BUILDING SERVICES IN MULTI-STOREY BUILDINGS INVOLVING PUBLIC USE by christinessc

Group members (from left): Lina, Sim Huan, Jillian, Christine, Melissa

Project 2: Building Services in Multi-Storey Buildings Involving Public Use Group 3 Tutor: Ar. Sateerah Hassan

The New PAM Centre, Bangsar Christine See Suk-Ching Jillian Liow Shi Wen Lina Tiong Yit Zhen Melissa Yap Su Mae Sim Huan

0334180 0334045 0334481 0330675 0334736

CONTENT

CONTENT 1. Abstract

2. Acknowledgement

3. Introduction to the New Pam Centre

4. Methodology

5. Limitation of Study 6. Fire Protection System 1. Introduction to Active & Passive Fire Systems

2. Active Fire Protection (Literature Review)

1. Fire Detection System

2. Fire Notification System 3. Fire Fighting System 3. Passive Fire Protection (Literature Review)

1. Means of Escape and Firefighter Access 2. Compartmentation 3. Fire Rated Building Materials

4. Active Fire Protection in the New PAM Centre 1.

Fire Detection System 1. Addressable Smoke Detector 2. Heat Detector

2. Fire Notification System (Automatic & Manual) 1. Fire Alarm Bell

2. Manual Call Point 3. Main Fire Alarm Panel 4. Fire Emergency Light 5. Fireman Switch 6. Voice Communication System 3. Fire Fighting Systems

1. Dry Riser & Dry Hydrant System 2. Hose Reel System 3. Fire Extinguisher THE NEW PAM CENTRE, BANGSAR

1. Fire Notification System (Automatic & Manual) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Addressable Smoke Detector Fire Alarm Bell Manual Call Point Main Fire Alarm Panel Fire Emergency Light Fireman Switch Fireman Intercom

Fire Fighting Systems 1.

Dry Riser & Dry Hydrant System

Hose Reel System

Fire Extinguisher

CONTENT

5. Passive Fire Protection in the New PAM Centre 1. Means of Escape

1. Exits 2. Fire Escape Plan 3. Escape Travel Distance 4. Door Release Mechanism 5. Point of Assembly 2. Fire Fighter Access 1. Fire Appliance Access 2. Fire Fighting Shaft 3. Compartmentation 1. Fire Rated Wall 2. Fire Risk Areas 3. Fire Rated Door 4. Shaft 4. Building Materials

6.6

6.5.4.1.

Precast Concrete

6.5.4.2.

Masonry

6.5.4.3

Steel

6.5.4.4

Aluminium

Conclusion

1. Mechanical Ventilation System

1. Introduction

2. UBBL Compliance

3. Basic Ventilation System (Literature Review)

1. Types of Ventilation Systems

1. Spot Ventilation System 2. Exhaust Ventilation System 3. Supply Ventilation System 4. Balanced Ventilation System 5. Energy Recovery System THE NEW PAM CENTRE, BANGSAR

1. 2.

Main Fire Alarm Panel Fire Emergency Light Fireman Switch Fireman Intercom

Dry Riser & Dry Hydrant System

2. 3.

Hose Reel System Fire Extinguisher

1. 2.

Fire Escape Staircase Fire Doors

3. 4.

Door Release Mechanism Exit Sign

Fire Escape Plan

Passive Fire Protection 1.

Fire Alarm Bell Manual Call Point

3. 4. 5. 6. Fire Fighting Systems

Means of Escape and Firefighter Access

Compartmentation

Fire Rated Building Materials

Escape Travel Distances

1. 2.

Precast Concrete Masonry

3. 4.

Steel Aluminium Cladding

Ceramic Tiles

1. 2.

Spot Ventilation System Exhaust Ventilation System

3. 4.

Supply Ventilation System Balanced Ventilation System

CONTENT

Mechanical Ventilation System 1. 2.

dsf Introduction UBBL Compliance

Basic Ventilation System (Literature Review) 1.

Types of Ventilation Systems

5. 6.

Energy Recovery SysteM mechanical Ventilation Systems Fans

7. 8.

Filters Ducire Damper

Diffuser

2. Components of Mechanical Ventilation Systems 1. Fans 2. Filters 3. Ductwork 4. Fire Damper 5. Diffuser 4. Mechanical Ventilation Systems in PAM Centre 1. Spot Ventilation System 2. Air Handling Unit (AHU) 3. Propeller Fans 5. Conclusion 8. Air Conditioning System 1. Introduction 1. Components of Air Conditioning System 2. Literature Review 1. Operating Principles of Air Cooling 2. Refrigeration Cycle 3. Components of Refrigeration Cycle 4. Process of Refrigerant Cycle 3. Types of Air Conditioning Systems 4. Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) System 1. Types of Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) Systems 5. Components of VRF in PAM Centre 1. Indoor Unit 1. Components of Indoor Unit 2. Outdoor Unit 1. Components of Outdoor Unit 3. Piping 6. Benefits of VRF 7. Air Handling Unit (AHU) 1. Components of AHU 2. AHU Cycle 8. Air Conditioning System in PAM Centre 9. Conclusion THE NEW PAM CENTRE, BANGSAR

100

104 105 107

110 111 113

117 118

121 127

Literature Review

Types of Air Conditioning Systems in PAM Centre

Air Cycle Process

Types of Air Conditioning Systems

Operating Principles of Air Cooling

Refrigeration Cycle

Components of Refrigeration Cycle

Components of Air Cycle Process

Types of VRF

Fan Coil Unit

Indoor Unit

Cassette Unit

Remote Control Unit

Components of Fan Coil unit

Cooling Process

CONTENT

Outdoor Unit 1.

Condenser

Ductwork

Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) Systems 1.

Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) Systems

VRF System in PAM Centre

9. Mechanical Transportation Systems

128

1. Introduction

129

2. UBBL Compliance

130

3. Standard Main Components (Literature Review)

133

1. Car 2. Hoistway 3. Counterweight 4. Machine/Drive System 5. Control System 6. Safety System 7. Buffer 4. Overview of Arrangement

134

5. Type of Lift and Specifications

135

1. How does the lift work? 6. Components of a Lift

136

1. Two Panels, Centre-Opening Doors 2. Buttons 3. Floor Indicator 4. Handrail 5. Fire Resistant Padding 7. Conclusion 10. Mechanical Parking System 1. Introduction

138 139 140

2. Types of Mechanical Parking System (Literature Review) 1. AGV System 2. Crane System 3. Puzzle System 4. Silo System 5. Tower System 6. Stack Parking System THE NEW PAM CENTRE, BANGSAR

Mechanical Ventilation Systems in PAM Centre

Introduction

Literature Review

Types of Air Conditioning Systems in PAM Centre

Air Handling Unit (AHU) Propeller Fans

Fire Damper Diffuser

Operating Principles of Air Cooling

Air Cycle Process

Types of Air Conditioning Systems

Indoor Unit

Outdoor Unit

Refrigeration Cycle

Components of Refrigeration Cycle

Components of Air Cycle Process

Types of VRF

Fan Coil Unit

Cassette Unit

Remote Control Unit

Condenser

Ductwork

CONTENT 1.

Components of Fan Coil unit

Cooling Process

Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) Systems 1.

Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) Systems

VRF System in PAM Centre

Mechanical Transportation Systems 1.

10.

Ductwork

4. 5.

Spot Ventilation System

2. 3. Air Conditioning System

Introduction

UBBL Compliance

Standard Main Components (Literature Review)

Overview of Arrangement

Type of Lift and Specifications

Components of a Lift

Car

Hoistway

Counterweight

Machine/Drive System

Control System

Safety System

Buffer

How does the lift work?

Two Panels, Centre-Opening Doors

Buttons

Floor Indicator

Handrail

Fire Resistant Padding

Mechanical Parking System 1.

Introduction

Types of Mechanical Parking System (Literature Review) 1.

AGV System

Crane System

Puzzle System

Silo System

Tower System

Stack Parking System

3. Mechanical Parking System in PAM Centre

143

1. Safety Feature 2. Operation and Maintenance 4. Conclusion

145

11. Conclusion

147

12. References

149

1. Figure List 2. Diagram List

-END-

THE NEW PAM CENTRE, BANGSAR

159

ABSTRACT

In a group of five students, this assignment aims to analyse the various building services found in a medium-rise public building. We were given the task to conduct an online research and observation of the chosen building, due to the Movement Controlled Order (MCO) as of May-July 2020. The research is then compiled into a thorough and detailed report, in which the building services looked into responses to the codes of UBBL 1984.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Fire Protection System Mechanical Ventilation Air-Conditioning System Mechanical Transportation System Mechanical Parking System*

*The New PAM Centre adopts a mechanical parking system. Hence we decided to include it in our report as we believe that the mechanical parking system shows a good representation of parking spaces in limited land area in the urban setting of Kuala Lumpur.

The outcome of this assignment allows us to have further understanding of how building services are constructed and implemented in the real world. Thus, providing us an insight of an award-winning building, as well as gain in our knowledge of the UBBL and MS1525 codes in which will benefit us in the future as practising architects.

THE NEW PAM CENTRE, BANGSAR

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Under the assistance of lecturers and tutors, especially AR. Sateerah (tutor) and TS. Rizal (lecturer) for the guidance and informative lectures. Co-operative teamwork was present and carried throughout this entire assignment as we were able to complete this report on schedule and have no conflict with one another. As we were unable to conduct a physical site visit due to the virus outbreak, we would like to thank staffs from the PAM Centre (Mrs. Madeline and Encik Adi) who were willing to provide assistance through email, in which eased our data collection. Last but no least, our peers who are willing to share and discuss with us their findings to promote better understanding for both parties and to also maintain a good peer relationship during tough times. Hence, we would like to thank everyone involved in this study.

Group members (from left): Lina, Sim Huan, Jillian, Christine, Melissa THE NEW PAM CENTRE, BANGSAR

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION TO THE NEW PAM CENTRE

Name: The New PAM Centre Location: Jalan Tandok, Bangsar Architect: Mohd Heikal Hasan of HMA & Associates Completion Year: 2016 Certification: Platinum Award for Green Building Index that includes rainwater harvesting system used for irrigation and sewage, a 25kWp photovoltaic system that is generated through solar consumption and vertical greenery to maximise usage of limited space. Design: Exterior is a minimal grid design that promotes passive air ventilation while the interior is industrial made from exposed brick walls, flat concrete slabs and hidden steel columns.

THE NEW PAM CENTRE, BANGSAR

METHODOLOGY AND LIMITATION OF STUDY

METHODOLOGY

The project began by planning out a timeline for our study. Looking into literature reviews of building services, then online referencing and data collection. We contacted the staffs from PAM Centre as we were not able to visit physically. And with that, tasks were then divided to each member to carry out their research on their respective topic. The topics that were covered are fire protection systems, mechanical ventilation, mechanical transportation, air conditioning system, and mechanical parking system. Data Collection was conducted via online, and we took reference from past case studies and various websites. Once collected, the data was compiled into a report, then presented in a clear and organized manner.

LIMITATION OF STUDY

Due to the current virus outbreak and restricted orders, we are unable to conduct a physical site visit of the chosen building. Therefore, we contacted Encik Adi and Mrs. Madeline to help with our study.

One of the difficulties we encountered was the lack of published orthographic drawings, luckily we were able to retrieve them through peers, and was able to proceed with analysis and understanding of spaces and services through the floor plans and sections.

THE NEW PAM CENTRE, BANGSAR

FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM

6.0 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM Active System - Lina Tiong, Jillian Liow Passive System - Christine See

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FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM

6.0 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM 6.1 INTRODUCTION Fire protection system are an effective safety and security measure that intends to protect human lives, environments and preserve the material assets. In any modern structures, it must be constructed in accordance with different building code and laws that is in effect, such as UBBL 1984, when an application for a building permit is made. Once it is complete, the building must be maintained in accordance with the respective building code and laws at all times.

There are two types of fire protection system: (1) Active fire protection system: -Manual and automatic fire protection systems such as fire notification system and fire fighting system to a warning of an outbreak of fire and the containment and extinguishment of fire. (1) Passive fire protection system: -Must be considered at the planning design stage in the building design -Selection of fire resisting materials to contain fire outbreak and spread of fire

INFLUENCE OF TRIANGLE OF NEEDS OF BUILDING DESIGN

The fire triangle represents what is needed for a fire to occur. All three must be present at the same time in order to sustain a fire. A fire will burn until one element is removed. The three elements are:

Fuel = something to burn Oxygen = 21% is needed for optimum burning (that is what we need to breathe) Heat = something hot enough to ignite the fuel

Diagram 6.1.1 Fire triangle showing all necessary component for fire to occur

HOW FIRE SPREADS (1) Convection: -The transfer of heat by the physical movement of hot masses of air. As air is heated, it expands (1) Radiation: -Radiant heat is transmitted to buildings or materials not shielded from fire (1) Conduction: - This type of heat transfer occurs inside materials, it can travel through partitions, floors, ceilings, walls, to adjacent rooms.

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ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION

6.2 ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION (LITERATURE REVIEW) Active Fire Protection consists of the components of fire protection that require some kind of action to work. This action may be manual, like using a fire extinguisher. Active systems usually kick in once the occupants (and computerized systems) in the building are made aware that there is a fire, which allows people to evacuate the building while the active systems keep the fire at bay until members of the fire service arrive. However, AFP doesn’t just incorporate fire suppression systems; fire detection systems also play a crucial role in active fire protection. They are programmed to initiate a predetermined response to either smoke, flames or heat when detected. Those responses include: turning on sprinklers, sounding an alarm, alerting the authorities or automatically closing all fire doors. AFP system can be categorized in 3 types:

AFP

FIRE DETECTION

● ●

Addressable Smoke Detector Heat Detector

FIRE NOTIFICATION

● ● ● ● ● ●

Fire Alarm Bell Manual Call Point Main Fire Alarm Panel Fire Emergency Light Fireman Switch Voice Communication

FIRE FIGHTING

● ● ●

Dry Riser & Dry Hydrant System Hose Reel System Fire Extinguisher

Diagram 6.2.1 Overview of overall active fire protection at PAM Center (Lina Tiong, 2020)

6.2.1

FIRE DETECTION SYSTEM

A fire detection system uses a smoke detector to detect a fire before it actually starts.They receive a signal from a fire sensor (smoke, heat or carbon monoxide detector) and automatically transmit it to the fire alarm panel.

TYPES OF FIRE DETECTION SYSTEM Smoke Detector

DESCRIPTION A smoke detector is an electronic fire-protection device that automatically senses the presence of smoke, as a key indication of fire, and sounds a warning to building occupants.

Figure 6.2.1.1 Smoke Detector

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ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION

TYPES OF FIRE DETECTION SYSTEM Heat Detector

DESCRIPTION Heat detector activate when they detect high temperatures or temperatures that are rising unusually fast

Figure 6.2.1.2 Heat Detector

Flame Detector

Figure 6.2.1.3 Flame Detector

6.2.2

A flame detector is a sensor designed to detect and respond to the presence of a flame or fire, allowing flame detection, include sounding an alarm, deactivating a fuel line and activating a fire suppression system. A flame detector can often respond faster and more accurately than a smoke or heat detector due to the mechanisms it uses to detect the flame

FIRE NOTIFICATION SYSTEM

The basic purpose of an fire notification system is to detect a fire in its early stages, may use audible, visible, or other stimuli to alert the occupants of a fire or other emergency condition requiring action. TYPES OF FIRE NOTIFICATION SYSTEM Fire Alarm Bell

DESCRIPTION Fire alarm bells used to produce public mode signals (high sound pressure output) are designed to notify everyone in a given area or building of the alarm.

Figure 6.2.2.1 Fire Alarm Bell

Manual Call Point

Manual call points are used to initiate an alarm signal, and operate by means of a simple button press or when glass is broken revealing a button.

Figure 6.2.2.2 Manual Call Point

Main Fire Alarm Panel

When a fire breaks out, the fire panel receives a signal from smoke detectors, the fire sprinkler system, a manual call point. This means it canâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t detect the fire on its own, but it can respond to the signals it gets from the systems that detect the smoke, then making a loud noise and lighting up to warn people of the fire, and may send a signal to the fire department .

Figure 6.2.2.3 Main Fire Alarm Panel THE NEW PAM CENTRE, BANGSAR

ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION

Fire Emergency Light

Emergency lighting is lighting for an emergency situation when the main power supply is cut and normal electrical illumination fails. Emergency lighting is normally required to operate fully automatically and give illumination of a sufficiently high level to enable all occupants to evacuate the premises safely.

Figure 6.2.2.4 Fire Emergency Light

Fireman Switch

A fireman's switch is a specialized switch that allows firefighters to quickly disconnect power from high voltage devices that may pose a danger in the event of an emergency

Figure 6.2.2.5 Fireman Switch

Fireman Intercom

Fireman intercom allows instant and effective communication between firefighters, and also allows firefighters to instantly change their plans to fight a fire.

Figure 6.2.2.6 Fire Intercom

EMERGENCY LIGHT

VOICE ALARM SYSTEM

SMOKE DETECTOR

FIRE (SMOKE)

ALARM

MANUAL CALL POINT

MAIN CONTROL PANEL

FIRE STATION

DIGITAL ALARM COMMUNICATION

FIRE BRIGADE

FIREMAN INTERCOM SYSTEM

FIREMAN SWITCH

MASTER CONTROL CONSOLE

Diagram 6.2.2.7 Overview of fire detection system at main building of PAM Center (Feliciana Sofian, 2019)

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ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION

MAIN CONTROL PANEL

FIRE (SMOKE)

SMOKE DETECTOR ALARM

FIRE (HEAT)

HEAT DETECTOR

CO2 CONTROL PANEL

CO2 RELEASED

GI55 CONTROL PANEL

GI55 AGENT RELEASED

Diagram 6.2.2.8 Overview of fire detection system for CO2 and GI55 Extinguisher of PAM Center (Feliciana Sofian, 2019)

Diagram 6.2.2.9 Fire detection system (Electrical Technology, 2019) THE NEW PAM CENTRE, BANGSAR

ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION

6.2.3

FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM

A fire fighting system aims to protect human life and property, strictly in that order. It is a system of equipment used to prevent, extinguish, localize, or block fires in enclosed spaces. There are two types of fire fighting system, which are water based system and non-water based system.

The water based fire system is used for fire scenarios where the main hazard is fire spread by thermal radiation. An example of this is are fires at bulk facilities, as adjacent surface needs to be cooled down from the radiated heat as soon as powerful even though the main fire source has been put out.

The non-water based system are fire suppression systems in which are often used in commercial and industrial buildings as this system offers better protection for people and equipment in the facility, also contributing to a lower cleaning up cost.

Common fire fighting systems that are found in Malaysia are fire hydrants, wet & dry riser system, sprinkler & hose reel system, and last but not least the fire extinguisher

TYPES OF FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM

DESCRIPTION A wet riser system is usually installed in taller buildings in Malaysia for fighting fires. In many places, a wet riser is mandatory for over 50-60 meters high there is not other way to maintain water pressure at these heights to ensure adequate flow to water when in need

Figure 6.2.3.1 Wet Riser System

As opposed to the wet riser system, the dry riser system consists of a central main where is not filled with water. It is intentionally left dried ad only filled by fire fighter equipment when necessary. Thus used for lower-rise buildings as there will not be enough pressure for much higher floors. Figure 6.2.3.2 Dry Riser System

Also known as fire plugs, the fire hydrant is an active fire protection device whereby firefighters are able to access a local fire supply quickly when needed by connecting a hose to release large volume of water to fight the fire

Figure 6.2.3.3 Fire Hydrant

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ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION

The fire sprinkler system is a water supply system that is triggered when heat is detected. Most sprinkler heads are filled with a glycerin-based liquid that will expand when it comes in contact with heat. As the glass shatter, the sprinkler that is connected to a reliable source outside the building is then activated to fight fire.

Figure 6.2.3.4 Sprinkler

A fire hose reel are available at strategic locations of a building to ensure proper coverage in case of a fire. A continuous and controllable supply of water is provided, and under no circumstances, occupants are to use a fire hose around oils, petrols, fats or electricity as there is a risk of the fire spreading. The hose reel system is also widely used in Malaysian schools. Figure 6.2.3.5 Hose Reel System

The fire extinguisher is a portable active fire protection device used to put out small fire in case of emergency. A chemical substance is projected from the extinguisher to calm the flame. There are mainly 5 types of fire extinguishers in Malaysia, as referenced from Firefightingequipment.my Figure 6.2.3.6 Fire Extinguisher

Type of Extinguisher

Function

Red Stripe

Air-pressurized water that is suitable only for Type A fires. Water will spread grease, electrical and Class D fires.

Yellow Stripe

Foam chemical extinguishers are designed for Type A and Type B fires. This extinguisher has a limited ability to fight Type F fires.

Black Stripe

CO2 Carbon Dioxide extinguishers are appropriate for Type B and E fires. These extinguishers cannot be used in confined spaces because the CO2 displaces the available oxygen.

Light Blue Stripe

Dry powder fire extinguishers are the most versatile. They are rated to combat Type A, B, C and E fires. While they have a limited ability to fight Type F fires, they are not rated for Type D fires.

Dark Blue Stripe

These special dry powder portable extinguishers are rated for only Type D fires.

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ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION

DESCRIPTION

TYPES OF FIRE A

Wood, paper, fabric, plastic, general trash

Flammable liquids (gasoline etc.)

Burning Gases (natural gas etc.)

Combustible metals (magnesium, titanium etc.)

Fire involving electrical equipment

Unsaturated oils and fats

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PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION

6.3 PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION (LITERATURE REVIEW) Passive Fire Protection is a fundamental component of fire protection which tends to be overlooked but preferred over Active Fire Protection as it is always working which compared to the active fire protection which requires some action to work. Passive Fire Protection system is a group of components used to compartmentalize a building in order to keep a fire from spreading with less or no work required. This system is structurally built into the building as it allows people to have enough time to escape from a fire spread in a building by having fire-resistant walls and floors. PFP systems must comply with the associated listing and approval use and compliance in order to provide the effectiveness expected by building codes. PFP system can be categorized in 3 types: PFP

MEANS OF ESCAPE ● ● ● ●

Exit Points Fire Escape Staircase Escape Travel Distance Point of Assembly

FIRE FIGHTER ACCESS ● ●

Fire Appliance Access Fire Fighting Shaft

COMPARTMENTATION

● ● ● ●

Fire Rated Walls Fire Risk Areas Fire Rated Door Shaft

FIRE RATED BUILDING MATERIALS ● ● ● ● ●

Precast Concrete Masonry Steel Aluminium Cladding Ceramic Tiles

Diagram 6.3 Overview of overall passive fire protection at PAM Center (Christine See, 2020)

6.3.1

MEANS OF ESCAPE

Any alternative route or pathway that an individual can take to enter or leave the building safely during any occurence of fire. Escape routes are clearly and visually stated through vertical and horizontal exits, and fire escape staircases which guide the occupants directly towards to an exit point without any obstacle in the way. A point of assembly will be found after exiting the building for people to gather together after they have escaped the building.

UBBL 1884 Section 166 states that at least two separate exit routes shall be provided and accessible from each floor together with other necessary additional exits. These exits are required to have no obstruction or obstacles blocking the path in between, making it accessible.

UBBL 1884 Section 169 states that all fire evacuation and escape routes should be required to have a consistent width along its travelling path from the exit on that particular floor to the final exit in order to maintain the accessibility of the paths. THE NEW PAM CENTRE, BANGSAR

PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION

6.3.2

FIRE FIGHTER ACCESS

Fire fighter access gives firefighters the opportunity to gain access externally or from the outside into the building to rescue any occupants that are being trapped in the enclosed space within the building with the help of fire appliance access and fire fighting shaft.

6.3.3

COMPARTMENTATION

Compartmentation is implemented in majority of the buildings to aim for the safety of occupants during a fire, which allows them to escape as safely as possible without getting hurt or any injuries. Compartmentation is being referred to as fire rated walls, fire rated doors, fire risk areas, shafts, enclosed staircase etc. It is the division of the entire building into cells, and by separating one cell from the other through fire rated walls assemble and fire rated doors.

