Sustainable Strategies by Christos Ververis

2020

"Humanity has to decide between a sustainable future or no future." Franklin Till, 2019

.00

TABLE OF SUSTAINABLE EXECUTIVE SUMMARY INTRODUCTION HYPOTHESIS RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

p.06-11

'WASTE MADE' SUSTAINABLE MATERIALS

.01

FURNITURE ASSEMBLY AND LONGEVITY

How can 'waste made materials ' promote a sustainable future?

Can furniture assembly expand product longevity?

Definition | Evolution Theorists | Precedents Futures | Key finding

p.12-29

p.30-49

.02

CONTENTS STRATEGIES CONCLUSION

.05

APPENDIX REFERENCES IMAGE REFERENCES

p.86-101

.03

EFFICIENT STRUCTURES

Can Efficient structures help to promote a more sustainable future? Definition | Evolution Theorists | Precedents Futures | Key finding

p.50-67

.04

DESIGN CONCEPTS Design Brief Concept 1 Concept 2 Concept 3 Chosen Concept

p.68-85

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 06

This report identifies specific sustainable strategies in relation to furniture design. More specifically, the use of "waste made" sustainable materials, the product longevity and efficient structures by examining their evolution through time, their relevant current examples, representative theorists and their predictions for the future. The research process is based on a combination of academic books, reliable online sources and a structured survey. This research aims to define the importance of each design strategy and the ways that promote a more sustainable future. The over-consumption of raw resources is driving designers to consider more parameters, including new materials and the energy that is being used in order to design more sustainably. Designers have to identify the new type of users who lives a more nomadic life and they need to move more frequently. This exploratory research addresses several key findings for each topic, trying to answer the chapter's questions. The whole process aims to promote a more sustainable future and to rethink our relationship with our planet and change the linear way we approach materials with a better, smarter and cyclical one. This research will lead to three design concepts that respectively focus on those three sustainable strategies promoting a more sustainable way of living. More specifically, those concepts focus on developing a new "waste made" material, subsequently taking into consideration the new way of living developing a cooking kit and finally a bedroom furniture collection correlated with lightness and comfort.

SUSTAINABLE STRATEGIES

07 Lazy bench by Bottle-up Studio

INTODUCTION Humanity potentially lives one of the most controversial periods of its relationship with the planet. The years that have witnessed the overconsumption and the reckless use of raw materials reveal a non-sustainable way of life. The current model of life is reaching its physical limits, forcing humanity to take a vital decision that can affect its existence. The design needs a smarter and more cyclical approach in contrast to our current linear easy discard tendency. We are running out of raw materials and creating enormous quantities of waste; this fact makes us wonder if "waste made" materials can promote a more sustainable future. Subsequently, thinking of ways to reduce the waste we produce, the idea of expanding the product life seems one-way road. Analysing the modern type of user, one way to expand the longevity is to design products to be easily transferable; this idea comes up with the query if the assembly can expand the product longevity.

Finally, an essential condition of easily transferable products is lightness. Designing an efficient structure is a way to achieve less use of materials and lightness. This fact begs the question: if efficient structures can promote a sustainable future. This research will lead to three design concepts that respectively focusing on those three sustainable strategies promoting a more sustainable way of living. The first one is based on developing a new "waste made" material from pencil-sharpening scraps which are going to be collected from the children in order to manufacture their first furniture or product in their adult life. The second concept focuses on the new nomadic user, and it is a cooking kit easy transferable for the moving process. The last one is all about comfort and lightness; that concept refers to a bedroom tubular furniture collection. These pieces of information bring up a question: How can we identify specific sustainable strategies in relation to furniture design?

SUSTAINABLE STRATEGIES

HYPOTHESIS

By identifying sustainable strategies, environmentally aware designers will achieve Good Responsible Design as well as treading lightly in terms of an environmental footprint.

Chapter 01

Chapter 02

Graphic Design

Final Submission

May

Concepts Design

April

Final Research

Writting

Research

Writting

March

Research

Writting

Research

February

Research Questions

January

Research Topic

TIME PLAN

Chapter 03

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Primary Research Primary Research was a structured survey with four questions to Dean Cain, a product designer and former Senior Product Development Manager in IKEA (Sweden, China). The questions' topic was about product longevity and assembly. The interviewed was chosen because of his experience as a designer and manager in a large design company but also as a visiting lecturer of Birmingham City University. This primary research was a way to highlight some of the possible reasons that affect the product longevity and durability. The original version of these answers will be available in the Appendix.

SUSTAINABLE STRATEGIES

Secondary Research

Secondary research was accomplished by reading design books and more recent articles found either via the BCU library resources or via Google Scholar. Researching on design blogs such as Dezeen, Design Milk and Archdaily and interviews were also useful to criticize the information given and understand more about each chapter's topic.

'WASTE MADE' SUSTAINABLE MATERIALS

How can 'waste made materials' promote a sustainable future?

Chapter 01

Solidwool by Justin and Hanna Floyd

DEFINITION

of Sustainable materials

Chapter 01 'WASTE MADE' MATERIALS

Dust Project by Ágústa Sveinsdóttir

How can 'waste made materials' promote a sustainable future? Before trying to answer the chapter question, we need to define the meaning of the basic terms of this question.

Sustainable materials Sustainable materials are those that have a relatively positive impact on communities and the environment that are used to build products, deliver services and develop environments such as buildings (Thompson ,2013).

Waste Waste (or wastes) are unwanted or unusable materials. Waste is any substance which is discarded after primary use, or is worthless, defective and of no use. Examples include municipal solid waste (household trash/refuse), hazardous waste, radioactive waste, and others (Harris, 2019).

Today's Wate, Tommorrow's Raw Material (Franklin Till, 2019)

The human activity on the planet and our selfish attitude that disregards the consequences of our actions on the environment and the generations to come, have led to serious environmental problems and natural resource shortages. According to Andrers Lendager (Radical Matter, 2019: 18) designers who respect the future of this planet have to focus on: a) limiting the use of raw natural materials and replacing them with recycled ones b) creating items that will be versatile and reusable c) evaluating the energy consumed to create an item and the energy consumption of the item when used. d) using biodegradable materials that do not pollute the environment. e) finding creative ways to transform the abundant amount of waste that is produced from industries and the home ecosystem. The over-consumption of scarce resources is driving designers on a one-way road reclaiming new materials from waste, offering environmental benefits and promoting a more sustainable future (Radical Matter, 2019: 7). In this chapter, we will try to identify by examples how effective is the use of those materials. Dust Project by Ă gĂşsta SveinsdĂłttir

EVOLUTION

of Waste management and recycling

Sweden Germany Finland Austria

Japan SouthKorea

USA Landfilled Incinerated Composted Recycled

16 10

France Spain Mexico

Italy Greece

Turkey Australia

How do different countries dispose of their waste in 2005?

