Getting started entering data, defining variables and creating summary statistics Part 1
BEEC
Dr. Christine Pereira Academic Skills Team (ASK) ask@brunel.ac.uk
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» Purpose and use of SPSS
» Open SPSS » What is a Variable?
» Defining variables and entering data in SPSS » Open and save data files
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» Choose and obtain appropriate graphical summaries » Choose and obtain appropriate numerical summaries
» Get SPSS on your own computer
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» SPSS is a Statistical Software Package
» SPSS is a tool It only does what it’s ‘told’ to do. It does not think for you It is not a black box
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» You need to know the correct statistics for your research BEFORE using SPSS. » If you understand the statistics, then you are ready to do analysis in SPSS.
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Select SPSS 20 from the list
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Type SPSS 20 into the search box
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Click on the Windows Start Icon
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Open NEW data file
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Enter variable names in the first column of Variable View.
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Each variable name will appear as a column heading replacing var.
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Enter the data for each variable.
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What is a variable? How do we define variables in SPSS?
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» A measurement: A characteristic + E.g., Gender, Age, Height, Weight…
Time points + E.g., pre-test, post-test, T0, T1, T2…
Experimental Condition + E.g., Condition, Experimental group…
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Opinion/belief + E.g., A survey question which asks for a respondent’s level of agreement with a statement
Etc… ASK at Brunel (2014-15)
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What is your gender? Male or Female ASK at Brunel (2014-15)
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How long does it take, on average, to commute into Uni? ASK at Brunel (2014-15)
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What is your main mode of transport to Uni? ASK at Brunel (2014-15)
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Indicate your level of agreement with this statement: “Most days, my commute causes me to feel stressed when I arrive at university�. ASK at Brunel (2014-15)
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Country name is unique – participant ID not needed
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Number of births per 1000 people
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Surplus/deficit as % of GDP
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Gov debt as % of GDP
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Questionnaire Responses Age (in years)
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3pt Likert Scale Agree No opinion Disagree
200 residents Uxbridge
Agreement with stem cell research
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5pt Likert Scale Strongly agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly disagree
Is global warming important?
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Questionnaire Responses Age
StemCell
GlobalWarming
1
23
Agree
Strongly Agree
2
28
Undecided
Agree
3
47
Undecided
Strongly Disagree
4
62
Disagree
Undecided
…
…
…
…
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Resident
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Experimental Condition
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Cond 1 and 2 are independent, NOT repeated measures.
Score on a test ASK at Brunel (2014-15)
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Low Lower middle Middle Upper middle High (OECD*) High (non-OECD)
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*OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development)
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East Asia & Pacific Europe & Central Asia Latin America & Caribbean Middle East & North Africa North America South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa ASK at Brunel (2014-15)
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Caffeine and Sleep
Condition 30
Average hours slept Over 2 weeks
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participants
Measure
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Caffeine and Sleep Condition
AvgHoursSlept
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Control
7.2
2
Caffeine
6.7
3
Caffeine
6.3
4
Control
6.9
…
…
…
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Participant
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Status when admitted to care facility ASK at Brunel (2014-15)
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Anxiety level measured at 3 time points for each participant ASK at Brunel (2014-15)
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Why not enter TIME as 1 variable like we did for STATUS?
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Birth rate per 1000 measured at 3 time points for each country
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Fitness Regime
PROFESSIONAL train
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50 Participants SELF train ASK at Brunel (2014-15)
One mile time trial
BEFORE
AFTER
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Fitness Regime Participant
Training
Before_Mile (min)
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Self
15.3
14.1
2
Professional
16.1
14.9
3
Self
20.5
16.8
4
Self
16.8
16.2
…
…
…
…
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After_Mile (min)
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Variables
Categorical
Scale
Qualitative
Quantitative
Nominal
Ordinal
(Unranked categories)
(Ranked categories)
Marital Status Political Party Eye Color
Satisfaction level Level of agreement
Not grouped
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Height Weight Age No. of cars No. of students
• In SPSS, data is either Nominal, Ordinal or Scale. • It is essential to classify data correctly. - Incorrect classification… may result in incorrect analyses. ASK at Brunel (2014-15)
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http://youtu.be/FVUijfTiKn8 ASK Academic Skills (2014-15)
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Code categorical variables Enter data
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Level of Measurement?
Categorical variables need to be coded Scale variables do not need to be coded ASK at Brunel (2014-15)
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0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1
Level of Measurement?
0 = Male 1 = Female ASK at Brunel (2014-15)
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Level of Measurement?
Scale, does not need to be coded ASK at Brunel (2014-15)
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Level of Measurement?