A bigger and higher storey building has a greater importance of compartmentation as it generally takes a longer time to escape from the building due to its large massing. The size of occupancy is another important factor, as one staircase can only hold a limited amount of occupants at a given time for safety reasons. Fire shutters are being used and operated in a large open space such as shopping malls,where fire dampers are being used when there are ductworks passing through any fire rated walls.

6.3.4

FIRE RATED BUILDING MATERIALS

Fire resistance ratings of each material has their own different rate in which fire spread or any different properties that may withstand heat and burn for a specific amount of time. These ratings are predetermined as per Ninth Schedule of the UBBL. Specific building typologies and their own required minimum period of fire resistance with its dimensions are both stated in the UBBL as well.

Reinforced concrete is a good fire resistance rated materials whereas most of the masonry types are made out of stone or clay bricks. Fireproofing is required for structural steel as steel is very vulnerable due to high thermal conductivity as it loses most of its strength at high temperatures. The three methods of fireproofing steel are: a)

Cementitious Coating - Lightweight fireproofing retains advantage as it is an inexpensive raw material without any problems in relation to extreme weight however it may brack following fire events.

Intumescent Coating - Application of coating on steel expands rapidly by 25 times bigger due to extreme

heat to provide protection between flames and steel. No gap is created where moisture can penetrate through and cause corrosion. a)

Dense Concrete - Inexpensive and able to withstand extremely high temperature. It is heavy and may form cracks following any fire events.

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ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION

6.4 ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION IN PAM CENTRE 6.4.1

FIRE DETECTION SYSTEM

6.4.1.1

ADDRESSABLE SMOKE DETECTOR An addressable fire alarm system is made up of a series of fire detectors and devices that are connected back to a central control panel. With addressable systems, each device has an address or location, enabling the exact detector that was triggered to be quickly identified. This makes addressable alarm systems ideal for large buildings, particularly commercial premises spread over a wide area.

Figure 6.4.1.1.1 Smoke detector in PAM Center ( Feliciana Sofian, 2019)

DIFFERENCES

ADDRESSABLE SMOKE DETECTOR

CONVENTIONAL SMOKE DETECTOR

Addressable smoke detector connects devices using a loop, which is only 1 wire connects all devices to the control panel, both ends of the wire loop connect to the control panel.

Each device will be connected to the control panel via its own wire. One end of the wire will be touching the device and another touching the control panel.

Diagram 6.4.1.1.2 Addressable smoke detector ( Arindam Bhadra Fire Safety, 2016)

Diagram 6.4.1.1.3 Conventional smoke detector ( Arindam Bhadra Fire Safety, 2016)

Cost

This system has a range of other facilities that can help to save cost. It monitors the air flow through the smoke detectors to prevent the occurence of false alarms, which can be costly to a business.

Cost a lot, less to buy, but expensive to install, because it requires more wire and more man hours during installation phase.

Reliability

More reliable -If one device becomes disconnected, it wonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t disabled the circuit

Less reliable -If a wire has become severed, the device will become disconnected

Conclusion

When a fire is detected, the deviceâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s address shows up on the main control panel, enable us to find the exact location of a fire and distinguish them quickly.

There is no way of pinpointing the exact location of the fire, but get to know the general idea of where the fire is.

Wiring System

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ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION

There are two main types of smoke detectors: ionization smoke detectors and photoelectric smoke detectors. IONIZATION

PHOTOELECTRIC

Sense the smoke

See the smoke

Respond quicker to open fires

Respond quicker to smoldering fires

Can create false alarm from cooking steam.

Can create false alarm from dusty air

Frequent false alarm. Approximately 30% disconnected after 2 years from false alarms.

Few false alarm. Approximately eight times less false alarms than ionization

High failure rate Smoldering fire: 55% failure Flaming fire : 20% failure

Low failure rate Smoldering fire: 4% failure Flaming fire : 4% failure

(Source: Texas A&M Study)

Diagram 6.4.1.1.4 Comparison between ionization smoke detector and photoelectric detector ( Lina Tiong, 2020 )

Ionization Smoke Detectors

This type of alarm uses a small amount of radioactive material to ionize air in an internal sensing chamber. As a result, the air in the chamber becomes conductive permitting current to flow between two charged electrodes. When smoke particles enter the chamber, the conductivity of the chamber air will decrease. When this reduction in conductivity is reduced to a predetermined level, the alarm is set off.

Photoelectric Smoke Detectors

Unlike ionization detectors, these detectors use a light source and a light sensor to detect smoke.Once the smoke enters the detection chamber, the smoke particles block the light beam and partially reflect light onto the sensors. This in turn trips the alarm. Since many smoldering fires fill the room with dangerous fumes and smoke way before progressing to the open-flame stage, these type of detectors tend to be better at early detection.

The fire detection that used in PAM Center, is an addressable photoelectric smoke detector. With this system, we can pinpoint exactly which device has been activated, and increase efficiency also extends life safety .In PAM Centre, smokes detectors are placed in every room and corridors, also placed in control rooms, such as electrical rooms which has high possibility of fire. The distance between every smoke detectors are less than 10m away from one another.

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ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION

The diagram below shows the placement and installation of smoke detector:

Diagram 6.4.1.1.5 Smoke detectors spacing installed in the ceiling (Fire Detection and Alarm System, 2015)

UBBL 1984 Part VII: Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment, and Fire Fighting Access Section 225: Detecting and extinguishing fire (1) Every building shall be provided with means of detecting and extinguishing fire and with fire alarms together with illuminated exit signs in accordance with the requirements as specified in the Tenth Schedule to these By-Laws. Section 153: Smoke detectors for lift lobbies. (1) All lift lobbies shall be provided with smoke detectors. (2) Lift not opening into smoke lobby shall not use door reopening devices controlled by light beam or photo-detectors unless incorporated with a force close feature which after thirty seconds of any interruption of the beam causes the door to close within a preset time.

LOWER GROUND PLAN (BASEMENT)

THE NEW PAM CENTRE, BANGSAR

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GROUND FLOOR PLAN

FIRST FLOOR PLAN

SECOND FLOOR PLAN

THIRD FLOOR PLAN

THE NEW PAM CENTRE, BANGSAR

ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION

FOURTH FLOOR PLAN

FIFTH FLOOR PLAN

SIXTH FLOOR PLAN

SEVENTH FLOOR PLAN

ROOF PLAN

Diagram 6.4.1.1.6 Floor plans showing the location of smoke detectors (Feliciana Sofian, 2019) )

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6.4.1.2

HEAT DETECTOR

Figure 6.4.1.2.1 Heat detector at generator room, PAM Centre (Feliciana Sofian, 2019)

Heat Detectors are designed to sense temperature change cause by fire. Fire causes detrimental damage to buildings. Detecting fire heat is very important to make sure a fire does not get out of control. Heat detectors are mostly for buildings where the building is the main concern. Heat detection system must be resistant to corrosion, and installed in where there is a electrical and mechanical machine.

PAM building is using rate of rise, spot heat detector, that is a single unit installed in the single location throughout the protected area. Heat Detectors react to the change in temperature caused by fire. Once the temperature rises above 57 C, the heat detector will send a signal to an alarm panel and trigger an alarm.

There are 2 types of heat detector: Fixed heat detector and rate of rise detector. 1)

Fixed Heat Detector

It is designed to alarm at a set temperature. Fixed temperature heat detectors can suffer from thermal lag when fires build quickly may alarm when the room temperature is higher than the set point. Once a fixed heat detector is triggered due to high temperatures, it cannot be restored and will need to be replaced. 1)

Rate of Rise Detector

When fires build quickly, the rate-of-rise compensation prevents thermal lag, allowing these detectors to respond when their set point is reached and will send a signal to the alarm panel if the rise of temperature is 8.3 C or more per minute. A rate of rise heat detector can be restored when it is triggered.

Diagram 6.4.1.2.2 Illustrate Rate-of-Rise Response VS Fixed Temperature Response (Naveen Alarm System India Pvt Ltd., 2017) THE NEW PAM CENTRE, BANGSAR

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Diagram 6.4.1.2.3 Heat detectors spacing installed in the ceiling (Fire Detection and Alarm System, 2015)

In PAM center, heat detections are installed in TNB, generator room,low voltage room where consist many electrical and mechanical systems that can heat up and occur explosion, hence they are located separately from the main building. Therefore each room have their own control panel.

LOWER GROUND PLAN (BASEMENT)

Diagram 6.4.1.2.4 Floor plan showing the locations of heat detectors (Lina Tiong, 2020)

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6.4.2 FIRE NOTIFICATION SYSTEM 6.4.2.1 FIRE ALARM BELL

Figure 6.4.2.1.1 Fire alarm at PAM Centre (Feliciana Sofian, 2019)

Fire alarm bells can be automatically triggered by smoke detectors and heat detectors or can also be triggered by manual fire alarm activators such as manual call points or pull stations. Once it is activated, the alarm makes a loud, high pitched sound to notify people that there is a fire in the building. Audiblevisual signal to alert the occupants of the building and local fire department is also initiated. Product: DEMCO Produced by DEMCO INDUSTRIES SDN BHD It is well proven high reliability, has loud and clear ringing tone, low current consumption,wide operating voltage range, zero standby current as well as interchangeable base There are 2 types of fire bell: Continuous bell and single stroke bell 1) Continuous Bells Continuous bells produce a continuous bell ringing sound as long as power is applied.It is applicable for general signaling purposes, including industrial process supervision, material handling systems, and other life safety and warning systems. 1) Single Stroke Bells When power is applied, single stroke bells emit one strike (tone), and do not repeat until power is removed and reapplied. Particularly applicable to coded systems including office, paging and schools is a single stroke bell.

PAM Building is using DEMCO Continuous Bells due to higher sound level output. Based on Law of Malaysia Uniform Building, the fire bell alarm must produce at least 65dB noise level or 5dB above the ambient noise level.

UBBL 1984 Part VII: Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment, and Fire Fighting Access Section 237: Fire Alarms (1) Fire alarms shall be provided in accordance with the Tenth Schedule to these By-laws. (2) All premises and buildings with gross floor area excluding car park and storage areas exceeding 9290 square metres or exceeding 30.5 metres in height shall be provided with a two-stage alarm system with evacuation (continuous signal) to be given immediately in the affected section of the premises while an alert (intermittent signal) be given in adjoining section. (3) Provision shall be made for the general evacuation of the premises y action of a master control.

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LOWER GROUND PLAN (BASEMENT)

GROUND FLOOR PLAN

FIRST FLOOR PLAN

SECOND FLOOR PLAN

THIRD FLOOR PLAN THE NEW PAM CENTRE, BANGSAR

ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION

FOURTH FLOOR PLAN

FIFTH FLOOR PLAN

SIXTH FLOOR PLAN

SEVENTH FLOOR PLAN

ROOF PLAN

Diagram 6.4.2.1.2 Floor plans showing the locations of fire alarm bells (Feliciana Sofian, 2019) )

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6.4.2.2

MANUAL CALL POINT

Figure 6.4.2.2.1 Manual Call Point at PAM Centre (Feliciana Sofian, 2019)

Manual call point is usually connected to a central fire alarm panel which is in turn connected to an alarm system in the building. They are used to initiate an alarm signal, and operate by means of a simple button press or when glass is broken revealing a button. The maximum distance anyone should have to travel in order to activate a manual call point is 45m, and they are placed approximately 1.4m above the ground. Manual Call Points should be located on escape routes and, in particular, at all storey exits and all exits to open air (whether or not the exits are specified fire exits), so that it is impossible to leave the storey or the building without passing a manual call point.

Figure 6.4.2.2.2 Manual Fire Alarm Pull Station at PAM Centre (Feliciana Sofian, 2019)

For manual fire alarm pull station, it is located 1.4m above the ground below the generator room control panel. The user activates the alarm by pulling the handle down, which completes a circuit and locks the handle in the activated position, sending an alarm to the fire alarm control panel. There are 2 types of fire alarm control panel: (1) Single-Action Station -Single-action boxes require only one action to operate ( a single pull on a lever) -This kind of alarm station is often found indoors, (in office buildings). When the cover is pulled down, it sends the alarm signal. (1) Double-Action Station Double or dual-action boxes require two actions â&#x20AC;&#x201C; breaking glass and pull

The double action station is used in PAM Center, as to prevent accidental operation. UBBL 1984 Part VII: Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment, and Fire Fighting Access Section 155: Fire Mode of Operation (1) The fire mode of operation shall be initiated by a signal from the fire alarm panel which may be activated automatically by one of the alarm devices in the building or manually.

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LOWER GROUND PLAN (BASEMENT)

GROUND FLOOR PLAN

FIRST FLOOR PLAN

SECOND FLOOR PLAN

THIRD FLOOR PLAN THE NEW PAM CENTRE, BANGSAR

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FOURTH FLOOR PLAN

FIFTH FLOOR PLAN

SIXTH FLOOR PLAN

SEVENTH FLOOR PLAN

ROOF PLAN

Diagram 6.4.2.2.3 Floor plans showing the locations of manual call point (Feliciana Sofian, 2019) )

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6.4.2.3

MAIN FIRE ALARM PANEL

Figure 6.4.2.3.1 Control panel room in PAM main building (Feliciana Sofian, 2019)

Figure 6.4.2.3.2 CO2 panel in PAM Centre (Feliciana Sofian, 2019)

The panel has multiple functions: Monitors integrity of system circuits and devices Processes input signals from initiating devices Drives notification appliances Provides an interface with other system Powers power supply

Figure 6.4.2.3.3 IG55 Control panel in TNB room (Feliciana Sofian, 2019)

Figure 6.4.2.3.4 Control panel of PAM main building (Feliciana Sofian, 2019)

A fire control panel is a â&#x20AC;&#x153;brainâ&#x20AC;?, which is a component that offers control through a fire alarm or notification system. Throughout the building, sensors are installed. When a fire starts, a smoke detector, heat detector, hand-activated pull switch, or manual call point sends a signal to a fire panel. Fire sprinkler systems equipped with alarm pressure switch can also transmit a signal to the panel when water begins to flow through an activated sprinkler system.

UBBL 1984 Part VII: Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment, and Fire Fighting Access

Section 155: Fire Mode of Operation (1) The fire mode of operation shall be initiated by a signal from the fire alarm panel which may be activated automatically by one of the alarm devices in the building or manually. (2) If mains power is available all lifts shall return in sequence directly to the designated floor, commencing with the fire lifts, without answering any car or landing calls, overriding the emergency stop button inside the car, but not any other emergency or safety devices, and park with doors open. (3) The fire lifts shall then be available for use by the fire brigade on operation of the fireman's switch. (4) Under this mode of operation, the fire lifts shall only operate in response to car calls but not to landing calls in a mode of operation in accordance with by-law 154. (5) In the event of mains power failure, all lifts shall return in sequence directly to the designated floor and operate under emergency power as described under paragraphs (2) to (4).

Section 238: Command and Control Centre. Every large premises or buildings exceeding 30.5 metres in height shall be provided with a command and control centre located on the designated floor and shall contain a panel to monitor the public address, fire brigade communication, sprinkler, waterflow detectors, fire detection and alarm systems and with a direct telephone connection to the appropriate fire station by-passing the switchboard.

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There are 4 control panels in PAM Centre: (1) Main Control Panel -Located in control room (Lower ground floor of PAM building) (1) CO2 Control Panel for LV Room (2) CO2 Control Panel for Generator Room (3) IG55 Control Panel for TNB Room

MAIN CONTROL PANEL

CO2 CONTROL PANEL (LV ROOM)

CO2 CONTROL PANEL (GENERATOR ROOM)

IG55 CONTROL PANEL (TNB ROOM)

These 3 rooms are equipped with smoke and heat detectors and its own control panel. When the alarm is triggered, these control panel will sent the notification to main control panel, but not giving signals to the whole PAM building.

Diagram 6.4.2.3.5 The CO2 control panel and IG55 control panel are connected to the main control panel (Lina Tiong, 2020)

MASTER CONTROL CONSOLE

Master control console consists zone control modules, master headset and system control module. The master headset is used to communicate with remote headsets which installed each floors. The zone control module provides connection between thermostats and their respective zone valves; and the connection between the end switches and the pump or boiler relay. A system control module is made up of detectors, operates as a single entity and performs the basic control function.

Figure 6.4.2.3.6 Master control console in PAM Centre (Feliciana Sofian, 2019)

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Diagram 6.4.2.3.7 Location of main control panel (Feliciana Sofian, 2019) )

LV ROOM

Located inside the control room

GENERATOR ROOM

Diagram 6.4.2.3.8 Location of CO2 control panels (Feliciana Sofian, 2019) )

Located outside the room

Diagram 6.4.2.3.9 Location of GI55 control panel

Located outside the room

(Feliciana Sofian, 2019 )

Diagram 6.4.2.3.10 Lower ground floor showing location of master control console

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(Feliciana Sofian, 2019) )

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6.4.2.4

FIRE EMERGENCY LIGHT

Figure 6.4.2.4.1 Fire emergency light at PAM Centre (Feliciana Sofian, 2019)

Emergency Lighting is provided to ensure that the escape route is illuminated at all material times, helps emergency first responders and essential maintenance personnel to locate fire fighting equipment to put out fires and support safety efforts. It also perform necessary functions such as shutting down equipment or operations that could become a hazard in the event of fire.

Escape lighting luminaires should be sited to cover the following locations: all exit points and along egress pathways such as corridors, stairs, ramps, aisles, and other emergency evacuation routes. ( Building codes in Malaysia ). Any emergency lights should be legible from a distance of at least 30m under normal lighting and emergency conditions. The two types of emergency lights used in the PAM centre are: Open area lighting – provided to minimise panic and ensure sufficient illumination. -

Escape route lighting – provided to ensure that the means of escape can be effectively identified and safely used at all times when the premises are occupied.

UBBL 1984 Part VII: Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment, and Fire Fighting Access Section 172: Emergency Exit Signs (1) Storey exits and access to such exits shall be marked by readily visible signs and shall not be obscured by any decoration, furnishings or other equipment. (2) A sign reading “KELUAR” with an arrow indicating the direction shall be placed in every location where the direction of travel to reach the nearest exit is not immediately apparent (3) Every exit sign shall have the word “KELUAR” in plainly legible letters not less than 150 millimetres high with the principal strokes of the letters not less than 18 millimetres wide. The lettering shall be in red against a black background. (4) All exit signs shall be illuminated continuously during periods of occupancy. (5) Illuminated signs shall be provided with two electric lamps of not less than fifteen watts each.

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The emergency lightings in the PAM building can be found in: -

Open areas Emergency exits and escape routes External areas in immediate vicinity of exits Lift cars Stairways and walkways Toilets Switch rooms and plant rooms Car park Surau TNB Low Voltage Room Control Panel Room Roof top

UBBL 1984 Tenth Schedule: Table of Requirements for Fire Extinguishment Alarm Systems and Emergency Lighting Occupancy hazard

Emergency Lighting

IV OFFICES 1. 2. 3. 4.

4 Storeys and less or less than 1000 sq.m gross floor area 5 Storeys and over or exceeding 100 sq.m Exceeding 18m but less than 10000 sq.m. Exceeding 30m or 10000 sq.m

a c c

Note: Types of Energy Illumination: (a) Signal point units (b) Generators

The height of PAM Center exceeds 18m but less than 30m, hence the types of Energy Illumination that required for the building is generators as the power supply when the normal electricity is off.

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6.4.2.5

FIREMAN SWITCH

Figure 6.4.2.5.1 Location of fireman switch

(Feliciana Sofian, 2019)

A Fireman’s switch is an electrical isolation switch located within a staircase enclosure to permit the disconnection of electrical power supply to the relevant floor. The switch is mounted in a conspicuous position not more than 2m from the ground. Therefore, only fireman can access and use it by special key. It is coloured red and have a label in lettering at least 13 mm high 'FIREMAN'S SWITCH'. On and off positions are clearly marked, and the OFF position is at the top. A lock or catch should is provided to prevent accidental reclosure. These switches are installed below the alarm bell and fire control panel, at both stairway of each floor in PAM Centre.

UBBL 1984 Part VII: Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment, and Fire Fighting Access

Section 133 Interpretation : Fire Requirement (1) “Fireman’s switch” means a switch located adjacent to the fire lift by the designated floor to enable the fire brigade to gain control of the fire lifts. Section 240 : Electrical Isolation Switch (1) Every floor or zone of any floor with a net area exceeding 929 square metres shall be provided with an electrical isolation switch located within a staircase enclosure to permit the disconnection of electrical power supply to the relevant floor or zone served. (2) The switch shall be of a type similar to the fireman's switch specified in the Institution of Electrical Engineers Regulations then in force.

Diagram 6.4.2.5.2 Lower ground floor showing the location of fireman switch THE NEW PAM CENTRE, BANGSAR

(Feliciana Sofian, 2019) )

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Diagram 6.4.2.5.3 Section showing the location of fireman switch

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(Lina Tiong, 2020)

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6.4.2.6 6.4.2.6.1

VOICE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM VOICE ALARM SYSTEM

Figure 6.4.2.6.1.1 Speaker at ceiling in PAM Centre (Feliciana Sofian, 2019)

Figure 6.4.2.6.1.2 Horn on wall in PAM Centre (Feliciana Sofian, 2019)

Figure 6.4.2.6.1.3 Digital alarm communication in PAM Centre (Feliciana Sofian, 2019)

The main objective of alarm systems is to save lives by warning in time about a dangerous situation. Combining an alarm signal with a voice message and instructing occupants as to what to do has proven to be much more effective in getting people to a safe area. There are 2 types of voice alarm system that used in PAM Center: Speakers and Horns (1) Speaker Emergency voice speaker is a rugged sound projector ideally suited for use in interior spaces every floor in PAM Center. (1) Horn Horns are designed for installation in outdoor or ambient temperature areas where a wide angle of coverage is required. It is located at car park, open area, electrical and mechanical rooms, and rooftop.

UBBL 1984 Part VII: Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment, and Fire Fighting Access Section 239: Voice communication system There shall be two separate approved continuously electrically supervised voice communications systems, one a fire brigade communications system and the other a public address system between the central control station and the following areas: a) lifts, lift lobbies, corridors and staircases; b) in every office area exceeding 92.9 square metres in area; c) in each dwelling unit and hotel guest room where the fire brigade system may be combined with the public address system.

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6.4.2.6 6.4.2.6.2

VOICE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM FIREMAN INTERCOM SYSTEM

Firemen intercom system in PAM Centre provides a two-way communication: (1)

Remote Telephone Headset(s) -To communicate critical information between firefighters during emergency for fire evacuation purposes. -located in the building -located at both stairway of each floor and lift lobbies

(1) Master Telephone Headset -Direct link to Jabatan Bomba -The control panel will send the signal to the local fire station when the fire alarm is triggered and ringing. Therefore, the fire station will call to control room in PAM Center to check is it a real fire or false alarm. -located at the fire command centre. -located at the lower ground floor in the control room of PAM Centre.