1930-40s America starts recycling. 1960-70s The first Earth Day. According to many statistics, we produce tons of waste that are not being recycled. This waste goes into landfills polluting the ground and the water (UNEP, 2009). This report aims to look at creative ways to transform waste into sustainable materials.

Chapter 01 'WASTE MADE' MATERIALS

USA

Landfilled Waste to Energy Missing Data Recycled + Compos

Data based on:

sting

What are the most common types of waste? USA 730kg waste/person/year

EU | Germany 520kg waste/person/year

34%

14%

12%

34%

25%

22%

16%

12%

Paper and Cardbord

Organic Waste

Plastic

Texttiles

Glass

Metal

How do different countries dispose of their waste in 2017?

Sweden UK Germany Finland Austria

Japan SouthKorea

Mexico

Spain

France Italy Greece

Turkey Australia

Chapter 01 'WASTE MADE' MATERIALS

THEORISTS

of Sustainable materials

Radical Matter | 2018 Authors: Franklin and Till

Caroline Till Co-founder of Research and Design Consultancy FranklinTill Studio Cource Director of Material Futures on Central Saint Martins Education University of Leeds | BA on Surfacea Pattern Design Royal Collage of Arts | BA (Hons) on Textile Design

Kate Franklin Co-founder of Research and Design Consultancy FranklinTill Studio Creative Director of Viepoint 2008-2011 Creative Director of The Future Laboratory 2004-2010 Education University of Denby | BA (Hons) on Textile Design

FranklinTill Studio

Research and Design Consultancy London, United Kingdom https://www.franklintill.com/

Muntant Matter | 2018 Authors: Franklin and Till

Caroline Till

Kate Franklin

â&#x20AC;&#x153;We are potentially on the brink of a materials revolution that could help rebalance our relationship with our planet and reshape society for the better.â&#x20AC;? (Franklin and Till, 2019)

Franklin and Till believe that we need to change the linear way we approach materials 'take-make-discard' with a better, smarter and cyclical one. We need to emphasis on materiality, which enables us to reconsider the whole design prosses from the bottom up (Radical Matter, 2019: 9). We are also lucky to have a new generation of creative designers and makers who are fostering alternative approaches, which we are beginning to see are possible. We are recognising that material innovation will be crucial to achieving this. The advances of the future are rooted in the achievements of the past. At the same time, there is everything to gain from looking forward and planning for a better future, and there is also much to learn from looking backwards to re-evaluate what we already have (Radical Matter, 2019: 10). According to Franklin and Till, today's waste can be tomorrow's raw materials (Radical Matter, 2019: 13). Traditional raw materials are finite and expensive, while waste is abundant and cheap. This idea should make designers, brands and makers to turn their attentions to our household rubbish and natural or industry's scrap as sources of innovative raw materials.

THEORISTS

of Sustainable materials

Carole Collet Professor in Design for Sustainable Futures at Central Saint Martins London Director of the Design & Living Systems Lab, University of the Arts London International exhibitions in V&A and the Pompidou Centre Education University of Arts London | MA(Arts) on Textile Design Personal Website: http://www.carolecollet.com/

Chapter 01 'WASTE MADE' MATERIALS

Mycelium Textiles by Carole Collet

Design is dead. Long live sustainable design. (Collet, 2018)

According to Carole Collet, for too many years, the design has been first and foremost associated with function and aesthetic. Design for the Real-world in real-time needs to embrace sustainable imperatives and to address social and ecological interconnected needs. Design and ecology should be an integrated practice (Radical Matter, 2019: 7). Collet highlights that the last twenty years a new chapter is being rewritten in design history. With sustainability and social welfare at its core, design has the power to change the world as we know it, and a new breed of designers are reinventing their practices and developing new ones to make a difference (Collet, 2018). The new generation of designers needs to use all the knowledge that has been gained in order to design a more sustainable future. We have extreme waste (dung and dust) for new materials, and we need radical approaches, extraordinary visions and tangent practices. Sustainable design is worthy and necessary (Radical Matter, 2019: 7).

Forest Pine Wool

by Tamara Orjola Netherlands, 2016

PRECEDENTS

of Sustainable materials

Pine needles transformed into sustainable solid fibreboard Worldwide the main source of timber is the pine tree. According to the organization Trees for the Future (2014) "Every year 600 million pine trees are cut down in the EU only". If we picture the pine tree you will see that except for the wood there is 20 to 30 per cent of its mass, which is waste, are the pine needles. Forest pine wool is a project that developed after the research of the designer Tamara Orjola about the potential use of the billions of needles that are waste in order to find an alternative use of all kinds of fibres (Green Product Awards, 2016). Orjola uses existing manufacturing techniques like crushing, soaking, steaming, binding and pressing the needles, she extracts the pine needles' fibre and transforms it into textiles, composites and paper. Essential oils and dye are also being extracted and used during the process (Tucker, 2016).

Chapter 01 'WASTE MADE' MATERIALS

This project was the result of research on leftovers of industrial production and the furniture that she manufactures shows the possibilities of "waste made" materials" in order to promote a more sustainable future.

Merdacotta by The Museo della Merda Milan, 2016

PRECEDENTS of Sustainable materials

Cow Dung transformed into sustainable clay The Museum of Shit in Italy extracts maximum value from cow dung. Once the raw manure has been used to generate methane gas, the remaining material is used to make merdacotta, a clay composite made of processed dung (Radical Matter, 2019: 83), a material similar to terracotta lighter and more resilient to cold (Material district, 2018). Merdacotta is currently used to create a wide variety of products such as tiles, pots, tableware and decorative pieces, but its potential could be considerably wider. Could sustainable merdacotta bricks one day be used to build houses? Dung in less sophisticated forms already has a long traditional history of usage as a building material as daub (Museo Della Merda, n.d.). â&#x20AC;&#x153;The main idea that drives a revolution is transformation. We are using one of the poorest materials on Earth and not only using it but more importantly transforming it, in numerous creative ways. We are giving a second life to a subject that has a low perceived value," says agricultural enterpriser Gianantonio Locatelli, who founded the Museo della Merda in Lombardy in 2015.

