CINARK 10 - in English

Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts School of Architecture Philip de Langes AllĂŠ 10 1435 Copenhagen K www.cinark.dk

Det Kongelige Danske Kunstakademis Skoler for Arkitektur, Design og Konservering Arkitektskolen

CINARK 10

Centre for Industrialised Architecture

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PROJECT OVERVIEW 2004-2014

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ABOUT CINARK

CENTRE FOR INDUSTRIALISED ARCHITECTURE

For generations, Danish architecture has been based on a deep understanding of the properties of materials and an interest in details and the overall contextual setting of buildings. In many ways, it is difficult today to speak about an actual ‘Danish building tradition’ or about culturally based construction traditions – because of the development of construction towards more and more industrialised solutions. Industrialised construction is characterised to a great extent by standardised products and processes and increasing standardisation of construction solutions, which are not necessarily contextually determined by local needs (eg geography, climate, materials traditions) or agendas (eg adaptation to climate change, better reuse). Here, strong involvement of the architectural profession and a critical approach are essential in order to maintain architectural influence.

Danish architecture and the Danish building industry need to develop clear strategies in order to take advantage of the architectural potential linked to industrialised production from a sustainable perspective, with a view to Denmark holding an internal position of strength in the development of modern, environmentally sound architecture based on a building industry focusing on design and knowledge.

CINARK develops, gathers and coordinates research and education activities concerning the development of industrial architecture from a sustainable point of view. The centre’s task is to outline, formulate and revise the specific concepts that define the field of industrial architecture.The object is to clarify essential, as well as present-day problems and potentials. The object is to clarify both fundamental and current problems and development potential.

Through increased research and teaching it is CINARK’s aim to develop the school, enhance the education it provides and strengthen the architectural profession as regards understanding and tapping the potential of the industrialised building industry. The focus is on how to develop the building industry towards advanced sustainable solutions. These efforts include new forms of organisation in the building industry, new forms of production and new design solutions for building structures and building components. The centre endeavours to build up and communicate current knowledge in order to improve the dialogue between architects, manufacturers and users of sustainable industrial architecture.

Research and teaching focus on the following themes: • Architectural development of buildings and building components through state-of-the-art industrial methods and optimised material usage.

• The architect’s role in current forms of process, organisation and cooperation in construction.

• Architectural focus on quantitative, qualitative and environmental advantages in the construction industry’s controlled and optimised processes, serial production, new forms of supply and increased series.

Read more at WWW.CINARK.DK

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ABOUT THE BOOK CINARK10 provides an overview of the many types of activities, research projects and people that have represented CIN­ARK’s work over the last decade – from the establishment of the centre in 2004 to the present day.

The material that we have gathered shows only a selection of the works and the different contexts in which CINARK’s staff have participated. Most of the activities have been outward-looking – orientated towards architects’ professional practice and their role in the development of the construction industry with a particular focus on the products and processes that characterise construction of buildings in general. The objective has been to study current challenges and frame-

works for industrialised architecture – and to build bridges between research, teaching and the construction industry in a broad sense.

The book can be read at various levels – chronologically as well as thematically across the three main categories, RESEARCH, TEACHING and COMMUNICATION – or readers can choose to look at subject fields such as system deliveries, sustainability, user inclusion, concrete etc.

The texts have not been subjected to extensive editing; instead they express in a kaleidoscopic form a selection of introductions, content descriptions and summaries from project descriptions, reports and articles in the authors’ own words. This format has been chosen partly to stress the great diversity and the specific interests that have characterised the centre over the years.

The book addresses several target groups – students, research colleagues – the construction industry and organisations in the construction industry, including the political level.

The intention is to show how a complex subject field of building technology can be made the object of architectural studies and development and how this can have a tangible impact in a business context. Furthermore it is our hope that the book will serve as inspiration for new projects and ideas for the development of sustainable and quality-based industrialised architecture.

Anne Beim CINARK Institute of Architecture and Technology Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts, School of Architecture 2015

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CONTENTS PROJECTS 2004-2014 RESEARCH TEACHING COMMUNICATION

2004

ESTABLISHMENT OF CINARK

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INTEGRATED PRODUCT DELIVERIES

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QUALITY TARGETS IN THE ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN PROCESS FOSTER 0R TOYOTA? VALUE MANAGEMENT

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16 18

2005

INDUSTRIALISED ARCHITECTURE MURO THINK TANK EVOLUTION

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MASTER IN INDUSTRIALISED ARCHITECTURE BLOCK MASONRY

ROBUST ARCHITECTURE

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AUTOMATED BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

2006

USER PARTICIPATION

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WHAT IS INDUSTRIALISED ARCHITECTURE? CRAFT AND INDUSTRY – VORARLBERG

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FORSIB – RESEARCH IN INTEGRATED PRODUCT DELIVERIES ARCHITECTURE AND MASS CUSTOMISATION LIQUID STONE

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GLOBALISATION – THREAT OR OPPORTUNITY?

2007

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PROJECT DESIGN AND DESIGN STRATEGY CREATIVE SYSTEMS

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CHINA – CRAFTSMANSHIP, TRADITION AND RENEWAL

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ARCHITECTURAL QUALITY AND INDUSTRIAL BUILDING SYSTEMS THREE WAYS OF ASSEMBLING A HOUSE

2008

BRICKS

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SCANDBUILD

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BRICKWORK OF TOMORROW

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72 SYSTEM STRUCTURES IN ARCHITECTURE 74 BUILDING – WITH THE FUTURE IN MIND 76 TEXTILE FORMWORK FOR CONCRETE

ADAPTIVE ARCHITECTURE AND SUSTAINABILITY

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THE BUILDING MANUAL 2.0

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64

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2009

INPUT FOR A NEW NORWEGIAN ARCHITECTURAL POLICY REWORKING ARCHITECTURE

ARCHITECTURE/ROBOT/CONCRETE

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BUILDING PRODUCTION AND LOGISTICS

2010

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84 88

THE SYSBYG RESEARCH NETWORK

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SUSTAINABLE INTEGRATED PRODUCT DELIVERIES

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TOWARDS A TECTONIC SUSTAINABLE BUILDING CULTURE

2011

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SUSTAINABLE FUTURES – ARCHITECTURAL ANSWERS AUTARKI 1:1

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2012

TECTONIC PRACTICE AND THINKING IN ARCHITECTURE

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104 106

PROTOTYPING ARCHITECTURE – PART ONE TOWARDS AN ECOLOGY OF TECTONICS BONDING BRICK

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SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION

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ARCHITECTURAL PRACTICE, METHOD AND MANAGEMENT

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OPEN PROCESS – OPEN WORK TEXTILISATION OF LIGHT

SUSTAINABILITY IN DANISH SOCIAL HOUSING

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PROTOTYPING ARCHITECTURE – PART TWO WOOD! IN A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE? WINDING WALL

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2014

130 132 TOWARDS AN ECOLOGY OF TECTONICS 134 THE USE AND MANAGEMENT OF RESOURCES 136 COST PROJECT – ADAPTIVE FACADES NETWORK 138 MATERIAL ECOLOGIES IN ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN

SETTLEMENT, ECOLOGY AND TECTONICS

DAYLIGHT, HEALTH AND IMPROVEMENTS FOR WELL-BEING THE TECTONICS OF RE-USE

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WOODEN MATERIALS TECTONIC POTENTIAL NORDIC BUILT – STED ARCS

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ESTABLISHMENT 0F CINARK

Today, the architectural profession is facing great challenges that never have been seen before. New technological opportunities in the form of computer-controlled design and production processes facilitate alternative architectural solutions and new forms of communication and collaboration between the stakeholders of the construction industry.

