’s only producer of refined copper and provides Ball mills containing steel balls grind the ore down to the the local market with 85% of its copper requirements. size of beach sand. Water is added and the ore is turned into a liquid blend known as slurry. The next several stages The copper operations include an underground mine, involve flotation tanks where chemicals are added to sepaprimary and secondary crushers, auto mills, concentrator, rate the copper from the ore. Air bubbles allow the copper copper smelter with casting facilities and an associated acid to float to the top of the flotation tank, after which the slurry plant (tailings). The operations comprise an open pit mining is thickened and pumped to the dewatering plant. The final operation and recovery plant. product is therefore a copper concentrate which is thereafter conveyed to the smelter to produce the final product, copper 1. Copper Pit sheets. The open ore copper pit is no longer in use since 1997. 7. Tailings disposal, dewatering and 2. Underground block & cave mining magnate production Underground mining activities are being carried out by means The thickened slurry is pumped to the dewatering and tailing of the block cave method. This takes place underneath the disposal plant. The water is filtered out and, by means of copper mine pit. The rock containing the copper ore is magnetic separation, the magnetite is separated and transbroken up by means of explosives in the shape of hour glass ported to large magnetite storage dams. Export magnetite is taverns to funnel rocks down (see figure 59). Gravity is used used for iron and steel production. to extract the ore which is then transported via underground tunnels to the production shaft. When the ore body is depleted, the mining caves will be imploded, affecting the state of the open copper ore pit above.
3. Towers – Production Shaft & Service Shaft The northern tower is the tallest tower and is called the Production Shaft. This shaft is used to transport the ore to the various auto mills and crushers for further processing. The southern tower is the Service Shaft and is utilised to transport men and equipment. There is also a Ventilation Shaft that provides oxygen in the mining tunnels for the miners. 4. Auto Mills Ore from the underground block-cave mine is conveyed to two stockpiles, each feeding two separate autogenous wet-grinding circuits. Two large tumbling mills reduce the size of the ore, which results in the liberation of the copper sulphides. The mill’s products are sized by vibrating screens
Figure 57 (opposite page): Mapping existing infrastructure Source: by Author54
0
55
0
0
0 meters Figure 58: Aerial view of site and selected structures for re-use. Source: Photo by Author.
56
Existing infrastructure Existing infrastructure will be removed and materials reused All other infrastructure on the site should be removed and the site transformed to its natural landscape conditions. The reuse or recycled for the new architectural proposal. of materials such as sheet metal, steel grids and steel The selected mining infrastructure will be reused for the members could promote sustainability. following new functions that will form part of the larger master plan development: 1.Copper Pit – geodesic biomes, to create controlled testing environments. 2.Underground block & cave mining – mining tunnels to be left as they are, the existing water pump system to be reused so as to re-route water to be used in main building functions. 3.Towers Production Shaft Tower Ecological Observatory Service Shaft Tower Visitors center and access to copper pit. 4.Auto Mills Accommodation 5.Primary Crusher – Arrival point and fresh produce and craft market space.
Existing mining pro cess
57
Figure 59: Existing mining process Source: by Author.
2.6.2 Proposed new application and re-use of existing structuers and materials
Figure 60: Proposed new functions for existing structures Source: by Author.
58
Headgear........................ Vertical transport of skips....................................Moving of building facade for solar control Building structure............. Structural stability..............................................Structural stability Underground shaft........... Vertical mining circulation...................................Natural cooling system Water pump.................... Pumping water out of pit and mine tunnels............Used for water features, cooling and irrigation Conveyor system............. Transporting mined ore.....................................Private circulation on site for staff Existing structures............ Storage and offices..........................................Removed and materials re-used and recycled Mined Rubble................. Stacked next to excavations, artificial hills...........Used for gabion walls and textured landscape features Figure 61: Cross-section of existing infrastructure and its current and proposed functions
59Source: by Author.
Moving facade for solar control
Structural Load-bearing system
Water features, fountains and irrigation
Natural cooling system
Public + Private cirulation on site
Re-use materials
Gabion walls
Figure 62: Proposed new functions of selected elements Source: by Author.
60
2.7 Nano Analysis 2.7.1 Terrestrial Ecology The mine site borders the Klaserie Nature Reserve to the south and the Kruger National Park to the east. According to Golder Associates (2013:23), a few animals permanently reside within the mining area, but there is considerable movement of wild animals between the mining area and the conservation areas. A variety of fauna species can be found within the mine complex. This includes various antelope species, predators such as leopard and lion as well as larger mammals including elephant and buffalo. There are also several bird, reptile and amphibian species residing within the selected area. The new development should welcome animal species into the development by providing watering holes and viewing points for visitors. A permeable boundary wall will allow for the animals to roam freely in and out of the site.
Important taxa in the Limpopo Sweet Bushveld vegetation type: Trees 1 Knob-thorn – Acacia nigrescens 2 Marula – Sclerocarya birrea 3 Mopane – Colophospermum mopane 4 Umbrella thorn – Acacia tortilis subsp. heteracantha 5 Red bushwillow – Combretum apiculatum 6 Large-fruited bushwillow – Combretum zeyheri 7 African Blackwood – Dalbergia melanoxylon 8 Sickle bush – Dichrostachys cinerea 9 African weeping wattle – Peltophorum africanum 10 Magic Gwarra – Euclea divinorum 11 Silver Cluster Leaf – Terminalia sericia The following Shrubs and grasses are indigenous to the area and can be used for planter inside the building because of its shallow root depth.
Shrubs Important Plant Taxa 1 Clerodendrum ternatum 2 Commiphora africanum Analysis of plant species was necessary for developing the 3 Hermannia glanduligera design of the planter box types situated within the building 4 Melhania forbesii and also for the landscape design proposal. It is essential to choose the appropriate plant species to create shade Grasses for spaces but not block important viewpoints. Seasonal Finger grass - Digitaria eriantha changes in plant species also play an important role Broad-leaved Curly leaf - Eragrostis rigidior regarding the transformation of the building. Shrubs and Herringbone grass - Pogonarthria squarrosa grasses create a soft landscape and help to lower the Blue grass - Andropogon gayanus temperature of a particular space. Indigenous herbs are Tassel three-awn - Aristida congesta chosen for their scents and attraction of insects such as Natal red top - Melinis repens Guinea grass - Panicum maximum butterflies. The following criteria are listed in Palabora Copper (Pty) Cat’s tail - Perotis patens Ltd EMP Addendum for the proposed Magnetite Expansion Rooigras - Themeda triandra Project, the Lift ll Process Additions and Environmental Indigenous herbs are used in the northern green wall, Pollution Control Project (2013:23-24): planters and the floral walls that form part of the sample locations (see capsule 02). Flowers should hopefully attract insect life such as butterflies and bird life. Herbs Evolvulus alsinoides Heliotropium steudneri Hemizygia elliottii Ipomoea magnusiana Kohautia virgata
61
trees
Protection / Spatial definition Fruit bearing plants attracts animals.
design generator
mopane
umbrella thorn
marula
Shrubs
Commiphora africanum
Figure 63: Trees and shrubs. Source: by Author
Hermannia glanduliger
Melhania forbessii
This shrub is extremely sensitive to atmospheric humidity and will expand its leaf buds at the first hint of moisture-laden winds. Consequently it is the first shrub to come to leaf with the arrival of the wet season, and remains remarkably green throughout the rainy period. The characteristics of this plants reaction to external effects can inform the users and visitors of environmental changes in the atmosphere. The building should in a similar way be sensitive to environmental changes. Adding plants to the interior and exterior of the building can contribute to being a visual link regarding seasonal change. 62
hardscape + softscape
63
Figure 64: Perspective of entrance with floral tower. Source: by Author.
Floral / herbal tower
hardscape
Softscape
Umbrella trees for shade
overhead plane - tree base plane - hardscape / paving
Visitors center and market space
Some danainae butterflies, such as the queen, like to visit these plants as it produces a pheromone to attract mates.
herbs
Evolvulus alsinoides
Hellotropium steudneri
Hemizygia elliottii
Kohautia virgata
grasses
Cats tail
Finger grass
Natal red top
Tassel three-awn
Figure 65: Herbs and grasses. Source: (top): www.gardenworldimages.com/Search.aspx?search=Heliotropium Source (bottom left): Photo by Author Source (bottom right): www.flickr.com/photos/auyaeh/4415543761
64
chapter
3
n
transformation
Transformation in architecture involves the change in the nature, function or appearance of building elements. The transformation process is implemented when two-dimensional data is transformed into a three dimensional physicality, and back again (Porter, 2006:198). The intangible data is transformed into the tangible when the concept is converted into the building design. The incorporation of multi-sensory experiences is needed to enhance intangible data and transform it into a tangible building design. Sensory stimulation should ultimately assist in repairing the relationship between nature, human beings and space within the liminal landscape . “Architecture should be sufficiently open to be able to be redirected and re-interpreted in an unpredictable manner, conceiving a type of architecture that is open to its own transformation.� Nicolas Michelin (2002:182)
Figure 66: View of the copper pit with the two mining shaft towers in the background
65Source: by Author.
