THE BIOMETRIC SYSTEMS (FINGERPRINTS, VOICE, IRIS) TAKE OFF FOR THE IDENTIFICATION AND PERSONS' RECOGNITION
BIOMETRIC
TECHNOLOGY 01 04
Banks have much to gain from biometrics HSBC´s bid for biometrics
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02 05
Check the identity of new customers
INFOGRAPHIC
Biometric technology
innovation edge
03
INTERVIEW
Passwords are inconvenient and insecure, and their end is in sight
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“Banks have much to gain from biometrics” Julián Fiérrez is a senior lecturer at the Escuela Politécnica Superior and a member of the ATVS Biometric Recognition Group at the Autónoma University in Madrid. A graduate in Communications Engineering from the Madrid Polytechnic University, he obtained his doctorate in 2006 with the Extraordinary Prize, and was a Marie Curie postdoctoral fellow at Michigan State University between 2007 and 2009. He has just received the 2015 Miguel Catalán Award for researchers aged under 40.
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A specialist in biometrics, and currently traveling between Japan and China to present his projects, Julián Fiérrez has spent 15 years studying biometric systems technologies for speech, face, fingerprint and written signatures. In 2002 he began working with the identification laboratory of the criminalistics service at the Head Office of the Guardia Civil, and has also brought biometrics to the National Cryptological Center and Telefónica, and more recently to Cecabank. A “close contact with these companies and institutions” has given him an insight into the real problems and opportunities of biometric systems.
Is recognizing and identifying people through biometric systems the latest fashion? Quite the reverse –the general perception of biometric systems is not very positive. People don't see it as being very useful, and being unnecessarily sophisticated. But this type of systems has been used very successfully for decades in limited fields such as forensic research. It was only about 20 years ago, at the end of the 1990s, when the systems were first used in large-scale applications for the general public, such as in access controls to buildings and restricted areas.
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Weren't they useful? Biometric systems at the time were poorly perceived for two reasons. First, back then the systems were very limited and not very technologically advanced in comparison with the ones we have today. They were not very ergonomic, and incapable of dealing with diversity and difficulty in relatively uncontrolled operational environments. They were not very useful for the applications for which they were designed. Rather than saving time or increasing the level of security, they were an inconvenience. In second
place, high hopes –excessively so– were invested in these systems, mostly thanks to popular culture and because of ambitious and unrealistic claims. Both factors led to major commercial failures in this type of system. After that, in the last 15 years users who are unfamiliar with the technology, and technicians with no expertise in this area, have only naturally been fairly reluctant to use and deploy this type of systems. Has the situation changed? Currently, the recent and significant advances in multiple fields of technology mean that
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biometric applications are being deployed ever more widely, and overcoming the understandable barriers of reticence that were so widespread. Several areas have seen a substantial development in recent years: ergonomics and sensor quality (such as those included in smartphones and other tactile devices), robust recognition algorithms in realistic and relatively uncontrolled operational conditions, and automatic learning that exploits large datasets.
Why are banks, companies and governments so interested in this type of recognition today? Because they have multiple applications and are of crucial importance. These technologies will reduce or eliminate paperwork in many spheres of e-government, in medical records and legal processes; they will streamline many processes requiring the authentication of individuals; they will help prevent internal and external fraud in companies and institutions; they will make it possible to monitor and certify the skills obtained by students in distance learning, and much more. The present and future of these technologies is very promising.
Is this the end of passwords? The aim of biometric systems is not to substitute the current processes of authentication, either cards, keys or passwords. The target most researchers working in these technologies are aiming for at the moment is to improve some aspects of the current authentication processes by supplementing them in some cases, replacing certain processes in others, and incorporating new processes which were previously impossible. FINTECH SERIE 路 FEBRUARY 2016 路 www.centrodeinnovacionbbva.com/en
Will biometric technology live alongside passwords? Rather than thinking of doing away with passwords, it's more a case of developing a complete authentication system that uses a password, and then improve one or several aspects of this system (security, speed, convenience, ease of management, maintenance
costs and so on) by introducing biometric systems. With this focus in mind, I think we'll see the coexistence of new password-free developments, like unlocking cellphones based on fingerprints or facial images, with a multitude of systems that continue using passwords or keys to a certain degree, perhaps supplemented with
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some biometric information.