There is also a general desire for continued improvement in efficiency and industrialisation of the construction industry, and industrial solutions are therefore used to an increasing extent in the building and construction sector. New buzz­ words have emerged among the parties of the industry, such as digital construction, design to cost, production on demand, integrated product deliveries, strategic partnering, new industrialisation, platform architecture, systems configuration etc – concepts that bear witness to radical changes to the way in which we consider creation processes in construction and the way we will organise construction in future.

Several factors indicate that this trend will continue.The desire for housing developments for low-income groups gives rise to new industrially based housing types such as Bo Klok, Bedre Billige Boliger (Better Affordable Housing) and a num-

ber of new prefab house concepts. Both among politicians and in the construction industry great attention is paid to streamlining the construction process, with a particular focus om reducing construction errors through systematic production. Changes are also seen in the business structure – for example as a trend towards contracting companies that are growing bigger and being linked more closely to suppliers.

The concept of integrated product deliveries is gaining ground, as subcontractors and manufacturers offer major, combined system solutions and building concepts. Finally, industrialised solutions as exports are attracting increased attention.

How can architects take part in this development and influence the continued industrialisation of construction? What does this mean for the quality of architecture and, not least, what are the consequences for the economics of construction (and thereby its quality/value)? These are key issues that we have wanted to investigate further at the Centre for Industrialised Architecture.

With the opening event at CINARK and three subsequent seminars, which are published in book form, we would like to generate debate on architects’ self-image and their role in construction as well as the common perception of architectural activity, and attempt to specify how architects can continue to develop the best architectural traditions in contemporary industrialised construction. In short, CINARK’s intention is to outline what is meant by industrialised architecture and at the same time launch a wide discussion of how new forms of industrial production and cooperation affect the overall complex of problems, and in particular architectural options.

INAUGURATION INAUGURATION February 2004 CENTRE OPENING February 2005 MANAGERS Anne Beim, Lene Dammand Lund and Kasper Sanchèz Vibæk

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Boklok Hillerød. Tegnestuen Vandkunsten.

INTEGRATED PRODUCT DELIVERIES IN CONSTRUCTION

This publication is concerned with system-based construction and integrated product deliveries and the opportunities this form of construction offers for the development of new innovative knowledge products and the industrialisation of building products and the construction process. System-based construction is particularly conceivable for buildings with considerable repetitive features – for example housing, both as apartment buildings and as detached houses, office buildings and institutional buildings. The vision is to avoid designing buildings based on the present component level, but instead using more composite, complex and multi-technological (multi-disciplinary) components – so-called system products, which are developed by system suppliers.

These may, for example, be roof spaces, stairwells, bathrooms, kitchens, energy supply or indoor climate systems.

These system products are not standard products, but variable products based on the mass customisation principle.

They can be adapted to the client’s wishes within certain variation limits; they are configured for the building, and they are delivered in an industrial process led and executed by the system supplier.

The background to this investigation on system products and system-based construction is, in part, the different kinds of pressure the construction industry experience – for example mergers intended to create larger players in the market; players with an international approach to business; competition from both strongly innovative players and players on a continued search for productivity development in Danish construction. Another aspect is the opportunities offered by the EU and global markets.. The vision of system products opens up new prospects and product development opportunities for knowledge products that can be sold internationally. Integrat-

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ed product deliveries such as process structures, business models and high-quality architectural design concepts can be a substantial instrument for increased international promotion of Danish construction expertise.

The use of more system products can lead to a clearer placing of product liability and to lifecycle considerations when choosing products for the individual construction project.

The number of parties working on construction sites may be reduced, which will result in more reliable control of technical quality and progress. New roles and business opportunities in the construction industry with regard to enhancing quality in construction are provided.

The report takes its starting point in a series of examples that outline a scope of development of integrated product deliveries. On this basis – which include interviews with a number of stakeholders and review of existing literature – the publication presents an overall picture of the aspects and contents of system-based construction.

This publication presents an overall view of construction based on integrated product deliveries and it aims to provide the foundation for a discussion of the concept of integrated product deliveries with the construction industry’s players. It also serves as a basis for a subsequent launch of development projects that contribute to the implementation of integrated product deliveries in Danish construction.

RESEARCH PROJECT / STUDY

PROJECT PERIOD September 2004 – May 2005 PUBLISHED 2005 PROJECT PARTICIPANTS / AUTHORS Hans Mikkelsen, Anne Beim, Lars Hvam, Martin Tølle FUNDING Funded with support from Realdania

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Sluseholmen. The carcass structure. Arkitema Architects.

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QUALITY TARGETS IN THE ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN PROCESS The project takes its starting point in a new industrial development of construction, which has been in progress for a number of years, and which knowledge institutions and the various industry organisations of the construction sector work with in different ways in practice.

A number of key questions arise in this context: Is the traditional architectural consultant – the generalist who sits at the head of the table, the person who gathers and controls the project and creates an architectural entity – outmoded in a new industrial context? Or does the contemporary architectural consultant on the contrary participate as an equal party in integrated design and development processes along

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Kasper vibæk Jensen og anne Beim

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Vandkunsten Willa Nordic

amle viden om faktiske designstrategier pe tegnestuer med at identificere de særer er på spil i arbejdet med arkitektonisk at bidrage til en generel debat om kvalitet

CF Møller Holgaard Arkitekter

Kvalitetsmål i den arKiteKtonisKe designproces

Baumsclager & Eberle

pilotrapport det arkitektoniske potentiale, erne industrialiserede processer. Fokus n defineres dette begreb? I hvilken udblandt praktiserende arkitekter og desigr indgår i produktionen af industrialiseret mål?

Kvalitetsmål i den arKiteKtonisKe designproces - med fokus på industrialiseret byggeri

cinark er center for industriel arkitektur CINARK (Center for Industriel Arkitektur) er oprettet som en integreret del af Institut for Teknologi ved Kunstakademiets Arkitektskole.

Målet med centeret er at styrke skolens, uddannelsens og fagets forståelse og udnyttelse af det arkitektoniske potentiale der ligger i det industrialiserede byggeri og i den design- og videnbaserede byggeindustri.

Med CINARK vil Arkitektskolen udvikle de arkitektfaglige kompetencer i forhold til byggeriets industrielle tilblivelsesproces. Industriel Arkitektur er her defineret i bred forstand, lige fra udvikling af komponenter, byggesystemer og processer til det endelige bygningsværk, og diskussionen af dets arkitektoniske og samfundsmæssige værdi.

Overordnet har CINARK til opgave at indkredse, analysere, revidere og formulere de særlige begreber, væsenstræk, metoder, processer og produkter, som kendetegner fagområdet Industriel Arkitektur, med henblik på at afklare grundlæggende forhold såvel som at pege på aktuelle problemstillinger og udviklingspotentialer.