Chapter 01 'WASTE MADE' MATERIALS

Project Ore Streams

by NGV Australia and Triennale Milano Italy, 2019

Recycling of electronic waste and gold Ore Streams project sets out in order to identify creative ways in which design can be developed to correct the faults in the current waste-stream system. However, beyond systemic improvements, the design aims to induce a subconscious attitudinal shift for a more sustainable future (Formafantasma, 2018). According to Andrea Trimarchi (2019), the concept designer, the set of office furniture is manufactured using recycled aluminium and iron paired together with recycled electronic components. An essential element is the use of recycled gold (Aouf, 2018).

Chapter 01 'WASTE MADE' MATERIALS

The project offers a glimpse into a future where electronics are dismantled and the precious metals reused, which suggests that we can take a more responsible approach to electronic product design as well as its end disposal. The jewellery industry has been recycling gold for centuries, but this project introduces a creative way.

FUTURES

of Sustainable materials

KEY FINDINGS

of Sustainable materials How can 'waste made materials' promote a sustainable future?

SUSTAINABLE FUTURE

Key Findings from Theorists Î¤hanks to the new generation of designers is time to rethink our relationship with our planet and change the linear way we approach materials with a better, smarter and cyclical one.

Chapter 01 'WASTE MADE' MATERIALS

Humanity has to decide between a sustainable future or no future. People have to manage a large amount of waste.

Key Findings Waste comes as an outcome of any human activity; we have to manage it responsibly. We have to face the problems and not to bury them. "Waste made" materials can become tomorrow's raw materials in order to promote a sustainable future. Recycling is a way to manage waste, but we must not support the high-energy consumption production of waste, it needs to be reduced. The new creative generation of designers needs to use all the knowledge that has been gained from the past in order to design for a more sustainable future.

FURNITURE ASSEMBLY AND LONGEVITY

Can furniture assembly expand product Longevity?

Chapter 02

Useful Living by Sanghyeok Lee

DEFINITION

Chapter 02 FURNITURE ASSEMBLY AND LONGEVITY

of Furniture Assembly and longevity

Can furniture assembly expand product longevity? One of the alternatives in this research of sustainable strategies would be to promote product longevity. Expanding a product lifetime is keeping that item functional, safe and pleasant to use as long as possible. Longer lasting products could be an answer against planned obsolescent society and thus, overconsumption and overproduction (Chapman, 2005). Living in a decade of nomadism, people usually do not own the place they live; a new generation of renters and travellers need products that are portable and easy to pack (Tucker,2016). In this chapter, we will try to identify if furniture assembly can promote its longevity and the durability. Afterwards, the stages of the lifetime of a product will be defined.

Product lifetime Design process

Manufacturing

Use

Recycling

Waste

Flatpack Flatpack refers to a piece of furniture, equipment or other construction supplied in pieces packed into a flat box for assembly by the buyer (Collins English Dictionary, n.d.).

33 Product lifetime Product lifetime or product lifespan is the time interval from when a product is sold to when it is discarded (Murakami, 2010). More specifically, product lifetime refers to the useful life of a product; the time during which the product remains intact and usable for its primary function for which it was conceived and produced (Vincent, 2019). Cross chair by PearsonLloyd Studio 2019

EVOLUTION

of Furniture Assembly and Longevity

Flat pack and Assembly Evolution

1859./ Chair Nr.14 by Thonet

1932./

1943./

Lego Construction Toys

IKEA founded by Kamprad

Lego consists of colourful interlocking plastic bricks accompanying an array of gears, figurines called minifigures, and various other parts. Lego pieces can be assembled and connected in many ways to construct objects, including vehicles, buildings, and working robots. Anything constructed can be taken apart again, and the pieces reused to make new things (Lipkowitz, 2012).

IKEA is a Dutch multinational group that designs and sells ready-to-assemble furniture, kitchen appliances and home accessories, among other useful goods and occasionally home services. Founded in Sweden in 1943 by 17-year-old Ingvar Kamprad, IKEA has been the world's largest furniture retailer. It is the first company that launched the flat packaging (IKEA, 2016).

The 1859 Chair Nr. 14, better known as coffee shop chair no. 14, is still called the "chair of chairs" with some 50 million produced and still in production today. What was revolutionary about the former no.14, was the fact that it could be disassembled into a few components and thus produced in work-sharing processes. Thirty-six disassembled chairs could fit into a one cubic meter box (Dunnigan, 1985).

Chapter 02 FURNITURE ASSEMBLY AND LONGEVITY

1956./ Lövet table by IKEA

2014./ Wedge Dowel by IKEA

2015./ Programmable Table

This three-legged, leaf-shaped side table started a revolution in self-assembly furniture. According to legend, Swedish designer Gillis Lundgren was transporting the table to a photoshoot but was unable to fit it into his car – so he sawed off the legs, to reattach later. Kamprad was impressed and hired new designers to develop similar concepts – heralding the dawn of flatpack age (Frearson, 2018).

IKEA has developed a new type of joint, called a wedge dowel that makes it much quicker and simpler to assemble wooden products. This joint does away with the need for screws, bolts, screwdrivers and Allen keys. The wedge dowel requires no glue, yet can be taken apart and reassembled many times without loss of structural integrity (Fairs, 2017).

Through the years, more and more designers started thinking about Self-assemble products. Through a collaboration between MIT's Self-Assembly Lab and Wood-Skin, a revolutionary new type of furniture has been designed. The Programmable Table demonstrates an entirely new category of furniture that actively self-transforms from shipping to full-functionality (Self-Assembly Lab, 2015).

THEORISTS

of Furniture Assembly

Chapter 02 FURNITURE ASSEMBLY AND LONGEVITY

and Longevity

Ingvar Kamprad Born: Småland of Sweden, in 1926 Death: 27 January 2018, aged 91 Found IKEA in 1943 First store in Älmhult in 1958 Education Hvitfeldtska High School

IKEA NAME Ingvar Kamprad Elmtaryd Agunnaryd Elmtaryd the name of the farm he was born and Agunnaryd was the nearest village of the farm.