The question is not whether biometrics can eliminate passwords, but whether the use of biometrics can be of help in the current world of passwords. The response to this question is definitely yes, and to a great extent.
What is the most secure biometric recognition method (voice, veins, iris….)? All the biometric recognition methods existing today have advantages and drawbacks – from voice and handwriting through to irises and the pattern of veins on the hand. Specifically, if we're talking about security, this necessarily implies an attacker who wants to gain illicit access. Before comparing biometric features with others in the area of security, we would need to specify the model of attacker, through questions such as: how does the attack occur? how hard is it for the attacker to
achieve his or her aim? The suitability of one biometric feature or another will depend on the application in question, the scenario of use, the model of attacker who wishes to violate the system, and the resources at his or her disposal. There are several current developments that aim to homogenize these models and come up with a standard for considering a biometric system secure, and for its level of security. One such is the Common Criteria initiative, to which our group is contributing thanks to the European project BEAT (Biometrics Evaluation and Testing).
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One feature can be compared with another based on factors such as usability, economic cost, durability and so on. All these factors, once the application and scenario have been determined, will point to one biometric feature or another, or a combination of several, used in a specific way and with specific sensors, as being the optimum solution. So an iris recognition system that has no protection against falsification using printed iris images may be less secure than a verification system using a handwritten signature.
What does it contribute to banks?
keyboard or mouse and pointer dynamic).
The banking environment is one of the areas that can benefit most from recent advances in biometric systems, as many of their operations depend on the reliable authentication and management of their customers' identities. Biometrics can vastly reduce costs such as the use and recording of information on paper or the prevention and control of a whole range of fraud. Specifically, biometric systems allow the identity of a customer to be modeled both on one-off inputs (a handwritten signature), and in an ongoing way in the medium and long term (for example with a
The detection of anomalous behavior through these models is a good way of filtering possible fraud. Today's technology already allows a full remote relationship with the customer by making use of biometric features such as face and voice recognition for the ongoing monitoring of the user, or a handwritten signature on a touch terminal for authentication with legal validity. The great difference in this remote scenario compared to the scenario with a physical presence lies in the type of impostor that seeks to violate the system, the cost of the attacks, impact, possible protection...).
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A greater understanding of these factors is key to the success of this type of initiatives in remote operating environments. Much research is currently being done in this area, and the problem is not totally resolved. Look at the results of one of the European projects in which we have also been working recently, TABULA RASA (Trusted Biometrics
Under Spoofing Attacks), for example. 驴Which country is most advanced in its uptake of biometrics? All types of countries, from the United States and Japan to India and China are investing heavily in the research and development of these types of
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systems, as they are aware of the present and future benefits these technologies can provide. Not only the governments of these countries, who have launched programs to fund research, but also companies like Google, Facebook, Microsoft, NEC and Fujitsu are all making a strong commitment to this type of technology.
What sector do you think it can help most? As I said before, the banking sector has yet to tap into the substantial advantages offered by these technologies in recent years, and it has much to gain from them. They can reduce the costs related with the management of identities, fraud prevention, customer convenience and the opening of new customized services both in person and remotely. Other sectors that will benefit vastly from developments in biometrics include distance learning (students' uptake of the course material can be
monitored and their learning outcomes can be certified as a result), e-government, insurance companies, notary services, courts, medical registers and health records, and more). In fact any area in which it is necessary to authenticate individuals and subsequently manage these identities. Are privacy and biometrics compatible? Yes. Most of the current largescale developments in biometric systems are very aware of the importance of protecting privacy, particularly in Europe, where the legislation
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on data protection is clear and strict. Many of these biometric systems do not in fact store (on the biometric template) the user's registration information in an open way, but via encrypted versions, or with very limited information which –in the most recent developments– are not even unencrypted for comparison with other biometric templates. These techniques for the protection of biometric templates are in fact a red-hot issue in research, and an area in which my group at the UAM is also working.