CINARK varetager specifikke forsknings- og undervisningsmæssige opgaver med henblik på at styrke, at arkitektoniske kvaliteter bliver videreført og udviklet i et nutidigt, innovativt, industrialiseret byggeri.

Vores ønske er, fortsat at fastholde en åben, men også nuanceret kritisk diskussion af de faktorer, som sikrer de arkitektoniske muligheder i en industrialiseret kontekst.

cinarK

Kasper vibæk Jensen og anne Beim cinarK- Center for Industriel Arkitektur Kunstakademiets Arkitektskole

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with other professional groups and players in the construction industry when it comes to industrially orientated projects? Will the architect acquire the role of specialist when she forms part of industrial development processes, which often require specialist knowledge it is necessary to master at design level?

In the light of such possible development scenarios, classical architectural design and planning practice (in which the architect does not necessarily have to specify which qualities are worked with) is under pressure. New forms of cooperation and new production conditions make ever higher demands on ‘precise’ definitions of the values and product qualities that are to be incorporated into the building and on how they can be met.

Purpose The purpose of the project, which is based on a number of Danish and foreign architectural firms’ project practice and five production companies’ industrial building concepts (one Danish, one Swedish and three Japanese), is to study quality targets and quality standards and how these are used in relation to the architectural design process. Against this background, the project investigates whether it is possible to formulate different strategies or use particular methods to achieve specific quality targets, how architects can to a greater extent become aware of their working methods and their impact on the results that are achieved, and last, but not least, which quality concepts are important to retain and which require special attention in an industrial context.

RESEARCH PROJECT PROJECT PHASE September 2004 – July 2005 PUBLISHED 2006 PROJECT PARTICIPANTS / AUTHORS Kasper Sánchez Vibæk and Anne Beim FUNDING Funded with support from the Danish Ministry of Culture’s Research Funds

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BBB Kvistgaard, under construction. Tegnestuen Vandkunsten. Photo: Vandkunsten.

Architectural quality parameters that have been stressed by the participating parties include: • Materials, light and view, detailing • Scale, locality, wholeness • Originality (artistic), concept, integrity/readability, flexibility • Finance

quality, will be carried on and further developed in contemporary and innovative industrialised architecture.” And that: “With the Centre for Industrialised Architecture, the school will strengthen the dialogue between architects and manufacturers in both research and teaching and utilise the architectural potential that is inherent in the industrialised construction industry.”

The project derives general characteristics across a number of cases, and important conditions concerning quality requirements, methodology and design strategy in the individual projects are highlighted and discussed. This makes it possible to clarify which tectonic patterns (form intentions and design methods relating to the building’s physical form) are manifested in the production of architecture through the use of new materials, components, systems, technologies and processes in construction. This is not dealt with as a separate theme in the analysis work, but can be derived from the discussions in the perspective chapter.

As for the latter, the project has already (through publication) sparked interest with several large architectural firms, who have requested the article entitled ‘Design Strategy and Architectural Quality in Industrialised Construction’ for internal company strategy seminars. Unfortunately, the project group has not had the resources to follow up on this part, but it has held discussions with the School of Architecture’s Postgraduate Education Secretariat about developing supplementary postgraduate courses based on the models that were developed in the project.

The project relates to the School of Architecture’s research in this field, Industrialised Architecture, which is described in Research Plan 2004-2006. This stresses that: “Increased research into industrialised architecture will ensure that the most significant traditions, and the related architectonic

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Target group The project’s target group is postgraduate architectural students and architectural firms. The project thus aims at accumulating basic theoretical and empirical knowledge about design strategies, methodology and specification of quality targets that can be included in the teaching at Denmark’s

BBB Kvistgaard. Tegnestuen Vandkunsten. Photo: Jens V. Nielsen.

schools of architecture. In addition to this, the desire has been to select a number of parameters and models that characterise the current architectural design process – models that in mediated form can help improve the professional self-image among architects (ie the professional architect as a designer and consultant).

nies define quality targets and design strategies across several projects, just as they relate to developments in the construction industry as a whole. For this reason, the interview material, which describes both process-orientated and production-related considerations, has provided the key data material, while the acquired drawings and descriptions have played a secondary role.

The report also addresses professional clients (commissioning parties) who would like deeper insight into the working processes and phases that are connected with the preliminary phases of a design or construction project.

Procedure/methodology The project is an explorative, empirical study, and can be considered a pilot study as there is no other well-documented research material available in the field of Danish architectural firms’ design strategies and quality targets.

The first stages of the study consist of literature searching, setting-up of the theoretical basis, identification of relevant architecture projects / architectural firms, building analyses, review of project material and interviews with consulting architects. The later stages include a specification of theoretical categories and processes, identification of key issues and development trends in the architectural design process as well as descriptions of quality targets, design processes and tectonic patterns. Working papers have been prepared regularly and have been gathered in a pilot report.

Cases The project includes 10 cases (interviews with practising architects and house manufacturers), as compared to the original intention of working with 5-7 cases. It proved necessary to include more cases in order to have well-structured empirical data material and to be able to illustrate relevant issues properly. The companies have been selected depending on whether they stand out through high quality targets in their projects, and whether they work in a development-orientated way with contemporary industrial design and production processes.

In the original project statement, the intention was to base the project on specific construction projects chosen by the architectural firms as a basis for interviews and further analysis. This quickly proved to be inappropriate, as the compa-

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Shinto temple, Miyajima, Japan.

FOSTER OR TOYOTA? Many people have probably heard about robot-controlled Japanese house production. But what is it actually that they are capable of in Japan, and is it in any way relevant to the Danish debate about industrialisation of construction and what is known as ‘integrated product deliveries’? The author of this article has been to Japan to visit three of the largest house manufacturers.

The article briefly introduces the three manufacturers, Sekisui, Toyota and Misawa, which all mainly produce single­family homes based on volume elements. The manufacturers have various backgrounds in the plastics industry and the car industry and only one of them was established as a house manufacturer. A number of common characteristics can be explained by the Japanese building tradition, which in turn is based on Japan’s geographical and climatic situation.

Other common features are areas such as customer orientation, security, sustainability and a certain amount of pandering to western lifestyles.

motive industry, for example, offers within each individual model. The Danish standard house market could be another example of this form of customisation.

The perspectives applied to a Danish/European context are discussed. The discussion points out problems in relation to exporting across national borders, where the rational and industrial elements become one of the obstacles. Multi-storey housing is drawn in as a possible ‘everyday-like’ development field, which also has a market volume that would suggest that more standardised production would cbe appropriate. Here, the architect can be a key figure who can define and continually challenge what such building systems and system deliveries are to be capable of.

The full version can be found in Bech-Danielsen and Harlang, ed. (2006), ARK+. Arkitektur mellem globalisering og hverdagsliv (Architecture between Globalisation and Everyday Life). Copenhagen, School of Architecture Publishers, 2006.

