Get started entering and preparing data for analysis
BEEC
Dr. Christine Pereira Academic Skills Team (ASK) ask@brunel.ac.uk
Purpose and use of SPSS Identify, define & enter variables in your survey Open and save data and output files Import online survey data from Excel Recode variables Reliability test using Cronbach’s alpha Compute a total score and mean score Intro to basic summary statistics
Dr. Christine Pereira
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SPSS is a Statistical Software Package SPSS is a tool It only does what it’s ‘told’ to do. It does not think for you It is not a black box
You need to know the correct statistics for your research BEFORE using SPSS. If you understand the statistics, then you are ready to do analysis in SPSS.
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3
Select version 20 from the list
2
Type SPSS 20 into the search box
1
Click on the Windows Start Icon
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Open NEW data file
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Enter variable names in the first column of Variable View.
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Each variable name will appear as a column heading replacing var. Enter the data for each variable.
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A measurement: A characteristic ▪ E.g., Gender, Age, Ethnicity, Income… Opinion/belief ▪ E.g., A survey question which asks for a respondent’s level of agreement with a statement Etc…
In SPSS, variables go in columns (Data View)
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What is your main mode of transport to Uni during the week?
What is your age? (please tick one)
Car Bus Tube Rail Walk Cycle
1 2 3 4 5 6
1
18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 56+
(please tick one)
Codes
2 3 4 5
Codes
Codes
What is your gender? (please circle one)
0
1
Male
Female
Each question is a new variable. Dr. Christine Pereira
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Participant
Gender
Age Group
Mode
1
Male
36-45
Car
2
Male
26-35
Tube
Female
46-55
Car
4
Male
18-25
Tube
5
Female
26-35
Rail
0 3= Male 1 = Female
Each question is a new variable. Dr. Christine Pereira
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Participant
Gender
Age Group
Mode
1
0
36-45
Car
2
0
26-35
Tube
1
46-55
Car
4
0
18-25
Tube
5
1
26-35
Rail
0 3= Male 1 = Female
Each question is a new variable. Dr. Christine Pereira
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Participant
Gender
Age Group
Mode
1
0
36-45
Car
26-35
Tube
46-55
Car
18-25
Tube
26-35
Rail
2 3 4 5
1 =018-25 2 = 26-35 3 =136-45 4 = 46-55 5 =055+ 1
Each question is a new variable. Dr. Christine Pereira
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Participant
Gender
Age Group
Mode
1
0
3
Car
2
Tube
4
Car
1
Tube
2
Rail
2 3 4 5
1 =018-25 2 = 26-35 3 =136-45 4 = 46-55 5 =055+ 1
Each question is a new variable. Dr. Christine Pereira
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Participant
Gender
Age Group
Mode
1
0
3
Car
2
0
3
1
4
0
5
1
1 = Car 2 2 = Bus 3 = Tube 4 4 = Rail 5 = Walk 1 6 = Cycle 2
Tube Car Tube Rail
Each question is a new variable. Dr. Christine Pereira
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Participant
Gender
Age Group
Mode
1
0
3
1
2
0
3
1
4
0
5
1
1 = Car 2 2 = Bus 3 = Tube 4 4 = Rail 5 = Walk 1 6 = Cycle 2
3 1 3 4
Each question is a new variable. Dr. Christine Pereira
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Which mode(s) of transport do you usually take to get to Uni during the week? (please tick all that apply) Car Bus Tube Rail Walk Cycle
Dr. Christine Pereira
‘tick all…’ instead of ‘tick one’
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Participant
Transport
1
Car
2
Bus, Tube
3
Car
4
Tube, Rail, Walk
5
Bus, Rail
Dr. Christine Pereira
Can we enter responses like this?
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Participant
Transport
1
Car
2
Bus, Tube
3
Car
4
Tube, Rail, Walk
5
Bus, Rail
Dr. Christine Pereira
Can we enter responses like this?
ASK Academic Skills (2014-15)
Why not?
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Participant
Transport
1
Car
2
Bus, Tube
3
Car
4
Tube, Rail, Walk
5
Bus, Rail
Can we enter responses like this? Why not?