Figure 6.4.2.6.2.1 Telefon Bomba Api in PAM Centre (Feliciana Sofian, 2019)

Diagram 6.4.2.6.2.2 Location of digital alarm communication in PAM Centre (Feliciana Sofian, 2019) ) THE NEW PAM CENTRE, BANGSAR

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LOWER GROUND PLAN (BASEMENT)

GROUND FLOOR PLAN

FIRST FLOOR PLAN

SECOND FLOOR PLAN

THIRD FLOOR PLAN THE NEW PAM CENTRE, BANGSAR

ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION

FOURTH FLOOR PLAN

FIFTH FLOOR PLAN

SIXTH FLOOR PLAN

SEVENTH FLOOR PLAN

ROOF PLAN

Diagram 6.4.2.6.2.3 Floor plans showing location of fire intercom (Feliciana Sofian, 2019) )

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6.4.3 6.4.3.1

FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEMS IN PAM CENTRE DRY RISER & DRY HYDRANT SYSTEM

Figure 6.4.3.1.1 Dry Riser in PAM (Cryslyn Tan, 2017)

Figure 6.4.3.1.2 Hose Reel & Riser in PAM (Cryslyn Tan, 2017)

Figure 6.4.3.1.3 Dry Riser Inlet (Google)

Diagram 6.4.3.1.1 Schematic Drawing of Dry Riser & Hydrant

The new PAM Centre uses a vertical standpipe dry riser system. This device is installed for fire fighting purposes and has a connection at ground level, in which pumps in water to the system by a fire fighting crew’s engine pump. Fire hose attachments are available at each floor. A dry riser system is an internal hydrant for fire hydrant use, required in buildings between 18.3 meters and 30.5 meters above ground. The standpipes are erected vertically to each floor with a landing valve and hose cradle. Dry hydrants and hose cradles are Located at lift lobby and staircases on every floor, carpark at the lower ground floor. The diagram shows a schematic section of how the dry rising system works in PAM Center. The enclosed box with a signage is a dry riser inlet in which is located not more than 18 meters from the fire appliance access road and not more than 30 meters from the nearest fire hydrant

UBBL 1984 Installation and Testing of Dry Rising System Section 230: Dry Riser Systems (1) Dry Rising Systems shall be provided in every building in which the topmost occupied floor is more than 18.5 meters but less than 30.5 meters above fire appliances access level. (2) A hose connection shall be provided in each fire fighting access lobby. (3) Dry Risers shall be of minimum “Class C” pipes with fittings and connections of sufficient strength to withstand 21 bars of water pressure. (4) Dry Risers shall be tested hydrostatically to withstand not less than 14 bars of pressure for two hours in the presence of the Fire Authority before acceptance (5) All horizontal runs of the dry rising systems shall be pitched at the rate of 6.35 millimeters in 3.05 millimeters. (6) The dry riser shall not be less than 102 millimeters in diameter in buildings in which the highest outlet is 22.875 meters or less above the fire brigade pumping inlet and not less than 152.4 millimeters diameter where the highest outlet is higher than 22.875 meters above the pumping inlet. (7) 102 millimeters diameter dry risers shall be equipped with a two-way pumping inlet and 152.4 millimeters dry risers shall be equipped with a four-way pumping inlet.

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LOCATION OF DRY RISER SYSTEM IN PAM CENTRE REPRESENTED THROUGH GROUND, THIRD, SEVENTH FLOOR PLAN

Diagram 6.4.3.1.2

Diagram 6.4.3.1.3

Diagram 6.4.3.1.4

GROUND FLOOR PLAN

THIRD FLOOR PLAN

SEVENTH FLOOR PLAN

As seen in the plans shown above, the dry riser systems are located at lift lobby and staircases at both ends of every floor near the lifts and service spaces.

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6.4.3.2. HOSE REEL SYSTEM

Figure 6.4.3.2.1 Hose Reel (Cryslyn Tan, 2017)

Figure 6.4.3.2.2 Hose Reel Pump (Cryslyn Tan, 2017)

Diagram 6.4.3.2.1 Components of the Hose Reel System

Diagram 6.4.3.2.2 Schematic Diagram of Hose Reel System

A fire hose reel are available at strategic locations of a building to ensure proper coverage in case of a fire. A continuous and controllable supply of water is provided. The system is made up of a hose reel pump, water storage tank, hose reel, pipes and valves, as seen in the breakdown of the system. A dry riser system is an internal hydrant for fire hydrant use, required in buildings between 18.3 meters and 30.5 meters above ground. The standpipes are erected vertically to each floor with a landing valve and hose cradle. Dry hydrants and hose cradles are Located at lift lobby and staircases on every floor, carpark at the lower ground floor. The diagram shows a schematic section of how the hose reel system works in PAM Center. Permanently connected to a water supply, the valve controls the On and Off of the system. A hose nozzle is attached to the end of the hose to enable easy control and guide when used, The diameter of the hose reel is 19 millimeters and the length of it is 30 meters. Located at lift lobbies, staircases, center of hallways on every floor. A total of 3 hose reels are found in each floor, along the fire escape route.

Diagram 6.4.3.2.3

FIFTH FLOOR PLAN

UBBL 1984 Classification of Active Fire Requirements Section 235: Fixed Installations (1) Fixed installations shall be either total flooding system or unit protection system depending upon the nature of hazard process and occupancy as may be required by the Fire Authority.

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6.4.3.3. FIRE EXTINGUISHER

Figure 6.4.3.3.1 Fire Extinguishers in PAM (Cryslyn Tan, 2017)

Figure 6.4.3.3.2 Common Dry Powder Extinguisher

Figure 6.4.3.3.2 Carbon Dioxide Fire Extinguisher

A portable device that could be used in the state of emergency, during initial outbreak into full scale fire. According to general building codes, the device shall be located close to the proximity of fire hazard and placed in obvious and unobstructed locations, and must be visible from all directions including the fire escape route. The location of fire extinguishers in the PAM Centre are strategically placed at corridors, staircases, function rooms, control rooms and auditoriums for convenience during a fire. PAM Centre utilizes two types of fire extinguishers, which are the common dry powder extinguisher and the carbon dioxide fire extinguisher.

UBBL 1984 Fire Extinguishing Appliances

Section 09 : Portable Fire Extinguishers (4) Portable fire extinguishers must be maintained in a fully charged and operating condition, and kept at their designated locations at all times when they are not being used. (5) Portable fire extinguishers must be located in such a way that they are readily accessible in the event of a fire. They should preferably be located along normal paths of travel including exits from an area. (6) Portable fire extinguishers must not be obstructed or obscured from view. Where visual obstruction cannot be completely avoided, means must be provided to indicate the location of the extinguishers. (7) Portable fire extinguishers may installed on hangers/brackets, mounted in cabinets, or set on shelves unless the extinguishers are of the wheeled type. Cabinets housing extinguishers must not be locked. Where extinguishers are subjected to malicious use, locked cabinets with emergency access may be used. (8) Each portable fire extinguisher must be securely attached with a valid certificate from the fire authority.

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6.5 PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION IN PAM CENTRE 6.5.1 MEANS OF ESCAPE 6.5.1.1 EXITS An exit is a pathway that is used in times of danger to provide a safe and convenient means of escape away from the building to the outside of the building in any emergency conditions such as fire. Emergency exits are reserved exit routes that may only be used in case of any emergency happening anytime anywhere. Fire escape exits usually consist of fire rated stairways and ladders that are mounted to the exterior of the building and they are a special type of emergency exit. A main doorway can also be used as an emergency exit if it meets certain safety standards such as the ability to be easily opened from the inside.

Diagram 6.5.1.1.1 Section showing the exit route to final exit in PAM Center (Christine See, 2020)

Reference to UBBL 1984: Part VII: Fire Requirements Section 174 (1) Where two or more storey exits are required they shall be spaced at not less than 5 meters apart measured between the nearest edges of the openings. (2) Each exit shall give direct access to (a) A final exit; (b) A protected staircase leading to a final exit; or (c) An external route leading to a final exit

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HORIZONTAL EXIT (EXIT DOORS) The horizontal exit in PAM Center Bangsar consist of the lift lobby, fire-fighting lobby, fire-protected pathways and corridors which lead all occupants towards the emergency escape staircase that can be easily accessed through fire-rated doors in the building. Fenestrations such as the opening of windows in the horizontal spaces also plays a role to direct smoke from the fire out from the building. Fire-rated materials used to build this structure and space ensures the safety measurements of occupants to evacuate safely from the building.

Figure 6.5.1.1 Horizontal exit at lift lobby (Ting Ying, 2019)

Reference to UBBL 1984: Part VII: Fire Requirements Section 133 Horizontal exit is a means of egress from a compartment or building to an adjacent compartment or building on approximately the same level and thence to a protected staircase or final exit either direct or via a protected corridor Section 171 (1) Where appropriate, horizontal exits may be provided in lieu of other exits. (2) Where horizontal exits are provided, protected staircases and final exits need only be of a width to accommodate the occupancy load of the larger compartment or building discharging into it so long as the total number of exit widths provided is not reduced to less than half that would otherwise be required for the whole building. (3) For institutional occupancies, the total exit capacity other than horizontal exits shall not be reduced by more than one-third that would otherwise be required for the entire area of the building. Section 173 (1) All exit doors shall be openable from the inside without the use of a key or any special knowledge or effort (2) Exit doors shall close automatically when released and all door devices including magnetic door holders, shall release the doors upon power failure or actuation of the fire alarm.

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PROTECTED STAIRCASE TO FINAL EXIT

HORIZONTAL EXIT

COMPARTMENT WALL

PROTECTED STAIRCASE TO FINAL EXIT

Diagram 6.5.1.1.2 Horizontal exit. (Christine See, 2020)

Conclusion In relation to the above brief of the By-law UBBL 1984 Section 171, horizontal exits that are present and being used in PAM Center Bangsar fulfills the UBBL 1984 requirements as they can be clearly seen and apparent throughout each floor in every level in the building. All of the horizontal exits are strategically located leading occupants to the protected staircase on the office levels,whereas the ground floor provides horizontal exits towards the final exits which is the main entrance of the building that is determined in Section 171 and Section 174 in UBBL Bylaw. Thus, by identifying the horizontal exits on each floor, it eases the occupantsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; evacuation process and procedure, making everything less chaotic.

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VERTICAL EXIT (FIRE ESCAPE STAIRCASE) The vertical exit in PAM Center Bangsar consist of 8 levels which includes the basement car park below. All the floors share the same emergency fire escape staircase routes which then leads to the ground floor exit and towards the assembly point. Vertical exits are crucial and important during the evacuation procedure when occupants are evacuating from higher levels within the building to the ground floor. The fire-resistant building materials found in the vertical exits are reinforced concrete wall and fire-resistant escape staircases which are located within an enclosed space accessible through a fire-rated door.

Figure 6.5.1.1.1 Staircase functioning as an exit from upper floor to ground floor (LIVINGASEAN, 2016)

Figure 6.5.1.1.2 Reinforced concrete and brick wall and fire-resistant escape staircase located within an enclosed area (Ting Ying, 2019)

In accordance to the UBBL 1984 By-law, the fire escape staircase should have a width of 1000mm with a riser height of 180mm and a thread length of 255mm. The dimension stated should be in a uniform and consistent manner throughout including the landings of the staircase. Handrails are also important and compulsory to be present at the staircase for guidance and assisting occupants to move down from the building.

Figure 6.5.1.1.3 Fire escape or emergency staircase that is equipped with a bright yellow outline to allow visual permeability (Cryslyn Tan, 2017)

As can be seen from PAM Center, two fire escape staircases can be seen on each end of th building in the location of exits later in the report, which is suitable for the scale of the building. This complies to the UBBL 1984 By-Law Clause 166 which states that there must be at least two separate exits on each floor in addition to extra exits. The emergency fire escape staircase consist of a clear exit signage to direct occupants correctly out from the building to the ground floor which then leads them to the designated assembly point. THE NEW PAM CENTRE, BANGSAR

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UBBL 1984 Part VII: Fire Requirements Section 166 (1) Except as permitted by By-law 167 not less than two separate exits shall be provided from each storey together with such additional exits as may be necessary. (2) The exists shall be so sited and the exit access shall be so arranged that the exits are within the limits of travel distance as specified in the Seventh Schedule to these By-laws and are readily accessible at all times. Section 168 (1) Except as provided for in By-law 194 every upper floor shall have means of egress via at least two separate staircases. (2) Staircases shall be of such width that in the event of any one staircase not being available for escape purposes the remaining staircases shall accommodate the highest occupancy load of any one floor discharging into it calculated in accordance with provisions in the Seventh Schedule to these By-laws. (3) The required width of a staircase shall be the clear width between walls but handrails may be permitted to encroach on this width to a maximum of 75mm. (4) The required width of a staircase shall be maintained throughout its length including at landing. (5) Doors giving access to staircases shall be so positioned that their swing shall at no point encroach on the required width of the staircase or landing. Section 169 No exit route may reduce in width along its path of travel from the storey exit to the final exit. Section 190 Any permanently installed external staircase is acceptable as a required exit under the same condition as an internal staircase; Provided that such staircase shall comply with all the requirements for internal staircases. External staircases shall be separated from the interior of the building by walls and fire doors of the same fire resistance ratings as required for internal staircases.

Conclusion Both the horizontal and vertical exits found in PAM Center meets the requirements in the UBBL 1984 By-laws as they are very clearly shown and apparent throughout the floor on every level in the building as shown in Section 169 and Section 171. Thus, by identifying the horizontal exits on each floor, it eases the occupantsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; evacuation process and procedure, making everything less chaotic.

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BASEMENT EXIT STAIRCASE

TO UPPER FLOORS

FROM BASEMENT FLOOR COMPARTMENT WALL

An exit staircase which serves as the purpose of basement storey in a building must comply with all of the mentioned applicable provisions for the exit staircases, and this particular exit staircase must not be made continuous with other exit staircases which serves as a nonbasement storey in a building in order to avoid any confusion of the occupants when they are in a panic state evacuating the building.

EXIT Diagram 6.5.1.1.3 Basement exit staircase plan. (Christine See, 2020)

EXIT STAIRCASE FOR UPPER LEVELS ONLY

COMPARTMENT WALL SEPARATING UPPER AND BASEMENT LEVEL

The basement exit staircase which can be seen that is vertically aligned with the exit staircases of the upper floors which are the non-basement storeys must be separated from other exit staircases by a construction which is fire resistant, which in this case is a compartment wall for a minimum period equal to that required for the enclosure.

EVACUATE TO OUTSIDE OF THE BUILDING AT GROUND LEVEL

EXIT STAIRCASE FOR BASEMENT LEVEL ONLY

Diagram 6.5.1.1.4 Basement exit staircase perspective view. (Christine See, 2020) THE NEW PAM CENTRE, BANGSAR

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SMOKE LOBBY TO STAIRCASES

VENTILATION OF SMOKE LOBBY

FIRE DOOR ‘X’ WIDTH OF SMOKE LOBBY MUST BE MORE THAN EIT WIDTH

SMOKE LOBBY

Smoke lobby functions as a point for fire and rescue personnel to overcome the source of fire within the same floor when the smoke lobby doubles as a fire fighting access lobby

FIRE DOOR

PERMANENT OPENABLE WINDOW OF 1m² MINIMUM TO OUTSIDE OR LIGHT WELL (BYLAW SECTION 196)

SMOKE LOBBY OR FIRE FIGHTING ACCESS LOBBY LIFT

Diagram 6.5.1.1.5 Smoke lobby to staircases and its ventilation. (Christine See, 2020)

UBBL 1984 Part VII: Fire Requirements Section 196 In buildings exceeding 18m above ground level, protected lobbies are required if the staircases are not ventilated or pressurised. SMOKE LOBBY FOR STAIRCASE EXTENDED TO BASEMENT

Smoke lobbies prevent any ingress of smoke and toxic gases into the escape fire staircase whenever the fire rated door at the fire escape staircase is opened. Besides that, pressurisation of the staircase can also function with the same purpose by creating a positive pressure within the stairwell to prevent smoke ingress

GROUND FLOOR

BASEMENT SMOKE LOBBY REQUIRED

Diagram 6.5.1.1.6 Sectional Perspective of smoke lobby in basement. (Christine See, 2020) THE NEW PAM CENTRE, BANGSAR

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LOCATION OF EXITS EXIT DOOR (HORIZONTAL EXIT) FIRE STAIRCASE (VERTICAL EXIT)

LOWER GROUND PLAN (BASEMENT) EXIT DOOR (HORIZONTAL EXIT) FIRE STAIRCASE (VERTICAL EXIT)

GROUND FLOOR PLAN EXIT DOOR (HORIZONTAL EXIT) FIRE STAIRCASE (VERTICAL EXIT) FIRST FLOOR PLAN EXIT DOOR (HORIZONTAL EXIT) FIRE STAIRCASE (VERTICAL EXIT) SECOND FLOOR PLAN EXIT DOOR (HORIZONTAL EXIT)

FIRE STAIRCASE (VERTICAL EXIT) THIRD FLOOR PLAN THE NEW PAM CENTRE, BANGSAR

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EXIT DOOR (HORIZONTAL EXIT) FIRE STAIRCASE (VERTICAL EXIT) FOURTH FLOOR PLAN

EXIT DOOR (HORIZONTAL EXIT) FIRE STAIRCASE (VERTICAL EXIT) FIFTH FLOOR PLAN

EXIT DOOR (HORIZONTAL EXIT)

FIRE STAIRCASE (VERTICAL EXIT) SIXTH FLOOR PLAN

EXIT DOOR (HORIZONTAL EXIT) FIRE STAIRCASE (VERTICAL EXIT) SEVENTH FLOOR PLAN

EXIT DOOR (HORIZONTAL EXIT) FIRE STAIRCASE (VERTICAL EXIT) ROOF PLAN Diagram 6.5.1.1.7 Floor plans showing location of exit door and fire staircase. (Christine See, 2020) THE NEW PAM CENTRE, BANGSAR

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6.5.1.2 FIRE ESCAPE PLAN

Figure 6.5.1.2.1 Fire escape plan found on wall in the lift lobby. (Ting Ying, 2019)

The fire escape plan in PAM Center can be seen located at the life lobby area on every floor. This plan functions as a guidance to lead occupants out from the building away from any fire occurrence by using the fire escape staircase. Location of fire extinguishing equipments such as the fire extinguisher and hose reel are indicated in the fire escape plan. The current location of the occupants can also be read by the occupant himself on the fire escape plan. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to determine the following: ● Specific evacuation procedures including the evacuation routes and exit points ● Procedure for assisting evacuees to those ● Conditions under which an evacuation would be necessary

LOWER GROUND FLOOR LEVEL (BASEMENT)

LIFT SHAFT STAIRCASE SHAFT EVACUATION ROUTE

The lower ground floor, car park level comprises of two sides of configuration point on each end to allow occupants to have easy access to the emergency route through the vertical exits and gather at the assembly point on the ground floor to be discharged out from the building. The spatial layout which is easily read increases the convenience of occupants as they can understand it clearly and identify the circulation pattern that guides them towards the exit lobby and emergency fire escape staircases.

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GROUND FLOOR LEVEL LIFT SHAFT

STAIRCASE SHAFT EVACUATION ROUTE

The lobby is located on the ground floor plan. Occupants are free to exit and evacuate through different emergency exits from every cardinal direction of this level as there are opening exit routes towards the South, East and West. This guides the movement of the occupants, making it easy and convenient for them to flow safely when there is a big crowd during the emergency.

OFFICE FLOOR LEVEL 1-7

LIFT SHAFT STAIRCASE SHAFT EVACUATION ROUTE

Exit route on the office levels can be seen to be in a uniform manner throughout the entire building. Fire escape staircases (vertical exits) can be seen at both ends of the building to comply with the UBBL 1984 By-law. The circulation pattern which runs through a linear horizontal axis along the corridor and into office lots makes the escape procedure much more easier and convenient for the occupants to follow during an emergency.

ROOFTOP LEVEL

LIFT SHAFT STAIRCASE SHAFT EVACUATION ROUTE

Rooftop level of this building is directed towards the fire escape staircase at both ends of the building, similar to the other levels and this directs the occupants down towards the lobby at the ground floor.

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6.5.1.3 ESCAPE TRAVEL DISTANCE

In relation to the UBBL 1984 By-law Section 133, travel distance refers to the distance required to be transversed from any point in a storey of a building to enter the fire-resisting door in the staircase enclosure or if there is no such door, the first stair tread of the staircase

Diagram 6.5.1.3.1 Example of escape travel distance (Christine See, 2020)

UBBL 1984 Part VII: Fire Requirements Section 165 (1) The travel distance to an exit shall be measured on the floor or other walking surface along the centre line of the natural path of travel, starting 0.300 metre from the most remote point of occupancy, curving around any corner or obstructions with 0.300 metre clearance thereform and ending at the storey exit. Where measurement includes stairs, it shall be taken in the plane of the trend noising. (2) In the case of open areas the distance to exits shall be measured from the most remote point of occupancy provided that the direct distance shall not exceed two-thirds the permitted travel distance. (3) In the case of individual rooms which are subject to occupancy of not more than six person, the travel distance shall be measured from the doors of such rooms; Provided that the travel distance from any point in the room to the room door does not exceed 15 metres

The table below shows the maximum travel distance for the types of exit and dead-ends, divided by purposed group and limit when other alternative exits are available. This is to prove that the travel distance in PAM Center complies to the Seventh Schedule of the UBBL 1984 By-laws.

PURPOSE GROUP

OFFICE

Diagram 6.5.1.3.2 Dead-end of travel distance to exit in office lower ground. (Ting Ying, 2019) THE NEW PAM CENTRE, BANGSAR

LIMIT WHEN ALTERNATIVE EXITS ARE AVAILABLE DEAD END LIMIT (METRE) 15

UNSPRINKLERED

SPRINKLERED

Diagram 6.5.1.3.3 Seventh schedule showing table of maximum travel distances in offices

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6.5.1.4 DOOR RELEASE MECHANISM Door release mechanism is an electromechanical device which releases a door strike when it is activated. This mechanism can be found at the lower ground level (basement) where the access is only possible through the use of a pass card. This door is locked by a magnetic door lock that is installed on top of the door and door frame. However during an emergency, the door is being disabled from the interior by pressing the door release button as a safety measurement to allow constant outward movement of the occupants as they escape from the building incase there is a fire.

Figure 6.5.1.4.1 Everbright door release mechanism next to manual call point. (Cryslyn Tan,, 2017)

UBBL 1984 Part VII: Fire Requirements Section 162 (1) Fire doors of the appropriate Fire-rated Protection (FRP) shall be provided (2) Openings in compartment walls and separating walls shall be protected by a fire door having FRP in accordance with the requirements for that wall specified in the Ninth Schedule to these By-laws. (3) Openings in protecting structures shall be protected by fire doors having FRP of not less than half the requirement for the surrounding wall specified in the Ninth Schedule to these By-laws but in no case less than half hour. (4) Openings in partitions enclosing a protected corridor or lobby shall be protected by fire doors having FRP of half-hour. (5) Fire doors including frames shall be constructed to a specification which can be shown to meet the requirements for the relevant FRP when tested in accordance with Section 3 of BS 476:1951

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6.5.1.5 POINT OF ASSEMBLY

Figure 6.5.1.5.1 Left side assembly point (Ting Ying, 2019)

Figure 6.5.1.5.2 Right side assembly point (Ting Ying, 2019)

UBBL 1984 Part VII: Fire Requirements Section 178 In buildings classified as institutional or places of assembly, exits to a street or large open space, together with staircases, corridors and passages leading to such exits shall be located, separated or protected as to avoid any undue danger to the occupants of the place of assembly from fire originating in the other occupancy or smoke therefrom. Section 179 Each place of assembly shall be classified according to its capacity as follows: Class A - Capacity .... 1000 persons or more Class B - Capacity â&#x20AC;Ś 300 to 1000 persons Class C - Capacity â&#x20AC;Ś 100 to 300 persons Section 183 Every place of assembly, every tier or balcony and every individual room used as a place of assembly shall have exits sufficient to provide for the total capacity thereof as determined in accordance with bylaw 180 and as follows: (a) No individual unit of exit width shall serve more than one hundred persons; (b) Doors leading outside the building at ground level or not more than three risers above or below ground one hundred persons per exit unit; (c) Staircases or other types of exit not specified in by-law 177 above seventy-five persons per exit unit; (e) Every Class B place of assembly (capacity three hundred to one thousand persons or more) shall have at least four separate exits as remote from each other as practicable;

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Diagram 6.5.1.5.1 Section showing assembly point of PAM Center (Christine See, 2020)

FIRE ESCAPE STAIRCASE

POINT OF ASSEMBLY

ASSEMBLY PATH

LOWER GROUND FLOOR PLAN Diagram 6.5.1.5.2 Lower ground floor plan showing fire staircase to assembly point route (Christine See, 2020)

FIRE ESCAPE STAIRCASE

POINT OF ASSEMBLY

ASSEMBLY PATH

GROUND FLOOR PLAN Diagram 6.5.1.5.3 Ground floor plan showing fire staircase to assembly point route (Christine See, 2020)

Conclusion All in all, the assembly point that is present in PAM Center is classified under Class B as the office building has an intention of accommodating less than 1000 occupants in the building including office staffs and security staffs. Thus, the three exit points found on the ground floor lead to the assembly point in relation to Section 183 as the assembly area is segregated from the building that evacuees are safe from danger of fire. Therefore, the place of assembly in PAM Center Bangsar has a suitable spot of evacuation to assemble and gather occupants away from danger as it is in compliance with the UBBL 1984 By-law under Section 178,179 and 183.