The manufacturing form, which is highly streamlined – both via method of production, and through a minutely planned process from order to delivery and at times onward to maintenance and disposal – offers the possibility of a high degree of flexibility. However, in an architectural context, this potential does not appear to be fully utilised. Instead, it becomes a case of having an impressive choice of relatively superficial additional options on a par with what the auto-

NETWORK / ANTHOLOGY PROJECT PERIOD 2004 – 2005 PUBLISHED 2006 EDITORS Claus Bech-Danielsen and Christoffer Harlang AUTHORS Kasper Sanchèz Vibæk et al.

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VALUE MANAGEMENT

INTERDISCIPLINARY TEACHING

The School of Architecture’s analysis of the world at large from 2003 points out that architects with their holistic views are well qualified to contribute to the process-orientated approach to a renewal of the construction industry. However, it also indicates that in order to cope, architects must aim for more accurate insight, for instance into interdisciplinary collaboration processes if they want to have an impact.

A series of lectures, organised by CINARK in collaboration with Study Department 3 and entitled Architecture, Process and Methodology, takes a closer look at the challenges facing the architectural profession and, in this context, what architects need to be capable of. The ability to think innovatively and create meaning out of great complexity is just as important to an architect as the ability to design. These are two sides of the same coin. As a practising architect, one learns that the ability to develop ideas in step with the resistance the project meets is as important as the ability to hold on to the original idea. Reflection, rethinking and continual learning are a must. However, strange as it may sound, this side of the architect’s competence building is far too often considered an individual matter, an artistic hunch or a question of experience – something that cannot be verbalised.

Increased awareness about working methods and processes contributes to better architecture because it provides tools for retaining innovative thinking and artistic nerve throughout the entire course of the project. But, there is another important reason to focus o n this area: the construction industry is currently undergoing huge changes. It is widely acknowledged that construction needs to be streamlined and quality needs to be improved. Many of the new measures are taken from industry. This applies for example to process optimisa-

tion in the construction phase (lean construction and just-intime) and new forms of cooperation that involve the executing parties at an earlier stage.

Construction is becoming ever more complex. Smart’ buildings are being built with the help of state-of-the-art technology, and the mix of materials and components that is used is greater than ever before. This complexity demands collaboration between specialists early in the process and in this context architects need to be highly aware of how to design a process in which specialist knowledge about the project’s subareas can be gathered into an architectural whole. Furthermore, the time that passes from when a building is expressed until it has been constructed has become shorter.

Increased cooperation is the answer to these demands. However, if the architect cannot formulate the requirements for his own working process, how is he going to be able to set specific requirements for the cooperation processes he takes part in?

Requirements and untapped potential What challenges is the architectural profession facing?

• Artistic design in industrial product development • The re-industrialised construction process • Innovation processes in line with IDEO • Temporary utopias in interactive design processes • Interdisciplinary collaboration in the design process

LECTURE SERIES / INTERDISCIPLINARY TEACHING 18

PROJECT PERIOD 2004 – 2005 PROJECT MANAGER Lene Dammand Lund

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Bedre Billigere Boliger, Ølby. Juul & Frost Architects.

CINARK ­– A FOCUS ON

INDUSTRIALISED ARCHITECTURE With the opening event at CINARK and three subsequent seminars,the focus is on architects’ self-image and their role in construction as well as at the prevailing perception of architectural work in an attempt to provide specifics about how architects can continue to develop the best architectural traditions in contemporary industrialised construction. Subsequently, the presentations from the seminar have been collected in a publication entitled ‘Industrialiseret Arkitektur – Økonomi, Proces, Produkt / Værk’ (Industrialised Architecture – Finance, Process, Product / Work). The seminars took their starting point in a series of thematic questions, which the introductory speakers were invited to address. This structure is reflected in the publication, which is divided into four sections.

Industrialised Architecture Does industrialisation signify greater architectural quality for less money?

Hans Peter Svendler, the Realdania Foundation, “We need a neo-industrialisation”.

Peter Thorsen, Lundgaard & Tranberg Architects, “Repetition is a challenge”.

Kristian Kreiner, CBS, “Industrialisation is what you make it”.

Industrialised Architecture and Finance Who gets richer when architecture gets cheaper?

Curt Liliegren, the Benchmark Centre for the Danish Construction Sector, “Not in order to rationalise – but in order to create value”.

Peter Wendt, MSc Political Science, “Productivity needs to be increased”.

Michael Christensen, Henning Larsens Architects, “Cheaper housing – yes, but for whom?”

Industrialised Architecture and the Process Do industrialised processes result in higher architectural quality?

Mette Rødtnes, Arkitema, “Industrialisation can create innovation”.

Mikkel Andreas Thomassen, BuildingLab – Denmark: “Structure creates freedom”.

Lene Dammand Lund, CINARK, “The best of two worlds”.

Industrialised Architecture and the Product / Work Does industrialisation strangle architectural work?

Anne Beim, CINARK, “Challenging the architectural work”.

Claus Carstensen, Visual Artist, “The large scale”.

Jan Søndergaard, KHR Architects, “Don’t forget tradition”.

SEMINAR SERIES / PUBLICATION PROJECT PERIOD February – April 2005 PUBLISHED 2005 EDITORS Lene Dammand Lund, Line Eriksen and Jens V. Nielsen FUNDING Funded with support from the Boligfonden Kuben Foundation

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Housing renewal, Helsingør. Nova5 Arkitekter. Photo: Jens V. Nielsen.

MURO THINK TANK First and second year students.Brick facing assignment at the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts, School of Architecture, 2002.

The bricklaying profession and Danish tile industries are facing great challenges, as specific wishes for improvement of productivity in construction through increased industrial development tend to focus on light building systems and building products. This trend has accelerated in recent years. New successful construction and housing markets, such as Bedre, Billigere Boliger and BoKlok have emerged based on competitive parameters such as short construction time and low price levels. At the same time, the new building regulations make further demands for reduction of energy consumption, which most often lead to difficulties in the heavy building structures. Last, but not least, the construction materials industry and Realdania focus on the development of buildings through integrated product deliveries and permanent business alliances. In this context it would seem simplest to look for quick profits through the development of complex building systems that are easily transported and joined together with other system solutions.

In order to respond to this trend, and based on a desire to create renewal within the bricklaying profession and the tile industry, a think tank has been established that will focus on brickwork and the bricklaying profession. The think tank consists of a working group with representatives from the tile industry, the bricklaying profession and MURO’s secretariat as well as specialists from CINARK and the Institute of Architectural Technology. The think tank is tasked with formulating visions, strategies and specific development activities. Initially, the following themes are addressed: • The standard brick house of tomorrow • The dense/low brick housing of tomorrow planned as ‘system-based construction’ • New brick system products – from ‘total concept to building component’ • New facade systems in brick composite (brick + ?)

The think tank’s activities took place during the period from August 2005 to July 2006. The role of CINARK and the Institute of Architecture and Technology was to facilitate three meetings, including the preparation of professional presentations, working papers, minutes and action plans .

THINK TANK PROJECT PERIOD 2005 – 2006 PROJECT PARTICIPANTS Anne Beim, Thomas Bo Jensen, Nini Leimand, Anne Mette Manelius, Søren Bøgh, Susanne Ulrik, Lars Strand, Torben Dahl, Jacob Scavenius, Bo Michelsen, Leif Ruhe, Carsten Rokkjær, Henrik Christensen FUNDING Funded with support from MURO / The Danish Masonry Association

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Facade building system by Cecilie Lind and Pil Thielst.

