Pollution in the open oceans

REPORTS AND STUDIES

79 POLLUTION IN THE OPEN OCEANS: A REVIEW OF ASSESSMENTS AND RELATED STUDIES

UN

UNEP

United Nations

FAO Educational, Scientific and UNESCO Cultural Organisation

Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission

IOC

UNIDO

WMO

IMO

IAEA

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REPORTS AND STUDIES

79 !"#$%&#$'()*+#,!#+$-"#$'(!.#$!&)&$'($'()/

POLLUTION IN THE OPEN OCEAN: A REVIEW OF ASSESSMENTS AND RELATED STUDIES August 2009

UNEP and UNESCO-IOC, 2009

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation

Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission

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2V[OQ$&7$(WS[QKI$LZ$5QXLKJIb*JWT1QI$KQD1QYQT$c Topic

Ocean Sector

Res.

Templates

Papers

completed

NA

SA

NP

SP

NI

SI

Global

Assessments

Reviews

Ocean acidification

0

0

0

0

0

0

19

12

0

7

4

CO2 and SO2 from Ships

0

0

0

0

0

0

29

15

1

13

3

Atm. N

13

7

7

2

2

2

6

0

7

23

10

Atm. Fe, P, Co

22

11

10

3

3

2

8

0

9

41

18

Atm. Zn

10

4

2

2

2

1

0

0

0

16

9

Debris

3

3

7

3

2

3

11

0

4

25

13

28

13

10

3

1

2

8

0

4

46

50

VOCs

7

2

6

3

7

5

8

2

0

26

28

Ship-based inputs - Operational discharges

2

0

0

0

0

0

2

3

0

0

3

- Oilspills

2

1

1

1

1

1

4

4

0

1

4

- Chemical spills

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

0

0

1

- Heavy

1

0

0

0

0

0

2

3

1

1

4

- PAH

2

1

1

1

1

1

4

4

0

1

4

- NOx

0

0

1

1

0

0

8

1

0

9

3

- VOCs

1

0

0

0

0

0

3

2

0

1

3

Shipwrecks

1

1

1

3

1

1

1

3

0

1

1

Offshore E & P

3

0

0

0

0

0

5

3

1

1

5

Noise

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

3

7

3

4

Natural seeps

2

0

0

0

0

0

5

3

1

1

5

Heavy metals

NA- North Atlantic Ocean; SA- South Atlantic Ocean; NP- North Pacific Ocean; SP- South Pacific Ocean; NI- North Indian Ocean; SI- South Indian Ocean * Where several substances are addressed in the same report, a template may be recorded more than once in this table.

9a$0(.B__ENAB!(A!(N`*(B.*!(BF*,!T(,(^*aA*I(BD(,++*++-*!N+(,!H(^*_,N*H(+NEHA*+(

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2V[OQ$G7$#XQM$LRQVM$VIIQIISQMJ$OVMTIRVXQ$LDQKD1QY Geographic coverage a Extent

Adequacy

Data reliability b

Data relevance c

CO2 (inputs)

XX

XX

XXX

XXX

XX

XX

XX

XX

SO2

X

X

X

X

X

X

XX

XX

Heavy metals - Hg

X

XX

XX

XX

X

XXX

XXX

XX

- Pb, As, Cd, Ni, Cu

X

X

XX

X

X

XX

XXX

XX

VOCs

X

X

XX

X

X

XX

XXX

XX

Debris

X

XXX

XX

XXX

X

X

XXX

XXX

Nutrients -N

XX

XX

XXX

XXX

XX

XXX

XX

XX

- Fe, Co, P

XX

XX

XXX

X

XX

XX

XX

XX

- Zn

X

X

XXX

X

X

XX

XXX

XXX

Noise

X

X

XXX

X

X

XX

XX

X

Oil - spills from ships

XXX

XXX

XX

XXX

XX

XX

XXX

XXX

- op. discharges

XX

XX

XX

XX

X

XX

XXX

XX

- exploration and production

XX

XX

XX

XX

XX

XX

XXX

XX

- shipwrecks

XXX

XXX

XXX

XX

X

XX

XXX

XXX

- natural seeps

XXX

XXX

XXX

XX

X

XX

XXX

XXX

- PAHs (exhaust)

X

X

X

X

X

X

XXX

XX

Chemical, spills

X

X

X

X

X

X

XXX

XX

Chemical, expl. and prod.