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6.5.2 FIRE FIGHTER ACCESS Fire fighting access is an accessible pathway or opening to ensure firefighters have a clear access into the building from the external to rescue any occupants in need of help from danger without any obstacles or obstructions blocking their way. This also allows efficient and effective fire fighting equipment to be carried out to rescue those occupants in need.

6.5.2.1 FIRE APPLIANCE ACCESS

A pathway for vehicular access such as hydraulic platforms or turntable ladders to the exterior of the building are needed to supply water and also equipment for fire fighting and rescue activities. However, access requirements increase depends on the building size and height. UBBL 1984 Part VII: Fire Requirements Section 140 All buildings in excess of 7000 cubic metres shall abut upon a street of road or open space of not less than 12 metres width and accessible to fire brigade appliances. The proportion of the building abutting the street, road or open space shall be in accordance with the following scale:

Volume of building in cubic metre

Minimum proportions of perimeter of building

7000 to 28000

One-sixth

28000 to 56000

One-fourth

56000 to 84000

One-half

84000 to 112000

Three-fourths

112000 and above

Island Site

Diagram 6.5.2.1.1 One sixth and one fourth appliance access (Ting Ying, 2019) THE NEW PAM CENTRE, BANGSAR

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LOCATION OF PAM CENTER, BANGSAR

Figure 6.5.2.1.1 Building volume of PAM Centre along the width of the streets (Christine See, 2020)

Conclusion With a volume of 19842ă&#x17D;Ľ occupied by PAM Center, it is clearly known that a minimum of one fourth perimeter of the building must be provided with the fire appliance access road. The adjacent street to PAM Center is less than the minimum given width of 12m and therefore, does not comply to the UBBL 1984 By-law. Thus, this actual width of the street will most likely prevent the fire appliance access throughout the site, delaying the process for firefighters to access into the building in time during a fire outbreak or emergency.

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6.5.2.2 FIRE FIGHTING SHAFT A fire fighting shaft can be found in most high rise buildings, especially buildings with deep basement and large floor areas. It comprises of fire fighting stairs, fire fighting lobby and fire fighting lift which has the purpose of allowing personnel and equipment to reach a fire quickly to assist the fire fighting process in saving innocent lives, minimize the overall environmental damage and also reduce any building losses. The shaft link all the necessary floors of the building in PAM Center as they maintain a 2-hour maximum duration of fire resistance to both firefighters and occupants in the building.

LOWER GROUND PLAN (BASEMENT)

GROUND FLOOR PLAN

FIRST FLOOR PLAN

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SECOND FLOOR PLAN

THIRD FLOOR PLAN

FOURTH FLOOR PLAN

FIFTH FLOOR PLAN

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SIXTH FLOOR PLAN

SEVENTH FLOOR PLAN

ROOF FLOOR PLAN

Diagram 6.5.2.2.1 Floor plans showing the fire fighting shafts in the building at both ends (Christine See, 2020)

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FIRE FIGHTING STAIRS In relation to the UBBL 1984 By-law Section 133, a fire fighting staircase brings the purpose by having means of access for the firefighters to enter the building if there is any occurence of fire. The emergency escape fire staircase in PAM Center, Bangsar complies to the UBBL By-law and can be functioning as a fire fighting staircase. This staircase reaches the top of the building for direct access to each floor level in the building.

UBBL 1984 Part VII: Fire Requirements Section 168 (1) Except as provided for in By-law 194 every upper floor shall have means of egress via at least two separate staircase. (2) Staircases shall be of such width that in the event of any one staircase not being available for escape purposes the remaining staircases shall accommodate the highest occupancy load of any one floor discharging into it calculated in accordance with provisions in the Seventh schedule to these By-laws. (3) The required width of a staircase shall be maintained throughout its length including at landings. (4) Doors giving access to staircases shall be so positioned that their swing shall at no point encroach on the required width of the staircase or landing. (5) Doors giving access to staircases shall be so positioned that their swing shall at no point encroach on the required width of the staircase or landing.

Conclusion The fire staircase in PAM Center has two separate staircases and the door swing at no point encroach complies to the UBBL 1984 By-law Section 168 and meets the fire protection requirements.

Diagram 6.5.2.2.2 Fire escape staircase have two separate staircases at the PAM Center. (Christine See, 2020)

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Diagram 6.5.2.2.3 Door swing at no point encroach as stated in the UBBL 1984 By-law Section 168.. (Christine See, 2020)

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Figure 6.5.2.1.2 Site measurement of rise and thread. (Ting Ying, 2019)

Figure 6.5.2.1.3 Site measurement of headroom. (Ting Ying, 2019)

UBBL 1984 Part VII: Fire Requirements The following information on steps and stairs must be shown on drawings submitted to JBPM: (ii) Dimensions of treads and risers; treads shall not be less than 255mm, risers shall not be more than 180mm (By-law 106) (iii) Width of steps or stairs which shall be calculated in accordance with By-law 168 (iv) Depth of landing which shall not be less than the width (By-law 106) of the staircase (v) Minimum headroom of not less than 2 metres measured vertically from any point over the full width of the stairs

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FIRE FIGHTING LIFT In relation to the UBBL 1984 By-law Section 133, a fire fighting lift defines a lift that is being able to take control or be in possession for firefighters to use whenever there is any emergency on fire outbreaks to save evacuees who may be trapped on the higher floors in the building. These lifts are designed for additional fire protection together with direct control of fire and rescue service if there is a case of fire breaking out in the building.

Figure 6.5.2.1.4 Bomba lift signage. (Ting Ying, 2019)

Figure 6.5.2.1.5 Fire fighting lift. (Ting Ying, 2019)

Figure 6.5.2.1.6 Internal of fire fighting lift. (Ting Ying, 2019) THE NEW PAM CENTRE, BANGSAR

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FIRE FIGHTING LOBBY A protected fire fighting lobby provides access for fire fighters from the fire fighting stairs straight to the accommodation area and together with the linked fire fighting lift within the fire fighting shaft. Active systems such as hose reels and wet riser systems can be found at the lobby area as this is to allow efficient fire fighting operation. The fire fighting lobby in PAM Center is pressurized to prevent any ingress of smoke during a fire outbreak.

Figure 6.5.2.1.7 Fire fighting lobby at ground floor. (Ting Ying, 2019)

GROUND FLOOR PLAN Diagram 6.5.2.2.4 Floor plan showing location of fire fighting lobby on ground floor (Christine See, 2020)

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6.5.3 COMPARTMENTATION In relation to the UBBL 1984 By-law Section 133, compartmentation is defined as any part of the building that is separated from other area or parts by one or more compartment walls or floors or even both. This also includes any room space above for example, a part of the higher floor or top storey. Compartmentation also limits compartment sizes as this is to take precaution and prevent fire to travel further into other area as determined under the UBBL 1984 By-law Section 136. The aim and purposes of compartmentation and dividing the areas into smaller compartments are to limit the spread of fire outbreak, smoke migration to contain the fire are and providing a safe passage or evacuation routes during fire. Moreover, the fire compartments are also separated by compartment walls and floors or both that is made out of building materials that are fire resistant that hinders the spread of fire. Compartmentation increases the chance of stopping the fire from spreading into other spaces in a more systematic and controlled manne and most importantly, allows more time for evacuees to escape and be thoroughly cleared from the building safely.

COMPARTMENTATION A COMPARTMENTATION B COMPARTMENTATION C

LOWER GROUND FLOOR PLAN

COMPARTMENTATION A COMPARTMENTATION B COMPARTMENTATION C

GROUND FLOOR PLAN

COMPARTMENTATION A COMPARTMENTATION B COMPARTMENTATION C

FIRST FLOOR PLAN COMPARTMENTATION A COMPARTMENTATION B COMPARTMENTATION C

SECOND FLOOR PLAN THE NEW PAM CENTRE, BANGSAR

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COMPARTMENTATION A COMPARTMENTATION B COMPARTMENTATION C

THIRD FLOOR PLAN

COMPARTMENTATION A COMPARTMENTATION B COMPARTMENTATION C

FOURTH FLOOR PLAN

COMPARTMENTATION A COMPARTMENTATION B COMPARTMENTATION C

FIFTH FLOOR PLAN

COMPARTMENTATION A COMPARTMENTATION B COMPARTMENTATION C

SIXTH FLOOR PLAN

COMPARTMENTATION A COMPARTMENTATION B COMPARTMENTATION C

SEVENTH FLOOR PLAN

COMPARTMENTATION A COMPARTMENTATION B COMPARTMENTATION C

ROOF FLOOR PLAN Diagram 6.5.3.1 Floor plans showing compartmentation (Christine See, 2020)

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Figure 6.5.3.1 Panoramic view of second top floor of the event. (Ting Ying, 2019)

UBBL 1984 Part VII: Fire Requirements Section 138 The following walls and floors in buildings shall be constructed as compartment walls or compartment floors: (1) Any wall or floor separating a flat or maisonette from any other part of the same building; (2) Any wall or floor separating part of a building from any other part of the same building which is used or intended to be used mainly for a purpose falling within a different purpose group as set out in the Fifth schedule to these By-laws; and (3) Any floor immediately over a basement storey if such basement storey has an area exceeding 100 square metres

Conclusion Fire compartmentation by including and making use of the form of walls and floors is designed in all buildings to take precaution and also provide protection for the occupants both inside and near somewhere around the building and also fire rescue from the outbreak or spread of any fire events within the designated amount of time. A larger and more complex building size and height will have a greater use of compartmentation in accordance to the UBBL 1984 By-law building design codes and regulation. Each purpose group is considered separately although many of the suggestions and proposals are quite similar for a few number of groups. Thus, Pam Center has complied to the UBBL 1984 By-law Section 138.

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6.5.3.1 FIRE RATED WALLS Fire rated walls are a design and safety feature of a buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s passive fire protection system, and it is compulsory to have this feature in every building as it provides a fire-resistant barrier between spaces and used to prevent the spread of fire from one area to another. Fire rated walls are normally constructed and made out from non-combustible materials. In PAM Center, Bangsar, the fire rated walls are mainly consisting of precast concrete walls and masonry brick walls. This is mainly because concrete has a greater degree of resistance against fire and is durable and longer lasting compared to other materials, which ensures the safety of the occupants. This is due to the fact that concrete has a lower heat conductivity compared to steel and has a longer life span under the similar fire conditions.

Fire rated walls are also designed to withstand a minimum of 5lb./sq/ft/, with additional seismic loads (NFPA 221, 2006). The thickness of these walls shall be considered and given a thought depending on the fire resistance rate as shown below:

Aggregate type used in concrete masonry unit

Minimum equivalent thickness for fire resistance rating, mm 4

1.5

Siliceous

175

157

125

110

Carbonate

170

154

115

100

Semi lightweight

135

115

Diagram 6.5.3.1.1 Showing thickness of concrete fire-rated wall. (Christine See, 2020)

UBBL 1984 Part VII: Fire Requirements Section 148 (6) Any compartment wall or compartment floor which is required by these By-laws to have FRP of one hour or more shall, excluding (a) Any floor finish; (b) Any surface finish to a wall or ceiling which complies with the requirements of by-law 2014; or (c) Any ceiling which complies with the descriptions specified in the Ninth Schedule to these By-laws Be constructed wholly of non-combustible materials and, apart from any ceiling, the required FRP of the wall or floor shall be obtained without assistance from any non-combustible material.

Conclusion In relation and compliance to the UBBL 1984 By-law requirements, the fire-rated wall in PAM Center is shown to be thicker compared to other walls to prevent any fire spreading. The materials chosen is a non-combustible material which decreases the chances of fire spreading and due to the incorporation of fire rated walls, a longer period of time will be given for evacuees and occupants in the building to escape out from the building in case of any fire events.

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6.5.3.2 FIRE RISK AREAS Fire risk area is defined as an area that is based on the degree and amount of fire hazard that needs to be separated from other area of the occupancy. Besides that, fire risk areas are separated by constructing qualified fire rated compartments such as walls, floors and also doors. The fire risk areas are being separated by fire rated precast concrete walls in PAM Center Bangsar.

Diagram 6.5.3.2.1 Floor plan showing location of control room. (Christine See, 2020)

Diagram 6.5.3.2.2 Floor plan showing location of AHU rooms. (Christine See, 2020)

Diagram 6.5.3.2.3 Floor plan showing location of AC Condenser. (Christine See, 2020)

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Figure 6.5.3.2.1 AC condenser Figure 6.5.3.2.2 The control room at lower at rooftop ground floor (Zien Loon, 2019) (Zien Loon, 2019)

Figure 6.5.3.2.3 AHU room at second floor of auditorium (Zien Loon, 2019)

UBBL 1984 Part VII: Fire Requirements Section 139 The following areas or uses shall be separated from the other areas of the occupancy in which they are located by fire resisting construction of elements of structure of a FRP to be determined by the local authority based on the degree of the fire hazard: (a) Boiler rooms and associated fuel storage areas; (b) Laundries; (c) Repair shops involving hazardous processes and materials; (d) Storage areas of materials in quantities deemed hazardous; (e) Liquified petroleum gas storage areas; (f) Linen rooms (g) Flammable liquid stores

Conclusion In relation with the UBBL 1984 By-law Section 139, in PAM Center Bangsar, the fire hazard areas such as stated in the By-law (a),(c), and (d) can be found in the building. Thus, the best possible solution of fire risk areas in PAM Center Bangsar is separated by constructing compartmentation of both fire rated walls and doors which complied to the UBBL 1984 By-law Section 139.

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6.5.3.3 FIRE RATED DOOR Fire rated door is defined as a design element which provides a barrier to the spread of fire and limited amount of smoke to the general movement pattern of people around in the building. Each fire rated door provides the function which depends solely on the buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s specific design criteria as it is compulsory to provide resistance to the passageway of fire which will react to the heat of a fire and expand to close gaps between the door and its frame. Moreover, fire rated doors are made from solid timber frame covered with fire-resistant glass and also consisting of other various components such as a closing mechanism, hinges, latches, and smoke seals.

Figure 6.5.3.3.1 Double fire door at the lift lobby area (Ting Ying, 2019)

Figure 6.5.3.3.2 Fire exit door from cafeteria to assembly point. (Ting Ying, 2019)

UBBL 1984 Part VII: Fire Requirements Section 162 (1) Fire doors of the appropriate FRP shall be provided. (2) Openings in compartment walls and separating walls shall be protected by a fire door having a FRP in accordance with the requirement for that wall specified in the Ninth schedule to these Bylaws. (3) Openings in protecting structures shall be protected by fire doors having FRP of not less than half of the requirement for the surrounding wall specified in the Ninth schedule to these By-laws but in no case less than half hour. (4) Openings in partitions enclosing a protected corridor or lobby shall be protected by fire doors having FRP of half hour. (5) Fire doors including frames shall be constructed to a specification which can be shown to meet the requirements for the relevant FRP when tested in accordance with Section 3 of BS 476:1951

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6.5.3.4 SHAFT A protected shaft will penetrate across compartment floors and walls in relation and accordance with the UBBL 1984 By-law Section 150. In PAM Center Bangsar, two types of shafts can be found in the building, which is the service shafts carrying both fire staircase shaft and lift shaft.

FIRE STAIRCASE SHAFT PAM Center has a total building height of about 29.88m, thus a protected staircase lobby requirement can be seen in PAM Center with a ventilation opening to ensure natural ventilation in the entire area and for the smoke to be easily released.

Diagram 6.5.3.4.1 Protected lobby requirement for building > 18m height. (Hamzah Abu Bakar, 2006)

Figure 6.5.3.4.1 Protected lobby and staircase enclosure. (Ting Ying, 2019) THE NEW PAM CENTRE, BANGSAR

Figure 6.5.3.4.2 Fire staircase with ventilation. (Ting Ying, 2019)

PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION

UBBL 1984 Part VII: Fire Requirements Section 157 A protected staircase or a protected shaft containing a staircase shall not contain any pipe conveying gas or oil or any ventilation duct other than a duct serving only that staircase or shaft.

Conclusion

In relation with the UBBL 1984 By-law Section 139, in PAM Center Bangsar, the fire hazard areas such as stated in the By-law (a),(c), and (d) can be found in the building. Thus, the best possible solution of fire risk areas in PAM Center Bangsar is separated by constructing compartmentation of both fire rated walls and doors which complied to the UBBL 1984 By-law Section 139.

UBBL 1984 Part VII: Fire Requirements Section 189 (1) Every staircase provided under these By-laws in a building of four storey or more, or in a building where the highest floor level is more than 1200 millimetres above the ground level, or in any place of assembly, or in any school when such staircase is to be used as alternative means of escape shall be enclosed throughout its length with fire resisting materials. (2) Any necessary openings, except openings in external walls which shall not for the purpose of this by-law include walls to air-wells, in the length of such staircase shall be provided with selfclosing doors constructed of fire-resisting materials.

Conclusion From the By-law stated above from the UBBL 1984 Section 189 (2), fire staircases found in PAM Center are provided with fire rated door and it complies to the UBBL 1984 requirements. Thus, it is sufficient to control the spread of fire in case any fire event occur inside the building.

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UBBL 1984 Part VII: Fire Requirements Section 198 (1) All staircase enclosure shall be ventilated at each floor or landing level by either permanent openings or openable windows to the open air having a free area of not less than 1 square metre per floor. (2) Openable windows shall meet the operational requirements of the D.G.F.S (3) In buildings not exceeding three storeys above ground levels, staircase enclosure may be unventilated provided that access to them at all levels except the top floor is through ventilated lobbies.

Conclusion To protect the occupants and evacuees in and around the building and also, fire rescue from the spreading and outbreak of fire within a designated amount of time, both the lobbies and staircase are isolated and protected in the form of walls and floors as stated as before . Thus, all the components which forms the exit route must be protected and also have an enclosed construction to comply with the UBBL 1984 By-law Section 157, 189, 197 and 198, which PAM Center meets the requirements in compliance with the By-law.

UBBL 1984 Part VII: Fire Requirements Section 243 (1) In a building where the top occupied floor is over 18.5 metres above the fire appliance access level fire lifts shall be provided. (3) The fire lifts shall be located within a separate protected shaft it opens into a separate lobby. (4) Fire lifts shall be provided as the rated of one lift in every group of lifts which discharge into the same protected enclosure or smoke lobby containing the rising main, provided that the fire lifts are located not more than 61 metres travel distance that the fire lifts are located not more than 61 metres travel distance from the furthermost point of the floor.

Conclusion All in all, PAM Center Bangsar has met all the requirements stated in the UBBL 1984 By-law under Section 198 and 243 for the design code of the fire fighting shaft. As can be seen from the analysis, a firefighting shaft is provided in the building as the building height exceeds 18 metres, which is 29.88 metres in total of the office height. Thus, the shaft is provided with a lobby, staircase and lift for fire fighting purposes to allow high and easy accessibility for the firefighters to proceed with the rescue procedure efficiently during an outbreak of fire.

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LIFT SHAFT In PAM Center Bangsar, the lift shaft accessible from the first floor to the seventh floor are all ventilated with the sizes of approximately 2800mm x 3000mm vents which allows air movement in the entire area of the space. The openings and fenestrations of the windows located at the life lobbies are capable of allowing in natural ventilation about 0.42 square metres into the space to ensure air movement in the lift lobbies area to release smoke out from the building in case of any fire outbreak occurring. Thus, the lift shaft in PAM Center has met the requirements and complied with the UBBL 1984 By-law Section 151.

Figure 6.5.3.4.3 Openable windows in the lift lobby.. (Ting Ying, 2019)

UBBL 1984 Part VII: Fire Requirements Section 151 Where openings to lift shafts are not connected to protected lobbies, such lift shafts shall be provided with vents of not less than 0.09 square metres per lift located at the top of the shaft. Where the vent does not discharge directly to the open air the light shafts shall be vented to the exterior through a duct of the required FRP as for the lift shafts.

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6.5.4 BUILDING MATERIALS

PAM Center Bangsar has a modern approach, with a hint of a more rustic and contextual sense of feeling in its materiality which gives a strong focus on the green and sustainable building design strategies. The building consists of mostly precast concrete which have been put into place strategically by cranes. The materials function as a strategy for passive design, with the aim of reducing heat down to about 24 â&#x201E;&#x192; and a relative humidity of 55-70%. Indoor spaces with transparent glass screens can be seen separating the rooms inside the building to allow visual permeability inside the building. The materials have been given a thought and care about the overall fire resistance of the entire structure. Stated below are the classifications of the restrictions of flames over the walls and ceilings, in accordance to UBBL 1984 Section 204 and 5 different classes can be seen as below: CLASS 0 Surface of No Flame Spread. This refers to thoroughly non-combustible materials. CLASS 1 Surface of Very Low Flame Spread. Surfaces on which the spread of flame occurs for less than 150 millimetres. CLASS 2 Surface of Low Flame Spread. Surfaces on which during the first 1.5 minutes of the test, the spread of flame is not more than 375 millimetres and the final spread does not exceed 450 millimetres. CLASS 3 Surface of Medium Flame Spread. Surfaces on which during the first 1.5 minutes of the test, the spread of flame is not more than 375 millimetres and during the first 10 minutes of test is not more than 825 millimetres. CLASS 4 Surface of Rapid Flame Spread. Surfaces on which during the first 1.5 minutes of the test, the spread of flame is not more than 375 millimetres and during the first 10 minutes of test it is more than 825 millimetres.

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6.5.4.1 PRECAST CONCRETE The PAM Center has a structural design following the arrangement of columns and beams using a grid layout, where the major and main load-bearing structural material is precast concrete, made using the Industrialised Building System (IBS) where regularly sized columns and beams are transported and assembled on site for convenience and easy accessibility and helps in saving cost. Precast concrete is a non-combustible material and has a fire-resistance rating of 4 hours where the maximum fire rating is defined by the laws. As stated in the Ninth Schedule, Notional Period of Fire Resistance (By-law 158 (3),(224), the aggregate manipulates the properties of the precast concrete as it is separated into two classes as stated below: CLASS 1 Aggregate as foamed slag, blast furnace slag, crushed brick, pumice, burnt clay products, pelleted fly ash, crushed limestone and well-burnt clinker CLASS 2 Aggregate as granite, crushed stones besides limestone and flint gravel

Figure 6.5.4.1.1 PAM Center during construction process. (Google Maps, 2017)

Figure 6.5.4.1.2 Precast concrete wall at the sixth floor. (LIVINGASEAN, 2016)

The fire walls that are surrounding the emergency staircases are also from precast concrete and it still needs to obey the requirements of Class 0 or Class 1 following the Eighth schedule By-law Section 204, 206 which has a surface with a rating of 4 hours. This is to make sure the integrity of the fire escape staircases is protected for both evacuation of occupants and firefighters. Besides that, the durability of concrete results in lower maintenance to repair or replace any concrete surfaces from fewer resources. Precast concrete structures built with insulation have optimal energy performance, and also light-colored concrete will absorb lesser heat and reflects more amount of light which leads to a reduction of the heat-island effect in a tropical and urban environment like Bangsar, Malaysia. THE NEW PAM CENTRE, BANGSAR

Figure 6.5.4.1.3 Concrete floor, column and beams in PAM Center. (LIVINGASEAN, 2016)

PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION

6.5.4.2 MASONRY Masonry brickwork are one of the most common construction material used in this Malaysian context. In PAM Center, the masonry brickwork can be seen at the two end sides of the fire lobby staircase and the second floor beside the lecture hall. This gives an aesthetic appearance to the entire structure which attracts both occupantsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; and visitorsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; attraction.