MFLX – system for mobile housing units by Nikolaj Callisen Friis

hul graves

buer forankres anchoring arches

fundament lægges

hul graves site development

lægges layingfundament the foundation

EFTE membraner monteres fitting ETFE membranes

indflytning occupation

EVOLUTION buer forankres

EFTE membraner monteres

indflytning

Contents The objective of this course was to give students an insight New Industrialised Architecture – Evolution was a special into the architectural and design-related challenges of the one-year course offered to fourth year students. It consisted development of industrially produced building components partly of a development-orientated project internship in arand systems, and into the procedural and organisational chitecture and production companies, targeted seminars, conditions of product development in construction. The goal courses, study trips and lectures, and partly of specially forwas to strengthen the students’ abilities and opportunities mulated assignments concerning the architectural challengto participate in experimental practice with Danish architecModulerne er lavet af lette materialer, og chasiset skrues sammen på stedet. Det hele kommer i en mindre varevogn. es of industrialisation. tural firms and product companies in the construction sector. They worked with innovation in architectural contexts The course was organised as a dynamic programme during and related to the architectural aspects of industrial conwhich students worked in groups with an overall theme relatstruction in a reflective and critical way. ed to the specific project internships and the course’s other teaching activities.

The course andModulerne the collaboration between study departer lavet af lette materialer, og chasiset skrues sammen på stedet.

Det hele kommer i en mindre varevogn. ments 3, 7 and 9, the Institute of Architectural Technology As it was not possible to arrange for all project internships to and CINARK also aimed at strengthening teaching by gathtake place at the same time or as continual 3-month internering students, teaching resources and specialist knowledge ships, the contents of the course were planned to suit the across study departments, the Institute and the Centre. individual student’s combined need for instruction and project-related focus.

ONE YEAR GRADUATE COURSE ACADEMIC YEAR 2005 – 2006 PROJECT MANAGER CINARK, represented by Anne Beim and Eva Tind Kristensen; DAC, represented by Anne Nørgaard FUNDING Danish Enterprise and Construction Authority NO. OF STUDENTS 30 at KADK

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MIA

MASTER IN INDUSTRIALISED ARCHITECTURE

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MIA – Master in Industrialised Architecture – is an interdisciplinary research-based supplementary education with a focus on product design and new industrialisation in architecture. The programme was developed by the School of Architecture under the auspices of the Centre for Industrialised Architecture. The programme was described in close dialogue with business managers from the construction sector and was based on a number of interviews with potential users. The programme’s form and academic content were assessed and approved by the Danish Ministry of Culture.

The MIA degree programme is offered to employees in the construction sector with different backgrounds and views working closely with innovation and product development and wishing to strengthen and put their professional skills into perspective in the light of the increasing system orientation in architecture. Component design is no longer an isolated issue; it forms part of value chains that involve more layers of the construction industry than before. The development of building components that form part of extensive partial or complete solutions, or which are elements in so-called system deliveries, are therefore increasingly in demand in construction. As a result, a more global perspective will be necessary in future in organisation and production.

Product developers in the construction industry have to be equipped to deliver solutions that appeal to a market with far more differentiated and changing needs than before. It would therefore appear that designers will gain a more central role in the industrial construction process as the demand for overall solutions with a flexible scope will keep increasing. This global trend will confront Danish architecture and design with great challenges in the future. The intention behind the MIA programme is to meet these challenges through a wide-reaching programme, which is to contribute to promoting a sustainable holistic view in Danish architecture and reinforce the construction industry’s international impact.

Admission requirements – the programme’s target group The MIA programme addresses a wide circle of participants who are in touch with product development in the construction industry from different perspectives. This means that the programme aims at becoming an interdisciplinary learning platform and a network-promoting bridge builder between the parties in the construction industry. Admission to the programme requires a minimum of three years’ work experience after the completion of higher or medium-length education as an engineer, architect, constructing engineer, tradesman or similar. The selection of candidates is based on an assessment of the relevance of the applicant’s education and work experience as well as taking account of the creation of an interdisciplinary and dynamic class composition.

Benefits for the participant – and for the company The Master in Industrialised Architecture (MIA) is a qualifying study programme whose most important purposes are to: • Strengthen the participants’ knowledge about the industrialised construction industry’s organisation and production conditions, with a particular focus on the development of building components of all scales of architecture.

• Enable the participants to work with complex building systems across the different scales of architecture, and to follow and head integrated design processes from ideas direct to production, end product and sales.

• Give the participants a thorough insight into domestic and international market mechanisms and derived innovation strategies for component and system development.

• Make the participants proactive integrators and boundary breakers who can operate in the areas between consultants, manufacturers and executors.

• Prepare the participants for active participation in interdisciplinary innovation teams and initiate progressive networks across specialist interests in the construction industry.

• Qualify the participants to work with a wider scope, to reflect on their own professionalism and to move from the specialist role into more general interdisciplinary skills.

MASTER DEGREE PROJECT PERIOD 2005 – 2007 PROJECT GROUP Thomas Bo Jensen (main responsibility), Johannes Rauff Greisen and Anne Beim

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Content and form of teaching The teaching will mainly take place at the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts, School of Architecture, which offers, administers and maintains the programme under the academic auspices of the Centre for Industrialised Architecture.

Participants should expect an average of 8-10 days of training per semester, typically distributed across 4-5 sessions of two full weekdays each.

Teaching will be group-based and will take the form of learning workshops in an interplay between the teachers’ and the participants’ knowledge capital. In between the course days, participants work individually and in groups with theory and cases, backed by web-based guidance and dialogue. The case-based form of study is to ensure a continuous practice-orientated focus and continual implementation of new insights in the companies where the participants work.

The teaching is handled by highly qualified knowledge communicators and consultants from Denmark and abroad with research-based or practical backgrounds in and outside construction. The focus of the programme will be on market and innovation strategies in product and systems development, including new forms of production, new types of materials and forms of application as well as optimised organisation and forms of cooperation, financial management, technology control etc.

In order to strengthen the holistic view and the candidates’ interdisciplinary skills, part of the programme will consist of teaching that will provide perspectives from areas other than those of the construction industry’s traditional knowledge institutions. Innovation experts, market theorists, economists, futurologists, philosophers and technologists, among others, will be brought in to provide perspective and deepen the candidates’ background knowledge to the extent that this can supplement and improve the course’s specialised core. For this purpose, teachers will come from institutions of education including Copenhagen Business School, Roskilde University, the Danish School of Education, the Technical University of Denmark and the Danish Technological Institute.

The programme is made up of four semesters with varying content. The first three semesters will be organised under three general themes, which will gradually move from a mar-

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ket and innovation perspective to process, cooperation, organisation and production. During the fourth and final semester, participants will write a concluding Master’s thesis based on their accumulated knowledge.

Each semester is built around four teaching modules, which run in parallel two-by-two, in a course alternating between theory and practice. The modules will have a duration of about six weeks each, starting with a two-day course at the school, which will be repeated four weeks into the course.