XX

XX

XX

XX

XX

XX

XXX

XX

Sewage

X

XXX

XX

XXX

X

XXX

XXX

XXX

Ballast water

X

XXX

XX

XX

X

XX

XX

XXX

Dumping of waste

XX

XXX

XX

XXX

-

-

XXX

XXX

POPs and PBTs

X

X

XX

XX

X

XXX

XXX

XX

CFCs

XX

XX

XXX

XXX

XXX

XXX

XXX

XXX

Topic

Sampling Adequacy of Knowledge regularity d methodology e of effects f

Overall position g

Rating scheme: Good: XXX; Moderate: XX; Poor: X a Geographic coverage: Relates a) to the relative distributions of existing information across the 6 ocean basins (Chapter 1) and b) to the adequacy of this coverage for purposes of regular assessments (levels, impacts, significance) of the substances concerned in the open ocean. b Data reliability: An estimate of the relative accuracy and precision of data published in peer-reviewed scientific literature. c Data relevance: An evaluation of the utility and value of the data for purposes of assessing ocean health. d Sampling regularity: A determination of the adequacy of sampling regimes (frequency, timing, sample replicates etc.) used to date for purposes of decadal assessments of status &trends. e Adequacy of methodology: An indication of the suitability of currently available methodologies (sampling, analysis, data processing, evaluation and interpretation etc.), for generating data needed for assessment purposes i.e. the requirement for research and development. f Knowledge of effects: The general level of scientific understanding with regard to the effects of a substance on marine life, marine ecosystems and human health. g Overall position: An indication of the current state-of-the-art with regard to investigating the substances (and related processes) in the open ocean and thus the potential for use of these capabilities (and data products) for ocean assessment purposes.

)*+,-.(^$:"4#(012(+#L2/$%(!(YX

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80°N

40°N

0°

40°S

80°S 50°E

150°E

110°W

10°W

[The Team has examined all the white areas, except those with hatching. Areas within 200m depth contour are indicated in blue]

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2V[OQ$97$!MDQMJLKP$LZ$RLMJVS1MVMJI$1M$JUQ$LXQM$LRQVM Substance

Vector

CO2

Atmosphere, Shipping

SO2

Atmosphere, Shipping

VOCs

Atmosphere, Shipping

Nutrients

Fe, N, P, Zn, Co

Atmosphere

POPs, PBTs, CFCs

Atmosphere

PAH

Atmosphere, Shipping

Heavy metals

Pb, Hg, Cd, As, Ni, Cu

Atmosphere

Particles

Shipping

NOx

Shipping

Oil

Accidental spills Operational discharges Wrecks Exploration and production Natural seeps

Shipping etc.

Chemicals

Accidental spills Exploration and production

Shipping

Sewage

Shipping

Marine debris

Mainland sources, Shipping

Ballast water

Shipping

Noise

Shipping/Military/Research

Dumped waste

Shipping

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2V[OQ$:7$(WS[QK$LZ$XVXQKI$`VMT$e$LZ$JLJVO^$JUVJ$1MROWTQT$SQVIWKQSQMJI$LZ$JUQ$1MT1RVJQT$SQJVO$1M$QVRU$KQN1LM Locations of Measurements

Lead

Mercury

Cadmium

Arsenic

Nickel

Copper

Total, All Regions

39 (76%)

13 (25%)

25 (49%)

19 (37%)

27 (53%)

29 (57%)

North Atlantic

15 (54%)

6 (21%)

9 (32%)

4 (14%)

9 (32%)

11 (39%)

South Atlantic

10 (77%)

3 (23%)

6 (46%)

1 (8%)

8 (62%

8 (62%)

North Pacific

7 (64%)

0 (0%)

6 (55%)

6 (55%)

4 (36%)

5 (45%)

South Pacific

3 (75%)

0 (0%)

1 (33%)

2 (67%)

2 (67%)

2 (67%)

North Indian

1 (100%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

1 (100%)

1 (100%)

0 (0%)

South Indian

1 (50%)

0 (0%)

1 (50%)

1 (50%)

1 (50%)

1 (50%)

Global Ocean*

2 (22%)

4 (44%)

2 (22%)

4 (44%)

2 (22%)

2 (22%)

* Most of these papers made estimates for the global ocean but did not give details for specific geographical regions.