Theoretical discourse 3.1 The Liminal Landscape - Abandoned industrial structures and their effect on the environment 3.2 Nature in Flux - The relationship between nature and architecture 3.3 Memories of the Elapsed Vernacular - Memory and architecture
66
3.1 the liminal landscape Abandoned industrial structures and their effect on the environment. Industrialisation and technological innovations can impact positively and negatively on our environment. They do contribute to economic growth and development while at the same time having a negative environmental impact. The described technological mining innovations have irreversibly changed the composition of the Mopani Bushveld environment. The mining activities and their technological development of structures and systems allowed for the control and manipulation of natural environments. The proposed new building should, instead, allow the natural environment to control and manipulate the proposed building elements so as to create a tangible link between structure and the environment. Relevance and importance The process of adapting existing structures for a new, intended purpose and, hopefully, contributing towards successful integration of the building within the landscape. The intention of discussing this topic is to emphasise the potential possibilities that these industrial structures offer when they become part of the environment instead of being static or disconnected from it. Berger (2006:29) refers to landscape leftovers as being in a liminal or transitional phase and encourages designers to re-integrate these spaces left over from industrial development. The application of innovative architectural elements inspired by the landscape and cultural references is a way of transforming the site by linking the building with it. When mine closure is implemented, mining activities cease and the reclamation process begins. Environmental rehabilitation programmes are implemented after the mine is decommissioned, but this does not include a spatial or architectural intervention, typically resulting in abandoned structures and meaningless landscapes. Currently, the industrialised mine site displays little concern for context and heritage.
67
“…we can never separate ourselves from the nonhuman world – we, our technologies, and nature can be no more disentangled than we can remember the distinction between Dr. Frankenstein and his monster…” (Latour, 2012).
Architectural typology changes from generation to generation. This constant change or evolution doesn’t mean that elements from the past should have no significance or contribution to present designs. The image above, “Frankenstein Architecture”, is a conceptual illustration and explores the two extremes that can be achieved if past elements are incorporated, or the alternative when it’s rejected.
Figure 67: Graphic illustration of the two extreme futures the site can experience. Dystopia vs. Utopia. Source: by Author.
68
The composition of the landscape comprises air, water, land, vegetation and elements produced by human beings which all contribute to the aesthetic value of the space. This reintegration or reprogramming of these waste landscapes involves the designer identifying characteristics, natural and artificial, that could be reused for future social, cultural and environmental upliftment.
air
A deeper connection with the liminal landscape can be achieved by understanding its cultural history. Berger (2006:29) explains that the liminal condition relates to the formation of community in tribal cultures and adds that these rites of passage are marked by three phases: Separation,
Liminality,
Aggregation
water
land
Figure 69: Eastern view of mine from Kruger National Park. Source: by Author
69
Vermiculate Waste Dump
“Landscape is under the influence of nature but under the control of man.� Allen (2007:07)
fauna
vegetation
man-made
Figure 68: Transformation process, illustrating how the environment changes Source: by Author
Production Shaft
70
These three phases are compared to the copper smelting phase awaiting or preparing for its new purpose: the union process and informs the architectural typology: of nature and the built environment. This can be achieved by reinterpreting the local and natural elements to become part Separation >>> STATE of architectural elements. Separation comprises of symbolic behaviour signifying “detachment” of an individual or group form an earlier fixed point in the social culture and cultural conditions (Berger Aggregation >>> STRUCTURAL 2006:29). “The ritual subject is in a relatively stable state one more and, The copper smelters: Copper smelters were separated by virtue of this, has rights and obligations….he is expected from their villages as part of the ritual process, and smelting to behave in accordance with certain customary norms and was therefore carried out in furnaces in the fields away from ethical standards.” (Berger 2006:29). the villages. The copper smelters: Schmidt (2009:265) suggests that The furnace: Copper ore was extracted from the earth by the these rituals transform the material representation of the use of stone tools. Clay built furnaces were either cylindrical furnace from an artefact into a living human being. or triangular in shape and stood about one meter tall. The extracted copper ore was then placed inside the clay furnace. The furnace: The melted copper is separated from the rock sediments and, when cooled, forms ingots completing the Architecture: The existing production shafts’ main function process when a new pure mineral is born from the furnace. is to transport the extracted copper ore from the underground mine to the primary crusher for further processing. The pro- Architecture: The separated elements are brought together duction shaft is evident of the absence of architectural design with the architectural intervention. Selected materials and and its disconnection between built environment and nature. elements form part of a new intervention where the interactive building elements rely on natural fluxes to create a symbiotic relationship. A once disconnected mine shaft with Liminal Period >>> PASSENGER nature as its sacrifice has reached the final phase, Characteristics of ritual subjects are ambiguous – passing aggregation with the landscape. through the cultural realm, having few or none of the attributes of the past or coming state (Berger 2006:29). The copper smelters: Archaeological discoveries suggests that furnaces were sculpted to represent the human body. The furnaces were seen as the midwives of the smelters (Schmidt 2009:263). This formed part of the ritual process where the furnace is transformed from a non-living static object into a living organism. This transformation from non-living to living allowed the smelters to develop an intimate connection with their furnace and the ritual process. The furnace: Ore, medicine and fire are mixed in the furnace and the ritual process of copper extraction is implemented. According to Pistorius (2015:03), ‘medicines’, such as human hand bones, were placed inside holes in the furnace, suggesting some form of ritual sacrifice during the smelting process. Architecture: The process of implementing the proposed architectural intervention in order to link the existing infrastructure with the environment. Similar to the furnace, the production shaft and other mining infrastructure had a purpose because of the sacrificing of the environment. As mining activities come to an end, the site is in a transitional 71
S
e
p
a
r
a
t
i
o
n
l
i
m
i
n
a
l
i
t
y
r
e
a
g
g
r
e
Figure 70: Three phases of Transformation, Separation - Limimnality and Reaggregation. Source: by Author
g
a
t
i
o
n
72
Relevant ideas and principles • The aim is to re-route the existing systems to animate the building exterior (creating a visual connection) and the building interior (habitable spaces). • Applying a building typology that changes the existing structure from being static to being an active participant within the environment. • Re-evaluating the shaft towers and exposing their technologies will contribute to the integration of the building within the landscape.
Green Wall Water Wall Water falling down eastern facade. Cool air flows into the building and cools interior spaces.
South
Western Solar Screens Copper panels reflects the western heat. The colour of this facade will change over time when the copper reacts to the moisture in the air, becoming a greenish colour to the facade.
73
West
The green wall is filled with colourful herbs and flowering plants. The colour and density of the wall changes with the seasons.
North
Movable Shading Fins A system inspired by the existing mining infrastructure used to move skips up and down the shaft is now re-used to move shading screens up and down according to the daily solar movement.
East
west
east
Screens open to full extent, allowing visual link with exterior environment.
Screens open up as sun moves from east to west. Allowing natural light to enter the building.
Screens closed prevent morning sun light (heat and glare) from entering the building
Mopani leaf solar screens on eastern facade of building Figure 71 (top): Mopani leaf inspired adjustable solar screen. Source: by Author Figure 72 (middle): Conceptual Illustration of screen movement. Source: by Author Figure 73 (bottom): Eastern elevation. Source: by Author
74
Figure 74: Material transformation, copper.
75Source: by Author
Figure 75: Northern green wall. Source: by Author
Figure 76: Cross ventilation. Source: by Author
76
precedent - British pavillion Architects: Nicolas Grimshaw
Figure 77: South East Perspective of British Seville Pavilion Source: http://ziyangpoharchitecture.blogspot.com/
Location: Seville, Spain The building can be defined by its structural clarity that is designed as parts of a kit. The external skin responds to the climate conditions with each faรงade specially designed to react to exterior environmental conditions. The eastern faรงade supporting a water wall designed to cool the interior of the building. Solar panels on the roof harvests solar energy to drive water pumps. Stacked steel freight containers on the western faรงade are filled with water or sand to shield the exterior heat. This project was selected as a precedent study for its response to climatic conditions. Each faรงade has different features as explained above to react to changing climatic conditions. The water wall adds to the sensory experience with the constant sound of water and the cool interior environment it creates. Innovative use of materials such as the reuse of freight containers for western facade and the yacht technology for southern facade to prevent direct sunlight but still allow and interior glow to the building can be incorporated into the proposed design. The aim is to incorporate the same environmental responsive design elements, minimal use of mechanical air conditioning, natural ventilation and reduced energy consumption.
77
Figure 78: Southern Facade stretched PVC coated fabric - Yacht technology. Source: http://ziyangpoharchitecture.blogspot.com/
Figure 79: Eastern Water Wall Source: http://ziyangpoharchitecture.blogspot.com/
Solar panels shade roof from direct sunlight. Photo voltec cells collects solar energy and the energy is used to for cooling the building and pumping water for the water wall on eastern facade. Solar panel roof Yacht technology The southern facade has no glazing, instead streatched fabric between ship masts are used to lighten up interior space without any direct sun light into the building.
Yacht technology The North facade is a continuation of the same fabric used but allows light through to give background lighting. The north courtyard (in Spain) allows visitors to be protected from the sun.
Western Facade The western facade takes full advantage of the afternoon sun, having no glazing, with heavyweight wall that is composed of water tanks filled with water or sand that acts as a heat barrier. The water wall is located on the eastern facade creating a feeling of cool fresh air. The water wall reduces the internal temperature of the building from 38oC to 27oC. Air conditioning is still used to regulate exhibition spaces. The fall span is 65 meters long and 15 meters high. Figure 80: Passive design principles, Seville Pavilion. Source: http://ziyangpoharchitecture.blogspot.com/
78
As a consequence of technological progress and its side effects, an architectural intervention is needed that could assist in addressing future unwanted or problematic conditions. Sola-Morales (Berger 2006:33) suggests that architects should find inspiration in the contrasting elements within the environment and existing infrastructure. These elements could essentially act as design generators. The process where elements acquire functions for which they were not originally designed, is referred to by biologists as exaptation. In architecture, this process is referred to as cross-programming. This takes place when a structure or space is being used for a function other than its intended design use.