The module-based teaching will be supplemented as needed with courses in more general skills such as reading techniques, writing and report techniques etc. In addition to this, participants will regularly be offered lectures in history of architecture and architectural theory.

A permanent study coordinator from the Centre for Industrialised Architecture is associated with the programme. The coordinator is to ensure continuity and academic cohesion in the programme.

FIRST SEMESTER – Marketing, innovation, philosophy SECOND SEMESTER – Process, organisation, collaboration THIRD SEMESTER – Production, technology control, configuration FOURTH SEMESTER – Master thesis Formal level and duration of the programme The MIA programme is on a par with international standards familiar from existing MBA and Master’s programmes. The programme is standardised as a one-year full-time programme distributed across two years, corresponding to 60 ECTS credits. A completed study programme gives the right to use the title ‘Master of Industrialised Architecture’.

Funding The Master in Industrialised Architecture is an education for which participants pay. The participation fee for the entire programme is set at DKK 140,000. The fee must be paid in advance for the entire programme and cannot be refunded if a participant decides to drop out of the course. Participants must allow for additional expenses relating to books, study trips, transport and overnight accommodation.

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Own house under construction Nini Leimand and Kåre Rønne.

BLOCK MASONRY The dissertation focuses on a simple and uncomplicated construction method: homogeneous block masonry. The overall hypothesis of the dissertation is that block masonry – in addition to its obvious indoor climate and execution-related merits – from an architectural point of view has a spatial and tectonic potential that ought to be developed.

This is based on scepticism about otherwise rising complexity in the construction of modern outer wall structures. New needs and problems are generally attempted to be resolved by means of the addition of new ‘layers’ instead of an actual innovative effort that addresses the problem as a whole.

Considering this, the homogeneous block masonry appears to contain the possibility of a new way of thinking. The hypothesis is that the simple nature of block masonry forms a distinctive starting point for a more intuitive architectural creation process. A chance to simplify and unite rather than complicate and fragment. The homogeneous block masonry is associated with a pronounced physicality while at the same time demanding a covering of the porous building structure – ie a massive building volume dependent on a very thin cladding. This is an interesting situation, which the dissertation aims to discuss.

The studies in the dissertation are based on the issues that generally arise at the drawing board. These studies consist of three parts, which are divided into three corresponding booklets. Booklet 1 lists a number of tools in the form of theoretical and factual/practical background material for identifying the specific characteristics of block brickwork.

The booklet is essentially a discussion of current practice, based on the layered outer wall and compared with the

INDUSTRIAL PHD PROJECT

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PROJECT PERIOD 2005 – 2008 DEFENCE June 2008 PHD FELLOW Nini Leimand SUPERVISOR Anne Beim BUSINESS PARTNERS Gert Christensen & Michael Kogler, Wienerberger A/S; Bjarne Jensen, Maxit A/S FUNDING Funded with support from the business partners and the Danish Agency for Science, Technology and Innovation

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­ omogeneous but clad brick wall. It gives an account of how h varying technological and material options have been available over the years, and thus changing views of the concept of ‘simplicity’ in relation to the outer wall and its surface.

The question about the exposed or unexposed block was key to the dissertation’s subject. The dissertation shows building physical and architectural advantages related to the fact that the porous block masonry must be clad. It argues that our modern perception is conditioned by the historical situation, and with a historical view to crucial theory formations and other building cultures, the dissertation aims to create a foundation for a differentiated understanding and utilisation

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of block masonry in the future. Booklet 1 concludes with a discussion of the limitations and opportunities that stem from block masonry as a load-bearing homogeneous structure and spatial delimitation, and a conclusion about block masonry’s architectural potential.

The project takes its starting point in the porous Poroton block, and the intersection details in Booklet 3 are thus based solely on this particular type of block. It should be noted that the designation ‘block masonry’ includes the entire family of mineral, insulating, homogeneous blocks. The dissertation’s Booklet 2 examines each of these block types, but refrains from expressing an opinion about one over an-

Own house under construction. Nini Leimand and Kåre Rønne.

other. By contrast, the dissertation favours the heavy monolithic wall structures as opposed to the light layered ones.

In conclusion, Booklet 2 looks at types of mortar render intended for surface treatment of block masonry and at examples of rendering techniques. Booklet 3 serves as a kind of ‘architectural reflection’ on the research observations of the dissertation and aims to define a practice for block masonry.

This is realised partly through a number of intersection principles. There then follows a discussion of selected building part typologies, with examples and references to existing block masonry buildings.

The completed house. Nini Leimand and Kåre Rønne.

At the general level, the dissertation’s Booklet 1 thus contains a characterisation of block masonry and a look at different views of block masonry and its potential. Booklet 2 is primarily aimed at the project planner who wishes to gain an overview of existing block types and their constructional advantages and disadvantages. Booklet 3 aims to qualify the encounter between block masonry and the laws of gravity, the weather and the resident. The author’s intention is that each booklet should work as an independent entity, but at the same time it is hoped that people who define themselves as practitioners or theorists will be motivated to cross these formal barriers and use the different booklets.

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Lounge area in Vandflyverhangaren. Dorte Mandrup Architects.

ROBUST ARCHITECTURE

ARCHITECTURE AS AN ACTIVE PART OF ORGANISATIONS’ IDENTITY CREATION PROCESS The concept of robust architecture is the pivotal point in this PhD dissertation which discusses how architecture can support and create identity for an organisation, and how to ensure that this identity can be developed over time in step with the changes in the organisation.

In order to create architecture that is robust in the face of changes, architecture must be able to renew itself. A building and its significance thus become a continual development process in which architecture is created in the encounter with the different contexts that it will form part of over time. Robustness is therefore determined by the ability of architecture to create, through the building and its structure, a series of varied and open opportunities that can involve the users and inspire them to use the physical settings in their everyday life. However, it is important that this field of opportunities is sufficiently open so that it can absorb new functions and new significance over time. The actual core of the building’s significance and its spatial layout must therefore be detached from the specific situations of everyday life in order to ensure that the building and its significance can develop over time. In this way, the architecture is built around a strong overall concept, which is capable of gathering the building’s different subelements into a general whole. The

strength of the cohesion that is created through this is important for the building’s ability to absorb changes, as it is decisive for the architecture’s ability to create a continuous story that is developed and changes over time without losing its ability to gather the building and its significance into a strong identity-creating whole.

The dissertation is based on two primary cases, which analyse – based on three main themes: anchoring, territory and transparency – different aspects of the capacity of architecture to form an active part in organisations’ identity-creating process. It is on the basis of these analyses that the robustness concept is developed as an overall concept that gathers the project’s empirical material and puts it into perspective.

Very personal work station in the Netherlands.

PHD PROJECT PROJECT PERIOD 2005 – 2008 DEFENCE January 2009 PHD FELLOW Ulrik Stylsvig Madsen SUPERVISORS Anne Beim and Kristian Kreiner, CBS FUNDING CBS and KADK

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Examples of 3D printing technologies.

Inkjet.

Three Dimensional Printing.

Laminated Object Manufacturing.

Laser Powder Forming.

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AUTOMATED BUILDING CONSTRUCTION HOW DO YOU PRINT A HOUSE?