1 1 2 1 1 1 3 4 1 2
1 = tfl (i.e. public transport) 2 = Car 3 = Cycle 4 = Walk ASK at Brunel (2014-15)
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Indicate your level of agreement with the following statement:
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“Most days, my commute causes me to feel stressed when I arrive at university�.
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Level of Measurement?
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1 = Strongly Disagree 2 = Disagree 3 = I don’t know 4 = Agree 5 = Strongly Agree
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Data has been coded Now we’re ready to enter it in SPSS ASK at Brunel (2014-15)
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1. Enter & define variables from Variable View.
• Variable names • Must begin with a letter • No spaces and no special characters (except _ ) ASK at Brunel (2014-15)
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1. Enter & define variables from Variable View.
• Type • Should (almost) always be numeric • SPSS cannot analyse non-numeric data ASK at Brunel (2014-15)
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1. Enter & define variables from Variable View.
• Decimals • How many decimal places do you want to see in the Data View? ASK at Brunel (2014-15)
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1. Enter & define variables from Variable View.
• Label • IMPORTANT!!! Make good labels! • Short description of the variable • This is what will be written on all graphs & tables ASK at Brunel (2014-15)
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1. Enter & define variables from Variable View.
• Values (i.e., Value labels) • IMPORTANT!!! - Tell SPSS what all the codes represent! • This is what is written on all graphs & tables ASK at Brunel (2014-15)
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1. Enter & define variables from Variable View.
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1. Enter & define variables from Variable View.
• Missing • Missing data can be coded too • Chose a number not in the data, like 99 or 999 • Replace all missing values in your data with this code first ASK at Brunel (2014-15)
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1. Enter & define variables from Variable View.
• Measure • Level of Measurement (Nominal, Ordinal, Scale) • By default ALL new variables are unknown • YOU must choose the appropriate measure ASK at Brunel (2014-15)
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2. Enter data from Data View.
• Variable names • Will become column headings in Data View. ASK at Brunel (2014-15)
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Now, let’s enter some data ASK at Brunel (2014-15)
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Saving and Opening Data or Output Files
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DO NOT save file here!
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Default folder It’s temporary Sometimes gets deleted
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Find a folder to save it in:
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H:\ drive OR Your pen drive
Name it appropriately Extension .sav ASK at Brunel (2014-15)
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Shows output for ALL analysis run in SPSS Keeps a log of all activity of open data files Saved with the extension .spv
Everything done in SPSS is shown here, in outline form. ASK at Brunel (2014-15)
A data file was saved as SPSS Workshop Example.sav and logged in the output file.
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New data file
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New output file
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Existing data file
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Existing output file
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Representing Data Graphically
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All variables listed here
Build your chart here
Select chart format
Select chart type
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Simple Bar Chart
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Pie Chart
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Create a Bar chart and/or Pie chart for the variable Ethnicity
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What is your ethnicity? (please tick one)
White/European Asian West Indian African Other
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Clustered Bar Chart
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Stacked Bar Chart
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Create a Clustered bar chart to summarise Organisational Commitment by Gender
1
2
“I am very committed to this organisation.� Strongly Disagree
Disagree
Neutral
Agree
Strongly Agree
1
2
3
4
5
Gender (please tick one)
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Male Female
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Simple Histogram
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1D Boxplot
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Create a Histogram or Boxplot to summarise Annual Income
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What is your gross annual income?
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Simple Scatterplot
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Grouped Scatterplot
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http://youtu.be/c5Kezdil7eE
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http://youtu.be/1QTFVdQ7eSk
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Simple Bar Chart
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Simple Line Chart
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http://youtu.be/duUEb_j9wfY
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http://youtu.be/-rsfpi4le-Q
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Simple Bar Chart
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Simple Line Chart
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http://youtu.be/JjLiT8Fmmkc
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http://youtu.be/URDcayLt_DY
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Right Click -> Edit Content -> In Separate Window
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Reduce chart size and Apply changes
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Right Click to view more options
E.g., Transpose Chart Dr. Christine Pereira
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There’s
much more in Chart Editor You can change: Colours
Fonts Axis
labels Data labels Insert trend lines Rearrange (or remove) variables …the list goes on
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http://youtu.be/5P5xJDB3hLw
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http://youtu.be/h0EwMWztgdA
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Representing Data Numerically
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(All Descriptives)
(Limited Descriptives)
(Limited Descriptives)
Mean, Median, Mode
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(All Descriptives)
(Limited Descriptives)
(Limited Descriptives)
Mean, Median, Mode Stdev, Variance Range, Percentiles, Min, Max, etc‌
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(All Descriptives)
(Limited Descriptives)
(Limited Descriptives)
Mean, Median, Mode Frequency Table, Frequency Table, Stdev, Variance Median, Mode Mode Range, Percentiles, Min, Max, etc‌
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(All Descriptives)
(Limited Descriptives)
(Limited Descriptives)
Mean, Median, Mode Frequency Table, Frequency Table, Stdev, Variance Median, Mode Mode Range, Percentiles, Min, Max, etc‌
Treating ORDINAL data like SCALE data Dr. Christine Pereira
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ď‚ž Ordinal ď‚Ą
data
Mean and stdev OR frequencies and percentages?