Figure 6.5.4.2.1 Masonry brickwork wall at the auditorium . (LIVINGASEAN, 2016)

Figure 6.5.4.2.2 Masonry brickwork wall at the second floor . (LIVINGASEAN, 2016)

Masonry brickwork is also a non-combustible material and it has a high thermal mass, where it requires a lot of energy to be able to increase the temperature of the dense material, and cools the building during the nighttime by allowing nightflushing to occur, where it is a passive cooling strategy which requires an increase in air movement at night to cool down the structural elements of the building. Since the bricks are baked in a high temperature fire kiln,this means that they are virtually fireproof. The bricks are then arranged in a way to form a wall which uses mortar as a bonding material between the bricks. However the mortar has a slight negative effect on the fire-resistance properties of the bricks. All brick wall fire-resistance ratings are dependent on its thickness and due to the brickwork walls being a non-load bearing wall, the thickness of the masonry wall are 100 millimetres for a fire-resistance rating of 2 hours and 170 millimetres for a fire-resistance rating of 4 hours in accordance to the Ninth schedule.

Figure 6.5.4.2.3 Masonry brickwork wall at the ground floor . (LIVINGASEAN, 2016)

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6.5.4.3 STEEL In PAM Center, there are different types of steel elements used in the building, as they can each be found in minor structural members such as the H-columns and bracings, feature staircase, and services such as service pipes and conduits.

FEATURE STAIRCASE AND SERVICES ELEMENTS

Figure 6.5.4.3.1 Hot-dip galvanized steel structure staircase as the feature stairs. (LIVINGASEAN, 2016)

Both the staircase and feature elements are made out of hot-dip galvanized steel which are generally fire-resistant. However, it can be weakened severely when it is being exposed to fire for a long period of time whereby the steel elements may collapse, and may cause injuries to occupants inside the building. Thus, we can assume that PAM Center has made improvements for safety measures of the steel elements by coating layers of intumescent coating or other types of fire-resistant coatings on the hot-dip galvanized steel. This coating will expand rapidly when it gets in contact with any fire outbreak for a period of time. Thus, this will form a low heat conductive barrier between both the fire and steel elements, and reduces the risk of structural elements collapsing in the midst of a fire outbreak in the building.

STRUCTURAL MEMBERS Two methods are used to improve the fire resistance of the steel structural members:

1. 2.

Intumescent fire-retardant coating Use of solid protection through concrete which is not leaner than 1:2:4 mixture.

This implementation allows the steel members to achieve both 2 hours and 4 hours of fire-resistance period, depending on the thickness of the protection material. Figure 6.5.4.8.2 Steel structural members used to support non-critical members. . (Cryslyn TanN, 2017) THE NEW PAM CENTRE, BANGSAR

PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION

6.5.4.4 ALUMINIUM CLADDING Claddings consist of an inner layer flammable insulating layer which becomes one of the biggest factor in contributing to fire spreading quickly. In PAM Center Bangsar, the cladding is made out from aluminium as it is more lightweight in terms of appearance. Similar to steel, aluminium will also lose its strength when it is being exposed to fire. However, the working temperature of aluminium is much lower compared to steel, which is around 200 to 250 â&#x201E;&#x192;. Thus, the aluminium cladding must contain a type of fire-resistant elements or coatings which is embedded onto it such as mentioned before, intumescent coating, to ensure safety precautions to both occupants and fire fighters.

Figure 6.5.4.4.1 Black aluminium cladding on the right functions as shading device against radiation heat. (Chryslyn Tan, 2017)

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FIRE PROTECTION CONCLUSION

6.6 CONCLUSION CONCLUSION 6.6

ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM Active Fire protection takes action in order to put out a fire, so it is very crucial to be installed. PAM Center had successfully fulfill the requirements based on UBBL 1984. Active fire protection of PAM Center has some amount of action or motion in order to work efficiently in the event of a fire through all levels in the building. The detection system in PAM Center are addressable smoke detector and heat detector. PAM Centerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s addressable smoke detector has the advantage of showing up on the main control panel, enable us to find the exact location of a fire and distinguish them quickly. The fire notification system in PAM Center consists fire alarm bell, manual call point, main fire alarm panel, fire emergency light, fireman switch and voice communication.Mainly, all electrical and mechanical systems that support services (control room, generator room, LV room, and TNB room), also fire water storage tank are the most important thing to support the building services. The fire fighting systems found in PAM Center are dry hydrants and risers, hose reel system, and fire extinguishers. These fire fighting devices are placed on every floor and locations that could be accessed easily during a fire. Complying with the UBBL 1984 by-laws, these systems will be in the convenience of fire fighters or occupants in case of emergency. In a nutshell, PAM Center provides sufficient active fire protection in both automatically and manually, to generate a safe building.

PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM Passive Fire Protection System is a vital and necessary component to be installed in a building and taken into consideration about. PAM Center has an effective passive fire protection system as it involves good planning strategies which complies to the UBBL 1984 By-law requirements. It has sufficient fire appliance access, rescue personnel and other facilities to assist in handling fire outbreaks. Compartmentation which acts as passive containment voids the spread of fire to increase the evacuation time for both occupants and fire fighters by having fire rated walls and doors in the building. This proves that PAM Center has safe design and installment of good building services to help provide a safe escape route for occupants. Evacuation routes are strategically and effectively planned as exit points are located at both ends of the rectangular building which is connected by a linear pathway for easy access and evacuation process. Moreover, the fire appliance access such as fire fighting staircase, lobby and lifts are provided at both sides of the building to allow both firefighters and equipments to enter the building and put off the fire as quick as possible to reduce any building loses and environmental damages. All in all, PAM Center Bangsar has successfully and effectively designed a safe building by providing enough and sufficient passive fire protection to keep occupants feeling safe.

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MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM

7.0 MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM -Sim Huan

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7.0 MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM 7.1 INTRODUCTION Ventilation is a very important aspect of design consideration as it helps to discharge air from the building in order to bring in fresh clean air. Other than that, it also helps to reduces temperature and humidity in the interior. Moisture, odors, bacteria, dust, carbon dioxide, smoke and other undesirable substances can be integrated also. Creation of air movements are required to have better air quality in the interior in order to achieve thermal comfort for the user in the building. Ventilation can be divided into natural and mechanical ventilation. Natural ventilation can be achieved by the pressure differences between different parts of the building, or between in and out of the building, where mechanical ventilation works by driving fans or other mechanical equipments that require electricity, installation, operational and maintenance cost. However, natural ventilation may be barely satisfactory for the needs of human being in some situations. Therefore, mechanical ventilation will be occupied to support the air movement within the spaces. As for instance, should the air quality deteriorate due to haze, mechanical ventilation will be prefered as passive ventilation should be discourage. Issues exist by the use of passive ventilation can also be avoided by a nicely designed mechanical ventilation.

MECHANICAL VENTILATION TRANSPORTATION

TYPES

● ● ● ● ●

Spot Ventilation System Exhaust Ventilation System Supply Ventilation System Balanced Ventilation System Energy Recovery System

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Fan Filter Ductwork Fire Damper Diffuser

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Spot Ventilation System Air Handling Unit (AHU) Propeller Fan

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7.2 UBBL COMPLIANCE

UBBL 1984 Part III: Space, Light and Ventilation Section 41 (1) Where permanent mechanical ventilation or air-conditioning is intended, the relevant building by-laws relating to natural ventilation, natural lighting and heights of rooms may be waived at the direction of the local authority. (2) Any application for the waiver of the relevant by-laws shall only be considered if in addition to the permanent air-conditioning system there is provided alternative approved means of ventilating the air-conditioned enclosure, such that within half an hour of the air-conditioning system failing, not less than the stipulated volume of fresh air specified hereinafter shall be introduced into the enclosure during period when the air-conditioning system is not functioning. (3) The provisions of the Third Schedule to there By-laws shall apply to buildings which are mechanically ventilated or air-conditioned. (4) Where permanent mechanical ventilation in respect of lavatories, water-closets, bathrooms or corridors is provided for and maintained in accordance with the requirements of the Third Schedule to there By-laws, the provisions of there By-laws relating to natural ventilation and natural lighting shall not apply to such lavatoried, water closets, bathrooms or corridors.

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7.3 Basic Ventilation System (Literature Review) Mechanical ventilation is defined as a system that discharge air from a building and replaces it with fresh air from the outside by using mechanical appliances. This can be attain by the use of appliances such as fans and air conditioners. Other than the exchange of air, mechanical ventilation is also able to boot the air through targeted space in a building.

7.3.1 Types of Ventilation System 7.3.1.1 Spot Ventilation System The nature of passive ventilation is unpredictable and uncontrollable, spot ventilation can helps to improve the circulation of air flow, in order to increase productivity to ventilate a building consistently. Spot ventilation works by allowing the indoor air pollutants and humidity at the space to be removed.

Diagram 7.3.1.1 Spot Ventilation System (Energy Depot. n.d.).

7.3.1.2 Exhaust Ventilation System Exhaust ventilation system is occupied by extracting indoor air at the same time allowing air to infiltrate through leaks through the building envelope such as windows, roof and passive vents. It works by creating a suction as the indoor and outdoor pressure is different. Exhaust ventilation system is mostly used in colder climate as the system will be condensed in warm climates as the high humidity might cause moisture that will damage between wall cavities. Exhaust ventilation system is relatively cheap and easy to install, yet tend to draw in pollutants from the exterior.

Exhaust Air Outlet Central Exhaust Fan

Negative Air Pressure

Diagram 7.3.1.2 Exhaust Ventilation System (Contributor, H. 2020, April 01)

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7.3.1.3 Supply Ventilation System As contrast from exhaust ventilation system, supply ventilation system works through the pressurisation of a building. Supply ventilation system is occupied by forcing exterior air into the interior by allowing air to leak through windows fan and intentional vents. The system allows better ventilation control that entered than exhaust system. It avoid pollutants from flowing into the building. It is able to prevent backdrafting of combustion gases from fireplaces and appliances. Supply ventilation system is able to filter the minuscule allergens such as pollen and dust that will be dehumidified. As a result, supply ventilation system is more preferably to be used in warm climates.

Fresh Air Inlet Central Supply Fan

Positive Air Pressure

Diagram 7.3.1.3 Supply Ventilation System (Contributor, H. 2020, April 01)

7.3.1.4 Balanced Ventilation System Balanced ventilation system that is nicely designed and installed will not pressurise nor depressurise a building. Two fans and two duct systems are used to introduce and exhaust equal amount of fresh air to pollutant. The crucially arranged fans and ducts are able to help to distribute air in the building. Fans and ducts are placed according to the activity in the space for instance, fresh air will be supply to the most activity common areas such as living rooms, meeting rooms, etc. Where the high humidity areas like the kitchen, bathroom, etc. will be using exhaustion of air. Balanced systems are adequate for all climates and allergens like pollen and dust can be removed by attaching filters.

Room air exhaust ducts

Exhaust Air Outlet

Exhaust Fan

Supply Fan

Fresh Air Inlet

Diagram 7.3.1.4 Balanced Ventilation System (Contributor, H. 2020, April 01)

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7.3.1.5 Energy Recovery System Energy recovery system is occupied to maximize air flow via ducts and exhaust in each space. Energy recovery system is not very commonly used as it is more expensive to install and maintain usually. However, we can save some material cost by sharing ductwork on some system. Only some HVAC contractors have enough technical expertise and experience to get rid of the installation and design of duct for energy recovery system at it is very complicated. In order to have performance, the duct for the system has to be accurately sized and calculated to minimize pressure drops in the system. Extra care is needed for energy recovery system as they need to be cleaned very often form buildup of dust and mould from forming on the heat exchanger surfaces and in cold climates, to help prevent freezing and frost formation, energy recovery system need some devices.

Diagram 7.3.1.5 Energy Recovery System (Inc, F. n.d.).

7.3.2 Components of Mechanical Ventilation Systems A complete mechanical ventilation system consists of 5 components: 1. Fan 2. Filter 3. Ductwork 4. Fire Damper 5. Diffuser

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7.3.2.1 Fan One of the most important components in mechanical ventilation system is fan, as extraction and supply is sufficiently provided to the building. Air if forced through inlets by the fan and it then allowed ventilation in all spaces by spreading through the building. There are three types of fans being in mechanical ventilation system:

Types of Fan 1. Propellor Fan

Function The main function of propeller fan is to maximise air discharge by removing large volumes of air. The propeller fan is cheap to install as it does not need to be ducted or mounted on wall, furthermore, it does not produce much noise. Unwanted air is extracted out of the space for short distances by the use of fan, therefore not being able to push air through ducts. For example, the fans are commonly found in washrooms, kitchen and or utility rooms.

Figure 7.3.2.1.1 Propellor Fan (Sealand Refrigeration Technology, N, n.d.)

The axial fan comprises of an impeller with a fan blade that spin in a cylindrical casing. The axial fan can be found in ducts to improve the speed of air flows by driving that air towards a parallel direction in its shaft. This type of fan can be found in jet airplanes, basements and tunnels.

2. Axial Fan

Figure 7.3.2.1.2 Axial Fan (M, 2018, September)

3. Centrifugal Fan

The centrifugal fan can transfer both large and small quantities of air no matter the pressure so that it is the most powerful and productive fan. The fan consists of an impeller that spins inside a scold shaped casing, while the inlet is positioned at 90 degree. The fan usually stands on a base located on rooftops of large buildings as larger air supplies and space are required for the fan.

Figure 7.3.2.1.3 Centrifugal Fan (Novovent, n.d.)

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7.3.2.2 Filter Mechanical ventilation system requires a filter to filter external air from dust, pollen, smoe, smog, bacteria or other unwanted substances before entering the building. Filters can be divided accordingly:

Component

Function A normal filter that contains fibrous materials which can removes solids and impurities.

1. Dry

Figure 7.3.2.2.1 Dry Filter (M. Arkam C. Munaaim Adj. Prof, 2009, March 17).

Used at industrial situations as it has high dust retention. Contains corrugated metal.

2. Viscous

Figure 7.3.2.2.2 Viscous Filter (M. Arkam C. Munaaim Adj. Prof, 2009, March 17).

3. Electrostatic

A filters that use a self-generated charge to attract and collect dust particles.

Figure 7.3.2.2.3 Electrostatic Filter (KMA, 2020, April 22).

4. Activated Carbon

A filter that can ensure the removal of harmful gases and smelly substances.

Figure 7.3.2.2.4 Activated Carbon Filter (Envirotech, 2017, December 30)

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7.3.2.3 Ductwork Component

Function The ductwork is comprised of a shaft that allows airflow from the exterior into the interior. Depending on the buildings configuration, ductworks can commonly be found either round or rectangular.

Ductwork

Figure 7.3.2.3 Ductwork (FONKO, 2019, September 18)

7.3.2.4 Fire Damper Component

Function

Fire damper

Fire damper is commonly installed at the compartment wall of the room, it is able to avoid fire from spreading from one room to another as its folded metal plates or louvres will acts as an automatic barrier when fire is present.

Figure 7.3.2.4 Fire Damper (Global Mechanical, 2019, March 25)

7.3.2.5 Diffuser Component

Function

Diffuser

The diffuser, also known as a grille, is located at the edge of the ductwork where the air is released into the room to evenly spread out the airflow into the space.

Figure 7.3.2.5 Diffuser (Industries, P, n.d.)

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7.4 Mechanical Ventilation System in PAM Centre PAM buildings is an excellent building that serves as a role model for all building to follow as low energy building as mentioned before. Plenty of passive ventilation in its design is used in this platinum rated building by the Green Building Index to reduce the dependence on mechanical ventilation. Only certain types of systems, being-propeller fans and the spot ventilation system is used in the building. PAM Centre success to provide occupants with ultimate safely and comfort although it does not require much assistance of mechanical ventilation system.

7.4.1 Spot Ventilation System Extract spot ventilation is used in certain areas such as washing area inside the prayer room and the cafeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s kitchen in PAM building. This enclosed space which lacks of good airflow, thus resulting in the addition of the system is the reason of using this type of mechanical ventilation system. Without using the system, the lack of airflow may remain wet and leads to a stench and high humidity in the enclosed space that can result in the growth of mound and decay of walls. Figure 7.4.1 Spot Ventilation System in Kitchen of PAM building (Jean Ming, 2017)

7.4.2 Air Handling Unit (AHU) Air Handling Unit (AHU) helps to distribute clean air which depending on the climate within the building. Each AHU distributes fresh air to the floor level where itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s placed, however in the PAM building there are AHU units located on level 8, the rooftop. From there, the distribution of ducts and extract air into different spaced on the other floors. In the AHU unit, an axial fan is used to ensures the proper cooling of the unit.

Figure 7.4.2 Axial fan in the AHU (Jean Ming, 2017)

7.4.3 Propeller Fan Big ceiling propeller fans that are placed at every open space in PAM building is to aid natural ventilation in order to cool up the surrounding air. Wind chill effect is used by the propeller fan, whereas the fan runs anti-clockwise, the air is pushed down, making the space to be cooler than usual.

Figure 7.4.3 Propellor Fan in Open Space (Jean Ming, 2017) THE NEW PAM CENTRE, BANGSAR

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Placement of component of mechanical ventilation system:

Diagram 7.4.1.1 Location of Spot Ventilation Exhaust Fan at ground floor (Kah Ying, 2019)

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Place of propeller fan at each floor:

Diagram 7.4.3.1 Floor plan with location of propellor fan in PAM building (Kah Ying, 2019) THE NEW PAM CENTRE, BANGSAR

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Air flow from floor to floor:

Diagram 7.4.3.2 Section showing location of ceiling fan and air circulation in open space (Kah Ying, 2019)

7.5 Conclusion In conclusion, mechanical ventilation system is necessary in a building. The supply of air into the building is not enough sufficient and will cause unhealthy for human usage without using mechanical ventilation system. PAM building is a role model in integrating mechanical ventilation system and passive ventilation as it helps to complement each other rather than replace one another. Mechanical ventilation system in PAM building is all meet the requirement of UBBL as each system is equipped with a readily accessible switch. In other words, a shut-off or volume reduction when it do not need mechanical ventilation. Therefore, PAM building is taken carefully matters of mechanical ventilation system on the design considerations of the building.

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AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM

8.0 AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM -Melissa Yap

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8.0 AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM 8.1 INTRODUCTION Air Conditioning System is the process of controlling the temperature and humidity of a space through mechanical means to exhibit favourable conditions for occupants. The main purpose of this system is to achieve an environment that is able to fulfill thermal comfort and achieve the best air quality. As it is highly beneficial for occupants of the said space, the use of air conditioning system has become increasingly common, most particularly in tropical countries that has a hot and humid climate, such as Malaysia. Different kinds of air conditioning systems can be utilised in a building where it depends on the building size and functionality. Having proper air conditioning installation is important to ensure energy efficiency and cost saving in the long run. An unsuitable system or improper installation of the HVAC system can cause malfunctions and complications that will degenerate user comfort, increases cost, and lower the quality of air in a building. In Malaysia, the heating element of HVAC (Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning) is not required due to our hot and humid climate. The main purpose for the air conditioning system will be towards cooling and removing humidity within interior spaces.

AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS

VARIABLE REFRIGERANT SYSTEM

● ●

Indoor Unit ○ Fan Coil Unit ○ Expansion Valve Outdoor Unit ○ DC Inverter Compressor ○ Condenser ○ Control Unit

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AIR HANDLING UNIT

● ● ● ●

Expansion Valve Evaporating Coil Controller Unit Inlet and Outlet Grille

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8.1.1 Components of Air Conditioning System Centralised Air Conditioning System ●

Chilled water central air conditioning system ○ Chiller ○ AHU ○ Cooling tower ○ Pipe system

Split Unit Air Conditioning System ● ●

Indoor unit ○ Evaporator Outdoor unit ○ Condenser ○ Compressor

MS1525:2007 Clause 8: Air conditioning and Mechanical Ventilation (ACMV) System Subclause 8.1.2 - Indoor Design Conditions For the purpose of engineering design, room comfort condition should consider the following three main factors: a) Dry bulb temperature b) Relative humidity; and c) Air movement (air velocity) The indoor design conditions of an air-conditioned space for comfort cooling should be as follows: a) Recommended design dry bulb temperature 24°C - 26°C b) Minimum dry bulb temperature 23°C c) Recommended design relative humidity 50% - 70% d) Recommended air movement 0.15 m/s - 0.05 m/s e) Maximum air movement 0.70 m/s

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8.2 LITERATURE REVIEW 8.2.1 Principles of Air Cooling As gas undergoes compression its molecules will combine and change gas particles into liquid particles. During this process, ample amounts of latent heat is released by the gas molecules. When pressure is reduced on liquid particles, it evaporates back into gas particles this is where large amounts of latent heat is absorbed back causing the dispersion of molecules changing it back into gaseous state. Air conditioning systems function based on a similar principle, where by heat is removed from the air within a room and then the heat collected will be released out to the exterior surrounding air.

8.2.2 Refrigerant Cycle The refrigerant cycle is a process to remove heat from a space. The liquid used within this system is called the refrigerant. Main Components of Refrigerant Cycle: Evaporator Condenser Compressor Expansion valve

Diagram 8.2.2 Refrigerant Cycle (J.S Held, n.d)

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8.2.3 Components of Refrigerant Cycle:

COMPONENT Evaporator

FUNCTION An evaporator is used to change the low pressure liquid refrigerant into gaseous-form. The liquid is vaporized into a gas form of the refrigerant.

Figure 8.2.3.1 Evaporator ( Callks, n.d)

Compressor

An air conditioner compressor raises the temperature and pressure of the vapor refrigerant that exits the evaporator coil. It's significant that the compressor raises the pressure of the vapor refrigerant so that it creates a pressure difference, the pressure difference is needed in order for the refrigerant to flow.

Figure 8.2.3.2 Compressor (SM Wac, n.d)

Condenser

A condenser unit used in central air conditioning systems that has a heat exchanger to cool down and condense incoming refrigerant vapor into liquid.

Figure 8.2.3.4 Condenser (Panasonic, 2020)

Expansion Valve

A valve that meters liquid refrigerant into the evaporator. It removes pressure from the liquid to permit expansion.

Figure 8.2.3.5 Expansion Valve (Indiamart, 2020)

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8.2.4 Process of Refrigerant Cycle Most air conditioners have a similar cycle of compression, condensation and expansion in a closed circuit, in order to reuse air within the refrigeration system. The VRF system is based on the basic principle of the refrigerant cycle. Refrigerants is used as the main cooling medium. The Refrigerant Cycle Process; 1.

The compressor takes in refrigerant gas from the lower pressure side of the circuit and discharges it at a much higher pressure into the high pressure side of the circuit. It keeps the refrigerant moving through the system at specific rates of flow and specific pressures. Then, the pressured gas flows to the condenser where it turns to fluid and radiates warmth to outside air utilizing condensing coils. The high pressure liquid refrigerant will stream down the fluid line, through a filter drier that is designed to prevent contaminants from flowing through the system, the metering device and the expansion valve. The expansion valve is piece of the indoor unit and is separated into high pressure and low pressure systems. It also maintains and controls specific flow rates of the refrigerant into the evaporators. As the high pressure liquid flows through the valve, its pressure drops and moves towards the evaporation process. The evaporator coils will then evaporate the liquid at a temperature that is about 10Â° to 15Â° degrees below the temperature setting. Finally, the cold evaporated air will be released into the room. The air that circulates the room becomes warm, low pressure gas is then pulled by the indoor units and sent back to the compressors. And the cycle repeats.

Diagram 8.2.4 How Air Conditioning System Works (Arronco, 2020)

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8.3 TYPES OF AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM There are many types of air conditioning units that can be utilised in the building. These designs vary in order to fit the function and size of a variety of buildings. Building users can choose according to whichever they see fit and whichever meets their needs.