Lรถvet table, 1956

THE FIVE PRINCIPLES OF IKEA DEMOCRATIC DESIGN FORM | FUNCTION | QUALITY | SUSTAINABILITY | LOW PRICE

"He was a master of innovation, and I think maybe IKEA was a bit dependant on his leadership and innovation," (Brodin, 2018)

Ingvar started to develop the self-assembly products with which the company would become synonymous. The first flatpack item was the Lรถvet side table, designed by Gillis Lundgren. According to legend and as mentioned previously, the first idea of disassembled flatpack came when sawed the legs off the table in order to fit it in his car, thereby inventing flatpack furniture (Andrews, 2013). According to Markus Fairs (2019), Kamprad's genius strategy was to develop products with attractive aesthetic but at a low price. His approach was characterised by an unsparing drive to reduce cost and outsource as much effort as possible to the customer; hence the warehouse-style stores at out-of-town locations, where customers pick up flatpack boxes, drive them home and assemble them themselves. Ingvar was the innovator of flatpack writing a new page in design history and changing the way that people buy furniture. Flat packaging is the most effective and cheapest way to transfer an item, extending the longevity (IKEA Democratic Design, 2018).

THEORISTS

of Furniture Assembly

and Longevity

Chapter 02 FURNITURE ASSEMBLY AND LONGEVITY

Dr Jonathan Chapman Born 1974, England Professor and Director of Doctoral Studies in the School of Design at Carnegie Mellon University, USA. Author Education

PhD Sustainable Design (2008) MA Design Futures (2001) BA (Hons) Product Design (1997).

BOOKS Routledge Handbook of Sustainable Product Design, 2017 Designers, Visionaries & Other Stories: A Collection of Sustainable Design Essays, 2007 Emotionally Durable Design: Objects, Experiences and Empathy, 2005

Author: Jonathan Chapman London, 2005

Chapman highlights in his book (2005), "We are living in a legacy of modern times in which the unsustainable consumption and waste of natural resources, mainly born from the inappropriate marriage of fleeting product lifespans with the excessive material durability." According to the European Union (2017), the waste management facilities are overloaded with fully functioning domestic electronic products. In many cases, the big problem of waste is the result of the nomadic life of the modern user and the failed relationship with the products (Chapman, 2005). Designers must begin to consider the emergent example of emotionally durable design in order to propose creative and alternative genres of domestic electronic products and furniture. This idea will help to reduce the consumption and waste of resources by increasing the longevity of the products (Chapman, 2009). Chapman conducted important research on the relationship between consumers and their products. He tried to explore in many ways, why this relationship failed and what designers can do in order to improve this situation; presenting a more expansive approach to design for durability and the lived experience of sustainability.

Wedge Dowel by IKEA

IKEA Lisabo Coffee Table

Sweden, 2016

PRECEDENTS

of Furniture Assembly and Longevity

"I actually put together a table which used to take me 24 minutes to assemble but took me three minutes to click together," said IKEA CEO Jesper Brodin (2017)

IKEA switches to furniture that snaps together in minutes without requiring tools. The Wedge Dowel is a new type of joint, invented by prototype engineers at the IKEA pattern laboratory. This invention makes it much simpler and quicker assemble wooden products without the use of any other tool (IKEA today, 2016). The process is simple; the customer will find the ribbed protrusion in the flatpack furniture panels, and he will slot them into the pre-drilled holes in neighbouring panels (IKEA today, 2016). The idea of this innovation developed because of the frequently time-consuming and tedious process of putting IKEA products together but also from the opportunity to do away the need for dozens of metal fittings (Fairs, 2017). According to the Design Museum (2018), the wedge dowel can lower the assembly time for a piece of furniture by 50-80%. This innovation can expand the longevity of a product because it gives the opportunity to the user to assemble and disassemble the product easily. According to Eldredge (2019), the wedge dowel increases the durability and the sales of the wooden Lisabo table, which was first introduced in 2017.

Chapter 02 FURNITURE ASSEMBLY AND LONGEVITY

The Itaca furniture system by Elena Bompani

Chapter 02 FURNITURE ASSEMBLY AND LONGEVITY

Italy, 2016

"Itaca was born from an investigation on new types of nomadism and the new relationship between humans and objects, and the idea of home that result from this new way of living and inhabiting," (Bompani, 2016).

PRECEDENTS

of Furniture Assembly and Longevity

Elena Bompani's Itaca furniture is made for a new generation of nomads. The Itaca Nomadic House Kit was designed by Elena Bompani, an Italian designer. This product is a flexible furniture system made from lightweight beech wood. Inspired by the fact that she had moved 13 times in 25 years, Elena Bompani wanted to create a flexible furniture system that would instantly make a new abode feel like home (Desig Best, 2017). Its framework can be disassembled repeatedly for easy carrying. The user has the opportunity to arrange the whole system in their own way. It consists of linen pockets, boxes, shelves and a daybed. Colours and materials are inspired by nomadic shepherds. Leather belts are used to hold the pieces together, while the framework and wooden supports are wrapped up by linen pieces which transform it into a carry bag (Tucker, 2016). Elena Bompani designed the Itaca House Kit to be easily transferred, which makes it a product with an expanded lifetime for renters and travellers. The ability to assemble and disassemble so easly makes it a piece of furniture that no one will want to dispose of in a relocation (The Flexible Space,2019). This is a project that can answer my research question because it is an example that assembly can expand product longevity.

U-Build

by Studio Bark London,2019

Studio Bark's flat-pack U-build system lets anyone self-build U-Build is a revolutionary self-build system, which encourages individuals and communities to self-build. It is a straightforward modular construction system on a flatpack, which aims to make construction "truly affordable" and adaptive for the customer (Crook, 2019). Studio Bark highlights the circular economy approach in relation to the materials and the reusability. The system uses a collection of durable, non-toxic materials for the panel and natural sheep's wool insulation (Studio Bark, 2019). According to the designers, the process is straightforward. To create a frame, the flatpack components slot together like puzzle pieces, some of which have windows. U-Build allows assembling and dissembling in order to be reused or recycled at the end of the building's life (Crook, 2019).