Mean = 3.28 Stdev = 1.41 1
2
3
4
5 Strongly Agree
Strongly Disagree
Disagree
Neutral
Agree
12%
22.7%
21.3%
13.3%
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30.7%
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Use descriptive statistics to summarise responses for Annual Income
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What is your gross annual income?
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Use to obtain Descriptives Frequency tables Charts • Bar • Pie • Histogram
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Use descriptive statistics to summarise responses for Annual Income
Untick
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Use descriptive statistics to summarise responses for Annual Income
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http://youtu.be/2mKU8Sev6Gk Dr. Christine Pereira
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Use descriptive statistics to summarise responses for Organisational Commitment
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“I am very committed to this organisation.� Strongly Disagree
Disagree
Neutral
Agree
Strongly Agree
1
2
3
4
5
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Use to obtain Descriptives Frequency tables Charts • Bar • Pie • Histogram
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Use descriptive statistics to summarise responses for Organisational Commitment
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Use descriptive statistics to summarise responses for Organisational Commitment
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Percent Out of the total sample size (e.g., 70)
14 out of 70 is 20.0%
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Percent Out of the total sample size (e.g., 70)
16 out of 70 is 22.9%
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Percent Out of the total sample size (e.g., 70)
68 out of 70 is 97.1%
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Valid Percent Out of the total number of responses (e.g., 68)
14 out of 68 is 20.6%
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Valid Percent Out of the total number of responses (e.g., 68)
16 out of 68 is 23.5%
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Cumulative Percent Sum of Valid Percents
Same as 1st Valid Percent Dr. Christine Pereira
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Cumulative Percent Sum of Valid Percents
Sum of 1st two Valid Percents Dr. Christine Pereira
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Cumulative Percent Sum of Valid Percents
Sum of 1st three Valid Percents Dr. Christine Pereira
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http://youtu.be/uxe10Ah7Pxs
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http://youtu.be/MqksiPX46_I
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Use a cross tabulation table to summarise Organisational Commitment by Gender
1
2
“I am very committed to this organisation.� Strongly Disagree
Disagree
Neutral
Agree
Strongly Agree
1
2
3
4
5
Gender (please tick one)
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Male Female
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Use to obtain Crosstabs table • Observed count or % • Expected count
Crosstab statistics • Chi-square • Correlations
Clustered bar charts
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Use a cross tabulation table to summarise Organisational Commitment by Gender
Observed count Frequency observed in the sample
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Use a cross tabulation table to summarise Organisational Commitment by Gender Row % % of participants Uses row totals
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Use a cross tabulation table to summarise Organisational Commitment by Gender Total % % of participants Uses sample size
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Use a cross tabulation table to summarise Organisational Commitment by Gender Column % % of participants Uses column totals
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Use a cross tabulation table to summarise Organisational Commitment by Gender
4 of 38 Females Strongly Agreed
10.5% of females
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Use a cross tabulation table to summarise Organisational Commitment by Gender
8 of 30 Males Agreed
26.7% of males
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Use a cross tabulation table to summarise Organisational Commitment by Gender
19 of 68 Respondents were Undecided
27.9% of respondents
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females/males who ____________ SD/D/U/A/SA % of _____________ ___
This is Org Com so use % within Org Com Dr. Christine Pereira
This is Gender so use % within Gender
SD/D/U/A/SA are female/male % of those who ____________ ___ _________ ASK Academic Skills (2014-15)
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females/males who ____________ SD/D/U/A/SA % of _____________ ___
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This is Gender so use % within Gender
SD/D/U/A/SA are female/male % of those who ____________ ___ _________ ASK Academic Skills (2014-15)
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females/males who ____________ SD/D/U/A/SA % of _____________ ___
This is Org Com so use % within Org Com Dr. Christine Pereira
This is Gender so use % within Gender
SD/D/U/A/SA are female/male % of those who ____________ ___ _________ ASK Academic Skills (2014-15)
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Choose
your numerical and graphical summaries based on the level of measurement of each variable.
Likert
scale data is ORDINAL not scale.
In
a frequency table, use the Valid Percent rather than the Percent.