Figure 81: Vermiculate waste dump Source: by Author
The mining site will eventually enter a stage of deindustrialisation. During this liminal phase the existing structures could be transformed and possibly eventually reclaimed by nature.
T r a n s f o r m a t i o n Examples of reclamation by nature identified at the PMC mine site: 1 The vermiculate waste dump: The vermiculate waste dump is minimally intrusive on the natural typography because it is currently vegetated with natural grass and trees. It has gone through a liminal phase of being a rock dump to having become a vegetated hill blending with the landscape. The new assigned purpose of this waste dump is as a viewpoint over the mining site and the Kruger National Park. 2 Return of wild life: Despite the mine sites’ industrial activities and pollution, animals still frequently visit the site. This suggests that an environmental rehabilitation process could result in a new influx of wildlife to the site.
Figure 82: The return of wild life Source: by Author
3 Birds’ nests in human structures: Birds’ communities have made massive nests on the infrastructure constructed. This is an example of many unpredictable connections between human beings and nature.
79
Figure 83: Birds nests Source: Author
80
3.2 nature in flux The relationship between nature and architecture In contrast to nature, architecture is static. Most buildings do not interact with the exterior environment. Using technologies such as the HVAC system, we are able to control and regulate our own micro climates. The primitive hut analogy suggested by AbbÊ Laugier argues that architectural typology was based on the basic need that human beings wanted nothing more than protection from natural elements such as sun and rain. Primitive natural elements provided for basic needs, but owing to technological advancements we have lost our connection with our environment. Biophilic design patterns could act as design generators for connecting nature and architecture. Biophilia, according to Browning, Ryan, Clancy (2014:04), is humankind’s innate biological connection with nature. The main purpose of biophilic design principles is reconnect us with nature and allow for a unified relationship between nature, human beings and space. In order to achieve this new innate connection, the proposed new Ndlovu Node will endeavour to create opportunities for involving the senses. This could be achieved by implementing interactive and adaptive architecture. Spatial and sensory perception will, it is hoped, evoke a deeper connection with the surroundings. Biophilic design principles may be organised into the following three categories: Perceptual systems Materials and the tactile sensory experience Nature of the Space : The formulation of mystery and discovery Nature in Space : Nature Analogues :
The design will rely on the study of inherent features of the landscape. This includes the forces of nature, geography, climate, geology and land use. The flexibility of nature can be interpreted by making use of daily, seasonal and annual environmental changes in order to incorporate the landscape as a generator for change.
81
Relevance and importance Stimulating the sensory experience to evoke a deeper connection The senses never function in isolation. The qualities of space, matter and scale are dependent on a unified sensory experience to connect the visitor or user with the building and the environment. As she or he moves through the various volumes of space the constant transformation of sight, touch, sound, and so on, informs a unique connection and experience within that time and space. If the furnace can be transformed from artefact to an extension of the human body, then the architecture should also aspire to be an extension of the human body. Architecture is also referred to as our third skin, or layer of protection against external elements, with our clothes being the second layer and our skin the first. The proposed typology is based on this argument that architecture is our third skin and, as with our sensory reactions to the external elements, so should the architecture react to the environmental elements. Nature should be the generator of constant flux that transforms the static notion of architecture, transmuting it to an extension of the human body.
Figure 84: Mopani Leave Fractal Source: by Author
82
Relevant ideas and principles Nature in Space Browning, Ryan and Clancy (2014:09) describe nature in space as the “direct, physical and ephemeral presence of nature in a space or place.� These experiences are enhanced by directly stimulating the sensory experience with natural elements, such as animal and plant life, breezes, sounds, scents and any other such features.
Design Application – Perceptual systems: Visual & Auditory Hesselgren (1975) proposes the following perceptual systems which can be used to establish a connection with nature, humankind and space.
Visual systems: Simultaneous and direct perceptions along field of depth; some factors might include aerial perspectives, shade and light, field and empty distance, According to Browning, Ryan and Clancy (2014:09), Nature parallax of movement and height of an object. in the Space encompasses seven biophilic design patterns: These visual connections are applied with the use of viewing platforms over important natural and man-made features. 1 Visual Connection with Nature A view of elements of nature, living systems and Auditory systems: Speech, natural resonances and musical natural processes. tone are responsible for causing one to listen, detect and react to sounds. Stimulating and tranquil sounds such as 2 Non-Visual Connection with Nature water flowing, birds chirping and wind breezes through Non-visual stimuli (olfactory, oral, auditory, tactile) plants should be encouraged. The phenomena of echo, that produce a positive reference to nature, reverberation and other disturbing noises should be avoided. living systems and natural processes. 3 Non-Rhythmic Sensory Stimuli Stochastic and ephemeral connections with nature that may be analysed statistically but might not be precisely predicted. 4 Thermal and Airflow Variability Subtle changes in air temperature, relative humidity, airflow across the skin and surface temperatures that mimic natural environments. 5 Presence of Water Seeing, hearing and touching water. 6 Dynamic and Diffuse Light Intensities of light and shadow that change over time to create conditions that occur in nature. 7 Connection with Natural Systems Awareness of natural processes, especially seasonal and temporal changes.
Figure 85 (top): Shadow analysis of mesh screens. Source: by Author Figure 86 (bottom): Perspective drawing of adjustable mesh screens. 83Source: by Author
6
3 4 2 7 1
6 5
Figure 87: Nature in space, conceptual design drawings. Source: by Author
84
Relevant ideas and principles Nature in Analogues Nature analogues involve an indirect connection with nature. Browning, Ryan and Clancy (2014:10) state that this consists of the organic, non-living and indirect traces of the latter. This can be expressed through the use of natural materials or mimicking organic shapes found in nature. Natural analogues include three patterns of biophilic design as described by Browning, Ryan and Clancy (2014:10): 8 Biomorphic Forms and Patterns Symbolic references to contoured, patterned, textured or numerical arrangements in nature. 9 Material Connection with Nature Materials and elements from nature that, through minimal processing, reflect the local ecology or geology and create a distinct sense of place. 10 Complexity and Order Rich sensory information that adheres to a spatial hierarchy similar to those encountered in nature.
8 9 10
Figure 88: Tortoise shell, Giraffe skin pattern, Tree Bark and Mopani leave Fractals found in nature.
85Source: by Author
Design Application – Perceptual systems: Tactile Various tactile sensations can be experienced through immediate touch and movement along the surface of an element. These contrasting sensations, such as hard – soft, rough – smooth and warm – cold, inspire a material pallette that allows for playful juxtapositioning of elements. These tactile sensations can be made present by including in the following elements in the design: • Cool southern façades: water wall and water catchment pit. • Reflective western façade: Smooth reflective material prevents heat from penetrating the building. • Textured walkways and patterns: Zones or paths can be emphasised by the use of different materials and or choices of colour. • Softscape: Allocated zones for plants such as grasses, shrubs and trees to contrast with hardscapes like paved walkways. • Materials: Natural materials in the building, such as timber vs steel and stone vs glazing, contribute to the juxtaposing of artificial versus natural.
86
Relevant ideas and principles Nature of the Space Nature of the Space addresses the spatial configurations of nature as described by Browning, Ryan and Clancy (2014:10). These spatial configurations should inspire our innate desire and attraction to the mysterious, to explore what is beyond our immediate surroundings and even experience emotions of fear and excitement. Nature of the Space includes four patterns of biophilic design according to Browning, Ryan and Clancy (2014:10): 11 Prospect An unimpeded view over a distance or surveillance over planning of the site . 12 Refuge A place for withdrawal from environmental conditions or the main flow of activity, in which the individual is protected from behind and overhead. 13 Mystery The promise of more information, achieved through partially obscured views or other sensory devices that entice the individual to travel deeper into the environment. 14 Risk / Peril An indefinable threat coupled with a reliable safeguard.
87
Figure 89 (top): The Levitated Mass at Los Angeles County Museum of Art. Source: http://everywhereonce. com/2013/03/22/what-you-see-la-museums/ Figure 90 (middle): Cooling mist at Paris-Plages Source: www.joggingroutes.org/2013_07_28_archive.html Figure 91 (bottom): Grand Canyon Skywalk Source: www.grandcanyon-nationalpark.org/grand-canyon-skywalk/
88
11
12
13
14
Figure 92: Nature of the space, conceptual design drawings.