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Banks face the challenge of verifying the identity of new customers Millennials do not intend to go into a branch in their lives. They're used to taking out all services online and want to have the same facility with banks. But, as highlighted in the BBVA Research article “Digital contracting of financial services: electronic identity as a key element” there is no regulatory framework allowing banks to remotely verify the identity of new customers. FINTECH SERIE · FEBRUARY 2016 · www.centrodeinnovacionbbva.com/en
While Google, Facebook or Skype need not verify the actual identity of the person accessing their services — not even Amazon — registering with a bank is not so easy. “The regulatory framework affecting registering customers in the financial sector is not completely homogeneous globally. Some countries prohibit the registration processes through digital channels and require a physical
meeting to proceed with customer identification and verification of their identity. Moreover, in those places where non face-to-face contracting is permitted, it is sometimes difficult to establish mechanisms for verifying identity in these digital channels that reveal, unequivocally, who the customer is," highlights the Article.
In Mexico, for example, one of the objectives of the bank in 2016 is to strengthen controls and in recent months reading fingerprints has been extended to identify customers and open new accounts. As highlighted in this article in El Universal, “with a customer's fingerprint and photograph, identity theft is impossible when the fingerprints are already registered”.
The security problem is growing, as highlighted in this article by BBVA Research: According to the for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), the cost of cybercrime to the global economy is about $450 billion. In addition, the Ponemon Institute reports that in 2013, 43% of US companies experienced a breach of data security. Individually, the greatest risks are identity theft and loss of confidential information. The CSIS estimates
that there were 800 million stolen personal records in the same year worldwide. In South Korea, for example, in a month, over 70% of people aged between 15 and 65 had their personal data stolen and their credit cards were put at risk. In the US, according to a 2012 survey conducted by the Bureau of Justice Statistics, phishing affected 16.6 million people, at a cost of $24.7 billion in financial losses
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And how can identification be guaranteed? As highlighted by BBVA Research: The regulatory framework affecting registering customers in the financial sector is not completely homogeneous globally. Some countries prohibit the registration processes through digital channels and require a physical meeting to proceed with customer identification and verification of their identity. Moreover, in those places where non face-to-face contracting is permitted, it is sometimes difficult to establish mechanisms for verifying identity in these digital channels that reveal, unequivocally, who the customer is," highlights the Article.
Returning to Millennials and the previous generation, "a survey by Telstraglobal on generations X and Y (those born between 1966-1976 and 1977-1994, respectively) indicates that more than half of respondents rate trust as the most important factor of choice when selecting a financial services provider. One in five people would share their DNA to help protect their financial and personal information, and up to one in two people would be willing to pay for a mobile identity. In addition, less than half are satisfied with their institution's security, more than a third have experienced phishing, 40% of victims believed it was the institution's fault and 65% is likely to leave
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the bank as a consequence of this." 2016 promises to be the breakout year for biometrics. And banks cannot be left behind.
03/INTERVIEW “Passwords are inconvenient and insecure, and their end is in sight" Emilio Martínez, CEO of Agnitio, the company specializing in voice biometric systems, highlights the benefits of "voiceprints" for personal authentication. FINTECH SERIE · FEBRUARY 2016 · www.centrodeinnovacionbbva.com/en
How did Agnitio start? AGNITIO started in 2004 as a spin-off from the Madrid Polytechnic University. A group of the signal treatment department had worked for years with the Guardia Civil police force to develop a voice
biometric system that would enable them to identify criminals and terrorists from their voices. This system was known from other European police forces and sparked considerable interest. The founding members negotiated a contract with the university for the transfer of the technology, and that's how AGNITIO came about. What's the profile of the employees? 92% of the employees are engineers or graduates in areas of advanced technology. This is an extremely technological company with a very high component of R+D+i.
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How many countries do you operate in and what sector interests you most or is most interested in your services? Agnitio has facilities in over 40 countries around the world. The geographical areas where we have the greatest presence are eastern Europe, Latin America and the United States. In the US we have a subsidiary that sells to and supports our customers in North America. With regard to market segments, our presence is above all in the government security sector (police and intelligence corps and defense organizations), followed by the financial sector.
