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Alternatives to antibiotics in livestock Most antibiotics in livestock farming are used in aquaculture, but significant amounts are also used in terrestrial livestock species, particularly in poultry and pigs. Approximately 70% of antibiotics in livestock farming are used for non-therapeutic purposes, which can lead to the development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). CAB Abstracts supports research seeking alternatives to antibiotic use in livestock farming. It contains a wealth of literature on AMR.
CABI’s CAB Abstracts database comprehensively covers hot topics that matter CAB Abstracts provides the complete picture on excessive use of antimicrobials in livestock farming, which is a worldwide problem for both animal and human health. Without a drastic reduction in the use of antibiotics in livestock farming, we could be facing a grim post-antibiotic era, for the sake of producing cheap animal products. Modulating the gut microflora in livestock has been shown to be effective in alleviating this problem. Probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, phage therapy and enzymes can be used to modulate the gut microflora and CAB Abstracts comprehensively covers literature on their use in livestock, including: • Probiotics: live microorganisms that confer some health benefits to the host Probiotics as beneficial microbes in aquaculture: an update on their multiple modes of action: a review. Veterinary Quarterly, 2016 • Prebiotics: non-digestible food ingredients, usually sugars, which have some health benefits for the host Influence of different prebiotics and mode of their administration on broiler chicken performance. Animal, 2016
• Synbiotics and enzymes: for example, the following paper: Synergistic effect of non-starch polysaccharide enzymes and synbiotics on performance, nutrient retention, gut health and carcass characteristics of broiler chicken fed corn-soybean meal based low energy diets. Indian Journal of Animal Research, 2015 • Bacteriophages: viruses that infect bacteria and can protect humans and animals, therefore reducing the need for antibiotics Bacteriophages: effective alternative to antibiotics. Advances in Animal and Veterinary Sciences 2014
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23 Regional Collaboration in Community-based Mountain Tourism in World Heritage Sites: The Ifugao Rice Terraces of the Cordillera Central Mountains in the Philippines 1
Jovel Ananayo1* and Harold Richins2 Ifugao State University, Cordillera Administrative Region, Philippines; 2 Thompson Rivers University, Kamloops, British Columbia, Canada
Introduction This chapter examines the role of tourism development on the conservation of world heritage sites, focusing on the Ifugao Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras. These terraces, bounded by rugged peaks, are located within the Cordillera Central Mountains on the northern part of the island of Luzon, in the northernmost region of the Philippines archipelago (see Fig. 23.1). The interrelationship between tourism development and world heritage site conservation are explored by analysing the tourism programme of the Save the Ifugao Terraces Movement (SITMo), which was intended to help conserve the Ifugao world heritage sites. This case study includes a description of a locally developed method in addressing long-term conservation and community development issues within a world heritage cultural site. The case acknowledges, in the context of its broader plan, the background and approach in developing locally based tourism within the region (Drost, 1995; Borges et al., 2011; Ananayo, 2014). This includes the SITMo Eco-Cultural
Tourism Program. An important aspect of this programme has involved substantial collaboration, communication and engagement of key groups in the development, operation and management of the tours and their resulting outcomes. There were a few weaknesses in the development process and implementation; however, outcomes were generally constructive. These outcomes are described in this case study, including economic outcomes and contributions, environmental outcomes and contributions, and contribution to cultural conservation. This case first examines SITMo’s tourism activities, in order to provide an understanding of the development approach. After reviewing the tourism activities and providing a brief description of the SITMo model, SITMo’s approach to community-based tourism and how it is translated into actual operations is examined, by looking into the stakeholder cooperative that was implemented to advance the tourism programme. The findings indicate that the current, as well as the envisioned, stakeholder cooperative is largely similar to stakeholder cooperation advocated for sustainable tourism
* Corresponding author: jovelfrancis_ananayo@yahoo.com
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© CAB International 2016. Mountain Tourism: Experiences, Communities, Environments and Sustainable Futures (eds H. Richins and J.S. Hull)