89Source: www.grandcanyon-nationalpark.org/grand-canyon-skywalk/
Design Application – mystery and discovery A sense of mystery can be introduced to the Ndlovu Node using the concept of deep shadows. This can be achieved by layering semi-transparent screens and skins used on the building façade and also within the landscape. To accomplish this, the perception of different spatial locations should be visually connected to the building and landscape. Vertical paths of movement (in the shaft towers) as well as the horizontal paths and spaces of movement along the visitors’ route will evoke curiosity and a sense of expectation, leading to discovery. The aim to encourage the user’s interaction with the site and surroundings on a multi-sensory level will require spaces to view, rest, muse and pause, all of which are crucial to informing spatial orientation. The pattern and scale of these spaces will be influenced by the implantation of deep shadows and contrasts between light and dark. These elements are fundamental because they dim the sharpness of vision, make depth and distance ambiguous and invite unconscious peripheral vision. With regard to the Ndlovu Node, the phenomenon of opacity and depth should relate to the involvement of natural elements such as water, light, vegetation and sound in and around the building structure to distort and evoke varying spatial perceptions. This might be achieved by incorporating the playful use of: The manipulation of space informed by the use of water • Static water : Watering holes and water pools will allow for sunlight to reflect and distort exterior images • Falling water: The sound of water dripping down the southern water wall. • Flowing water: The sound of water flowing from the water collection pond to the water hole. • The sound of water fountains’ random bursts of water. The manipulation of space informed by adjustable screens and panels • Dappled light: Adjustable solar screens on north, south and eastern facades allow for a continually changing interior environment. • Transparent screens: Canvas screens to allow for diffused natural sunlight into workspaces. • Dark shadows and spaces: Cool sheltered spaces along walkways and at predeter mined viewpoints. 90
conclusion Building on this concept of constant transformation, the architectural typology of the shaft will remain fundamentally mechanical. The shaft is currently a static and isolated structure in the landscape. The proposed architectural intervention of the shaft will be planned to react to the natural, changing, elements. These should also be the predominant source of sensory stimulation. The envisioned building would be subjected to daily, seasonal and yearly environmental change. This biophilic interaction and reaction to nature should be a symbiotic relationship. The kinetic elements of the proposed intervention will be determined by the identified natural and cultural elements.
Figure 93: Collage of the ecological observatory and the applied boiphillic patterns.
91Source: by Author
92
3.3 Memories of the elapsed vernacular Memory and Architecture The analysis of the site’s relationship between the landscape and the memory represents an attempt for the architecture to be more than just a temporary impression in time, but, rather, one relating to past memories in order to become an integral part of the context. Through the integration of cultural identities the memory and heritage would, hopefully, be conserved. Muller (2008:135) explains that landscape informs culture, which is the reason why it is essential to preserve, conserve or even highlight those landscape elements. Mnemothecnics is the process that can assist in the preservation and conservation of the landscape. It involves the technique of improving or developing memory. Mnemotechnics is a means of using physical elements of architectural space to trigger memory. The identified elements of the Mopani bushveld region and its cultural heritage should enable a sustained memory and understanding of place. Muller (2008:123) argues that in order for the intangible cultural values to persist, a tangible materialisation is required. The intangible associations (meanings and memories) of a place may be rooted in the memories of the tangible fabrics of specific cultural elements, i.e. the vernacular architecture, crafted artefacts and tools, recorded history and museums. The intention here is to explore the indigenous Ba-Phalaborwa vernacular and its value as a contemporary generator of form, texture, pattern and memory.
If landscape is the agent of memory inscription, then how can the use of tangible elements be implemented to trigger memory and the intangible?
93
94
95
96
97
Figure 94: Agricultural hoes made by the blacksmiths. Source: Foskor Museum Phalaborwa, edited by Author. Figure 95: Copper Smelting Furnace. Source: Foskor Museum Phalaborwa, edited by Author. Figure 96: Clockwise from top left, piece of malachite, 3 tuyeres, slag, copper bangle, an arrow head and 2 spear heads. Source: Foskor Museum Phalaborwa, edited by Author. Figure 97: Bowl, found in a cleft in a rock. It contains a bracelet of twisted copper, a flint borer, a small bundle of grass tie with vegetable fiber, the head of a femur and two zebra teeth. Source: Foskor Museum Phalaborwa, edited by Author. Figure 98: Pottery, Nkhlo meaning beer-pot. Source: Foskor Museum Phalaborwa, edited by Author. 98
Relevance and importance Identifying and applying distinctive characteristics Vernacular architecture is often culturally rooted and forms an important part of the memory of the landscape. Steyn (2014:50) states that because of the unique and distinctive characteristics of these vernacular structures, the people and places concerned are generally easily identifiable. Thus the indigenous materials and construction methods of edifices in a landscape trigger a certain memory associated with the specific landscape. The question that arises is that if landscape is the agent of memory inscription, then how can the use of tangible and intangible elements be implemented to trigger memory and the intangible? The proposed design should aim to identify these elements and apply these to the design from the macro (building façades, landscape element and boundary walls etc.) to the micro scale (material finishes and built-in furniture). The identified elements include: • • • • •
Artistic textures and patterns used by the baPhalaborwa tribes. Indigenous woven grass hats and mats. The use of natural materials for structures including stone, clay and timber. Copper and iron jewellery, tools and artefacts . The use of animal hides for drums and clothes.
99
According to Muller (2008:135) the intangible dimension unifies the landscape and memory while the tangible landscape guides, informs and shapes the intangible one and vice versa. Therefore, the tangible and intangible dimensions should similarly guide, inform and shape the architecture.
Figure 99 (top): Sealene Performances. Source: Foskor Museum Phalaborwa, edited by Author. 100
Figure 100 (bottom): Sacred Drums, Dikomana, the largest drum ‘Baretho’ is said to be heard over 36km. Source: Foskor Museum Phalaborwa, edited by Author.
94
Relevant ideas and principles The information above presents the opportunity for the proposed architecture to represent certain tangible design characteristics in order to trigger the intangible memories. These characteristics could include:
•Tangible elements, including natural and locally sourced materials. •Existing industrialised materials left over from mining activities to capture the memory of the mine. •The intangible natural elements such as wind, light and sound should be enhanced by innovative architectural elements i.e. sun screens, wind catchers and water features. •The ritual of the sacred drums used by the baPhalaborwa tribes during ceremonies could be reinterpreted and be part of the architectural elements. The concept is to reincorporate sound generating elements, i.e. water, wind and so forth, to announce certain important milestones regarding the rehabilitation process.
Figure 101: Changing colours of the Mopani leaf.
95Source: by Author
Design application Perceptual systems: olfactory Olfactory memory is the most persistent connection with a space. The sense of smell can unknowingly trigger memories of a space which the visual memory had completely forgotten. Thus the placement of elements is important so that smell triggers an intangible memory and could initiate spontaneous interaction with the visitor. This can be achieved by: • Selected plants and herbs species • Installation of interactive olfactory devices • Natural smells that remind us of nature, e.g. damp ground after rain
The intangible value of the site was disrupted due to the extensive mining activities. Because of the tangible being (removed / altered) its memory and intangible value was also lost. Porter (2007:117) proposes that memories of the past can be intertwined into the building fabric through the use of selected materials and architectural historical reference. This presents the opportunity for the architecture to represent certain design characteristics that are concerned with the restoration of past objects and events. The notion of time plays a critical role in how we perceive other sense modalities. Since vernacularism is a vast source of ideas and formative concepts, Steyn (2014:62) encourages the incorporation of vernacularism as an architectural precedent due to its potential to create the identity of place and people in a world increasingly characterised by universal architecture. The new Ndlovu Node should incorporate these lost vernacular elements and be more than just a temporary impression in time, but also relate to past memories and become an integral part of the context.
96
precedent - Vernacular architecture
Figure 102 (top): South African vernacular architecture. Source: http://www.africavernaulararchitecture.com/gallery/south-africa/ Figure 103 (middle) : Zimbabwe ruins. Source: https://www.madamepickwickartblog.com/2013/01/zimbabwe-ruining-great-ruins/ Figure 104 (bottom): Mapungubwe Visitors Centre. Source: http://www.lafargeholcim-foundation.org/Article/stabilized-earth-visitors-centre-mapunubwe-national-park-south/
97
circulation tower
windcathers Figure 105: Concept sketches of windcatcher system and circulation towers. Source: by Author
98
precedent - Landschaft park Landscape Designer: Peter Latz Location: Duisburg, Meiderich, Germany
Figure 106: Panorama view of Landschaftpark
99Source: http://www.landezine.com/index.php/2011/08/post-industrial-landscape-architecture/
The site was designed with the idea that the grandfather, who might have worked at the plant could walk with his grandchildren explaining what he used to do and what the machinery was used for. Memory was the central idea to the design – memory can inform the visitor to the site. This project was chosen because it focusses on the importance on memory. This implies a new representation and understanding of the past, seeing that memories constantly change as we experience life. The aim of Landschaft Park was to incorporate elements of the past to assist in giving meaning to things of the present - the integration of existing into a new landscape.
100
chapter
4
n
fractal synthesis “Because of their open-endedness, their complexity in detail, fractals see m to address the paradox of order within apparently chaotic situations.� Rosemarie Bletter (Porter 2006:80)
Figure 107: View of the copper pit with the two mining shaft towers in the background
101Source: by Author.
design concept 4.1 Design Concept Generators - Identifying the Unseen Pattern - Making Connections - Analysing Fractal Patterns 4.2 Concept - Fractal Synthesis 4.3 Design Development - Sketches, Models and Photographic studies
102
4.1.1 Design Concept - identifying the unseen pattern
Macro Scale
Figure 108: Larger Context Contours at various scales Source: by Author.
Micro Scale
Figure 109: Areal View of Copper Pit. Source: by Author.
Figure 110: Contour Lines of Copper Pit. Source: by Author.
Figure 111: Paper model of Contours. Source: by Author.
Nano Scale
Figure 112: Malachite section illustrating various circular layers. Source: http://malachitepress.co.uk/, edited by Author.
103
Figure 113: Malachite Patterns. Source: http://www.irocks. Figure 114: Malachite sketched ripples. Source: http: http:// com/minerals/sp ecimen/40769, edited by Author. www.janeclayton.co.uk/product/malachite/26882, edited by Author.