What are the features of biometric voice verification?
be identified with an extremely high degree of accuracy.
When someone speaks, as well as the information they transmit in the form of words, the unique features of their vocal tract –the larynx, the nasal cavity, the palate and so on– make an imprint on the sound waves. This voiceprint is independent of the language the person is speaking, the phrases they're saying, or the individual's state of mind. Card technology is capable of extracting this information and storing it in the form of a numerical “voice imprint”. When an unknown person is speaking on the phone, for example, that voice can be compared with the stored voiceprint, and allows the person speaking to
Do they use complex and expensive tools? The system is purely software. In other words, the voice can be recorded with any microphone and there's no need for any special IT processing system. Normal servers and computers are
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used. What's complex is the software for processing the signal –highly complex mathematical algorithms efficiently programmed to respond in fractions of a second with today's processors. The cost depends on the size of the project, measured in number of voiceprints that are to be used and/or the number of parallel processes that our technology is going to use.
These systems are not accessible to individual consumers because of their cost, but are acquired and implemented by government organizations and financial institutions. How has the technology advanced in this field? The study of voice biometrics began in the 1990s, but it wasn't until the beginning of the 21st century that we saw the first systems that could be efficiently used. The UPM delivered the prototype of our forensic identification system to the Guardia Civil in 2000. Since then several pioneering research groups –of which we are proud to be one– have gradually improved and modified the algorithms to
obtain better results. Our products are already now in the fourth generation of the technology. Along with the improvements in accuracy, the calculations can now be done much faster and with fewer resources. Our earliest call-monitoring systems with voice biometrics required fifty times more processors than they do today. What advantages does it have compared to other identification methods (fingerprints, iris…)? The various biometric models are not in competition, but complement each other in a multi-factor authentication environment. When we come near a person we use all our
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“sensors” to identify them: their faces, their way of walking, their voice and so on. In the same way, in the future people will be automatically identified using all the possibilities available on the devices. Sometimes some will be more important than others. Voice is very important in situations of remote authentication when you can't see or "touch" the person –in telephone communications for example. Are they more efficient? The sensors needed to make a voice authentication are microphones, and today we all carry these around in our pocket (in our cellphones) or we have them on our computer. In terms of cost this makes it much more efficient
than a fingerprint or iris recognition, which needs a special sensor requiring special care. And it's also the most natural system. Everyone's used to talking, to speaking on the phone. It's not something that's considered intrusive, unlike taking a photo of your eye or taking your fingerprint. What's more we're increasingly using our voices to interact with our surroundings. In the future we'll communicate with a whole range of devices in our cars and homes and at work, by using our voices to give commands and obtain information. Using our same voice as a way of authenticating ourselves will become more natural than using any other biometric model. We'll identify ourselves with the same
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phrases we use when we to talk with virtual assistants. What can it provide for a bank? Voice biometric applications in the world of finance are only just beginning. Perhaps the application with the best return on investment today is fraud detection in call centers. The use of “blacklists” of voices of people who have committed fraud can be used to filter incoming calls. This is having a massive effect on preventingthe proliferation of organized gangs who used the call center to commit fraud or obtain information with which to commit fraud through other channels.
Voice authentication also reduces fraud and makes the user experience on the telephone or mobile channel much faster and more userfriendly. How? Multichannel systems can be deployed that combine
authentication in the Bank's different channels: telephone, mobile, Internet, video-chat, social networks and so on. It can also be used to sign documents using the voice. Customers can use their voice to accept a contract, and this voice converted into a voiceprint can be used as the “signature� for the document.
This way a customer can open a bank account via only the Internet and/or telephone channel without having to go to the branch office.