This revolutionary approach is an excellent example of how the advantages of easy-assembly can be expanded in more fields of design. U-Build is a sustainable way to build customized space and expands its longevity by the easy assemblage and the durable materials.

FUTURES

of Furniture Assembly

and longevity

Chapter 02 FURNITURE ASSEMBLY AND LONGEVITY

Interview with Dean Cain Primary Research was a structured survey with four questions to Dean Cain, a product designer and former Senior Product Development Manager in IKEA (Sweden, China). The questions' topic was about product longevity and assembly. The interviewed was chosen because of his experience as a designer and manager in a large design company but also as a visiting lecturer of Birmingham City University.

PRIMARY RESEARCH

of Furniture Assembly and Longevity

Chapter 02 FURNITURE ASSEMBLY AND LONGEVITY

"An emerging trend in sustainable futures is Good Responsible Design." Dean Cain , 2020

Key Findings from Primary Research Repair-friendly products, which are easy to break down in parts, could be replaced if needed in order to expand their longevity. Timeless design approach can effectively promote a sustainable future, thus style and fashion do not dictate a change. Quality can be developed into both low price and high price products, but high price product may be using high-end materials promoting a less throwaway attitude.

This primary research was a way to highlight some of the possible reasons that affect the product longevity and durability. The original version of these answers will be available in the Appendix.

of Furniture Assembly and Longevity

KEY FINDINGS

Key Findings from Theorists Flatpack enhances easy transfer to furniture, reducing cost making it affordable to everyone. Creative genres of domestic products can achieve a durable emotional design to promote emotional attachments.

Key Findings Designers needs to consider the new generation of nomadic renters, that do not own space and give them pieces of furniture that no one will want to dispose of in a relocation. Emotional attachments that expand the longevity canâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t be fully controlled by the designers.

Chapter 02 FURNITURE ASSEMBLY AND LONGEVITY

EFFICIENT STRUCTURES

Can Efficient structures help to promote a more sustainable future?

Chapter 03

Comfy Cargo Chair by Stephan Schulz

DEFINITION

of Efficient Structures

Chapter 03 EFFICIENT STRUCTURES

Crossed double seat by Muller Van Severen

Can efficient structures help to promote a more sustainable future? According to Ed van Hinte (Lightness, 1998: 9) â&#x20AC;&#x153;The quest of efficient structures is firmly rooted in history. When people had to carry their stuff around lightness was a prerequisite. Ancient and traditional nomadic cultures have made and are still making artefacts in ways that may be instructive to designers, architects and engineers alikeâ&#x20AC;?. Designing things lighter is not just a matter of choosing lighter materials, for each material entails its own properties in terms of shape and manufacturing techniques (Lightness, 1998: 9). In this chapter, we will try to identify how efficient structures can promote a more sustainable future. Based on theorists and through examples will be defined the principals that make efficient structures strategy of sustainable design.

A furniture collection by the Belgian duo Fien Muller and Hannes Van Severen

EVOLUTION

of Lightness Structures

1887./

1903./

1926./

Bridge Design

Airplane Design

Tubular Furniture

Forth Bridge in Scotland

First Airplane flight

Wassily Chair

Project engineers demonstrating the cantilever principles of the Forth Bridge in Scotland, 1887.

The Wright brothers were two American aviation pioneers generally credited with inventing, building, and flying the world's first successful motor-operated airplane (National Air And Space Museum, 2010).

Wassily Chair was designed by Marcel Breuer. Despite popular belief, the chair was not designed specifically for the abstract painter Wassily Kandinsky, who was on Bauhaus at the same time. Kandinsky had admired the completed design, and Breuer fabricated a duplicate for Kandinsky's personal quarters (Astbury, 2018).

It is considered as a symbol of Scotland (having been voted Scotland's greatest man-made wonder in 2016), and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It was designed by the English engineers Sir John Fowler and Sir Benjamin Baker (UNESCO, 2016).

Bicycles gave the inspiration to designers for the tubular furniture.

1956./

1971./

1989./

Inflatable Furniture

Modular Furniture

Furniture Design

Quasar furniture

Abitacolo by Munari

Chair with Holes

55 The concept of inflatable furniture has actually been around for quite some time. The above picture shows a woman in 1956 showing off a chair of her own invention. It was in the late '60s that inflatable furniture really became big thanks to a designer named Quasar Khanh (Epstein, 2013).

Transparent and enclosed at the same time, Abitacolo, was conceived as a 'habitable module' for kids. The no-frills structure that weighs only 51kg, a place to play, to sleep, to study and to have fun, according to the designer (Fiell, 2015).

The chair was made for the project 'Chair Sweet Chairs' organized by the POI Foundation which invited a number of designers to make a design proceeding from a basic chair type. Bakker wished to make his chair lighter, literally and visually (Gijs Bakker Design, 1989).

First presented in 1971, now is a part of MOMA's permanent collection.

Chapter 03 EFFICIENT STRUCTURES

of Efficient Structures

THEORISTS

Marcel Breuer Modernist Architect | Furniture Designer. Born in Hungary | 21 May 1902 Died in USA | 1 July 1981 Education Bauhaus | Radical Arts and Crafts School

Wassily Chair designed by Marcel Breuer in 1925-26 inspired by the lightness of a bicycle

Chapter 03 EFFICIENT STRUCTURES

"Structure is not just a mean to a solution. It is also a principle and a passion." (Marcel, 1958)

Marcel Breuer is the designer of the well-known Wassily Chair (Model B3). It was named after Wassily Kandinsky, a Russian painter and art theorist. The design was inspired by bicycle frames and made with the latest in steel-bending technology (Astbury, 2018). His studies on Bauhaus (1920) characterising his work in many ways as a perfect demonstration of the faculty's principals (Cobbers, 2007). His experiments with lightness and tubular steel opened the way to design stools, tables, and folding and cantilever chairs (Astbury, 2018). According to many designers of Bauhaus and Breuer, his interest in furniture design opened the way to design furniture lighter and durable (Droste, 1992). "It is interesting," remarked Breuer (1937), "that the modern furniture was promoted not by the professional furniture designers, but by architects".