Typography of the Landscape The koppies’ contour lines create a circular ripple effect pattern throughout the larger context. This pattern can be seen from the macro scale down to the nano scale within the mineral compounds. The koppies are natural landmarks in the landscape and the design generator for the larger pattern which influenced the design of the master plan layout.
Figure 115: Typography of the landscape sketch. Source: by Author
Copper Pit This massive mining landmark creates an inverted version of the larger landscape’s koppies’ contour lines. Figure. 111 illustrates the copper pit before the collapse of the northern wall. This paper model shows the extracted pit and a 3 dimensional version of the extracted void. In this relatively flat landscape, contrasts between impressions on the landscape contribute to the visual hierarchy. Aspects of such a hierarchy can be applied to the design to act as landmarks and assist with spatial orientation. They could also contribute to the spatial organisation of public and private zones. Figure 116: Copper pit contours sketch. Source: by Author
Minerals - Malachite Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 is a secondary copper mineral. Malachite is generally found together with blue Azurite and comprises concentric rings or layers with interesting patterns. Copper slag and pieces of malachite were found in the Phalaborwa region and were part of the first millennium copper smelters’ artefacts. The layered mineral bands resemble the contour lines of the landscape and copper pit on a nano scale. This organic layering of minerals informed the layering of materials and detailed design elements. Figure 117: Malachite fractal pattern sketch. Source: by Author
104
This recurring fractal pattern generated the design c oncept of f ractal synthes is where random or chaotic elements are put together to create a whole.
105
Fractal Geometry in Architecture Fractal geometry can be seen on the cladding of the complex of art galleries and cinemas designed by Smart Bates in Federation Square, Melbourne, Australia (Porter, 2006:80) . Daniel Libeskind’s winning boiler house project, an addition to the Victoria & Albert Museum (Porter, 2006:80), consists of an inclined spiral form that is covered with three interlocking, similarly shaped, cladding tiles of different sizes. When put together like a jigsaw, they form a larger tile of the same generic shape.
Figure 118: Federation Square, Melbourne, Australia. Source: http: http://www.arcspace.com/features/lab-architecture-studio/federation-square/
Figure 119: Boiler-house rendering. Source: http: http://www.architectsjounal.co.uk/news/ daily-news/va-boiler-house-yard-shortlist-revealed/8603176.article
106
4.1.2 Design Concept - Making connections
Contoured Extraction It is now evident that repeating patterns can be found throughout the landscape at various scales. These spontaneously recurring patterns could be incorporated as part of the design concept and should be applied from larger zoning scales right down to the detailed design . The naturally rounded rectangular shape of the furnace almost replicates the outline of Sealene Hill. The model (Figure 121) illustrating the void removed from the copper pit mining activities resembles the koppies in the landscape.
107
Figure 120 (above): Clay Model of Copper Smelting Furnace. Source: by Author. Figure 121 (right): Paper Model of Inverted Copper Pit Void. Source: by Author. Figure 122 (right bottom): The two ‘koppies’ that the Baphalaborwa regard as sacred ground. Right: Sealene. Left: Mmodimulle Source: http://ixwa.hubpages.com/hub/The-Culture-Customs-Tradition-and-Practices-Of-the-Africans-of-South-Africa-Re-Construction-of-Historical-Amnesia, edited by Author.
108
4.1.3 Design Concept - analysing fractal patterns
african
f r a c ta l
pat t e r n s
Fractals in African Design Fractal patterns explain the geometry of nature, where smaller parts mirror larger parts. This is also visible in the layout of African villages and the patterns that appear in African art. As Eglash (2007) points out, fractal geometry, as seen in African villages, is not just an integral part of the architecture but also of rituals and decorations. The combination of circles and dimensions perfectly mirrors the intricate social hierarchy of the village. This is achieved by incorporating fractal scaling to create spaces with hierarchical values.
109
Figure 123 (top): First three iterations of fractal model for Ba-lla village. Source: http:// homepages.rpi.edu/~eglash/eglash.dir/afractal/afarch.htm. Figure 124 (middle): First three iterations of fractal model. Source: http://homepages.rpi. edu/~eglash/eglash.dir/afractal/afarch.htm. Figure 125: Architectual diagram of Mokoulek, a village in Cameroon. Source: http:// homepages.rpi.edu/~eglash/eglash.dir/afractal/afarch.htm.
f r a c ta l pat t e r n s i n n at u r e
Natural Fractal Patterns Fractals are described by the Fractal Foundation (2015) as images of dynamic systems which consist of infinitely complex patterns that are self-similar across different scales. The core concept of fractal systems is based on the repeating of a simple process (pattern) over and over again. Zapulla (2013:75) considers that fractal patterns can be useful in a system of architectural relationships for establishing coherence and unity alongside constant change. Natural structures transform, and are affected by, the environment to which they are exposed. Elements such as wind, temperature, sunlight and water affect biological processes and should, in a similar manner, be the driving force that transforms the building to adapt and change according to its immediate environment.
Figure 126 (top): Graphic illustration of Malachite Fractals and Connecting Circular Grid. Source: by Author Figure 127 (bottom): Fractals patterns found on site. Source: by Author
110
111
Figure 128: Concept model. Source: by Author
The hidden pat tern becomes the underlying thread that connects the detached elements. As mentioned earlier, the building envelope is regarded as the third skin or third layer of protection. According to Michael Wigginton (2006, in Porter, 2006:173), the skins of modern buildings are rudimentary and inefficient; however, with the development of new technologies, intelligent systems can be applied to the design that will allow the building to respond to the exterior environment, similar to natural systems. The environment affects the building; the latter becomes the tangible link with the exterior environment relying on a symbiotic relationship between the building skin and exterior environment.
112
4.2 Design Concept
r f a s y n t h e s i s If fractal systems can be applied in architectural design then how can
113
c
t
a
l
this contribute to the union of nature, human and the built environment?
114
f
r s
a y
n
c t
h
t e
a s
Synthesis is the process of unification, where separate elements, forces or ideas are drawn together into a connected whole (Porter, 2006:184). As Porter (2006:184) explains, the act of composing architectural form, i.e. the ordering of space and matter in light and material, can be said to result from a synthesis of the intellect and the senses. The concept of synthesis is found in architecture by linking ideas and phenomena. This merging of concept and sensation addresses the primary architectural relationships of history, culture, place making, and structure-enclosure. These elements become engaged when the seed of an idea is formed and the building is ordered and realised. The main objective is to create a unified relationship between nature, human beings and the environment through identifying fractal patterns in the natural environment and cultures and subsequently applying these patterns tothe design.
115
i
l s
Pa r t i D i a g r a m The
parti
structure
diagram should
illustrates
evolve
from
how being
the a
existing
static
and
nonresponsive element in the landscape to becoming an integrated transparent organism that extends into the landscape.
Figure 129: Parti diagram sketch. Source: by Author
116
4.3 concept development
c o n c e p t de ve lop m e n t
Figure 130 (top): Fractal pattern concept sketches. Source: by Author Figure 131 (bottom): Architectual diagram of Mokoulek, a village in Cameroon. Source: http://homepages.rpi.edu/~eglash/eglash.dir/afractal/afarch.htm.
117
c o n c e p t s k e t c h e s
Figure 132: Concept sketch, koppies as design generator. Source: by Author
118
c o n c e p t de ve lop m e n t
119
Figure 133: Applying fractal patterns to master plan development. Source: by Author
c o n c e p t s k e t c h e s
Figure 134: Applying fractal patterns to master plan development. Source: by Author
120
c o n c e p t m o d e l s
Figure 135 (top): Aerial view of site model. Source: Photo by Author Figure 136 (opposite page): Perspectives of site model and ecological observatory. Source: Photo by Author
121
122
m o d e l e x p l o r at i o n
Figure 137: Conceptual view form copper pit walkway towards ecological observatory.
123Source: by Author
Figure 138: Concept model of ecological observatory tower. Source: by Author
124
125
Figure 139: Passive Design Principles - Ventilation of the Building. Source: by Author
126
127 auditorium
adjustable shading fins
northern green wall
private circulation route
water wall
Figure 140: Concept model, eastern view of ecological observatory. Source: by Author
128
east
3 4 1 5 2
6
south
west
Figure 141 (top): Transparency of the building. Source: by Author Figure 142 (bottom): Concept model, linking existing structures. Source: by Author
129
1 visitors centre 2 ENTRANCE FOYER 3 ecological observatory 4 animal watering hole 5 visitors tours 6 sky walk
Figure 143: Shadow study, sunrise and sunset. Source: by Author
130
131
Figure 144 (opposite page): Concept model, west elevation. Source: by Author
132
chapter
5
n
design inception
Chapters 1 to 4 provided the foundation and reason that supports the concepts and principles to guide the design to a successful solution. This chapter will aim to state the projects specific design criteria. A multi-disciplinary interaction between the various laboratories is needed to examine data in order to understand the changing environment form a macro scale (meteorological) to a meso scale (climatic / savannah biome) to a micro scale (plants and natural elements). With the various environmental research disciplines situated in one building data can be easily compared and tested.
Figure 145: View of the copper pit with Production shaft (left) and Service shaft (right).