Of course many of these advances must pass through regulatory filters and be accompanied by other security and control systems. In the case of a physical presence, a handwritten signature is normally used as authentication when making a transaction. And in many cases it includes the comparison of an identity document with a photograph. These procedures also have their weak points when the comparison is done by people who are not expert in handwriting or in document recognition. As far as I know there's no comparison of false positives between physical presence systems and biometric models, but I'm sure there would be no surprises, and particularly in the case of
very well planned attacks. Is it very difficult to copy a voice? Voices can be recorded and reproduced later in attempt to imitate the legitimate user. This is why the measures to prevent these recorded attacks (antispoofing in biometric slang) are very important in any implementation that does not involve an agent speaking to the person on a direct line. Agnitio has several patented systems that guard against these attacks using very sophisticated technology that detects the recording/reproduction cycle and compares it to the direct use of the voice. It is impossible today to
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generate a voice which so closely resembles someone's voice that it can deceive the system. Both professional imitators and voice synthesis systems can easily be detected by our software.
Do you believe that man-in-the-middle attacks are more dangerous for voice systems, and is it easier to obtain a voice sample than one from another part of the body? MITM attacks are normally related with encrypted communication between two systems. This occurs in voice biometrics when the communication takes place via the IP network and not the telephone channel. In these cases, protecting the voiceprint by correctly encrypting it is an additional problem to be resolved by systems integrators, to avoid the possibility of these voiceprints (and digital or facial biometrics) being intercepted and changed. This is why voice biometrics –in particular encrypted voiceprints (not the voice itself)– is neither more nor less likely to suffer attack by MITM. However, the voice is often used as authentication via a different channel (out of band authentication). Using a brief telephone call on a previously agreed phone number and making the user say a certain phrase is the most convenient and secure way of making an out-of-band authentication. FINTECH SERIE · FEBRUARY 2016 · www.centrodeinnovacionbbva.com/en
Will biometric systems do away with passwords? I'm convinced that the end of passwords is in sight, at least as a basic authentication tool. Companies, banks and online retailers can’t go on torturing their customers by making them remember secure passwords that need to be frequently changed. Today an average user can have as many as 60 passwords, with 20 being the average in a European country. Some studies indicate that ten of them are used on a daily basis. And of course to keep them safe they have to be long, contain uppercase and
lowercase symbols, and be frequently changed! That's impossible to maintain.
What are the advantages of biometric verification by voice compared to passwords?
There's no doubt that biometrics is one of the ways in which this problem is going to be resolved. It will be assisted by other security technologies to ensure that the entire process is secure and that the security is sufficiently dimensioned for the information it's protecting. I'm convinced that sooner or later we'll perhaps have just a few very secure passwords that we won't need to use very often, and which will only be used as backup systems in extreme cases.
Passwords are impossible to remember when they're even remotely secure. And they're also easy to steal or find out. They have the worst of both worlds: they're inconvenient and not very secure. Multimodal biometric verification is both convenient for the user and extremely secure. It can be flexibly adapted to the environment.
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Which country is the most advanced? The use of voice biometrics in governments is more advanced in Europe than in the United States for several historic reasons. However the implementation in the financial sector is more advanced in the United States. What are the next challenges for Agnitio?
The most important challenge for any company at the forefront of a technology sector is to stay ahead –like the Queen of Hearts in Alice in Wonderland, who had to keep running to stay in the same place. In other words, the challenge is to continue with the work of research into new algorithms in order to improve both the accuracy, speed and the size of the systems. Agnitio is now in the fourth generation of voice identification
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technology. We're now working on the fifth generation, which will be much more robust against environmental noise, have spectacular improvements in accuracy in short speech, and be able to learn to recognize users very fast over time. These are some of the requirements for authentication in the cloud services that we’ll be seeing on a massive scale in the coming years.
04 HSBC's bid for biometrics The bank and First Direct offer their 15 million customers biometric banking software for accessing their accounts online and by phone using their fingerprint or voice. Fifteen million customers identified through their voice and fingerprints. This is the goal set by HSBC, which is extending its bid for biometrics in the United Kingdom. HSBC and First Direct customers who use telephone banking and mobile apps can access their accounts through a system that checks their voice and fingerprint. The bank believes that the software will help it address the issue of forgotten passwords.