Only ONE response per cell for statistical analysis Dr. Christine Pereira
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Which mode(s) of transport do you usually take to get to Uni during the week? (please tick all that apply) Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6
Car Bus Tube Rail Walk Cycle
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Codes 0 = No 1 = Yes
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Participant
Car
Bus
Tube
Rail
Walk
Cycle
1
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
2
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
3
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
4
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
5
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
Each response is a new variable Dr. Christine Pereira
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Participant
Car
Bus
Tube
Rail
Walk
Cycle
1
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
2
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
3
Yes
4
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
5
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
Yes = They travel by car No No No No No = They do not travel by car
No
Each response is a new variable Dr. Christine Pereira
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Participant
Car
Bus
Tube
Rail
Walk
Cycle
1
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
2
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
3
Yes
No
4
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
5
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
Yes = They travel by bus No No No No No = They do not travel by bus
Each response is a new variable Dr. Christine Pereira
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Participant
Car
Bus
Tube
Rail
Walk
Cycle
1
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
0 =2No 1 =3Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
4
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
5
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
Each response is a new variable Dr. Christine Pereira
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Participant
Car
Bus
Tube
Rail
Walk
Cycle
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0 =2No 1 =3Yes
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
4
0
0
1
1
1
0
5
0
1
0
1
0
0
Each response is a new variable Dr. Christine Pereira
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Obtain preferential judgements or opinions. Rank in order of importance, from 1-5, the following features when considering a destination for your holiday.
Rank the following subjects from 1-5 based on how much you like them. (1 = Favourite, 5 = Least favourite)
(1 = Most important) Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5
History Science Math Writing IT
Codes 1 = Favourite 2–4 5 = Least favourite
I’ve never been before Weather Surroundings Cost Accommodation
These are also multiple response questions Dr. Christine Pereira
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Obtain preferential judgements or opinions. Rank in order of importance, from 1-5, the following features when considering a destination for your holiday.
Rank the following subjects from 1-5 based on how much you like them. (1 = Favourite, 5 = Least favourite)
(1 = Most important)
History Science Math Writing IT
Codes 1 = Most important 2–5
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5
I’ve never been before Weather Surroundings Cost Accommodation
These are also multiple response questions Dr. Christine Pereira
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Participant
Never been
Weather
Surroundings
Cost
Accommodation
1
Most Impt
4
2
3
5
2
5
2
3
Most Impt
4
3
5
Most Impt
2
4
3
1 = Most important 4
3
4
5
Most Impt
2
5
4
2
Most Impt
5
3
Each response is a new variable Dr. Christine Pereira
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Participant
Never been
Weather
Surroundings
Cost
Accommodation
1
1
4
2
3
5
2
5
2
3
1
4
3
5
1
2
4
3
1 = Most important 4
3
4
5
1
2
5
4
2
1
5
3
Each response is a new variable Dr. Christine Pereira
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Obtain preferential judgements or opinions Likert scale: Level of agreement
Other scales: Level of importance or satisfaction
How important are the following when considering where to live?
(circle one)
Very Important
Important
I don’t know
Unimportant
Very Unimportant
Q1
Cost
1
2
3
4
5
Q2
Distance to Uni
1
2
3
4
5
Q3
Distance to work
1
2
3
4
5
Q4
I feel safe
1
2
3
4
5
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Participant
Cost
Dist Uni
Dist Work
Safety
1
Very Impt
Important
I don’t know
Important
Very Impt
Very Impt
Important
Very Impt
Important
Very Impt
I don’t know
Important
Important
Important
Important
Very Impt
1 = Very 2 Impt Important 2 = Important 3 = I don’t know Unimportant 3 4 = Unimportant 4 Unimpt Unimportant 5 = Very 5
Very Impt
Each question is a new variable. Dr. Christine Pereira
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Participant
Cost
Dist Uni
Dist Work
Safety
1
1
2
3
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
2
1
2
3
2
2
1
2
2
1
1 = Very 2 Impt 2 = Important 3 = I don’t know 3 4 = Unimportant 4 Unimpt 5 = Very 5
Each question is a new variable. Dr. Christine Pereira
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Variables
Categorical
Scale
Qualitative
Quantitative
Nominal
Ordinal
(Unranked categories)
(Ranked categories)
Marital Status Political Party Eye Color
Not grouped
Satisfaction level Level of agreement
Height Weight Age No. of cars No. of students
• In SPSS, data is either Nominal, Ordinal or Scale. • It is essential to classify data correctly. - Incorrect classification may result in incorrect analyses. Dr. Christine Pereira
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http://youtu.be/FVUijfTiKn8 Dr. Christine Pereira
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Save these to your desktop
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Can be .xls OR .xlsx
Variable names CAN be imported too Must be in row 1 of the worksheet They will be imported to the Variable View
Data will appear in the Data View Data MUST start in ROW 2 of Excel to be imported
correctly
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Uncoded data Downloaded from online survey
Coded data Downloaded from online survey Dr. Christine Pereira
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Uncoded data Downloaded from online survey
Download coded responses if possible! Dr. Christine Pereira
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Open ended question so not coded by online survey
Dr. Christine Pereira
You need to code these yourself
ASK Academic Skills (2014-15)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
USA Brazil Cambodia China Fiji France Greece India New Zealand Peru Thailand Vietnam
46
We don’t need this info for analysis
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Put variable names in Row 1
Data starts in Row 2
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Data is ready to be imported to SPSS
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Existing data file
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3
Find the folder where you saved the file
Select the Excel file
1 Dr. Christine Pereira
2
Choose Excel file type to see your .xlsx ASK Academic Skills (2014-15)
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Choose the correct worksheet
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Variable Names (from Row 1)
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• These variable names from Excel couldn’t be used • SPSS made them labels and created a new variable name
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Put in LABELS Put in VALUES for nominal/ordinal variables
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This is not correct!