Types of Air Conditioning Systems: Window Air Conditioning System Split Air Conditioning System Multi-split Air Conditioning System Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) System

Diagram 8.3.1 Central Air Conditioning System (Renesas, n.d) THE NEW PAM CENTRE, BANGSAR

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Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) 8.4 VARIABLE REFRIGERANT FLOWSystem SYSTEM (VRF) VRF system is an air-conditioning system configuration where there is one outdoor unit and multiple indoor units. The outdoor unit may have one or more compressors that are inverter driven, thus their speeds can be varied by changing the frequency of the power supply to the compressor.

Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) System is based on several working principles: ●

● ● ●

Uses refrigerant as the coolant material in the system (in contrary to the chilled water systems, where refrigerant is used for cooling / heating water that is circulated throughout the whole system). Uses inverter compressors that allow lower power consumption with partial cooling / heating loads. Several air handlers (indoor units) may be used on the same refrigerant loop / circuit. The ability of modular expansion (especially useful for large projects that can grow in stages).

Consists of outdoor unit paired with several indoor units, copper refrigerant piping, and specialized communication wiring. This system is digitized with communication wiring consisting of two-wired cable linking outdoor to all indoor units. Each indoor unit has its own control panel, while remote controls or centralized controllers are also available. The VRF system is programmed by its respective manufacturer. The system gets input from the user (e.g. temperature preference) as well as from the natural external environment (outside ambient temperature).

Diagram 8.4.1 3 Pipe VRF System (ICBSE Journal, 2013) THE NEW PAM CENTRE, BANGSAR

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8.4.1 Types of VRF System ; VRF Heat Pump System ● ●

Two pipe system, allows for either cooling or heating in all indoor units but not at the same time. The indoor units act as evaporators in cooling mode and as condensers in heating mode. VRF heat pump systems usually applied in open plan areas, offices, and areas that require only either cooling or heating in a particular period.

Heat recovery VRF System ●

●

VRF systems with heat recovery (VRF-HR) capability can operate in heating and cooling mode for different indoor units at the same time. This allows heat from the condenser to be used rather than dissipated as it would be in traditional heat pump systems. VRF-HR systems are normally equipped with inverter drives, pulse modulating electronic expansion valves and distributed controls that allows the system to operate in net heating or net cooling mode as needed by a particular space. Most VRF-HR uses a 3-pipe system consisting of a liquid line, a hot gas line and a suction line with their own valving arrangements, although different manufacturers may differ in its design between a 2-pipe or a 3-pipe system. Each indoor unit is branched off from the 3 pipes using solenoid valves. For the unit functioning in cooling mode, an indoor unit will open its liquid line and suction line valves to function as an evaporator. On the other hand, for units running in heating mode, the indoor unit will open its hot gas and liquid line valves and will act as a condenser. Typically, extra heat exchangers in distribution boxes are used to transfer heat rejected from the superheated refrigerant exiting the cooled space to the refrigerant that is going to the zone to be heated. This system of reusing heat from the cooling process produces significant energy saving.

UBBL 1984 Third Schedule Clause 41 - Mechanical Ventilation and Air-conditioning Where permanent mechanical ventilation or air-conditioning is intended, the relevant building by-laws relating to natural ventilation, natural lighting and heights of rooms may be waived at the discretion of local authority.

ASHRAE JOURNAL 2007 “VRF system refers to the ability of the system to control the amount of refrigerant flowing to each of the evaporators, enabling the use of many evaporators of differing capacities and configurations, individualised comfort control, simultaneous heating and cooling in different zones, and heat recovery from one zone to another.” (Goetzler, 2007)

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8.5 Components of OF VRF in PAM Centre COMPONENTS VRF IN PAM CENTRE 8.5.1 Indoor Unit The indoor units are where the evaporation process happens. The units are installed at each room that requires air conditioning which are directly linked to the outdoor unit through pipes.

Components of Indoor Unit ● ●

Electronic Expansion Valve Fan Coil Unit (FCU)

Electronic Expansion Valve The electronic expansion valve is responsible for the distribution and adjustment of the refrigerant to individual indoor units to allow for independent temperature setting for each indoor space.

Fan Coil Unit (FCU) In the PAN Centre, the Fan Coil Unit is used the most. It comprises of a heating and/or cooling heat exchanger or ‘coil’ and fan. Fan coil unit houses evaporator coil, small motor driven centrifugal fan or blower, air filter, control, drain pan, diffuser and covered by an outer casing.

Components of Fan Coil Unit Two types of FCU used in PAM Centre: ● Cassette Unit ● Ducted Unit

Diagram 8.5.1.1 Cassette unit (IOM DHA, 2020)

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Figure 8.5.1.2 Ducted unit (Panasonic, 2020)

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Cassette Unit Cassette units are installed into the ceiling instead of on the wall. The indoor unit itself sits flush to the ceiling and distributes conditioned air through up to two to four sides of the unit. In this case, the cassette unit is a four-way cassette unit. This makes it versatile for air distribution to a wider area range. It also functions as a decorative element to its bare concrete ceilings.

Figure 8.5.1.3 Cassette Unit (Vanessa Huang, 2019)

Ducted Unit The ducted FCU are connected to ductworks. It is less decorative compared to the cassette unit and is used in bigger rooms and areas. The unit consists of return grille where air comes in the cooling coil, blower and then connected to the exhaust that diffuses through the ductworks. The diffusers comes in variety of types but the ones used are; linear grille and round diffusers. Diagram 8.5.1.4 Ducted Unit (MoldFreeLiving, 2019)

Figure 8.5.1.5 Ducted Unit (Vanessa Huang, 2019)

Figure 8.5.1.6 Air Grille (Vanessa Huang, 2019)

Figure 8.5.1.7 Round Diffuser (Vanessa Huang, 2019)

Both cassette unit and ducted unit have the same working system where it circulates a coolant or heating medium to raise or lower the temperature of the air. Whereas in this building, the coolant medium is R410A refrigerant gas and it is supplied to the air conditioned rooms.

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8.5.2 Outdoor Unit ● ● ● ●

The outdoor unit of VRF functions the same as a conventional split/ multi-unit air-conditioning system. It does not require ducting work as the refrigerant is delivered to the indoor unit via piping works. The indoor units are placed on the top most floor of the building, the roof terrace. The inverter unit will will gradually increase or decrease its capacity based on the load by increasing or decreasing the rotation speed of the motor.

8.5.2.1 Components of Outdoor Unit

NO.

COMPONENT / FUNCTION DC Inverter Compressor The function of the motor-driven compressor is to compress the R410a refrigerant, raising its temperature and pressure so that it exits the compressor as a hot, high pressure gas.

Condenser Coils The condenser coils take the pressure R410a from the compressor to dissipate the heat through the fin, extracting the heat from the refrigerant and transferring it to the outside air.

Fan and Grilles The fan and grilles help to distribute the cooled air outwards and filter out dirt and impurities from the air.

4 2

1 Control Unit The VRF outdoor unit is managed by an embedded control unit which adjusts the DC input for the inverter compressor.

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Figure 8.5.2 VRF Outdoor Unit (Daikin, 2018)

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8.5.3 Piping The indoor units are connected directly to the outdoor units through a piping system. VRF system comes in 2 pipe or 3 pipe system where the 2 pipe system is either for heating or cooling whereas the 3 pipe is for cooling and heating to run at the same time. The PAM Centre uses the 2 pipe VRF system. Consisting of: 1. Liquid pipe that distributes liquefied refrigerant gas from outdoor to indoor units. 2. Gas pipe the carry the gas back. There are a total of 4 sets of pipes running through the building. These pipes are made out of copper and insulated to comply with M21525:2014 Clause 8.

Figure 8.5.3.1 CU-RF-C and CU-RFAUD Pipes (Vanessa Huang, 2019)

Figure 8.5.3.2 CU-RF-B Pipe (Vanessa Huang, 2019)

MS1525:2014 Clause 8: Air Conditioning and Mechanical Ventilation System (ACMV) System Sub Clause 8.5 - Piping Insulation All piping installed to serve buildings and within building should be adequately insulated to prevent excessive energy losses. Additional insulation with vapour barriers may be required to prevent condensation under some conditions. Exceptions: Piping insulation is not required in any of the following cases: a) Piping installed within ACMV requirements b) Piping ast fluid temperatures between 23Â°C and 49Â°C ; and c) When the heat loss and / or energy heat gain of the piping, without insulation, does not increase the energy requirements of the building.

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8.6 BENEFITS Benefits of OF VRF VRF The VRF system is a more energy efficient air conditioning solution (estimated to use 11% to 17% less energy) compared to conventional units at relatively higher initial cost. The higher cost is due to the installation of longer refrigerant piping and multiple indoor evaporator exchanges with associated controls.

Comfort ● ●

The VRF system is capable of responding to fluctuations is space load conditions. This allows users to set the temperature of each room independently. Depending on the requirement, the system will automatically adjust the refrigerant flow to each indoor unit. Can bring rooms to desired temperatures quickly and minimise temperature fluctuations. Regardless of exterior conditions, the technology is susceptible to good dehumidification performance for optimal room humidity. Ensuring spaces within the PAM Centre is the exact temperature according to the needs of occupants.

Environmental ●

The inverter technology in the VRF system at the PAM Centre reacts to indoor and outdoor temperature fluctuations by adjusting power consumption and compressor speed to ensure optimal energy usage. The inverters energy efficiency performance smooth capacity control allows for a comfortable environment that is also eco-friendly.

Flexibility ● ● ● ●

A wide range of indoor units with varying capacity can be connected to a single outdoor unit.this modularity allows the system to be easily adapted to future expansions or reconfigurations of the space, as the indoor units locations are not limited by the setup of the outdoor unit. VRF is lightweight, space-saving which is ideal for PAM centre built in limited land area. 9 outdoor units were installed to achieve the maximum cooling capacities for the whole building. Ductwork is required only for the ventilation system. Hence, ducting can be smaller than in standard ducting systems reducing installation costs by about 30% compared to conventional systems.

Reduce Noise

● ● ●

●

The system is noted for its low operating noise, allowing it to be placed almost anywhere. This allows more flexibility on how indoor and outdoor spaces can be used. For example, the outdoor units are placed on the 8th floor rooftop, which also has an open courtyard and an open discussion space. Operating sound levels of the indoor units can be as low as 27dB.

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Air Handling Unit (AHU) 8.7 AIR HANDLING UNIT (AHU) Air Handling Unit (AHU) is a device to supply and circulate air as part of heating, ventilating and air-conditioning system (HVAC). The main significance of AHU is it supplies the room with fresh outdoor treated air. In other words, there is a new intake of natural air from the environment to the building. AHU also consists of a return duct in which the warm air is drawn and returned to the outdoor environment. AHU basically has a similar operating system with the Fan Coil Unit System, but the size and working compatibility are bigger.

Benefits of integrating VRF into AHU:

● ●

●

Immediate cooling under any ambient or room conditions. Fast and accurate response to load changes for better comfort and less energy consumption compared to water cooling/heating coils coupled with chillers. Better management of cooling load for medium sized spaces.

Figure 8.7 Air Handling Unit (AHU) (Vanessa Huang, 2019)

The AHU is located in and is only used for the auditorium room. Reasons being the auditorium room is a large space. Thus, a stronger and bigger air conditioning system is needed to cool the room faster. In addition, the use of Air Handling Unit for the Auditorium room is in reference with the UBBL 1984, third schedule, Clause 12 that reads:

UBBL 1984 Third Schedule Clause 12 - Piping Insulation The minimum scale of fresh air ventilation in conjunction with recirculated, filtered and conditioned air meeting with the requirements of ASHRAE STANDARD 62-73 shall be as follows; Residential building Commercial premises Factory and Workshop School classroom Projection room Theatre and Auditorium Canteen Building of Public Resorts Offices Conference Room Hospital wards Computer room Hotel rooms THE NEW PAM CENTRE, BANGSAR

0.14cmm per occupant 0.14cmm per occupant 0.21cmm per occupant 0.14cmm per occupant 0.14cmm per occupant 0.14cmm per seat 0.28cmm per occupant 0.28cmm per occupant 0.14cmm per occupant 0.28cmm per occupant 0.14cmm per occupant 0.14cmm per occupant 0.14cmm per occupant 118

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8.7.1 Components of AHU

Diagram 8.7.1.1 Components of AHU (Technical Theory, 2015)

Inlet and Outlet Grille ● Fills in as the openings where air is pulled in and released to the outside condition. Grilles are set to forestall soils being pulled in.

Dampers ● Dampers are different sheets of metal which can turn. They can modify their level of receptiveness to limit the measure of air that can enter or exit.

Filters ● Filters out the fine residue and contaminations that get away from the grille. Reduces quantity of dust and pollutants released into a space.

Humidifier / Dehumidifier ● Required in areas where humidity is an issue such as areas with bad ventilation or that are constantly wet

Evaporating Coil ● The loop that will chill off or heat up the air. The curls are streamed with refrigerant from the open air unit, associated by pipes.

Blower Fan ● Propels air for distribution. ● Two types; i. Centrifugal ventilation fan - to move large amounts of air efficiently ii. Propeller fan - to remove heat from the condenser unit

Supply and Return Ducts ● Ductworks that supply the treated air into the room and return the used air from the room. ● It carries circulating air that's distributed into air conditioned rooms. ● Diffusers allow air out of the ducts. These components are usually hidden in a false suspended ceiling.

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8.7.2 AHU Cycle In as opposed to the Fan Coil Unit that just recycle the indoor air, Air Handling Unit recycles air. Things considered and threats from the outside air is filtered from indoor air before it is released to the spaces.

Diagram 8.7.2. AHU Cycle Diagram (MDPI, 2017)

AHU Cycle: ● ● ● ● ● ●

The new outside air is pumped in through a tube that is secured with grille to keep dirt from the outside from entering into the structure. The outside air is then combined with the new air that has undergone the dampers (exhaust valve) process. The air is then additionally recycled by the channels inside the AHU to filter out dirt, for example, dust that was not filtered by the grilles. Next, the air at that point will pass the evaporating coils to be either cooled or warmed relying upon the occupants needs. Toward the end of the AHU, an engine driven blower fan is set to blow the air and release it through the pipes into the rooms. Used air is then brought back by another fan through the supply and return duct. A portion of the air will be reused while some will be released to the outside.

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8.8 CONDITIONING SYSTEM IN PAM CENTRE 8.8 AIR Air Conditioning System in PAM Centre PAM Centre Bangsar uses the 2 pipe variable Refrigerant Flow system. The outdoor Unit, The DC inverter Unit, is located at the top most floor which is the sky terrace. There are 9 units of inverters. The units are connected with 4 sets of pipes, two towards the AC room on the left side of the building, two towards the right. Pipes going to the right side are CU-RF-AUD and CU-RF-C pipes meanwhile CU-RFA and CU-RF-B goes to the other side. The pipes are continued towards the lower ground at each AC room and linked to the dedicated indoor unit at each floor. The sectional diagram shows the connection of each pipe to the indoor units.

The VRF system at PAM Centre uses Panasonic FSV-EX system with multiple outdoor units connected to multiple indoor units allowing the temperature in each room to be controlled separately. An advantage of FSV-EX system is its ability to provide cooling even when the outside temperature reaches 52Â°C, enabling reliable operation even under extreme high temperatures.

CU-RF-A (Central Unit Refrigerant Flow A) CU-RF-B (Central Unit Refrigerant Flow B) CU-RF-C (Central Unit Refrigerant Flow C) CU-RF-AUD (Central Unit Refrigerant Flow Auditorium)

Diagram 8.8.1 Sectional diagram showing piping from outdoor units to each indoor unit. (Vanessa Huang, 2019)

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CU-RF-A (Central Unit Refrigerant Flow A) CU-RF-B (Central Unit Refrigerant Flow B) CU-RF-C (Central Unit Refrigerant Flow C) CU-RF-AUD (Central Unit Refrigerant Flow Auditorium)

Diagram 8.8.2 Rooftop Floor Plan showing inverter unit and piping system. (Vanessa Huang, 2019)

COMPONENT Panasonic 2-Pipe FSV-EX ME2 Inverter

Figure 8.8.3 FSV-EX Inverter (Panasonic, 2020)

Inverter Compressor

FUNCTION The Panasonic FSV-EX uses R-410A refrigerant gas as its heat-transfer fluid as well as working fluid. This achieves high Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER) of 15:20 and Integrated Energy Efficiency Ratio (IEER) to 17:25. The R-410A refrigerant gas has comparatively denser energy than water or air. Small volume of vapor or liquid refrigerant is needed to change the same amount of heat. Thus, saves workload of pumping motors and a more efficient transfer of heat to/from various zones.

The purpose of a compressor is to compress the refrigerant, specifically R410A refrigerant gas, from low pressure. In the panasonic inverter unit, there are two independently controlled inverter compressors to achieve high efficiency. Redesigned components in the body provide performance improvement especially in the rated cooling condition and EER performance.

Figure 8.8.4 FSV-EX Compressor (SM Wac, n.d)

Condenser Coil (Heat Exchanger)

The condenser coil liquifies the refrigerant using a fan that blows cool air through the heat exchanger section to cool down the refrigerant inside. The condenser in which copper coils are coated to enhance its durability. The coated layer provides a greater resistance against corrosion.

Figure 8.8.5 Condenser Coil (Panasonic, 2020) THE NEW PAM CENTRE, BANGSAR

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8.4.3 Implementation of VRF at the PAM Centre The outdoor units of the VRF system at the PAM Centre is situated on the 8th floor rooftop, along with the water supply system, rainwater harvesting unit and photovoltaic solar panel. The outdoor units are associated with each floor via an AHU room room which controls and disperses the refrigerant to individual indoor units in office spaces with their own temperature controls.

A zoning system infers that temperatures can be controlled and adjusted in a solitary zone without influencing the remainder of the building. VRF system divide the building interior into zones and each zone has its own thermostat which communicates with the zoning system. This is achievable in light of the outdoor units’ inverter-driver compressor that varies its motor rotation speed, permitting it to unequivocally meet each other’s zone conditioning requirement while reducing overall power consumption. Essentially, the temperature in each zone can be adjusted independently depending on the user’s comfort need. Advantages of zoned systems is it is much easier to keep everyone in the building comfortable, while cutting energy costs by having the option to adjust the thermostat up or down if needed. In addition, having the option to control the temperature of each zone from a solitary unit replaces the requirement for separate units in a building.

Air Handling Unit FCU - Ducted Unit Fan Coil Units - Cassette and Ducted Unit FCU - Cassette Unit

Diagram 8.4.3.1 Sectional diagram showing VRF System in PAM Centre. (Vanessa Huang, 2019) THE NEW PAM CENTRE, BANGSAR

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VRF Units

Diagram 8.4.3.2 Lower Ground Floor Plan (Vanessa Huang, 2019)

VRF Units

Diagram 8.4.3.3 First Floor Plan (Vanessa Huang, 2019)

VRF Units

Diagram 8.4.3.4 Second Floor Plan (Vanessa Huang, 2019)

VRF Units

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Diagram 8.4.3.5 Third Floor Plan (Vanessa Huang, 2019)

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VRF Units

Diagram 8.4.3.6 Fourth Floor Plan (Vanessa Huang, 2019)

VRF Units

Diagram 8.4.3.7 Fifth Floor Plan (Vanessa Huang, 2019)

VRF Units

Diagram 8.4.3.8 Sixth Floor Plan (Vanessa Huang, 2019)

VRF Units

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Diagram 8.4.3.9 Seventh Floor Plan (Vanessa Huang, 2019)

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8.4.3 Implementation of VRF at the PAM Centre The VRF System in the building is controlled by the Building Management System (BMS). It is a computer based control system installed in buildings that controls and monitors the buildings mechanical and electrical equipment such as ventilation, lighting, power systems, fire systems and security systems. When designing an integrated HVAC system with multiple technologies, it is imperative to incorporate system controls as well. Control techniques might be actualized that permit the different HVAC systems to be sequenced together for upgraded assembling activity dependent on the necessities and prerequisites of its occupants. Utilizations of the procedures may incorporate time-of-day scheduling per zone allowing for conditioning of only occupied spaces, ventilation control, etc. Additionally the interface keeps facilities staff connected to their overall HVAC systems. The BMS system is located in the control room at the basement floor.

Diagram 8.4.3.10 BMS System Diagram (CIBSE Journal, 2018)

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Conclusion 8.9 CONCLUSION The PAM Center Bangsar has effectively accomplished the indoor heating necessities with a magnificent and negligible energy utilization plan. The picked a cooling system that relates with the idea of being a green structure. By utilizing the VRF system, the structure can keep up productivity in cooling the indoor spaces while sparing more energy. This is demonstrated by the advantages that Panasonic FSV-EX gives, for example, eco-accommodating refrigerant, the R410A refrigerant gas, the zoning system that permits free control for every unit, low energy DC Inverter. This choice particularity likewise took parts in cost-sparing and sustainability as it permits future development. Collectively, they have adopted the proper strategy as a green building, which has propelled it to be one of the benchmarks names in green buildings.

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9.0 MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM -Sim Huan

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9.0 MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM 9.1 Introduction Mechanical transportation serves as a means of efficient and safe movement of people and goods especially in high rise buildings so that it plays a vital role in a building. There are three different types of mechanical transportation that can be found in building which is travelators, escalators and elevators. The only mechanical transportation that can be found in PAM building is the elevator. A successful building is very important to have efficient vertical transportation. To ensure that the other design team can proceed smoothly, getting the right advice at the pre-planning stage is decisive, confident that the individual buildings have adequate space provision for effective movement of people and goods. MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM

STANDARD MAIN COMPONENTS

TYPES

● ● ● ●

Traction with Machine room LIft Machine roomless traction lift Hydraulic Elevator Escalator

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Car Hoistway Counterweight Machine System Control System Safety System Buffer

COMPONENTS OF A LIFT

● ● ● ● ●

Door Buttons Floor indicator Handrail Fire Resistant Padding

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9.2 UBBL COMPLIANCE

UBBL 1984 Part VI: Construction Requirements Section 124 For all non-residential building exceeding 4 storeys above or below the main access level at least one lift shall be provided. Part VII: Fire Requirements Section 151 Where openings to lift shaft are not connected to protected lobbies, such lift shafts shall be provided with vents of not less than 0.09 square metre per lift located at the top of the shafts. Where the vent does not discharge directly to the open air the lift shaft shall be vented to the exterior through a duch of the required FRP as for the lift shafts. Section 154 (1) On failure of mains power of lifts shall return in sequence directly to the designated floor, commencing with the fire lifts, without answering any car or landing calls and park with doors open. (2) After all lifts are parked the lifts on emergency power shall resume normal operation: Provided that where sufficient emergency power is available for operation of all lifts, this mode of operation need not apply.

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9.3 Literature Review There are generally three categories of elevators being electric lifts, which include traction with a machine room, machine-room-less traction, and hydraulic lifts.

Traction with a Machine Room Lifts Lifted by a rope which goes over the wheel that is connected to the motor, usually it is an electric motor which is located in the machine room above the elevator shaft. These types of elevators are most commonly used in mid to high-rise applications as they can achieve faster travel speeds than most other types of elevators. In most cases, counterweights are also used to reduce the load on the motor. Traction elevators can be geared or gearless, depending on their application.

Diagram 9.3.1 Traction with Machine Room ( Elevator, D, 2016)

Machine room-less Traction Lifts Usually used in high-rise buildings not exceeding 250 feet. These elevators are also traction elevators, but instead of having a dedicated machine room, the machinery needed to run the elevator which is located at the top of the hoistway in the overriding space accessible from the top of the elevator car, whenever repair or maintenance is necessary. The top floor also requires a separate control room, which is usually located within 150 feet of the elevator. These elevators require less space than traditional traction elevators and are very energy efficient. Diagram 9.3.2 Machine Room-less Traction (MEI, 2020, June 02)

Hydraulic Elevators Hydraulic elevator is supported by the piston from the bottom. When the electric motor pumps hydraulic fluid into the piston, the piston will push the elevator upward. The elevator will then descend as the fluid is released. These types of elevators are more commonly use in low-rise buildings because they are slower and can reach only about 80 feet.