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Francesca McDonagh, HSBC's retail banking and wealth management manager, describes the decision as “the largest deployment of voicebased biometric security technology in the United Kingdom”. “The launch of voice and touch ID makes it even
easier for customers to access their bank accounts, using the safest form of password: the body”, she concludes in this article published in The Guardian. First Direct will start registering customers for voice
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identification in the coming weeks and HSBC will follow suit in summer. Customers who decide to use this option must register their “voiceprint” and will never again have to use a phone password or PIN.
The English newspaper mentions other examples of banks that are embracing biometrics.
Barclays launched its voice recognition software for its 300,000 wealthiest customers in the United Kingdom in 2013. One year later it said that this technology had been so successful that it would extend it to its 12 million retail banking customers. Barclays intends to offer them voice recognition by the end of this year, since “it has been incredibly popular” among its wealthiest customers, who used to spend 1.5 minutes checking their identity and can now do so in less than ten seconds. Lloyds Banking Group has said that it is considering including Amazon Echo in its online banking services, a voice-controlled hands-free device that is only available in the United States. The bank claims that 360,000 blind or visually impaired people in the United Kingdom could benefit from voice recognition. FINTECH SERIE · FEBRUARY 2016 · www.centrodeinnovacionbbva.com/en
Royal Bank of Scotland says that touch ID has been a “great success” following its launch last year, with over one million customers now logging in using their fingerprint. In the United States, several banks have tested biometric technology
and Citi has around 250,000 customers who use voice recognition authentication. Touch ID is available on all Apple mobile devices for HSBC and First Direct. Customers have to download the mobile banking app and follow the instructions for associating their fingerprint. And yes, it works even if you have a cold. Joe Gordon, HSBC's customer contact manager in the
United Kingdom, says that voice recognition works even if you have a cold. In the BBC Today program he claimed that “we will be able to deal with people with a cold or with slight handicaps. Things like the size of our mouth or the vocal tract don't change. Neither does the rhythm or accent when a person has a slight cold”.
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Nuance Communication is supplying the voice biometric technology that cross checks more than 100 unique identifiers, including behavioral features such as speed, rhythm and pronunciation, and physical aspects like the shape of the larynx, the nasal tract and the nasal passage.
According to a YouGov survey published by HSBC, the British believe that, along with voice and touch, the heart beats, the hair and even the saliva could be used as passwords in the
future. According to the survey, 38% of people use the same password for most of their accounts, while 55% say that they rarely update their passwords. 78% of the 2,038
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adults surveyed were sure that their body was the only thing that could be used as a password, and 74% felt that it would become the default password in the future.
05/INFOGRAPHY Biometric technology The boom of biometric devices is gaining momentum, positioning themselves firmly in the security, monitoring and control solutions market.
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Identification vs Verification
Determines an individual麓s identity. The biometric data are compared against all the data held in the database.
Confirms an individual麓s identity by comparing a simple with one or more templates obtained previously.
Perceptions of authentication
61%
40%
Belive that biometric authentication is as safe as passwords.
Would like to use digital fingerprint scanning to Access their accounts.
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Biometric solutions Iris
Face recognition
Voice recognition
Iris Captures an infrared picture of the person´s eye which is processed to obtain the spectral information of the iris. Face recognition The face´s features are obtained using a low-resolution camera. Voice recognition The voice´s features are based on the shape and size of the appendages used to créate the sound.
Fingerprint
Fingerprint A map of the fingerprint´s peaks and troughs is registered using optical, termal and/or ultrasound technology.
Signature
Signature Recording of the act of signing on a piece of paper or tablet. The movement, not the image, is recorded.
Vascular
Vascular An infrared image of the skin is taken to detect the veins and a map of their distribution is obtained.
FINTECH SERIE · FEBRUARY 2016 · www.centrodeinnovacionbbva.com/en
Applications on the market
25% Banking $ finance 20% Electronics 17% Travel 15% Government 12% Defens 11% Others
Uses of biometric authentication Digital print
59%
Fingerprint Iris
30%
Face recognition
9% 1%
Others
1%
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