You need to fix it after import
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http://www.statstutor.ac.uk/resources/uploaded/importdatav20.mp4 Dr. Christine Pereira
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Not importing your data? Entering it all by hand?
Watch these short videos to learn how to enter your own data
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DO NOT save file here! Default folder It’s temporary Sometimes gets deleted
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Find a folder to save it in: H:\ drive OR Your pen drive
Name it appropriately Extension .sav Dr. Christine Pereira
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Shows output for ALL analysis run in SPSS Keeps a log of all activity of open data files Saved with the extension .spv
All tables, charts, graphs and analysis are show here
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New data file New output file
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Existing data file
Existing output file
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Dr. Christine Pereira
Current coding
Reverse coding
OLD value
NEW value
1
Strongly Disagree
5
Strongly Disagree
2
Disagree
4
Disagree
3
Undecided
3
Undecided
4
Agree
2
Agree
5
Strongly Agree
1
Strongly Agree
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Select variable to recode
Selected variable
Click
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Name and Label new variable
New variable
Click
Lastly Click here Dr. Christine Pereira
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Old value
New value
Click ‘Add’
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What about missing values and missing value codes?
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Our new variable: Satisfaction reverse coded
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Define missing value codes, if any
Define the level of measurement Default values are not always correct Dr. Christine Pereira
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http://www.statstutor.ac.uk/resources/uploaded/reversecodev20.mp4 Dr. Christine Pereira
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Dr. Christine Pereira
Current coding
New coding
OLD value
NEW value
1
Strongly Disagree
2
Disagree
3
Undecided
4
Agree
5
Strongly Agree
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Disagree 1 or Strongly Disagree 2
Undecided
3
Agree or Strongly Agree
75
Select variable to recode
Selected variable Click
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Name and Label new variable
New variable
Click
Lastly Click here Dr. Christine Pereira
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Old value
New value
Click ‘Add’
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What about missing values and missing value codes?