133Source: by Author.
brief, Programme & Accomodation 5.1 Brief 5.2 Design Criteria 5.3 Programme 5.4 Accommodation Schedule
134
5.1 brief The architectural response should communicate and create awareness regarding environmental change. This will be accomplished by integrating a hybrid facility combining metrological, climatic and environmental research facilities with architectural systems that can act as a visual translation interpreting these changes. These architectural systems in the form of climatic responsive skins or facades should respond to the exterior environmental conditions in order to create desired interior conditions. Thorough site analysis and the study of passive design principles assisted in determining the criteria needed for each elevation. Establishing the needs of the various clients, SAEON’s Ndlovu Node, PMC mine and surrounding nature reserves, the brief and accommodation was developed specifically for this design and was based on the original mine closure plan. The architecture responds to the design criteria derived from theoretical investigation of site history, culture, adaptive reuse, social function and environmental factors to support of the following:
• Developing architectural elements that will respond to environmental factors. • Create awareness regarding environmental change. • Promoting community projects and allowing the mine site to interact with the surroundings. • New economic opportunities by means of tourism The facility will act as a new landmark and node within the landscape and hopefully be a new tourist attraction. The aim is for the transforming Ndlovu node to become an integral part of the proposed master plan and the mine closure plan. The reasons for placing the ecological observatory on the PMC mine site is as follows: •To assist in the mine closure and landscape rehabilitation plan and initiating a new use for the industrialised mine site. •The research facilities will explore alternative methods of data gathering and testing with the existing mine site acting as an experimental playground. •New community initiatives should create new economic portunities as substitute to the mining sector. •Ultimately the Transforming Ndlovu Node should serve as a unifying force of man, nature and environment, with the Figure 146 (opposite page): Model of new and existing infrastructure, eastern perspective. architectural elements becoming the tangible link. Source: by Author 135
136
private circulation above ground level
circulation tower
ecological observatory
watering hole
service shaft
permeable stone boundary wall
5.2 Design criteria The following diagram illustrates the important principles and components and how the design criteria is interpreted into built form:
NO
Criteria Conflict
Establishing new connections to the isolated site.
2
Circulation from public to private and vice versa. Identifying major movement routes for public, semi-public, semi-private and private. Public Ease of access for all types of visitors to site e.g. families with young children, the elderly and larger tour groups. Semi-public Long walkways with trees to provide shelter. Visitors need more protection from natural elements. Semi-private Access control of visitors when hosting educational workshops and seminars. Private Laboratories and research facilities, safety, security and accessibility.
A
B
C
D
3
137
Design Criteria
1
Access and security of people and wildlife.
A
Climatic response, the application of passive design principles: Cross-ventilation
B
Orientation
C
Prevailing winds
D
Ground water and rainwater harvesting
Phalaborwa is a water deficient area.
E
Solar screens
Provide ample shading without creating dark undesired spaces while preventing glare.
4 A B
Unique visitors experience, emotional connection with site: Site history Cultural heritage
C 5
Reduce the use of electrical H-Vac systems Orientation, heat radiation on western faรงade Wind loads
Implementation Permeable boundary wall with limited access points for visitors and residence. Access points should be controlled and monitored.
Level or slightly sloped ramps with no stairs on major routes. Steps multifunction as seating at viewpoints. Spaces of retreat and rest. Private interaction between visitor and environment. Shaded cool spaces to escape the heat. Main private circulation is above ground level with limited and controlled access points. Hierarchy of circulations. Public circulation on ground floor level. Private circulation at higher level with controlled access points.
Double skin facades, louvre systems and shading devices create desired interior environment. Zoning of spaces. Non-habitable spaces (ablutions, storage, circulation, service ducts) east and west. Phalaborwa has a low wind velocity. Use wing walls and architectural elements to pull fresh breezes into building. Use wind catchers for passive heating and cooling. Re-use of existing mining groundwater pumping system. Rain water should be harvested from roof. Water is used to cool building and for green facade. Adjustable screens controls the amount of direct sunlight penetrating the building. Screens consists out of different materials to create different lighting effects.
Phalaborwa as mining town Lost Basotho and Ba-malatji culture
The reuse of existing mining structures Incorporate indigenous cultural patterns, textures, materials and methods into building and landscape design.
nature
Landscape is scared. Vegetation removed.
Rehabilitate landscape forms part of landscape design.
Sensual landscape. Typological unity between existing structures, new structures and site
Fractal patterns. Applying design elements and Existing mine structures has no conprinciples form a macro to micro scale to ensure nection with the landscape. Industrial structures should become part of natural one uniform design langue. environment in order to one integrated design.
1
ACCESS POINTS PUBLIC - PRIVATE - WILDLIFE
concept development - public approach to site
Figure 147: Public entrance to site. Source: by Author138
5.3 programme The Transforming Ndlovu Node requires various spatial and functional requirements to ensure a successful design resolution. The following spaces are essential to ensure rehabilitation and integration of the site. Spaces and circulation all evolve around the Ecological Observatory, which is the major node and landmark. A CIRCULATION AND USERS Circulation and users are categorized as follows: 1. Tourists / day visitors 2. Visiting researchers and scientists 3. School and university groups 4. Staff 5. Permanent residence – researchers and scientists Circulation of private and public users groups are accommodated separately. Hierarchy between public and private is achieved by separating circulation routes, with public circulation on ground floor and lower levels and private circulation walkways on higher levels (the reuse of existing conveyor system). B PUBLIC SPACES The public space around the various facilities should intertwine with natural elements. Two major platforms are connected with walkways hosting viewpoints, secluded resting points and water features. The public space will be occupied by staff members, tourists, researchers and local venders. Visitors will enter the site through a narrow passage cut into the boundary wall. The first public plat form will host the information cetre, situated within the existingprimary crusher shed. Visitors will be welcomed with an open air exhibition of selected mine elements along with informal arts and craft stalls as well as fresh produce from the greenhouses. The second platform will host the Ecological Observatory situated in the production shaft. This is the transitional platform between public and private space.
shaded areas provide a more intimate and private experience with the site. The visitors should be able to explore through the site and taste, smell and touch the natural environment. d EXPERIMENTIVE GREENHOUSES Domed green houses will host various plant species, both indigenous and foreign. This will form part of environmental studies and experiments with the data gathered from the scientists in the Ecological Observatory. Educational tours along with local community agricultural activities will form part of these facilities. The harvested produced will from part of the visitors centre fresh produce market. This will hopefully contribute in community upliftment, education and economic growth. e INFORMATION AND EDUCATION The second and smaller service shaft will keep its existing purpose of transporting people down the mine shaft. Visitors can enjoy various tours of the natural environments plant and animal life, the mine shaft and pit. Educational workshops and seminars regarding environmental change should be hosted to inform and educate. f LANDSCAPE PARK AND WILDLIFE Interaction with natural elements in of upmost importance to the visitor and the everyday user of the facility. Watering holes and various water features will hopefully attract various animal life to the site. The use of natural and local materials should form part of the design aesthetic. g RESEARCH AND LABORATORY SPACES Research and development spaces will consist out of: Meteorological laboratories Climatic laboratories Environmental laboratories Exterior laboratories within the building Exterior nomadic laboratories located at affiliated sites.
Walkways leading out of this platform are connected to viewing decks at selected points linking it to important landscape features like the koppies.
139
C WALKWAYS, VIEWPOINTS AND SECLUDED SPACES The walkways are designed to promote curiosity within the visitor by providing a private explorative journey. A closer connection with nature is establish along these routes with animals roaming freely in the landscape. Trees and plants allow for shade and obstruction of certain views. Secluded
Figure 148(top): Sequence of the program. Source: by Author Figure 149(bottom): Model - new proposed masterplan. Source: by Author
d+e viewing deck over KNP
private arrival point vehicular access to site for residence + staff
f
f
d+e
g
semi-public service shaft tours of mine and pit
watering hole, wildlife viewing point
semi-private platform ecological observatory
B
f viewing decks new railway station + public parking
viewing deck over copper pit
water fountain
semi-public platform experimentive greenhouses
a
public platform visitors center + informal market space
public arrival point new railway station + public parking
a sequence of the program
g c
a c
c
c
f
B
a
140
5.4 Accomodation Schedule Circulation and Access Public Parking Private Parking Private vehicular circulation on site Service delivery and pick-up zones Public walkways and view points Public Amenities 1.Visitors Centre (Primary Crusher) Entrance foyer – floral tower Informal market space and exhibition space Water point Information desk Ablutions Informal market space Fresh produce market space Water fountains and viewing decks 2. Ecological Observatory (Level 1 – 3) Entrance foyer Reception Ablutions Auditorium (x2) 3. Service Shaft Guided tours into copper pit
Private Amenities 1.Ecological Observatory (Production Shaft) Level 1-3 Public level Intermediate level, Access walkway connection structures Admin and IT offices (x 3 levels) Open Green Roof Garden Video Conferencing and Boardrooms Laboratories: Meteological, Climatic and environmental. Exterior Experimental levels. Server Room Ablutions Staff Kitchen Storage Semi-Private Amenities (Master Plan) 1. Experimental Green houses 2. Accommodation 3. Exterior Amphitheatre
141
142
chapter
6
n
building tectonics
Tectonics is a term for the art and science of construction, being considered as one of the three sources of validity for architecture. Pierre von Meiss (2006, in Porter, 2006: 187) urges architects to strive for a balanced approach to meet the competing demands of technology, the natural environment and the human physical and social needs.