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Watch it here https://www.screenr.com/BknN
Read it here
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http://issuu.com/christinepereiraaskbrunel/doc s/download_spss_onto_your_own_compute/1
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Short video tutorials on all these topics
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» Variables go in columns » Categorical data should be coded first » If you import data from Excel, make sure to: Put variable names in the first row Code your categorical data first, then import codes
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» If you choose to code missing data: First, replace all missing values with the code Second, define the missing value code in the Variable View
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» SPSS Survival Manual, 4th Edition (2010) by Julie Pallant. » SPSS Survival Manual, 5th Edition (2013) by Julie Pallant.
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» Discovering Statistics Using SPSS, 3rd Edition (2009) by Andy Field. » Discovering Statistics Using SPSS, 4th Edition (2013) by Andy Field.
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» Caffeinated drinks: http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&docid=Y9I7e2I59JjPCM&tbnid=sr6aMiG082v7UM&ved=0CAgQjRw &url=http%3A%2F%2Fslapenergydrink.com%2Fenergy-drinkscaffeine&ei=N30lVIqPFKid7ga_44EQ&psig=AFQjCNEPc4cpRWQBaBOKS9zoUsC_0DaV9w&ust=1411829431470911
» People in experiment: http://www.google.co.uk/imgres?imgurl=http%3A%2F%2Fezquants.weebly.com%2Fuploads%2F1%2F3%2F4%2F4%2F13445934%2F47970_o rig.gif&imgrefurl=http%3A%2F%2Fezquants.weebly.com%2Ft-test--the-nullhypothesis.html&h=270&w=315&tbnid=pCG2pi0OBEM6yM%3A&zoom=1&docid=9W6CFf18UFyRM&ei=YoIlVKKBBLSS7AbotoGABg&tbm=isch&ved=0CHEQMyhKMEo&iact=rc&uact=3&dur=350&page=4&start=73&ndsp=23
» Placebo: http://www.google.co.uk/imgres?imgurl=http%3A%2F%2Fimage.yaymicro.com%2Frz_1210x1210%2F0%2F5e9%2Fplacebo--pill-with-no-medicinal-effects-in-control-group-of-stu-5e98de.jpg&imgrefurl=http%3A%2F%2Fyaymicro.com%2Fstock-image%2Fplacebo--pill-with-no-medicinal-effects-in-control-group-ofstu%2F1662248&h=1028&w=1210&tbnid=EUdctbyqvrlO4M%3A&zoom=1&docid=aAnQenPGWluQ7M&ei=YoIlVKKBBLSS7AbotoGABg&tbm=i sch&ved=0CGgQMyhBMEE&iact=rc&uact=3&dur=272&page=3&start=46&ndsp=27
Dr. Christine Pereira
» Caffeine tablets: http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&docid=0NqTET17JodZNM&tbnid=eB_SUbuyiKHgM:&ved=0CAcQjRw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.drugstore.com%2Fnatrol-caffeine-100-mg-fast-dissolve-tabletsmocha%2Fqxp450974&ei=pIMlVIqzHIfjOnZgDA&bvm=bv.76247554,d.ZGU&psig=AFQjCNGvhc0bHr1wLewiqAgLuep9lV5BGA&ust=1411831016411090
» Sleeping: http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&docid=9c3klNdFBhfBCM&tbnid=KUe-mlLOZJGBM:&ved=0CAcQjRw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rewordit.org%2Fwhy-your-body-love-tosleep%2F&ei=boUlVNKnIIy_PPfPgcAB&bvm=bv.76247554,d.ZGU&psig=AFQjCNG7qafjwsNMdRYchIgLrBb42tSeiA&ust=1411831519554208
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» Silhouette runners, silhouette collection: running, vol:42. http://freedesignfile.com/upload/2012/10/running_people_03.jpg
» Clip art for professional train participants: http://www.google.co.uk/imgres?imgurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.livingwellcic.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2013%2F07%2FHIV-andStigma-Study.jpg&imgrefurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.livingwellcic.com%2Fnews%2Fhiv-services%2Fhiv-andstigma%2F&h=400&w=472&tbnid=noisZZOR1Xx1AM%3A&zoom=1&docid=CYtMWBe02aU7M&ei=hUMpVJWrJsP0apLMgUA&tbm=isch&ved=0CC8QMygHMAc&iact=rc&uact=3&dur=267&page=1&start=0&ndsp=14
» Clip art for self-train participants:
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http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&docid=IbKSqXDNyckLHM&tbnid=CGxPa Nadhe4VdM:&ved=0CAcQjRw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nearingkolob.com%2Fmormonism-dead-zombie-rituals%2F&ei=0MpVNW6IsGVaqqsgKAG&bvm=bv.76247554,d.d2s&psig=AFQjCNH1emvHrdw_DEn15T4LJV7cjxhrfw&ust=1412076805987563
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