THEORISTS Personal Webpage: www.lightness-studios.nl

of Efficient Structures

Ed van Hinte Born in The Netherlands | 1951 Industrial Designer Author Some of his Books

Designing Lightness: Structures for Saving Energy, 2019 Food Design: Katja Gruijters; Exploring the Future of Food, 2016 Flying Lightness: Promises for Structural Elegance by Adriaan Beukers, 2013 Superuse - Constructing new architecture by shortcutting material flows, 2013 First Read This: Systems Engineering in Practice,2008 Lightness: The Inevitable Renaissance of Minimum Energy Structures, 1998

Designing Lightness: Structures for Saving Energy

Chapter 03 EFFICIENT STRUCTURES

"We can achieve more with less material." (Ed van Hinte, 2019)

Authors: Ed van Hinte Adriaan Beukers 1998

59 Ed van Hinte is a designer and his main interest is on exploring new ways to minimize material flows and energy consumption. He is also an author that has been awarded for his writings several times (Lightness Studios, 2015). Ed van Hinte (Design Lightness, 2019) highlights that history shows that weight saving is noticeable, not just because there is a good reason to be economical, but also because of who we are. We desire a comfortable life wherein even exercise should take minimum effort. Humanity is notoriously enthusiastic when it comes to using available resources without thinking about the consequences (Lightness, 1998: 9). Designers will have to know that everything we do requires transportation, material expense and energy consumption. Design, therefore, should focus on reducing the use of materials designing efficient structures (Lightness Studios, 2015). Ed van Hinte(Design Lightness, 2019: 8) expresses the idea that recycling is favourable, with expressions such as "waste is food" or "cash for trash", supports the energy-consuming production of waste, rather than its reduction. Grinding down products in effect is the destruction of value. Cultivating value of minimum material artefacts for an appropriate time is much smarter.

The Alltubes collection by Muller Van Severen Belgium, 2020

PRECEDENTS

of Efficient Structures

A furniture collection from rows of aluminium pipes. Alltubes is a new collection of furniture consisting of round aluminium tubes. The designers aimed to explore the possibilities of, for them, a new material in order to gain a lighter result in contrast with the tubular steel (Winston, 2020). The Alltubes collection, consisting of a chair, a bench and a variety of cabinets, is named for its primary material. The common characteristic of the series is the repetition of the aluminium tubes, which makes them less austere (Muller Van Severen, 2020). This repetition also produces the possibility for the light to reflect on the surface in a very interesting way.

Chapter 03 EFFICIENT STRUCTURES

According to the designers, the choice of the shapes make the cabinets looking like volumes, some kind of mysterious plinth, without having any sign of handles. In the case of the chair, a tube forms one leg, a back or a seat in one smooth movement (Muller Van Severen, 2020). Alltubes is a collection that uses a material not used for furniture in this way and makes it really light structure.

Frameworks

by Studio Mieke Meijer Holland , 2012

PRECEDENTS

of Efficient Structures

An efficient structure ready to hold your personal items. Frameworks is a storage system based on lattice constructions. The minimal use of materials makes it really light, and the joins make it stable. The system consists of thin oak slats, steel plates and rivets (Meijer, 2012). According to the designer, a lattice structure composed of triangular assembled shapes, gives it undeformable unity (Yudina, 2015). The use of glass for the shelves makes the structure light not only physically but optically as well, reinforcing the lightweight nature of the design (Dutch Design Week, 2012). Frameworks is an easy-assembled unit which allows a lot of customization to the user. It is a unit based on the nature of its design and the lightness of the material used, making it a good example of promotion for a more sustainable future.

Chapter 03 EFFICIENT STRUCTURES

Tubular Living

by Peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Architecture Office (PAO) China, 2015

Tubular Living designed to explore vertical Living can be adapted for the future. They inspired by the hidden ventilation shafts, and they used them by turning buildings "inside out" (Archdaily, 2015). The project was installed in the stores of a fashion brand. The structure was consisted of horizontal tubes, for the living spaces and openings, crossed by vertical ones contained the staircase. The view from the high tunnels gives the feeling of looking at everything so small from above. The construction achieved by the standardized parts are factory-made and assembled on-site (People's Architecture Office, 2015).

According to the designers, the project was made of large metal ducts to achieve a much lighter structure and less use of materials (Design Boom, 2015). This experimental project tried to introduce an alternative way of living in order to promote a more sustainable future.

FUTURES

of Efficient Structures

Chapter 03 EFFICIENT STRUCTURES

KEY FINDINGS

of Efficient Structures

Key Findings from Theorists Designers will have to take into consideration that everything they design requires transportation, material expense and energy consumption. Humanity will achive more by using less materials. Designing efficient structures is a smart way to minimize material flows.

Key Findings Designing tubular furniture is a way to minimize material flows and to maximize the lightness of the structure. Efficient structures promote a sustainable future not only from the less use of material but from the small waste that will constitute when they will be disposed of. Efficient structures should start to apply in domestic spaces as must as possible in order to promote a lighter and more sustainable future.

Chapter 03 EFFICIENT STRUCTURES

DESIGN CONCEPTS

Childhood Scrap Nomadic Cooking Kit Tubular Bedroom Collection

Chapter 04

Childhood Scrap A collection of multifunctional furniture made of "childhood waste" materials This first concept uses the waste we produce during our childhood in order to provide the first set of furniture for our first new apartment as adults. The idea is based on working to ensure a better future - a collection of furniture full of memories and effort. For most people, the first twenty years is usually spent on educational purposes. We spend a lot of time writing and sharpening our pencils; producing pencil scraps that are never used. The process is simple; children are collecting the pencil waste during the years of school, and we provide their future furniture. The waste will be transformed into solid fibreboard introducing a new type of "waste made" material. The whole project allows the customisation making the involvement more strong in order to provoking emotional attachment.