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'()*+#,/.#J1)6&%#56#)09,.41%*5-#)67#,-%)65-# (%)7#-,6-%60*)05,6.#/*,9#01%#MSTU.#0,#01%#()0%# MSSU.#6%)*#V%*9'7) Pb concentration in seawater, pmol/kg and Pb concentration in the atmosphere, 10-10g/m3

180 Marine dissolved Pb Atmospheric Pb

160

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80 60 40 20 0 1970

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:8$0(.B__ENAB!(A!(N`*(B.*!(BF*,!T(,(^*aA*I(BD(,++*++-*!N+(,!H(^*_,N*H(+NEHA*+(

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2V[OQ$?7$"VK1MQ$RVOR1ZP1MN$LKNVM1ISI$`VZJQK$5VDQM$QJ$VO7;$:aaC^ Organism

Photosynthetic

Carbonate form

Habitat

Coccolithophores

Yes

Calcite

Planktonic

Macro-algae*

Yes

Aragonite or calcite

Benthic

Foramenifera

Some

Calcite

Benthic

No

Calcite

Planktonic

Yes (in symbiosis)

Aragonite

Benthic

No

Aragonite

Benthic

Pteropods

No

Aragonite

Planktonic

Non-pteropod molluscs*

No

Aragonite or calcite

Benthic or planktonic

Echinoderms

No

Mg-calcite

Benthic

Crustaceans*

No

Calcite

Benthic or planktonic

Corals: warm water Cold water

* Not all members of this group are calcified.

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Participation

POPs

Arctic Marine Assessment Program

Arctic – circumpolar (Arctic Ocean, Arctic marginal seas, Arctic territories of the eight Arctic countries) (north of 60° N but also including relevant marine areas south of this latitude, e.g.

Hudson Bay

aldrin, chlordane, dieldrin, endrin, DDT, heptachlor, mirex, toxaphene, HCB, PCB and PCDD/PCDF

Background Air Monitoring of POPs in East Asian Countries

Cambodia, Indonesia, Korea (Republic of), Japan, Mongolia, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam

aldrin, chlordane, dieldrin, endrin, DDT, heptachlor, mirex, toxaphene, HCB, and PCBs

European Air Pollution Monitoring Programme (EMEP)

Belgium, Czech Republic, Germany, Finland, Great Britain, Iceland, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden.

European air monitoring program on POPs is support of the 1979 Geneva Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution. Some monitoring sites are located in coastal areas.

chlordane, dieldrin, endrin, DDT, heptachlor, HCB, PCB

Global Atmospheric Passive Sampling Study

Several sites in Africa (5), South East Asia, Australia (6), Antarctica (1), Central and South America (11), Europe (9), and North America (1)

aldrin, chlordane, dieldrin, endrin, DDT, heptachlor, mirex, toxaphene, HCB, PCB and PCDD/PCDF

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Total: 127

Classified as PBT

23

Classified as PBT and POP

3, including DDT

Still under investigation

30

Pending

8

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Estimated Oil Content of Shipwrecks Minimum

Maximum

North Atlantic Ocean

951,000 tonnes

7.5 million tonnes

South Atlantic Ocean

165,000 tonnes

0.5 million tonnes

North Pacific Ocean

221,000 tonnes

1.7 million tonnes

South Pacific Ocean

521,000 tonnes

4.2 million tonnes

Indian Ocean

264,000 tonnes

2.2 million tonnes

1 Regional boundaries, as applied in the Michel et al. (2005) study, were used to estimate the approximate values for the ocean regions established for the Assessment of Assessments.

(Based on Michel et al. 2005)

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&(()3$9E$2&*F$2)&"$")"G)5* Name

Expertise

Contact details

Dr. R. Boelens (chairman)

Marine assessments

Castlelough Portroe, Nenagh Co. Tipperary Ireland rickboelens@eircom.net

Dr. A. Baker

Atmospheric input of nutrients to surface ocean waters

School of Environmental Sciences University of East Anglia Norwich NR4 7TJ United Kingdom alex.baker@uea.ac.uk

Dr. D. C. E. Bakker

Marine carbon cycle

School of Environmental Sciences University of East Anglia Norwich NR4 7TJ United Kingdom D.Bakker@uea.ac.uk

Dr. C. T. Bowmer

Marine toxicology, chemical hazards Vice-chairman of GESAMP

TNO Chemistry Postbus 360 NL-3700-AJ Zeist The Netherlands Tim.bowmer@tno.nl

Prof. R. A. Duce

Atmospheric and marine chemistry, air/sea exchange

Texas A&M University Department of Oceanography Room 906, O&M Building College Station, Texas 77843-3146 USA rduce@ocean.tamu.edu

Mr. F. Haag

GESAMP Officer, coordinator

International Maritime Organization 4 Albert Embankment London SE1 7SR United Kingdom fhaag@imo.org

Mr. N. Perera

Junior Scientist

5/5 Huludagoda Road Mount Lavinia Sri Lanka boraluwa@gmail.com

Dr. D. Schmidt Etkin

Ship-based pollution

Environmental Research Consulting 41 Croft Lane Cortlandt Manor NY 10567-1160 USA etkin@environmental-research.com

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Science for Sustainable Oceans

ISBN: 978-92-807-2996-2 Job No.: DEW/1130/NA IOC/INF-1228 ISSN: 1020–4873