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Our new variable: Satisfaction regrouped
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Define missing value codes, if any
Put in value labels Define the level of measurement Default values are not always correct Dr. Christine Pereira
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http://www.statstutor.ac.uk/resources/uploaded/reducegroupsv20.mp4 Dr. Christine Pereira
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Multi-response variables often need recoding They should all be: 0 = No (currently missing) 1 = Yes (currently 1-6)
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Recode into Same variables Replace: • Numbers 2-7 with 1 • Missing values with 0
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Cronbach’s Alpha measures internal consistency between items in a scale
Make sure not to mix positively and negatively worded questions – Alpha will be negative. Reverse code variables if needed
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Select variables Click
Selected variables
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Click
*Optional: Name the scale Dr. Christine Pereira
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http://youtu.be/NvGG38N0P7c Dr. Christine Pereira
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1
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2
Should be >=.70 If less than 10 items, it should be >0.5 Dr. Christine Pereira
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3
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4 The correlation of every item in the scale with every other item. Dr. Christine Pereira
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5
The mean inter-item correlation. If Alpha is low (due to few items) report this value too. Dr. Christine Pereira
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6
The correlation of each item with all other items combined. Should be >0.40 for each Dr. Christine Pereira
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6
Cronbach’s Alpha if the item is removed from the scale. Dr. Christine Pereira
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http://youtu.be/KODQPg-48jA Dr. Christine Pereira
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Name the new variable
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10 0
Add variables together with +
Variables in dataset Dr. Christine Pereira
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10 1
Click OK Dr. Christine Pereira
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10 2
Our new variable: Total_LifeSatis
• Total score ONLY calculated for participants with all Life Satis scores • Each blank means that participant was missing 1 or more Life Satis scores
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Define missing value codes, if any
Put in LABELs and VALUES Define the level of measurement Default values are not always correct Dr. Christine Pereira
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Name the new variable
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10 5
Double click
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Replace ? with variable names Put a comma between each variable
Variables in dataset Dr. Christine Pereira
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10 7
Calculates a mean for every participant, even if they are missing 1 or more of the LifeSatis scores
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10 8
Numeric Expression: MEAN.2(LifeSatis1, LifeSatis2, LifeSatis3, LifeSatis4, LifeSatis5)
Calculates a mean for every participant only if they have at least 2 of the LifeSatis scores Numeric Expression: MEAN.3(LifeSatis1, LifeSatis2, LifeSatis3, LifeSatis4, LifeSatis5)
This number can be between 1 & the number of items being averaged Dr. Christine Pereira
Calculates a mean for every participant, only if they have all 3 LifeSatis scores
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10 9
Click OK Dr. Christine Pereira
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11 0
Our new variable: Mean_LifeSatis
• Mean score calculated for participants with 1 or more Life Satis scores • Each blank means that participant was missing all Life Satis scores Dr. Christine Pereira
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Define missing value codes, if any
Put in a LABEL Define the level of measurement Default values are not always correct Dr. Christine Pereira
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http://www.statstutor.ac.uk/resources/uploaded/computemeanv20-2.mp4 Dr. Christine Pereira
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All variables listed here
Build your chart here
Select chart format
Select chart type
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Simple Bar Chart
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Pie Chart
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Create a Bar chart and/or Pie chart for the variable Ethnicity
1
What is your ethnicity? (please tick one)
White/European Asian West Indian African Other Dr. Christine Pereira
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(All Descriptives)
(Limited Descriptives)
(Limited Descriptives)
Mean, Median, Mode
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(All Descriptives)
(Limited Descriptives)
(Limited Descriptives)
Mean, Median, Mode Stdev, Variance Range, Percentiles, Min, Max, etc‌
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(All Descriptives)
(Limited Descriptives)
(Limited Descriptives)
Mean, Median, Mode Stdev, Variance Range, Percentiles, Min, Max, etc‌
Frequency Table, Median, Mode
Frequency Table, Mode
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Use descriptive statistics to summarise responses for Organisational Commitment
1
“I am very committed to this organisation.� Strongly Disagree
Disagree
Neutral
Agree
Strongly Agree
1
2
3
4
5
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Use to obtain Descriptives Frequency tables Charts • Bar • Pie • Histogram
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Use descriptive statistics to summarise responses for Organisational Commitment
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Use descriptive statistics to summarise responses for Organisational Commitment
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Percent Out of the total sample size (e.g., 70)
14 out of 70 is 20.0%
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Percent Out of the total sample size (e.g., 70)
16 out of 70 is 22.9%
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Valid Percent Out of the total number of responses (e.g., 68)
14 out of 68 is 20.6%
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Valid Percent Out of the total number of responses (e.g., 68)
16 out of 68 is 23.5%
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Cumulative Percent Sum of Valid Percents
Same as 1st Valid Percent Dr. Christine Pereira
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Cumulative Percent Sum of Valid Percents
Sum of 1st two Valid Percents Dr. Christine Pereira
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Cumulative Percent Sum of Valid Percents
Sum of 1st three Valid Percents Dr. Christine Pereira
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Watch it here https://www.screenr.com/BknN
Read it here http://issuu.com/christinepereiraaskbrunel/doc s/download_spss_onto_your_own_compute/1
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Short video tutorials on all these topics
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SPSS Survival Manual, 4th Edition (2010) by Julie Pallant. SPSS Survival Manual, 5th Edition (2013) by Julie Pallant.
Discovering Statistics Using SPSS, 3rd Edition (2009) by Andy Field. Discovering Statistics Using SPSS, 4th Edition (2013) by Andy Field.
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