Chapter 04 DESIGN CONCEPTS

CONCEPT 01

Childhood Scrap A collection of furniture made of "childhood waste" materials

Strengths

Encourages the collecting (like stamp collecting) Provoke Emotional Attachment Transforms waste into something useful

Weakness

Requires space in order to collect all the scrap The price will be higher because of the process

Chapter 04 DESIGN CONCEPTS

Opportunities

Customisation can help you to choose the functions that you need It maintains the memories and thus the Emotional Attachment

Threats

Risky approach to design as you need research capacity in order to develope the new material Nowadays, children prefer virtual hobbies instead of writing and painting with colour pencils

DESIGN CONCEPTS

Nomadic Cooking Kit A multifunctinal portable cooking system A nomad is a member of a community without fixed habitation who regularly moves to and from the same areas. This second concept came from the thought of the modern type of nomadism that consists of people moving from one place to another for better job opportunities. This kind of people usually do not own a house, and they are setting up a new life wherever they are. My main idea is to design a house kit that is easy transferable. Such as Itaca house kit contain a bed and a shelving system, I would like to cover the cooking and eating activity. Specifically, I would like to design a full package of all the essentials the needs to cook and eat lunch. The challenging part is to design multifunctional objects to gain the lightness of the kit. Every part of the project must be functional and a part of the cooking experience.

Chapter 04 DESIGN CONCEPTS

New generation of Nomads

CONCEPT 02

Eskimo Nomad

Nomadic Cooking Kit A multifunctinal portable cooking system

Strengths

Portable for those who travel Suitable for campers or outdoorlovers The product will accompany the user in the different steps of their life

Weakness

Basic kit (Cannot contain everything you need) Not allowing a lot of customization

Chapter 04 DESIGN CONCEPTS

Opportunities

People will stop buying new cooking equipment every time they move into a new house.

Threats

People tend to prefer big brands for cooking equipment Achieving a light Kit will be difficult due to the materials that are used for some of the equipment

CONCEPT 02

Tubular Bedroom Collection A weightless bedroom furniture collection This concept is about lightness, designing a collection of furniture addressed to the sleeping area. Sleep is interwoven with lightness and comfort. Those characteristics I would like to translate in ration to material usage and structure. The main idea is to design a tubular furniture collection using materials like aluminium which is lightweight and recyclable. Such as the Alltubes collection by Muller Van Severen I would like to use tubes not only for the constructional part but as an aesthetic element. This concept aims to upgrade the sleeping experience and develop a new way of using industrial materials in order to achieve an elegant design. This project will transport us to the word of comfort and dreams.

Chapter 04 DESIGN CONCEPTS

CONCEPT 03

Tubular Bedroom Collection A weightless bedroom furniture collection

Strengths

Giving the user the comfort he needs Lightness provokes sustainability

Weakness

Tubular furniture was mass-produced the previous century, fashion trends may affect the longevity

Chapter 04 DESIGN CONCEPTS

Opportunities

Designing a weightless structure will give us the opportunity to an easily transferred project

Threats

Achieving a really light structure The timeless design may be very challenging in this collection

CONCEPT 03

Childhood Scrap + for Nomadic users A sustainable nomadic collection of furniture Analysing the potential of my three conceptual proposals, pencil waste material seems very promising. Examining the idea of provoking emotional attachment, through using childhood memories, and the opportunity of involving the user in the process makes the narrative very strong. Thinking of the second concept, the potential of an easy transferred project, addressed for the new generation of nomads, will give more interest to my final project. More specifically, I am designing for nowadays people, that are travelling from one place to another for many reasons, allowing them to carry their childhood memories. This project will give me the opportunity to develop a new "waste made" material using existing manufacturing techniques like crushing, binding or pressing. This new material aims to promote a sustainable future not only by using waste but also by the expanding longevity of the products that will be used. The final project will be a collection of furniture and products made of a "waste made" material that will be developed using pencils scrap. The children will need to collect the waste that they produce by sharpening their pencils in order to use it as a material for objects in their adult life. One of their main features will be the portability which will allow the user to transfer the objects easily.

Chapter 04 DESIGN CONCEPTS

CHOSEN CONCEPT

Childhood Scrap + for Nomadic users

A sustainable nomadic collection of furniture

PRODUCT NARRATIVE

Who?

This project will target adults that as children were interested in making collections. The users should be interested in carrying his childhood memories in his adult life.

What?

A collection of domestic furniture and objects that will accompany you in your adult life. A sustainable choice using "waste made" material.

Where?

A collection that the nomadic user will easily transfer from one place to another.

When?

Why?

This project contains childhood memories that provoke emotional attachments, expanding its longevity. It is an easily transferable collection that carries memories and promotes a sustainable future.

Chapter 04 DESIGN CONCEPTS

This project is introduced to cover the first needs that the user will have in thearly adult life.

SUMMARY + CONCLUSION APPENDIX + REFERENCES

SUSTAINABLE STRATEGIES

SUMMARY

Humanity lives on a brink of a material revolution that may help us rebalance our relationship with the planet. The overconsumption and the reckless use of raw materials reveal us to a non-sustainable way of life. We cannot continue creating enormous quantities of waste without thinking about the consequences. Due to the big problem of waste management, for the last twenty years, designers are reworking waste to create new pieces and base materials. They started thinking more responsibly the afterlife of their creations even while those creations that are still on drawing board. Environmentally aware designers are also seeking to tread lightly in terms of an environmental footprint. Designers are aware that everything they design requires transportation, material expense and energy consumption. Thinking of it they all became aware that the system needs a complete overhaul rather than tinkering at the edges.

CONCLUSION This research highlighted three sustainable strategies that the designers must identify during the design process. These strategies are about transforming waste into sustainable materials, product longevity and efficient structures. These three topics have provided relevant sources of inspiration, helping direct the research to a clear conclusion. A non-sustainable future is something that affects everyone and needs to be redefined as soon as possible. Despite this, the new generation of responsible designers is still working on ways to promote a better relationship between humanity and the planet. This report aimed to identify some ways that promote a more sustainable future, offering knowledge of the current situation and waste management. Sustainability is a one-way road that we have to drive on. The optimistic fact is that designers started thinking more responsibly for the longevity and the afterlife of their creation and they are also seeking to tread lightly in terms of an environmental footprint. During the last ten years, we started thinking more sustainably but we also live the consequences of previous reckless overconsumption of new products and energy consumption. The whole research process gave food for thought and concepts that may change our everyday life. Those concepts are based on sustainable design strategies to fulfil their purpose responsibly. New developed ideas will lead us to a more sustainable future.