Diagram 9.3.3 Hydraulic Elevators (Elevator, N, 2019, May 08 THE NEW PAM CENTRE, BANGSAR

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Escalator They look like stairs, yet they are moving up or down mechanically to enable people to reach different heights without stopping. They are usually found in public buildings such as shopping malls.

Diagram 9.3.4 Escalator (Intech Power-Core, 2010, August 10)

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9.3 Standard Main Components

Diagram 9.3 Main Component of a lift (Electrical Knowhow, 2013) THE NEW PAM CENTRE, BANGSAR

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9.3 Standard Main Components The standard elevators will include the following basic components:

9.3.1 Car It is usually made of a heavy steel frame and consists of cages shrouded in metal and wooden boards, which transport passengers and goods between different elevator stops.

9.3.2 Hoistway Space that allows the car to travel vertically, it is enclosed by fireproof walls and elevator doors for the travel of one or more elevators.

9.3.3 Counterweight The function of the counterweight is to provide traction and balance the mass of the overall car and a part of the rated load, which is equal to the weight of the car plus 40% of the rated load.

9.3.4 Machine/ Drive System It is the power unit of the elevator, located at the elevator machine room usually, used to refer to the collection of components that raise or lower the elevator.

9.3.5 Control System The system is responsible for coordinating various aspects of elevator service, such as travel, speed and acceleration, deceleration, door opening speed and delay, level and hall lantern signal.

9.3.6 Safety System All safety components used in the electric traction elevator are include: devices that lock landing doors (Hoistway door interlock), progressive safety gear, overspeed regulators, buffers, final limit switches, and other safety devices and switches.

9.3.7 Buffer It is a device used to stop the descending car or counterweight under normal conditions beyond its normal limit and soften the force of the elevator into the pit.

9.4 Overview of Arrangement The elevators placing side by side is an ideal arrangement, because the combination of these mechanisms can improve the circulation efficiency of the entire building. The elevator moves vertically from the first floor to the 8th floor, making it a system area elevator.

Passenger Lift

Diagram 9.4.1 Floor plan with location of lift in PAM building (Zhia Lyn, 2017)

Fire Lift THE NEW PAM CENTRE, BANGSAR

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9.5 Type of Lift and Specifications The elevators in the PAM building are machine room-less elevators that can transport people and goods vertically through the 8th floors. There are two different types of elevators, one is a passenger elevator and the other is a fire elevator. MRL elevators do not require a machine room because their tractors and controllers have been made compact and installed in the hoistway. The control box is located on the 8th floor next to the elevator on each floor.

Specification -

Brand: Kone N Monospace Description: Machine room-less elevator for new buildings Speed: 2.5 m/s Max. Travel: 90m Max. Load: 1600kg Max. Passenger: Up to 21 person Max. Elevator in group: 4

Figure 9.5 Lift in PAM building (Chi Xuan, 2017)

9.5.1 How the lift works? PAM building uses machine room-less elevators (MRL) that does not require a machine room. Most elevators without machine room are used in low-rise buildings, machine room-less elevators can usually serve up to 20 floors in mid-rise buildings. In this case, only 8 floors can be served. PAM Building emphasizes green technology because the system used is the energy-saving brand "KONE". Even if the elevator does not move, signal lights and ventilation lights will consume a lot of energy. However, in this system, the servo is always in standby mode. When the elevator is not in use, where the car fan is turned off, while the signal display is dimmed, unnecessary costs can be saved. In addition, the elevator system is operated by the "first call system", and the elevator will be operated according to the occupant who first pressed the operation button. It operates on a first-come, firstserved basis. THE NEW PAM CENTRE, BANGSAR

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9.6 Components of a Lift 9.6.1 Two Panel, Centre-opening Door These doors are very efficient because passengers can enter and leave the elevator before the doors are fully opened. The elevator uses two different doors: the car door and the door leading to the elevator shaft. The door on the car is driven by a motor, which is connected to the elevator computer. The electric motor turns the wheel, which is fixed to the long metal arm. The metal arm is linked to the other arm, which is connected to the door. The door can slide back and forth on metal rails. When motor spins the wheel, it will rotate the first metal arm, thereby pulling the second metal arm and move the connected door to the left. The door consists of two panels, which will close to each other when the door is opened and extend into place when the door is closed. The computer turns the motor to open the door when the car reaches the floor, and closes the door before the car starts to move again. Many elevators have motion sensor systems, and if there is someone between the door, they will prevent the door from closing. The car door has a clutch mechanism that unlocks the outer door on each floor and pulls it away. In this way, only when there is a car on the floor (or forced to open), the outer door will open. This prevents the outer door from opening into the empty elevator shaft.

Figure 9.6.1 Lift Door (Chi Xuan, 2017)

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9.6.2 Buttons There are two groups of buttons in each elevator, one group is the standard button and the other group is the disabled button. These buttons include: buttons (for pressing to move the car to the desired floor), emergency buttons is for emergency situation, and operation buttons for opening and closing the door. The national elevator regulations require the use of braille plates, and it is recommended to use braille plates for all elevator implications. This allows visually impaired people to use the elevator safely and effectively.

Figure 9.6.2 Lift Button (Chi Xuan, 2017)

9.6.3 Floor Indicator The floor indicator is usually placed above or at the side of the exterior of the elevator, and one in the interior. This is important because it allows users to know the floor on which the elevator is located. The speakers are also located inside in order to help the visually impaired.

Figure 9.6.1 Floor Indicator (Chi Xuan, 2017)

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9.6.4 Handrail For safety purpose, placing the handrail in the car wall 30 inches above the ground is necessary. It is also important that the handrails are smooth and free of sharp corners. In an emergency, passengers can grab the handrail to avoid crisis happen.

Figure 9.6.4 Handrail (Chi Xuan, 2017)

9.6.5 Fire Resistant Padding Elevator protection pad usually insulate the elevator car to protect valuable cargo during transportation. Elevator pads provide heavy-duty pads to prevent damage during operation. These pad are flame retardant and can add another layer of protection in an emergency.

Figure 9.6.5 Fire Resistant Padding (Chi Xuan, 2017)

9.7 Conclusion Mechanical transportation in PAM building has successfully comply with the Uniform Building By-Laws by easing the movement of occupants travelling from level to level efficiently throughout the building. Other than that, the safety features which can be found in the building is also efficient in terms of the fire control usage to ensure the safety of occupants. As conclusion, PAM building has careful consideration in mechanical transportation in order to provide a mechanical transportation that meets multiple circumstances, it brings convenient in the same time provide a better protection for the occupants from the emergency.

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10.0 MECHANICAL PARKING SYSTEM -Sim Huan

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10.0 MECHANICAL PARKING SYSTEM 10.1 Introduction Parking zone is a designated place to accommodate parked vehicles where usually placed on a large area land in a garage, parking venue or along the road. With the number of vehicles on the road is constantly increasing, new technology has been introduced for the convenience of motorists. Mechanical parking includes a variety of choices to save costs and spaces to achieve holding more vehicles. Mechanical parking system is an automated system functions to hold maximum number of cars with minimal spaces. They are usually built like a multi-storey garage, operates a mechanical system to haul cars to and from parking spots without the drivers.

10.2 Literature Review Generally, there are six type of mechanical parking system which are: AGV, Crane, Puzzle, Silo and Tower.

10.2.1 AGV System AGV is an automatic guided vehicle system that is not limited to driving on one rail. The AGV system uses robotic technology to operate in all directions and every angle in order to efficiently operate vehicles when traveling in and out from multi-story floors. When an automatic mechanism is required in the implementation of the warehouse, the AGV can be manipulated. When the vehicle is automatically parked in each carriage on the platform, a concept will be adopted. The way the system works is to collect, lift and transfer vehicles in and out of the cabin. There is no limit to the number of AGVs in the system because it depends on various factors, such as budget and requirements. Without using a large turning radius, the AGV moves in all directions in a concrete platform similar to a warehouse system. Where space is permits, vehicle rotation can be performed in a straight line from all directions along the path of the AGV. Various AGVs can promote each other's development in the simultaneous solidification, use a large number of exchange pathways, and can also help rescue vehicles that are behind each other. This concept improves the speed and working efficiency of the system.

Figure 10.2.1 AGV System (ARP, 2011)

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10.2.2 Crane System The parking system of Crane System uses a central lifting and positioning mechanism to park the vehicle in the parking system. The mechanism is built into the central island of the structure and can move horizontally and vertically quickly and accurately. The crane device is installed on the floor or ceiling and connected to the center of the island. The function of this mechanism is to place vehicle on the parking platform. The crane is located in the center of the aisle and can be operated from the floor to the ceiling. The system has the ability to automatically operate the crane up and down, left and right at the same time automated by itself. Usually, only one crane is installed for one rail device.

Figure 10.2.2 Crane System (ARP, 2011)

10.2.3 Puzzle System Puzzle system is the heaviest automated parking lot and occupies approximately 95% of the ground area. A set of rollers and belts are used to support the horizontal puzzle system, which includes a sturdy floor covered by a pallet and a steel frame. With the help of rollers and belts, the vehicle is transported through the pallet until the pallet reaches the desired destination of the vehicle. Each parking space is equipped with a pallet support frame, but each floor has two fewer pallets than the pallet support frame to provide sufficient space for the movement of the pallets. Due to the height of the system, the tray can be moved from the support frame to another in all directions. The system moves in all directions, it can move in the shape of "T, U, L, H" without having to move geometrically. As long as the support frame allows, the system can move from its current position to the desired position in any direction. Scissor lifts are actually used in puzzle systems to help the pallet move in all directions whether on or off the lift platform.

Figure 10.2.3 Puzzle System (Autotech,n.d.)

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10.2.4 Silo System Silo system utilizes a central positioning mechanism in a cylindrical system, and there is only one mechanism to park the vehicle. The central mechanism that moves vertically and rotates at the same time allows the vehicle platform to move from one parking space to another parking space in a shorter time. The silo system can be installed on the ground, but it is usually installed underground where the soil conditions are not suitable. The Silo system can operate in a single parking module or multiple parking modules, but no more than one vehicle can be parked and retrieved at a time because there is only one mechanism for the parking and retrieval function. If multiple mechanisms are to be added to the system, mechanical failure may occur.

Figure 10.2.4 Silo System (Grahafauzi, 2020, July 02)

10.2.5 Tower System Tower system has an elevator for a vehicle with a parking space adjacent to the elevator shaft. The layout of the parking tower consists of multiple levels. The parking module is located on the first floor and is used to transport the vehicle after the vehicle is turned by the elevator and raised to one of the parking spaces to be placed. This process is done in the opposite way to retrieve the vehicle. System redundancy is a problem because the tower system can only park and retrieve vehicles once.

Figure 10.2.5 Tower System (Eros Elevators,n.d.)

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10.2.6 Stack Parking System The mechanism is a two-in-one parking system, so there is no need for a pit on the upper deck. However, when it is necessary to lower the upper deck, the vehicles on the lower deck must be driven out in order to lower the upper deck to the ground. Safety sensors are installed to ensure that there will be no accidents when lowered. This kind of parking service is usually used together with valet parking service.

Figure 10.2.6 Stack System (Eros Elevators,n.d.)

10.3 Mechanical Parking System in PAM Centre The PAM building is a contemporary building with limited land for parking. Therefore, mechanical parking can solve the problem of insufficient parking spaces, because it can accommodate more cars. In PAM building, the mechanical system used is stack parking system, which has two parking spaces instead of one in one lot. However, the vehicle at the top can only leave when the vehicle at the bottom leaves before lowering the upper deck. There are safety sensors to ensure that if there is a car on the ground, the height of the upper deck will not be reduced. Positions can be shared between the two parking spaces to save costs and land. Before starting work, everyone who wants to build a double-deck car park must appoint an authorized person or a structural engineer. The nominee shall submit suggestions and corresponding structural arguments to the construction authority to prove the stability of the car system and the applicability of the mechanism in the designated building. The hydraulic double stage cylinder makes the double-layer system have a higher speed when lifting. The upper deck moves by gravity rather than electricity, so there is no electricity consumption in the process while reducing the platform. In the event of a mechanical failure, another method for retrieving the upper car is to manually transport it to the ground through the operation of a solenoid valve.

Figure 10.3 Stack Parking System in PAM building (Chi Xuan, 2017) THE NEW PAM CENTRE, BANGSAR

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2. 3.

4 .

8 .

1. Carriage 2. Transparent Oil Tank 3. Oil Drip Tray (Optional) 4. Galvanized Cover Plate 5. Electric Box 6. Oil Pipe Protector

7. Key Switch & Emergency Stop Button 8. Dynamic Lock

9. Front & Back Footage Diagram 10.3.1 Component of Mechanical Parking-Stack System (Mutrade, n.d.)

Specifications Model

Doppeldecker DS2

Lifting Capacity

2700kg

Lifting Height

2100mm

Equipment Weight

1100kg

Usable Platform Width

2100mm

Electric Supply

220V

Control Power

24V

Locking Device

Dynamic

Lock Release

Electric Auto Release

Operation

Key Switch

Lifting/ Lowering Time

50/ 45 Sec.

Power Pack

2.2 kW Hydraulic Power Pump

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10.3.1 Safety Feature Safety feature are built into the system to provide security. Every 10 cm, there will be a dynamic locking device with a lock block. An emergency button has been installed on the system to prevent the platform

from rising when it reaches its maximum height. The upper deck can only be lowered when there is no car on the first floor, controlled by a photoelectric switch here. The emergency button in the lifting system can stop the function to stop all operations immediately.

Figure 10.3.1 Mechanic Lock ASE Deals,n.d.)

10.3.2 Operation and Maintenance 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Human or vehicle with human is not allowed to be lifted up by the double decker car park due to the safety of both the human and the mechanism. Oversized or overweight vehicles should not be lift by the deck. When the space below is occupied, the platform shall not be lowered down. The parking system should always be in good condition by following the contractorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s instruction. Maintenance and check ups are to be done gradually.

Figure 10.3.2 Emergency Stop Button (Left) , Stack Parking System (Middle) , Hydraulic System for Car Lift (Right) (Chi Xuan, 2017)

10.4 Conclusion In this developed land, land use is very precious and has to be well considered. By using mechanical parking system, PAM building is able to save almost half of the parking spaces without sacrificing the amount of parking lot. Other than that, the installation cost is way lower than traditional parking system. In conclusion, mechanical parking system bring more pros than cons to the building, it should be widely use in this era where people are facing problems on shortage of land. THE NEW PAM CENTRE, BANGSAR

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11.0 CONCLUSION

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11.0 CONCLUSION In conclusion, the PAM Centre has taken many initiatives and measures in its systems that comply with the standard UBBL and MS1525 as well as ASHRAE Journal. This proves that the building is fit for daily usage and provides a safe environment to both occupants and visitors in the building due to good and strategic planning of the buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s design codes. All the systems as stated before in the report work well with one another, making it an integral system for the building to function as one. To wrap things up, this report has given the entire team a great opportunity to locate and appreciate the significant details on how each system works properly in the implementation of building services. There is no doubt that the entire group has gained more knowledge regarding the systems used in PAM Center and will be beneficial for everyone as they enter the working world and appreciate the importance of building services in our daily lives.

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12.0 REFERENCES

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12.0 REFERENCES FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM ACTIVE: At What Temperature Do Heat Alarms Trigger (n.d).Alarm Grid Retrieved July 01, 2020, from https://www.alarmgrid.com/faq/at-what-temperature-do-heat-alarms-trigger Bhadra, A. (2016). Which Is Better, Conventional or Addressable Fire Alarm. Retrieved from: http://bhadrafiresafety.blogspot.com/2016/11/conventional-or-addressable-fire-alarm.html Fire Alarm Systems Components and Functions (n.d).SlideShare Retrieved July 01, 2020, from https://www.slideshare.net/debgoodlett/ch03-fire-alarm-system-components-and-functions

Goh, D.(2005). Overview of Fire Alarm Systems Maintenance. Retrieved from https://www.scdf.gov.sg/docs/default-source/scdf-library/fssd-downloads/fsmas_overview_of_fire_alarm_systems__maintenance.pdf Lee, J. (2016). Uniform Building By Laws. Retrieved from: https://www.slideshare.net/JoshuaLee68/ubbl-1984-pdf What Is Voice System. (n.d). Ambient System Retrieved July 01, 2020, from, https://ambientsystem.eu/en/what-is-voice-alarm-system/ Voice Evacuation Systems:The Sounds That Lead To Safety. (n.d).Security Info Watch. Retrieved July 01,2020, from, https://www.securityinfowatch.com/home/article/10542922/voice-evacuation-systems-the-sounds-that-lead-tosafety

PASSIVE: Aker, J. (2008). The Basics of Fire Protection. Buildings Smarter Facility Management. Retrieved July 02, 2020, from https://www.buildings.com/article-details/articleid/5851/title/the-basics-of-passive-fire-protectionHall, J. (2020). A beginnerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s guide to passive fire protection. IFSEC GLOBAL. Retrieved June 29 2020, from https://www.ifsecglobal.com/fire/beginners-guide-to-passive-fire-protection/ Kim, Z. (2016). Passive Fire Protection According to UBBL Malaysia. Slideshare. Retrieved June 28, 2020 from https://www.slideshare.net/zhaoweiKim/passive-fire-protection-according-to-ubbl-malaysia Lee, J. (2016). Uniform Building By Laws. Retrieved from: https://www.slideshare.net/JoshuaLee68/ubbl-1984-pdf LIVINGASEAN. (2016). The New Architecture Icon In Malaysia // The New PAM Centre. Retrieved July 01, 2020 from https://livingasean.com/explore/architecture-icon-in-malaysia/ Means of Escape. (n.d.). PDF file. Retrieved July 01, 2020, from https://www.scdf.gov.sg/docs/default-source/scdf-library/fssd-downloads/hb_v3_ch2.pdf Siong, C. L. (n.d.). Designing For Fire Safety. PDF File. Retrieved July 01, 2020, from https://architecturemalaysia.com/Files/Pool/113_180611_1254555455_presentation_notes_from_ahf_ubbl_2 02_and_ms_1183_for_pg_20180526.pdf

PAM Center Bangsar Case Study on Building Services. (2019). Issuu. Retrieved June 28, 2020, from https://issuu.com/zed98/docs/b._services_case_study Passive Fire Protection VS. Active Fire Protection. (2015). Retrieved July 01, 2020, from http://news.lifesafetyservices.com/blog/active-vs-passive-fire-protection-2 What is Passive Fire Protection (PFP)?. (n.d.). Retrieved June 29, 2020, from https://www.safelincs.co.uk/what-is-passive-fire-protection/

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12.0 REFERENCES MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM Mechanical ventilation of buildings. (2020, January 26). Retrieved July 06, 2020, from https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Mechanical_ventilation_of_buildings Atkinson, J. (1970, January 01). Concepts and types of ventilation. Retrieved July 06, 2020, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK143277/ HVI. (n.d.). Mechanical Ventilation Types: Exhaust, Supply, Balanced & Energy Recovery. Retrieved July 06, 2020, from https://www.hvi.org/resources/publications/mechanical-ventilation-types/ Harry, C. (2012, January 25). Key Factors for Poultry House Ventilation. Retrieved July 06, 2020, from https://thepoultrysite.com/articles/key-factors-for-poultry-house-ventilation

AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM Air Handling Units Explained. Evans P. (2018) TheEngineeringMindset.com. Retrieved July 01, 2020, from, https://theengineeringmindset.com/air-handling-units-explained/. Everything You Need To Know About HVAC (n.d).TwentyOneCelsius.com. Retrieved July 01, 2020, from, http://twentyonecelsius.com.au/blog/everything-you-need-to-know-about-hvac-systems/. Huang V. (2019) Air Conditioning System. Retrieved July 01, 2020, from, https://issuu.com/zed98/docs/b._services_case_study.

Mohamed E., Mohammed A.(2019) Central Air Conditioning: Systems and Applications.DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.89455. Retrieved July 01, 2020, from, https://www.intechopen.com/books/low-temperaturetechnologies/central-air-conditioning-systems-and-applications. Shaimaa S. (2018) Types of HVAC Systems. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78942. Retrieved July 01, 2020, from, https://www.intechopen.com/books/hvac-system/types-of-hvac-systems. Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) Systems-Flexible Solutions for Comfort. (2013). HvacPartners.com. Retrieved July 01, 2020, from, https://dms.hvacpartners.com/docs/1001/Public/0B/04-581067-01.pdf

MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM AnsherinaDelMundo Follow. (2013, October 14). Mechanical transportation. Retrieved July 06, 2020, from https://www.slideshare.net/AnsherinaDelMundo/mechanical-transportation Sing, L., & Lim housing. (2014, December 24). Mechanical transportation. Retrieved July 06, 2020, from https://issuu.com/limfousing/docs/mechanical_transportation Srivastav, A. (2019, September 19). Mechanical transportation system in building- expert lecture on 19/09... Retrieved July 06, 2020, from https://www.slideshare.net/arabhinavknp/mechanical-transportation-system-inbuilding-expert-lecture-on-19092019

The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. (2011, August 03). Mechanical system. Retrieved July 06, 2020, from https://www.britannica.com/technology/mechanical-system

MECHANICAL PARKING SYSTEM Bernama. (2018, December 12). First automated mechanical parking service opens in KL, 20 planned for next year. Retrieved July 06, 2020, from https://www.carsifu.my/news/first-automated-mechanical-parking-service-opens-in-kl-20-planned-for-next-year OlanrewajuRaufAbdullahi. (n.d.). Mechanical Transportation in Building. Retrieved July 06, 2020, from https://www.academia.edu/31045430/Report_on_mechanical_transportation_in_Building_and_Electrical_services_i n_Fianl_Sub-Circult_in_Building.docx?auto=download THE NEW PAM CENTRE, BANGSAR

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12.1 REFERENCES - FIGURE LIST FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM ACTIVE: Figure 6.2.1.1 Figure 6.2.1.2 Figure 6.2.1.3 Figure 6.2.2.1 Figure 6.2.2.2 Figure 6.2.2.3 Figure 6.2.2.4 Figure 6.2.2.5 Figure 6.2.2.6 Figure 6.2.3.2 Figure 6.2.3.1 Figure 6.2.3.2 Figure 6.2.3.3

Figure 6.2.3.4 Figure 6.2.3.5

Figure 6.2.3.6 Figure 6.4.1.1.1 Figure 6.4.1.2.1 Figure 6.4.2.1.1 Figure 6.4.2.2.1 Figure 6.4.2.2.2 Figure 6.4.2.3.1 Figure 6.4.2.3.2 Figure 6.4.2.3.3 Figure 6.4.2.3.4 Figure 6.4.2.3.6 Figure 6.4.2.4.1 Figure 6.4.2.5.1 Figure 6.4.2.6.1.1 Figure 6.4.2.6.1.2 Figure 6.4.2.6.1.3 Figure 6.4.2.6.2.1 Figure 6.4.3.1.1 Figure 6.4.3.1.2 Figure 6.4.3.1.3 Figure 6.4.3.2.1 Figure 6.4.3.2.2 Figure 6.4.3.3.1 Figure 6.4.3.3.2 Figure 6.4.3.3.3