Figure 150: View of production shaft / ecological observatory (left) and service shaft (right)
143Source: by Author.
design synthesis & technical resolution 6.1 Design Synthesis - Technical Invesitgation, stereo tonic & tectonic. - Material Pallette 6.2 Technical Resolution
144
6.1 Technical Investigation Structural Systems - Tectonic form: The technical aspect of this dissertation will focus on the stereotomic and tectonic structural systems of the building, as well as the use of materials. The lightweight cladded steel frames and screens extending into the sky can be referred to as the tectonics of the structure. In contrast, the existing load bearing concrete structure that is rooted in the earth, is referred to as the stereotonic. In this dissertation tectonics and its derivative, technology, applies to the forms of the architectural intervention.
“The question becomes what are the tectonic form implications of an architecture based on biology?� Ots (2011:197) Ots (2011:197) states that the green revolution is the motivation behind the paradigm shift towards a green form of tectonics. With new discoveries and technologies inspired by biomimicry a new architectural typology is needed where the tectonic skin of the building is able to respond to changing external and internal demands. The skin (building envelope) is the first line of defence and becomes an important part of the building aesthetic and functional value. Components of the tectonic form are tasked with specific behaviours that are programmed to anticipate their role into the architecture. The existing production shafts’ form will evolve from a static stereotomic structure to a constellation of technical responses in the form of tectonic architectural systems. The end-result would be more of an assembly than a singular form.
Existing infrastructure 1000 x 1000mm concrete columns & beams New infrastructure paved walkways and pre-cast concrete floors 145
“Tectonics are the artistic expression of construction.” Porter (2006:187)
l ng
Figure 151: Structure. Source: by Author146
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
a
l
e
l
e
m
e
n
t
s
Floor System - Pre-cast eco floor slabs
Structural screed with Epoxy floor finish Precast concrete ECO slabs Existing concrete beam
Existing concrete column Precast concrete ECO slabs Suspended ceiling constructed with 25 x 50mm Saligna planks on 175 x 75 x 20 x 2,5 cold-formed lipped channels fixed to ECHO pre-stressed hollow core concrete floor slabs with M12 bolts. Suspended ceiling is used to conceal services.
12mm Epoxy floor coating 80mm Structural screed
Purpose made mild steel Z bracket fixed to existing concrete beams with M12 expansion anchor bolts 900 x 6750mm Precast concrete ECO slabs 1000 x 1000mm existing concrete beam
147
Figure 152: Structural elements, floor system. Source: by Author
Finishes Figure 153: Patterns inspired by african artwork. Source: by Author
Epoxy Flooring Patterns
148
6.2 material palette The materials and construction methods within the facility incorporates advanced construction technologies that aims to introduce a new language for this hybrid typology. The translation of existing as well as natural locally available materials will hopefully contribute to the transitional process where the structure blends in with the landscape. The materials applied to the design aims to reinterpret the contextual application of materials within the existing structures. The material pallet was inspired by existing natural elements surrounding the site and the existing industrial structures. It was important to reuse and reinterpret existing site materials.
n
a
colour Contrasting moss growing on rock.
Figure 154: Natural materials inspiration palette.
149Source: by Author
t
weathering Seasonal change of Mopani leaf.
u
r
pattern Tree bark pattern and texture.
a
l
texture Mined rubble, granite with mixed minerals.
Figure 155 (opposite page): Unatural materials inspiration palette. Source: by Author
U
n
n
a
t
u
r
a
steel structures
Platforms & ladders
re-use conveyor system
reuse of existing elements & structures
sheet metal
exposed services
texture and cladding
expose elements and how building functions
Existing elements
patterns
stairways and balustrades
mined landscape
l
150
L
a
n
b
o
d
a
v
s
c
s
e
C r e at i n g
r
a
p
e
h
e
p
e
s pac e
Figure 157: Creating space with natural and locally available materials.
151Source: by Author
e
a
with
l
e
l
d
m
e
a
p
l
n at u r a l
n
t
n
a
s
e
n
e
elements
Figure 158: Fractal nodes, spaces of rest and refuge. Source: by Author
152
153Source: by Author
Figure 159: Site plan.
0 1m
5m
13m
Road
Wind catchers
Service shaft
Water fountain
Water hole
Bio dome
Private circulation route
Ecological Observatory
Visitors Centre / Market Space
Viewing over pit
site plan
Figure 160: Ground floor plan. Source: by Author
0 1m
5m
13m
154
Figure 161: Admin and It floor plan.
155Source: by Author
0 1m
5m
13m
Figure 162: Laboratories for plan. Source: by Author
0 1m
5m
13m
156
Figure 163: Open roof garden floor plan.
157Source: by Author
0 0 1m 10m
5m
50m
13m
110m
02 Auditorium
03 Auditorium
04 Intermediate level connection to private circulation route
05 Administration + It
06 Video conferencing
07 Boardroom
08 Intermediate water storage level
09 Ramps
10 Laboratories
11 New roof plan
Figure 164: Floor plans. Source: by Author
12 Exterior experimentation levels
13 Existing roof
158
159
perspective Figure 165: Eastern perspective of ecological observatory and research capsules. Source: by Author
160
section
Figure 166: Section south north. Source: by Author
161
Existing head gear
Exterior platforms
Suspended canvas screens
Mobile capsule laboratories Eastern facade movable fins
Screen mesh facade
Green wall
Figure 167: Extrapolated view of north and eastern facade . Source: by Author
162
section
3mm steel window sill trim to detail
450mm x 50mm Rodesian Teak sleeper seat fixed to 40 x 40mm x 4mm mild steel equal angels welded into frames @ 600mm intervals fixed with anchor bolts to existing concrete beam and new concrete wall 12 mm bitumen impregnated expansion joint between existing concrete beam and new concrete foundation
163Figure 168: Section south north, public levels. Source: by Author
section 2 x 180 x 70mm steel channel (parallel flange) frame with steel mesh panel fixed to existing columns and floor with M10 anchor bolts 208mm substrate soil on top of 9.5mm filter mat on 100mm drainage mat on 95mm moisture retention mat with 150mm Styrofoam insulation per-cast concrete planter box with torch on Dirbugum waterproofing membrane, 9.5mm hydro drainage mat and 40mm rootstop membrane 100 diameter geotextile drainage pipe to water drainage duct Figure 169: Section south north, open roof garden and offices. Source: by Author
164
section
100 x 200mm m/s SHS primary structure with 200 x 50mm C-channel welded to primary structure with composite panels in between 631 x 2100 x 1.2mm Corten Steel profile rain screen panels fixed to structure with M5 bolts Composite sandwich panel, 120mm Polyurethane core insulation with 0.5mm interior steel flat profile finish Steel frame fixed to existing concrete structure
165Figure 170: Section south north, exterior experimentive levels. Source: by Author
166
167Figure 171: Aerial view of model of Ndlovu Node. Source: by Author Private circulation route
Bio-domes / capsule 03
Services road
Floral tower
Water fountain
Circulation tower
Gabion boundary wall
Public entrance
Walkway over pit
Visitors centre
Eco-logical observatory
Service shaft
Bio-domes / capsule 03
Circulation tower
Viewing decks
Watering hole / wildlife view point
Accommodation
Private entrance
1
2
3
2
3
3
1 Umbrella water collectors 2 Down pipe 3 Water tank Figure 172: Western elevation, rainwater harvesting diagram. Source: by Author
168
169
Figure 173: Southern Perspective of Site. Source: by Author
170
details
1
1 10mm mild steel base plate welded to 203 x 203 H-section fixed to concrete base with cast in anchor bolt. 2 50 x 90 x 3mm mild steel hollow section spacer fixed to 3mm steel plate trim and fixed to concrete base with M10 anchor bolts. 3 galvanized counter flashing with silicone infill. 4 20mm Derbigum torch on water membrane. 5 350mm growing substrate with root barrier and drainage layer. 6 40 diameter geotextile drainage pipe. 7 25 x 50mm saligna fixed to concrete backing with M8 bolts. 8 450mm x 50mm Rodesian Teak sleeper seat. 9 40 x 40mm x 4mm mild steel equal angels welded into frames @ 600mm intervals fixed with anchor bolts to existing concrete beam and new concrete wall.
171Figure 174: Construction detail, built in planter and seating. Source: by Author
2 3 4 5 6
7
8
9
3
4
5 67
details
1 2
1 2 3 4
Natural stone wall facing Stainless steel angled corbel bracket fixed to concrete with anchor bolt 3mm mild steel base plate 10mm base plate with 203 x 203 H-section welded to top and fixed to concrete base with cast in anchor bolts 5 25 x 25 x 3mm mild steel square tubing fixed to concrete base M10 anchor bolt 6 20mm Derbigum torch on membrane 7 galvanized counter flashing with silicone infill 8 Stainless steel angled corbel bracket fixed to concrete with anchor bolt 9 Natural stone wall facing
Figure 175: Construction detail, natural stone facing and concrete edge trim. Source: by Author
172
details
Figure 176: Construction detail, staircase. Source: by Author
7 2 9 3
2 7
9
1 900mm high balustrade. 2 150 x 150 x 6mm mild steel H-section. 3 200 x 300 x 10 mm thick mild steel precast slab trim as per manufactures specifications. 4 150 x 150 x 6mm mild steel H-section. 5 1260 x 250 timber tread with with 5 mm mild steel frame welded to I-section 220 x 220 mild steel H-section support. 6 30 x 30mm mild steel hollow section welded to 54 x 54 mild steel angle 7 50 x 50mm Siligna laths. 8 10mm mild steel base plate fixed to concrete floor with M20 bolts. 9 suspended steel cable.