APPENDIX

Dean Cain Visiting tutor/Product Development Designer Commercial Director / Joint owner Cadex Utilites Ltd Stretton, Staffordshire, United Kingdom

INTERVIEW QUESTIONS How do you think that furniture disassembly can influence its durability? There are several ways in which this can happen. Using knock down fittings allows a product to be durable by allowing certain structural parts to be replaced if damaged. Also, if a product (a table for example) becomes unstable because of loose jointing, the said joints/ fittings can be tightened. This can also be done with glued joints but generally a specialist is required. To tighten a loose fitting is straight forward when the owner or customer has experience of the original assembly.

Apart from furniture assembly, is there any other parameter that can expand the product longevity? The ability for a product to be disassembled enables items to be taken apart and transported easily especially if your accommodation is deemed small space living, or your home has limited access thus knock down items allow easy disassembly and retention when moving home for example. Other parameters that could expand the product longevity could be a generic timeless approach to the design, thus style and fashion do not dictate a change. Materials and solid construction through a thorough product development approach are also key when designing any product to ensure longevity.

91 Do you think there is a relation between price and furniture longevity? I think that quality can be designed and developed into both low price and high price products, although there is a relationship between price and furniture longevity when higher end materials are used for development and a higher price paid thus product retention is inevitable and a less throw away attitude is taken within society.

How can a company like IKEA promote a zero-waste future? Ikea has total control of its design, product development, manufacture, distribution and sales solution to the customer. With this total product development approach new materials and manufacturing processes are always at the forefront of the design and development strategy so the goal of Zero waste is always driven forward. Although total zero waste will always be challenging, Ikea has this goal developed into its company DNA.

What are the emerging trends in sustainable futures in relation to furniture? Always the development of new materials and manufacturing processes with possible re cycled or re adapted/ re used products and materials being considered. But ultimately if we are to have any chance of a sustainable future, this can only be achieved through carefully thought through Design and responsible Product Development when considering possible alternative materials that enable a future filled with Good Responsible Design.

References BOOKS Beukers, A., Hinte, E. (1998) Lightness. Nai 010 Publishers. Beukers, A., Hinte, E. (2019) Designing Lightness: Structures for Saving Energy. Nai 010 Publishers. Chapman, J. (2005) Emotionally Durable Design: Objects, Experiences and Empathy. Routledge Taylor & Franch Group. Fiell, C. P. (1999) Design of the 20th Century. Taschen Bibliotheca Universalis. Franklin, K., Till, C. (2019) Radical Matter. James & Hudson. Milton, A., Rodgers, P. (2012) Research Methods for Product Design. Laurence King Publishing. Thompson, R. (2013) Sustainable Materials, Processes and Production. James & Hudson. Unknown, U. (2018) IKEA Democratic Design. Inter IKEA System. Yudina, A. (2015) Furnitecture, furniture that transforms space. James & Hudson.

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1_ Unknown, U. (2016). Merdacotta: ceramics made from cow dung. [Photograph]. Retrieved from https://materialdistrict.com/article/merdacotta-cow-dung-ceramics/merdacotta-cow-dung-ceramics-13/. [Accessed 10 April 2020] 2_ Unknown, U. (2016). The Shit Museum. [Logo]. Retrieved from http://www.theshitmuseum.org/prodotti/. [Accessed 10 April 2020] 3_ Unknown, U. (2017). Merdacotta. [Photograph]. Retrieved from http://www.theshitmuseum.org/prodotti/i-prodotti-da-tavola/. [Accessed 10 April 2020] 4_ Unknown, U. (2017). Merdacotta vases. [Photograph]. Retrieved from http://www.theshitmuseum.org/prodotti/. [Accessed 10 April 2020] 5_ Unknown, U. (2018). Merdacotta. [Photograph]. Retrieved from http://www.theshitmuseum.org/prodotti/i-prodotti-da-tavola/. [Accessed 10 April 2020] p26-27

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1_ IKON, (2019). Project Ore Streams: Chair Detail. [Photograph]. Retrieved from http://www.orestreams.com/. [Accessed 10 April 2020] 2_ IKON, (2019). Project Ore Streams: Chair. [Photograph]. Retrieved from http://www.orestreams.com/. [Accessed 10 April 2020] 3_ IKON, (2019). Project Ore Streams: Cabinet. [Photograph]. Retrieved from http://www.orestreams.com/. [Accessed 10 April 2020] 4_ IKON, (2019). Project Ore Streams: Cubicle. [Photograph]. Retrieved from http://www.orestreams.com/. [Accessed 10 April 2020] 5_ IKON, (2019). Project Ore Streams: Taxonomy. [Photograph]. Retrieved from http://www.orestreams.com/. [Accessed 10 April 2020] 6_ IKON, (2019). Project Ore Streams: Cubicle. [Photograph]. Retrieved from http://www.orestreams.com/. [Accessed 10 April 2020]

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1_ Bompani, E. (2016). The Itaca furniture system. [Photograph]. Retrieved from https://www.dezeen. com/2016/11/20/elena-bompani-itaca-furniture-system-rollup-bed-generation-rent-nomads/. [Accessed 10 April 2020] 2_ Bompani, E. (2016). The Itaca furniture system. [Photograph]. Retrieved from https://www.dezeen. com/2016/11/20/elena-bompani-itaca-furniture-system-rollup-bed-generation-rent-nomads/. [Accessed 10 April 2020] 3_ Bompani, E. (2016). The Itaca furniture system: detail. [Photograph]. Retrieved from https://www.dezeen. com/2016/11/20/elena-bompani-itaca-furniture-system-rollup-bed-generation-rent-nomads/. [Accessed 10 April 2020] 4_ Bompani, E. (2016). The Itaca furniture system: detail. [Photograph]. Retrieved from https://www.dezeen. com/2016/11/20/elena-bompani-itaca-furniture-system-rollup-bed-generation-rent-nomads/. [Accessed 10 April 2020] 5_ Bompani, E. (2016). The Itaca furniture system. [Photograph]. Retrieved from https://www.dezeen. com/2016/11/20/elena-bompani-itaca-furniture-system-rollup-bed-generation-rent-nomads/. [Accessed 10 April 2020] 6_ Bompani, E. (2016). The Itaca furniture system: detail. [Photograph]. Retrieved from https://www.dezeen. com/2016/11/20/elena-bompani-itaca-furniture-system-rollup-bed-generation-rent-nomads/. [Accessed 10 April 2020]

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2 1

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1 2

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2020

SUSTAINABLE STRATEGIES

CHRISTOS VERVERIS

Birmingham City University