Today, it is possible to print a plastic model for example of a mobile phone based on a 3D drawing. But is it also possible to print an entire house? New production processes based on automated building construction indicate the potential for huge production improvements in the construction sector. These new techniques also pave the way for far-reaching architectural opportunities. For instance, complicated shell structures and detailed surfaces can be created without increasing the price.

The production processes as a whole are called Rapid Prototyping (RP) and cover a range of different methods whereby physical models can be made directly from a digital 3D computer model. Even today, a designer can quickly and cheaply create a plastic model for example of a new component for a car and thus test it on a 1:1 scale. In addition to financial returns, these new production forms will provide architects and engineers with new opportunities as designers. Self-supporting, materials-optimised structures will be an obvious direction for development, and the methods therefore hold strong materials- and resource-saving potential.

Automatiseret Bygningskonstruktion

The objective of the report is first and foremost to describe the fundamental techniques and options. In addition, the architectural potential is described, as are possible future areas of focus in relation to the Danish construction industry.

CINARK er Center for Industriel Arkitektur

AUTOMATISERET BYGNINGSKONSTRUKTION

CINARK udvikler, samler og koordinerer forskningsog undervisningsaktiviteter som angår den industrielle arkitekturs tilblivelse med fokus på bæredygtige løsninger. Overordnet har CINARK til opgave at indkredse, analysere, revidere og formulere de særlige begreber, væsenstræk, metoder, processer og produkter, som kendetegner fagområdet Industriel Arkitektur, med henblik på at afklare grundlæggende forhold såvel som at pege på aktuelle problemstillinger og udviklingspotentialer.

Dansk arkitektur og byggeindustri har behov for at udvikle konkrete strategier for, hvordan det industrialiserede byggeris arkitektoniske potentiale kan nyttiggøres ud fra en bæredygtig optik. Dette med henblik på, at Danmark kan indtage en international styrkeposition inden for udvikling af moderne miljørigtig arkitektur, med afsæt i en design- og videnbaserede byggekomponentindustri.

Gennem øget forsknings- og undervisningsaktiviteter vil CINARK styrke skolens, uddannelsens og fagets forståelse og udnyttelse af det arkitektoniske potentiale, der ligger i det industrialiserede byggeri og i den design- og videnbaserede byggekomponentindustri. Dette med fokus på udvikling af byggeriet hen mod miljømæssigt mere ansvarlige løsninger. Endvidere er det hensigten, at samle og formidle aktuel viden på området og styrke dialogen mellem arkitekter, producenter (industri og udførende parter) og brugere (bygherrer og slutbrugere) af bæredygtig industriel arkitektur.

Center for Industriel Arkitektur

CINARK OVERBLIK

Det Kongelige Danske Kunstakademi Kunstakademiets Arkitektskole

Hvordan man printer et hus

Center for Industriel Arkitektur er en integreret del af Institut for Teknologi ved Kunstakademiets Arkitektskole.

CINARK OVERBLIK

REPORT / PUBLICATION PROJECT PERIOD 2005 – 2009 PUBLISHED 2009 AUTHOR Jakob Knudsen FUNDING Funded with support from Realdania

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User workshop – scenarios for a new city hall. Signal Architects.

CINARK ­– A FOCUS ON

USER PARTICIPATION With the seminar series User Participation, CINARK focuses on how users can contribute to creating relevance and meaning, or, in other words, architectural quality. The question about users and user participation in an architectural context is nothing new! In various ways, it has always been and always will be a key part of architectural project preparation.

In successful architectural projects, the wishes and needs future users may have are incorporated and often interpreted further into architectural solutions that may not have been expected.

Based on a series of identical questions formulated by CIN­ ARK, the seminars and the subsequent publication afford a number of statements from people who represent different positions in relation to the underlying motives for the inclusion of users in decision-making processes in construction.

The presentations are organised under three general themes, which emerged during the editing of the introductions.

Practice Michael Sten Johnsen, Tegnestuen Vandkunsten, Inclusive architecture.

Lone Zeeberg, Kuben Urban Renewal Denmark, Framework for influence.

Tina Saaby, Witraz Architects, User creativity.

Gitte Andersen, Signal Architects, People, management, spaces.

Bjarke Ingels, BIG, The architectural idea.

Perspectives Per Kortegaard, Aarhus School of Architecture, Configured architecture.

Flemming Overgaard, Centre for Sports and Architecture, KADK, User-driven innovation.

CINARK sætter fokus

Motives Hans Kristensen, Centre for Housing and Welfare, The history of user participation.

Henrik L. Bang, Danish Association of Construction ­Clients, Economics of user choices.

Tore Kristensen, CBS, The complex user choice.

Steen Nepper Larsen, CBS & RUC, Citizen, user, consumer.

CINARK sætter fokus

INdustRIel ARKIteKtuR

Om CINARK CINARK (Center for Industriel Arkitektur) er oprettet under Institut for Teknologi ved Kunstakademiets Arkitektskole.

Målet med centeret er at styrke skolens, uddannelsens og fagets forståelse og udnyttelse af det arkitektoniske potentiale der ligger i det industrialiserede byggeri og i den design- og videnbaserede byggeindustri.

Med CINARK vil Kunstakademiets Arkitektskole udvikle og skærpe de arkitektfaglige kompetencer som indgår i byggeriets industrielle tilblivelsesproces. Industriel Arkitektur defineres her i bred forstand, lige fra udvikling af komponenter, byggesystemer og processer til det endelige bygningsværk, og diskussionen af dets arkitektoniske og samfundsmæssige værdi.

Center for Industriel Arkitektur Kunstakademiets Arkitektskole Philip de Langes Allé 10 1435 København K T 3268 6000, F 3268 6236 cinark@karch.dk www.cinark.dk

bRugeRINddRAgelse

CINARK

Overordnet har CINARK til opgave at indkredse, analysere, og fremhæve de særlige begreber, væsenstræk, metoder, processer og produkter, som kendetegner fagområdet Industriel Arkitektur, med henblik på at afklare grundlæggende forhold såvel som at pege på aktuelle problemstillinger og udviklingspotentialer.

CINARK varetager specifikke forsknings- og undervisningsmæssige opgaver som sigter mod, at arkitektonisk kvalitet bliver udviklet og videreført i et nutidigt, innovativt, industrialiseret byggeri. Vores ønske er, etablere en

brugerinddragelse

åben – men også nuanceret kritisk diskussion af de forhold, som indvirker på de arkitektoniske muligheder i en industrialiseret kontekst.

Det Kongelige Danske Kunstakademi Kunstakademiets Arkitektskole

SEMINAR SERIES / PUBLICATION PROJECT PERIOD February – March 2006 PUBLISHED 2006 EDITORS Lene Dammand Lund and Jens V. Nielsen FUNDING Funded with support from the Boligfonden Kuben Foundation

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School entrance hall, Klaus Dietrich Untertrifaller.