7 6
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
6
8
173
8
details
Figure 177: Construction detail, louvre system. Source: by Author
1
2
3 4 5
6
1 Aluminum window fixed to louver system. 2 100 x 980mm weather resistant blade operable louver system as per manufactures specifications. 3 Neoprene sealant . 4 1280 x 110 mild steel channel slab trim welded to I-section and fixed to concrete slab with anchor bolts. 5 200 mm pre-stressed ECHO hollow core precast slab with 80mm structural screed. 6 200 x 100mm I-section welded to 10mm base plate and fixed to concrete columns with M10 anchor bolts.
174
concept details development 175
Figure 178: Detail design development. Source: by Author
Figure 179: Koppie vs. tower. Source: by Author
176
chapter
7
n
transforming Ndlovu Node an ecological observatory
Figure 180: View of production shaft / ecological observatory (left) and service shaft (right)
177Source: by Author.
exhibition& conclusion 7.1 Project Exhibition 7.2 Conclusion and Self-assesment
178
the
exhibition Exam date: 18 November TUT Building 11, first floor
179Figure 181: Exhibit 1. Source: Photo by Author
Figure 182: Malgrey model of Copper Pit, model at scale 1:10 000. Source: Photo by Author
180
181 Figure 182: Exhibition. Source: Photo by Author
182
183
Figure 183: Exhibition. Source: Photo by Author
184
Figure 184: Exhibition. Source: Photo by Author
185
Figure 185 : Concept models (materials used: MDF, Triplex, Paper and Clay). Site samples. Source: Photo by Author
186
Figure 186: Existing vs. New infrastructure model, model at scale 1:1000 with site samples. Source: Photo by Author
187
Figure 187: Existing vs. New infrastructure model, model at scale 1:1000 with site samples. Source: Photo by Author
188
Figure 188: Exhibition, with 1:20 000 paper landscape model in foreground. Source: Photo by Author
189
Figure 189: Final model, model at scale 1:200. Source: Photo by Author
190
191Figure 190: Final model, model at scale 1:200. Source: Photo by Author
Figure 191: Final model details. Source: Photo by Author192
Figure 192: Final model, northern perspective. Source: Photo by Author
193
Figure 193: Final model, northern perspective. Source: Photo by Author
194
Figure 194: Final model, northern perspective and public entrance to site. Source: Photo by Author
195
Figure 195: Final model, southern perspective. Source: Photo by Author
196
197Figure 196: Final model details. Source: Photo by Author
Figure 197: Top view of final model. Source: Photo by Author
198
7.1 conclusion This dissertation has afforded me to realize the importance of co-dependence between the various disciplines of engineering, science, technology and architecture in order to have a holistic design approach that will respond positively to environmental conditions. The transforming Ndlovu Node is an intervention expressing the importance of environmental issues and how the built environment can contribute. This dissertation explored alternative possibilities and future uses for decommissioned mine sites. The PMC mine site proved to be an exciting and dynamic area with many opportunities and design generators. Proposing new functions for existing infrastructure and services, such as the reuse and recycling of steel structures contributed to a sustainable design approach. The mine closure plan and existing infrastructure influenced the design processes and added to the concept development and design generators. A challenging aspect of the design was the scale of the project. The concept of fractal patterns assisted in connecting the scattered site elements together. In the end the aim of the design was to create awareness regarding global and local environmental changes by establishing a symbiotic relationship between the natural environment and the built environment. Ultimately the project is a fictional design proposal that aims to challenge our perception regarding the limits of engineering, science, technology and architecture.
199
What will happen to the site after mine closure?
How can the existing infrastructure be re-used?
How will the closure plan influence the design proposal?
How can the design influence the future use of the site and local environment?
200
201
ac k n owl e d g m e n ts I sincerely thank my family, friends and colleagues for their support and assistance during the production of this dissertation. I would like to express my thanks and appreciation to my mentor Jacques Laubscher for his continuous inspiration and guidance. I would also like to thank Cennette Dippenaar for her help and inspiration. Also special thanks to Joseph Muhlarhi from the PMC mining company. To all the lectures and students at the department of architecture thank you for your enthusiasm and support throughout my studies. Finally, I would like to thank the Lord for giving me the opportunities and talent of creating architecture.
I would like to acknowledge the following people for their love, inspiration and contentious support throughout the year: Lizelle, Stoffel, Inge and Chris Coetzee, Reinier and Joey van Rooyen, Navarre Ebersohn, Victor Mokaba, Ivan Payne, Rikus Engelbrecht and Rina Maree.
202
References Berger, A. 2006. Drosscape: Wasting land in urban America. New York: Princeton Architectural Press. Browning, W.D., Ryan, C.O. & Clancy, J.O. 2014. 14 Patterns of biophilic design . New York: Terrapin Bright Green llc. EGLASH, R. 2007. The fractals at the heart of African designs. TEDGLOBAL. June, 2007 [online]. Available from: http://www. ted.com/talks/ron_eglash_on_african_fractals. [Accessed18/07/2015] FOSKOR. 1986. The geological history of the Phalaborwa complex. Phalaborwa: Foskor Museum. FOSKOR. A Miracle in the North, the Foskor History. Phalaborwa: Foskor Museum. FOSKOR, 1970. S ealene: Presentation of ceremonial proceedings to give access to the baPhalaborwa to Sealene the dwelling place and burial ground of the royal ancestors of the tribe. Phalaborwa: Sealene. Unpublished. Golder Associates. 2013. PALABORA COPPER (PTY) LTD EMP Addendum for the proposed Magnetite Expansion Project, the Lift II Process Additions and Environmental Pollution Control Project. [online], November. Available from: http://www.golder. com/bw/modules.php?name=Documents&op=viewlive&sp_id=2231 [Accessed: 18/07/2015] Hesselgren, S. 1975. Man’s perception of man-made environment. Place of publication?: Hutchinsons & Ross. Latour, B. 2012. Love your monsters: Why we must care for our technologies as we do our children. [online] The Breakthrough. Winter. Available from: http://thebreakthrough.org/index.php/journal/past-issues/issue-2/love-your-monsters [Accessed: 03/05/2015] Lynch, K. 1982. The image of the city. MIT Press Michelin, Nicolas. 2002. The entropic label. In the 8th International Exhibition of Architecture, Venice Biennale, held in Italy on 18 May, 2002. Moss, A., Diachenko, S. & Townsend, P. 2006. Interaction between the block cave and pit slopes at Palabora mine. The Journal of the South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy. [online], 16, Jul.:479-484. Available from: http://www.saimm. co.za/Journal/v106n07p479.pdf [Accessed: 20/03/2015] Muhlarhi, J. 2015. Interview. Phalaborwa. (Notes in possession of author). Mßller L. 2008. Intangible and tangible landscapes: an anthropological perspective based on two South African case studies. South African Journal of Art History, 23 (1): 65 Ots, E. 2011. Decoding Theoryspeak, -: An illustrated guide to architectural theory. New York: Routledge. Pistorius, J.C.C. 1989. Die Metaalbewerkers van Phalaborwa. Doctor Philosophiae in Argeologie, Dissertation. Pretoria: University of Pretoria. [online] Available from: repository.up.ac.za/bitstream/handle/2263/23331/02chapter3-4.pdf?sequence=3. [Accessed: 15/08/2015]. Pistorius, J.C.C. Metal working in Phalaborwa. Foskor Museum Booklet, Phalaborwa. Porter, T. 2006. Archispeak: An illustrated guide to architectural terms. New York & London: Spon Press. Schmidt, P. R. 2009. Tropes, materiality, and ritual embodiment of African iron smelting furnaces as human figures. [online]. Available from: http://www.academia.edu/8751947/Tropes_Materiality_and_Ritual_Embodiment_in_African_Iron_Smelting_Furnaces_as_Human_Figures. [Accessed 02/05/2015] 203
Smout, Mark, Allen, Laura, Spiller and Neil. 2007. Pamphlet architecture , Volume 28: Augmented Landscapes. [Online] New York, NY, USA: Princeton Architectural Press. ProQuest ebrary. Web. Available from: http://0site.ebrary.com.innopac.up.ac.za/ lib/pretoria/detail.action?docID=10456987# [Accessed: 14/04/2015] South Africa. Ba-Phalaborwa Municipality. 2015. Approved IDP Document 2010 – 2015 [online]. Available form: http://led. co.za/sites/default/files/cabinet/orgname-raw/document/2011/ba-phalaborwa_lm_-_idp_2010_-_2015.pdf [Accessed: 24/04/2015]. South Africa. 2004. Principles of mine closure. Government Gazette, 26275:30, April. 23. [online]. (Regulation Gazette No. 7949). Available from: http://www.energy.gov.za/files/esources/pdfs/energy/liquidfuels/min_petroleum_resources_dev_ act_2002.pdf [Accessed: 24/04/2015] Steyn G. 2014. Globalisation, vernacularisation and the invention of identities. South African Journal of Art History, 29 (3) 2014: 29. World Meteorological Organization. Climate. 2000. Causes of climate change. [online] Geneva Switzerland. Available from: https://www.wmo.int/paes/themes/climate/causes-of-climate-change.php. [Accessed: 03/05/2015] Zapulla, C. 2013. Connections between architectural design and mathematical patterns. MADE [online], No 7: 75-85 Materials Architecture Design Environment. Available from: http://www.academia.edu/5309062/Connections_Between_Architectural_Design_and_Mathematical_Patterns [Accessed: 10/05/2015]
204