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Smoke Detector Heat Detector Flame Detector Fire Alarm Bell Manual Call Point Main Fire Alarm Panel Fire Emergency Light Fireman Switch Fire Intercom SM Wac (n.d) Compressor.Retrieved July 01, 2020, from Wet Riser System. Fire fighting Equipment, Retrieved from: https://www.firefightingequipment.my/wet-riser-system/ Dry Riser System. Fire fighting Equipment, Retrieved from: https://www.firefightingequipment.my/wet-riser-syste Fire Hydrant. Borneo Post Online (2019), Retrieved from: https://www.theborneopost.com/2019/07/31/bomba-sees-red-after-nearly-5000-firehydrants-vandalised-this-year-in-sarawak/ Sprinkler. Maccarone Plumbing, Retrieved from: http://maccaroneplumbing.com/residential-services/fire-sprinkler-system-services/ Hose Reel System. Mistex Fire. Retrieved from: http://mistexfire.com/services/hose-reel-system/ Fire Extinguisher. SWtech Fire. Retrieved from: http://swtechfire.com/types-of-fire-extinguishers/ Feliciana Sofian (2019) Smoke detector in PAM Center Feliciana Sofian (2019) Heat detector at generator room, PAM Centre Feliciana Sofian (2019) Fire alarm at PAM Centre Feliciana Sofian (2019) Manual Call Point at PAM Centre Feliciana Sofian (2019) Manual Fire Alarm Pull Station at PAM Centre Feliciana Sofian (2019) Control panel room in PAM main building Feliciana Sofian (2019) CO2 panel in PAM Centre Feliciana Sofian (2019) IG55 Control panel in TNB room Feliciana Sofian (2019) Control panel of PAM main building Feliciana Sofian (2019) Master control console in PAM Centre Feliciana Sofian (2019) Fire emergency light at PAM Centre Feliciana Sofian (2019) Location of fireman switch Feliciana Sofian (2019) Speaker at ceiling in PAM Centre Feliciana Sofian (2019) Horn on wall in PAM Centre Feliciana Sofian (2019) Digital alarm communication in PAM Centre Feliciana Sofian (2019) Telefon Bomba Api in PAM Centre Chryslyn Tan (2017) Dry Riser in PAM Centre Chryslyn Tan (2017) Hose Reel & Dry Riser in PAM Centre Dry Riser Inlet, National Dry Riser Testing, Retrieved from: https://www.nationaldryrisertesting.co.uk/how-many-dry-risers/ Chryslyn Tan (2017) Hose Reel in PAM Centre Chryslyn Tan (2017) Hose Reel Pump in PAM Centre Chryslyn Tan (2017) Fire Extinguishers in PAM Centre Common Dry Powder Extinguisher. Fire-fighter.com Retrieved from: https://www.firefighter.com.my/products/9kg-abc-dry-powder-fire-extinguisher Carbon Dioxide Fire Extinguisher. Fire-fighter.com Retrieved from: https://www.firefighter.com.my/products/2kg-carbon-dioxide-co2-fireextinguisher?variant=31768339415094

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FIGURE LIST

FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM PASSIVE: Figure 6.5.1.1 Figure 6.5.1.1.1 Figure 6.5.1.1.2 Figure 6.5.1.1.3 Figure 6.5.1.2.1 Figure 6.5.1.4.1 Figure 6.5.1.5.1 Figure 6.5.1.5.2 Figure 6.5.2.1.1 Figure 6.5.2.1.2 Figure 6.5.2.1.3 Figure 6.5.2.1.4 Figure 6.5.2.1.5 Figure 6.5.2.1.6 Figure 6.5.2.1.7 Figure 6.5.3.1 Figure 6.5.3.2.1 Figure 6.5.3.2.2 Figure 6.5.3.2.3 Figure 6.5.3.3.1 Figure 6.5.3.3.2 Figure 6.5.3.4.1 Figure 6.5.3.4.2 Figure 6.5.3.4.3 Figure 6.5.4.1.1 Figure 6.5.4.1.2 Figure 6.5.4.1.3 Figure 6.5.4.2.1 Figure 6.5.4.2.2 Figure 6.5.4.2.3 Figure 6.5.4.3.1 Figure 6.5.4.3.2 Figure 6.5.4.4.1

Ting Ying. (2019). Horizontal exit at lift lobby. LIVINGASEAN. (2016). Retrieved from: https://livingasean.com/explore/architecture-icon-in-malaysia/ Ting Ying. (2019). Reinforced concrete and brick wall and fire-resistant escape staircase located within an enclosed area. Cryslyn Tan. (2017). Fire escape or emergency staircase that is equipped with a bright yellow outline to allow visual permeability. Ting Ying. (2019). Fire escape plan found on wall in the lift lobby. Cryslyn Tan. (2017). Everbright door release mechanism next to manual call point. Ting Ying. (2019). Left side assembly point. Ting Ying. (2019). Right side assembly point Christine See. (2020). Building volume of PAM Centre along the width of the streets Ting Ying. (2019). Site measurement of rise and thread Ting Ying. (2019). Site measurement of headroom Ting Ying. (2019). Bomba lift signage Ting Ying. (2019). Fire fighting lift Ting Ying. (2019). Internal of fire fighting lift Ting Ying. (2019). Fire fighting lobby at ground floor Ting Ying. (2019). Panoramic view of second top floor of the event. Zien Loon. (2019). AC condenser at rooftop Zien Loon. (2019). The control room at lower ground floor Zien Loon. (2019). AHU room at second floor of auditorium Ting Ying. (2019). Double fire door at the lift lobby area Ting Ying. (2019). Fire exit door from cafeteria to assembly point Ting Ying. (2019). Protected lobby and staircase enclosure Ting Ying. (2019). Fire staircase with ventilation Ting Ying. (2019). Openable windows in the lift lobby Google Maps. (2017). PAM Center during construction process LIVINGASEAN. (2016). Retrieved from https://livingasean.com/explore/architecture-icon-in-malaysia/ LIVINGASEAN. (2016). Retrieved from https://livingasean.com/explore/architecture-icon-in-malaysia/ LIVINGASEAN. (2016). Retrieved from https://livingasean.com/explore/architecture-icon-in-malaysia/ LIVINGASEAN. (2016). Retrieved from https://livingasean.com/explore/architecture-icon-in-malaysia/ LIVINGASEAN. (2016). Retrieved from https://livingasean.com/explore/architecture-icon-in-malaysia/ LIVINGASEAN. (2016). Retrieved from https://livingasean.com/explore/architecture-icon-in-malaysia/ Cryslyn Tan. (2017). Steel structural members used to support non-critical members Cryslyn Tan. (2017). Black aluminium cladding on the right functions as shading device against radiation heat

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FIGURE LIST

MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM Figure 7.3.2.1.1 Figure 7.3.2.1.2

Figure 7.3.2.1.3

Figure 7.3.2.2.1 Figure 7.3.2.2.2 Figure 7.3.2.2.3

Figure 7.3.2.2.4

Figure 7.3.2.3

Figure 7.3.2.4 Figure 7.3.2.5

Figure 7.4.1 Figure 7.4.2 Figure 7.4.3

Sealand Refrigeration Technology, N. (n.d.). Propeller fan blade. Retrieved July 06, 2020, from http://bitzertech.en.hisupplier.com/product-240152-propeller-fan-bade.html M. (2018, September). Axial Aerofoil Impeller Fan 315-2240mm dia. Retrieved July 06, 2020, from https://www.i4mart.com/axial-aerofoil-impeller-fan-315-2240mm-dia-adjustable-die-castaluminium-blades-ie2-motor-ip55-415v3phase50hz-3 Novovent. (n.d.). BP series - Centrifugal fan by NOVOVENT: DirectIndustry. Retrieved July 06, 2020, from https://www.directindustry.com/prod/novovent/product-19905393509.html M. Arkam C. Munaaim Adj. Prof. (2009, March 17). Mechanical Ventilation. Retrieved July 06, 2020, from https://www.slideshare.net/arkam_slideshare/mechanical-ventilation M. Arkam C. Munaaim Adj. Prof. (2009, March 17). Mechanical Ventilation. Retrieved July 06, 2020, from https://www.slideshare.net/arkam_slideshare/mechanical-ventilation KMA. (2020, April 22). ULTRAVENTÂŽ Electrostatic filter cells for high grade air purification Retrieved July 06, 2020, from https://www.kmafilter.com/products/electrostatic-plate-filter/ Envirotech. (2017, December 30). HVAC Activated Carbon Filter. Retrieved July 06, 2020, from https://envirotechindustrialproductsdelhi.com/2017/12/30/hvac-activatedcarbon-filter/ FONKO. (2019, September 18). Commercial Ducting, Mechanical Ventilation & Air Conditioning. Retrieved July 06, 2020, from https://fonko.co.nz/commercialhome/commercial-refrigeration-services/commercial-air-conditioning/ Global Mechanical. (2019, March 25). Fire Damper. Retrieved July 06, 2020, from https://gram.ca/fire-damper/ Industries, P. (n.d.). Louvered Face Diffuser with HEPA Filter - Critical Environments. Retrieved July 06, 2020, from https://www.priceindustries.com/criticalenvironments/products/amdc-louvered-facedirectional-diffuser-filter?SwitchMarket=United+States Jean Ming (2017) Spot Ventilation System in Kitchen of PAM building Jean Ming (2017) Axial Fan in the AHU Jean Ming (2017) Propellor Fan in Open Space

AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM Figure 8.2.3.1

Figure 8.2.3.2

Figure 8.2.3.4

Figure 8.2.3.5

Figure 8.5.1.2 Figure 8.5.1.3 Figure 8.5.1.5 Figure 8.5.1.6 Figure 8.5.1.7 Figure 8.5.2

Figure 8.5.3.1 Figure 8.5.3.2 Figure 8.7 Figure 8.8.3 Figure 8.8.4

Figure 8.8.5

Callks (n.d) Evaporator. Retrieved July 01, 2020, from, https://www.callks.com/birmingham-airconditioning/ SM Wac (n.d) Compressor. Retrieved July 01, 2020, from https://smwac.net/hvac-knowledge/how-an-airconditioner-compressor-works/ Panasonic (2020) Condenser. Retrieved July 01, 2020, from, https://aircon.panasonic.com/top.html Indiamart (2020) Expansion Valve Retrieved July 01, 2020, from, https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/expansionvalve-15238291873.html Panasonic (2020) Ducted unit Retrieved July 01, 2020, from, https://aircon.panasonic.com/top.html Vanessa Huang (2019) Cassette Unit Vanessa Huang (2019) Ducted Unit Vanessa Huang (2019) Air Grille Vanessa Huang (2019) Round Diffuser Daikin (2018) VRF Outdoor Unit Retrieved July 01, 2020, from, https://www.daikin-ce.com/en_us/pressreleases/2018/vrv-iv-c.html Vanessa Huang (2019) CU-RF-C and CU-RF-AUD Pipes Vanessa Huang (2019) CU-RF-B Pipe Vanessa Huang (2019) Air Handling Unit (AHU) Panasonic (2020) FSV-EX Inverter Retrieved July 01, 2020, from, https://aircon.panasonic.com/top.html SM Wac (n.d) Compressor. Retrieved July 01, 2020, from, https://smwac.net/hvac-knowledge/how-an-airconditioner-compressor-works/ Panasonic (2020) Condenser Coil Retrieved July 01, 2020, from, https://aircon.panasonic.com/top.html

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FIGURE LIST

MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM Figure 9.5 Figure 9.6.1 Figure 9.6.2 Figure 9.6.3 Figure 9.6.4 Figure 9.6.5

Chi Xuan (2017) Lift in PAM building Chi Xuan (2017) Lift Door Chi Xuan (2017) Lift Button Chi Xuan (2017) Floor Indicator Chi Xuan (2017) Handrail Chi Xuan (2017) Fire Resistant Padding

MECHANICAL PARKING SYSTEM Figure 10.2.1

ARP. (2011). Automated Robotic Parking. Retrieved July 06, 2020, from http://www.automatedroboticparking.com/parking-equipment-types/agv/

Figure 10.2.2

ARP. (2011). Automated Robotic Parking. Retrieved July 06, 2020, from http://www.automatedroboticparking.com/parking-equipment-types/crane/

Figure 10.2.3

Autotech. (n.d.). Automated puzzle parking system. Retrieved July 06, 2020, from https://www.ascopark.com/product/automated-puzzle-parking-system-in-sri-lanka/

Figure 10.2.4

Grahafauzi. (2020, July 02). German engineering: The world's wonder car carousel parking, Retrieved July 06, 2020, from https://www.pinterest.com/pin/269160515204837164/

Figure 10.2.5

Eros Elevators. (n.d.). Product Portfolio. Retrieved July 06, 2020, from https://www.eroselevators.com/about-car-parking.php

Figure 10.2.6

Eros Elevators. (n.d.). Product Portfolio. Retrieved July 06, 2020, from https://www.eroselevators.com/about-car-parking.php

Figure 10.3 Figure 10.3.1

Chi Xuan (2017) Stack Parking System in PAM building ASE Deals. (n.d.). BendPak 4-Post Car Lift 14,000-lb. Capacity HDS14X. Retrieved July 06, 2020, from https://www.asedeals.com/store/bendpak-4-post-extendedlength-car-lift-14-000-lb-capacity-hds-14x/

Figure 10.3.2

Chi Xuan (2017) Emergency Stop Button (Left) , Stack Parking System (Middle) , Hydraulic System for Car Lift (Right)

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DIAGRAM LIST

12.2 REFERENCES - DIAGRAM LIST FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM ACTIVE: Diagram 6.4.1.1.2

Addressable Smoke Detector Retrieved from: http://bhadrafiresafety.blogspot.com/2016/11/conventional-or-addressable-firealarm.html

Diagram 6.4.1.1.3

Conventional Smoke Detector Retrieved from: http://bhadrafiresafety.blogspot.com/2016/11/conventional-or-addressable-firealarm.html Feliciana Sofian (2019) Comparison between ionization and photoelectric detector Smoke detectors spacing installed in the ceiling. Retrieved from:

Diagram 6.4.1.1.4 Diagram 6.4.1.1.5 Diagram 6.4.1.1.6 Diagram 6.4.1.2.2 Diagram 6.4.1.2.3 Diagram 6.4.1.2.4 Diagram 6.4.2.1.2 Diagram 6.4.2.2.3 Diagram 6.4.2.3.5 Diagram 6.4.2.3.7 Diagram 6.4.2.3.8 Diagram 6.4.2.3.9 Diagram 6.4.2.3.10 Diagram 6.4.2.5.2 Diagram 6.4.2.5.3 Diagram 6.4.2.6.2.2 Diagram 6.4.2.6.2.3 Diagram 6.4.3.1.1

https://slideplayer.com/slide/3325201/ Feliciana Sofian (2019) Floor plans showing the location of smoke detectors Illustrate Rate-of-Rise Response VS Fixed Temperature Response. Retrieved from: https://www.getkisi.com/guides/heat-alarm Heat detectors spacing installed in the ceiling. Retrieved from: https://slideplayer.com/slide/3325201/ Feliciana Sofian (2019) Floor plan showing the locations of heat detectors Feliciana Sofian (2019) Floor plans showing the locations of fire alarm bells Feliciana Sofian (2019) Floor plans showing the locations of manual call point Feliciana Sofian (2019) The CO2 control panel and IG55 control panel are connected to the main control panel Feliciana Sofian (2019) Location of main control panel Feliciana Sofian (2019) Location of CO2 control panels Feliciana Sofian (2019) Location of GI55 control panel Feliciana Sofian (2019) Lower ground floor showing location of master control console Feliciana Sofian (2019) Lower ground floor showing the location of fireman switch Feliciana Sofian (2019) Section showing the location of fireman switch Feliciana Sofian (2019) Location of digital alarm communication in PAM Centre Feliciana Sofian (2019) Floor plans showing location of fire intercom Schematic Drawing of Dry Riser & Hydrant. High Rise Fire-Fighting UK. Retrieved from:

http://www.highrisefirefighting.co.uk/wr.html Diagram 6.4.3.1.2 Diagram 6.4.3.1.3 Diagram 6.4.3.1.4 Diagram 6.4.3.2.1

Location of Dry Riser & Hydrant in Ground Floor Plan Location of Dry Riser & Hydrant in Third Floor Plan Location of Dry Riser & Hydrant in Fourth Floor Plan Component of Hose Reel System. AAgam Fire. Retrieved from:

http://www.aagamfire.com/fire-fighting-water-hose-system.html Diagram 6.4.3.2.2

Schematic Drawing of Hose Reel System. Majuta Engineering, Retrieved from:

http://www.majuta.com.my/p/hose-reel-system.html Diagram 6.4.3.2.3

Hose Reel System in Fifth Floor Plan

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DIAGRAM LIST

12.2 REFERENCES - DIAGRAM LIST FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM PASSIVE: Diagram 6.5.1.1.1 Diagram 6.5.1.1.2 Diagram 6.5.1.1.3 Diagram 6.5.1.1.4 Diagram 6.5.1.1.5 Diagram 6.5.1.1.6 Diagram 6.5.1.1.7 Diagram 6.5.1.3.1 Diagram 6.5.1.3.2 Diagram 6.5.1.3.3 Diagram 6.5.1.5.1 Diagram 6.5.1.5.2 Diagram 6.5.1.5.3 Diagram 6.5.2.1.1 Diagram 6.5.2.2.1 Diagram 6.5.2.2.2 Diagram 6.5.2.2.3 Diagram 6.5.2.2.4 Diagram 6.5.3.1 Diagram 6.5.3.1.1 Diagram 6.5.3.2.1 Diagram 6.5.3.2.2 Diagram 6.5.3.2.3 Diagram 6.5.3.4.1

Christine See. (2020). Section showing the exit route to final exit in PAM Center Christine See. (2020). Horizontal exit Christine See. (2020). Basement exit staircase plan Christine See. (2020). Basement exit staircase perspective view Christine See. (2020). Smoke lobby to staircases and its ventilation Christine See. (2020). Sectional Perspective of smoke lobby in basement Christine See. (2020). Floor plans showing location of exit door and fire staircase Christine See. (2020). Example of escape travel distance Ting Ying. (2019). Dead-end of travel distance to exit in office lower ground Seventh schedule showing table of maximum travel distances in offices Christine See. (2020). Section showing assembly point of PAM Center Christine See. (2020). Lower ground floor plan showing fire staircase to assembly point route Christine See. (2020). Ground floor plan showing fire staircase to assembly point route Ting Ying. (2019). One sixth and one fourth appliance access Christine See. (2020). Floor plans showing the fire fighting shafts in the building at both ends Christine See. (2020). Fire escape staircase have two separate staircases at the PAM Center Christine See. (2020). Door swing at no point encroach as stated in the UBBL 1984 By-law Section 168 Christine See. (2020). Floor plan showing location of fire fighting lobby on ground floor Christine See. (2020). Floor plans showing compartmentation Christine See. (2020). Showing thickness of concrete fire-rated wall Christine See. (2020). Floor plan showing location of control room Christine See. (2020). Floor plan showing location of AHU rooms Christine See. (2020). Floor plan showing location of AC Condenser Hamzah Abu Bakar. (2006). Protected lobby requirement for building > 18m height

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DIAGRAM LIST

12.2 REFERENCES - DIAGRAM LIST MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM Diagram 7.3.1.1 Diagram 7.3.1.2 Diagram 7.3.1.3 Diagram 7.3.1.4 Diagram 7.3.1.5 Diagram 7.4.1.1 Diagram 7.4.3.1 Diagram 7.4.3.1 space

Energy Depot. (n.d.). Ventilation System. Retrieved July 06, 2020, from https://www.energydepot.com/RPUres/library/ventilation.asp Contributor, H. (2020, April 01). Types of Ventilation Systems. Retrieved July 06, 2020, from https://www.hometips.com/how-it-works/ventilation-systems-exhaust.html Contributor, H. (2020, April 01). Types of Ventilation Systems. Retrieved July 06, 2020, from https://www.hometips.com/how-it-works/ventilation-systems-exhaust.html Contributor, H. (2020, April 01). Types of Ventilation Systems. Retrieved July 06, 2020, from https://www.hometips.com/how-it-works/ventilation-systems-exhaust.html Inc, F. (n.d.). Energy Recovery System - R-951 Residence. Retrieved July 06, 2020, from http://www.r-951.com/energy-recovery-system/ Kah Ying (2019) Location of Spot Ventilation Exhaust Fan at ground floor Kah Ying (2019) Floor plan with location of propellor fan in PAM building Kah Ying (2019) Section showing location of ceiling fan and air circulation in open

AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM Diagram 8.2.2

Diagram 8.2.4

Diagram 8.3.1

Diagram 8.4.1 Diagram 8.5.1.1

Diagram 8.5.1.1

Diagram 8.7.1.1

Diagram 8.7.2. Diagram 8.8.1 Diagram 8.8.2 Diagram 8.4.3.1 Diagram 8.4.3.2 Diagram 8.4.3.3 Diagram 8.4.3.4 Diagram 8.4.3.5 Diagram 8.4.3.6 Diagram 8.4.3.7 Diagram 8.4.3.8 Diagram 8.4.3.9 Diagram 8.4.3.10

J.S Held (n.d) Refrigerant Cycle. Retrieved July 01, 2020, from, https://jsheld.com/university/articles/hvac-refrigeration-what-to-look-for-where Arronco (2020) How Air Conditioning System Works Retrieved July 01, 2020, from, https://arronco.com/lexington/blog/how-airconditioning-works Renesas (n.d) Central Air Conditioning System Retrieved July 01, 2020, from, https://www.renesas.com/sg/en/solutions/buildingautomation/hvac.html ICBSE Journal (2013) 3 Pipe VRF System Retrieved July 01, 2020, from, https://www.cibsejournal.com/cpd/modules/2013-04/ IOM DHA (2020) Cassette unit Retrieved July 01, 2020, from, https://manualzz.com/doc/10906276/iom-dha---dhccassette-r410-english MoldFreeLiving (2019) Ducted Unit Retrieved July 01, 2020, from, https://moldfreeliving.com/2019/01/14/prevent-hvacsystem-mold-issues/outside-ac-unit-diagram-diagram-of-a-central-air-conditioninginside-air-conditioner-parts-diagram/ Technical Theory (2015) Components of AHU Retrieved July 01, 2020, from, http://technicaltheory.blogspot.com/2015/07/classifications-of-air-handling-units.html MDPI (2017) AHU Cycle Diagram Retrieved July 01, 2020, from, https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/10/11/1815 Vanessa Huang (2019) Sectional diagram showing piping from outdoor units to each indoor unit. Vanessa Huang (2019) Rooftop Floor Plan showing inverter unit and piping system. Vanessa Huang (2019) Sectional diagram showing VRF System in PAM Centre. Vanessa Huang (2019) Lower Ground Floor Plan. Vanessa Huang (2019) First Floor Plan. Vanessa Huang (2019) Second Floor Plan. Vanessa Huang (2019) Third Floor Plan. Vanessa Huang (2019) Fourth Floor Plan. Vanessa Huang (2019) Fifth Floor Plan. Vanessa Huang (2019) Sixth Floor Plan. Vanessa Huang (2019) Seventh Floor Plan. CIBSE Journal (2018) BMS System Diagram Retrieved July 01, 2020, from, https://www.cibsejournal.com/cpd/modules/2018-01iot/

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MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM Diagram 9.3.1 Diagram 9.3.2 Diagram 9.3.3 Diagram 9.3.4

Diagram 9.3

Diagram 9.4.1

Elevator, D. (2016). OVERHEAD TRACTION. Retrieved July 06, 2020, from https://delawareelevator.com/products/manufacturing/overhead-traction/ MEI. (2020, June 02). Traction, MRL â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Rail Mounted. Retrieved July 06, 2020, from https://www.meiusa.com/elevators/passenger-elevators/traction-mrl-rail-mounted/ Elevator, N. (2019, May 08). Hydraulic Elevator Illustration. Retrieved July 06, 2020, from https://www.nelevator.com/technical/hydraulic-elevator-illustration/ Intech Power-Core. (2010, August 10). Non-lubricated drive sprocket for escalator handrail extends time intervals for scheduled maintenance. Retrieved July 06, 2020, from https://intechpower.wordpress.com/2010/08/10/non-lubricated-drive-sprocketfor-escalator-handrail-extends-time-intervals-for-scheduled-maintenance/ Electrical Knowhow. (2013). Basic Elevator Components - Part One. Retrieved July 06, 2020, from http://www.electrical-knowhow.com/2012/04/basic-elevatorcomponents-part-one.html Zhia Lyn(2017) Floor plan with location of lift in PAM building

MECHANICAL PARKING SYSTEM Diagram 10.3.1

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Mutrade. (n.d.). Auto Garage Parking System Car Stacker - Product on Alibaba.com. Retrieved July 06, 2020, from https://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/MutradeHydraulic-Auto-Garage-Parking-System_60553277928.html

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