WHAT IS

INDUSTRIALISED ARCHITECTURE? The challenge faced by the architectural profession In recent years, the processes and products of construction have developed and changed significantly, posing major and different challenges for the architectural profession. New technological opportunities in the shape of IT-based design and production processes facilitate alternative architectural solutions and create new forms of communication and collaboration between the various parties in the construction industry. New concepts borrowed from market-orientated and technology-based subject areas have entered the construction industry: Digital Construction, design to cost, production on demand, integrated product deliveries, strategic partnering, novel industrialisation, platform architecture, configuration, mass customisation, user-driven innovation etc. We see a general desire for continual streamlining of the construction industry and industrialisation of the construction processes and, as a result, all-encompassing solutions are included in construction to an increasing extent. This development has an impact on the business structure, for example as a trend towards contracting companies becoming larger and being linked more closely to building materials manufacturers and suppliers. Overall, this shows a radical change in the way creation processes in construction are planned and how the industry believes construction can best be organised in future.

ARTICLE PUBLISHER Danske Ark Byg, 2006 AUTHOR Anne Beim

Several trends indicate that this trend will continue, even at an increased speed: The desire for housing developments for low-income groups has resulted in new industrially based housing types such as Bo Klok, the housing consortium Bedre Billige Boliger (Better Affordable Housing) and a number of new prefabricated standard house concepts. Inspired by this, the mayoress of Copenhagen, Ritt Bjerregaard, presented a 5x5x5 plan in according to which 5,000 housing units at a monthly rent of DKK 5,000 were to be constructed in five years. This plan really speeded up developments.

This strong market-driven development has great consequences for architecture as it impacts on finance, project programmes, distribution of responsibility, design processes, product ranges, construction-related solutions and, not least, aesthetic instruments. In the worst case scenario, this may mean that the architectural scope may be limited or disregarded with the risk that the boring mistakes of the 1960s and 1970s will be repeated, leading to technically poor, socially impoverished and monotonous buildings. In the bestcase scenario, however, it could be turned into an architectural challenge: to find the potential in linking new design technology, production and forms of cooperation, combined with having to rethink the traditional space programme of housing for the modern family within a tight budget.

CINARK’s approach At CINARK, we have chosen to define industrialised architecture in a broad sense, right from the development of industrially based components, building systems and construction processes through to the completed building and a discussion of its architectural and societal value. Here, some might ask: Well, isn’t that just architecture and its modern production conditions in general? And the answer is: Yes!

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Jystrup Savværk Housing development. Tegnestuen Vandkunsten.

However, we focus particularly on how the industrial concept world and new forms of manufacturing influence architecture’s distinctive features, which are in part characterised by being dependent on local conditions and cultural factors.

Moreover, construction still involves a variety of materials, work processes and construction principles that cannot immediately be industrialised or converted into prefabricated integrated solutions. We consider it important to give attention to and work with these special conditions as something that can qualify industrialised architecture, as this may be where variation, adaptation and special solutions can be applied. Thus, we think that the best features from both industry and trade should be optimised and incorporated into the buildings of tomorrow.

work, and try to provide specifics about how architects can continue to develop the best architectural traditions in contemporary, innovative, industrialised construction.

How architects can take part in this development and influence the ongoing industrialisation of construction, what this means for the quality of architecture, and, not least, what consequences this has for the financing of construction (and therefore quality/value) are among the key issues we work with at CINARK. The purpose of the centre is to strengthen the school’s, the degree programme’s and the profession’s understanding and application of the architectural potential of industrialised construction and the design- and knowledge-based construction industry. With the centre, the School of Architecture wishes to develop architectural competences in relation to the industrial creation process of construction.

Most of our research projects are case-based, as we study current issues in the field of industrialised construction from an architectural perspective. In this context, it is worth mentioning a recently completed project about architectural quality and industrialised construction systems, for which we studied the shell structure of current Danish multi-storey housing blocks. The project has proved particularly relevant in the light of the great demand for affordable housing in Denmark in combination with the buyers’ demand for interesting architectural solutions. During our studies, we have seen a trend towards the use of monotonous and relatively inflexible construction systems as well as a lack of desire to experiment with new materials and building technology. Our immediate thought is that the lack of development tallies poorly with the huge investments that are currently being made in housing developments, which should be sufficient to form the basis for a more visionary architecture.

CINARK is charged with identifying, analysing, revising and phrasing the specific concepts, essential features, methods, processes and products that characterise the subject area of industrialised architecture, with a view to clarifying fundamental conditions and pointing out development potential.

The centre handles specific research and teaching tasks, regularly holds debate events and series of lectures, and publishes books and articles. It is our aim to create material for a debate about architects’ self-image and their role in construction, challenge the prevalent perception of architectural

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CINARK’s work The centre has set itself an ambitious task, and obviously we cannot complete such a major task on our own. We therefore commit to close cooperation with the construction industry, the construction sector’s organisations and the architectural profession. This has proved very successful for example in connection with the development of our Master’s degree programme in Industrialised Architecture (MIA), where the profession and the industry have contributed to the fine-­ tuning of the academic profile.

Last, but not least, we aim to integrate the industrial discussion into various teaching activities. This happens primarily in the recently launched graduate programme Settlement, Ecology & Tectonics.

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Haus Nenning, Cukrowiz. Nacbauer Architekten.

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Feature issue, Arkitekten, 2007.

CRAFT AND INDUSTRY VORARLBERG

In recent years, the province of Vorarlberg in western Austria has been a seedbed for the development of a strongly ­context-bound new architecture, which has emerged in the encounter between traditional craftsmanship and new industrial forms of production. In the autumn of 2006, CINARK visited the area and collected material for a feature issue of the journal Arkitekten, which was published in June 2007.

Under the heading ‘Craft and Industry’, the feature issue discusses both specific buildings and more general aspects of the special building culture that has developed in Vorarlberg, focusing on the themes of context, sustainability, wooden buildings and building systems.

cessful collection details indicate great skills at all scales and in the way materials are used, where equal measures of pragmatics, professional pride and creativity are evident in the great lines and in the individual details.

Thomas Bo Jensen: The miracle in Vorarlberg With a mere 350,000 inhabitants, the Austrian province of Vorarlberg has occupied a prominent position in European architecture over the last two decades. A look at the region’s more recent buildings quickly reveals that this is not a question of something particularly spectacular or intentionally artistic, but rather of a restrained and stringent reinterpretation of the area’s architectural culture.

Ulrik Stylsvig Madsen: A question of scale Can Vorarlberg serve as inspiration in relation to the development of a higher degree of industrialisation of construction in Denmark? Can we learn from their experience in the development of our construction methods so that we can be sure of maintaining the high architectural quality that characterises our built environment? These questions are discussed with a focus on building system scales, and on the difference between building with large and small modules.

Kasper Sánchez Vibæk: Flexible solution spaces Expressions such as ‘mass customisation’ are currently used in reference to a new industrialisation of construction which is to facilitate individually adapted solutions based on rational industrial production. Looking at three Austrian wooden house concepts, a discussion is raised about architectural opportunities and limitations in this approach.

Anne-Mette Manelius and Anne Beim: Sustainability as a national ambition and a local brand Ecology and sustainability have have become part of the architectural agenda, and Austrian building culture stands out.

So, what can we learn from Austria? Can we build interesting ‘passive houses’ in Denmark, and are there other environmental gains?

Johannes Rauff Greisen: Outline of a wood culture With its long tradition of wooden buildings, Vorarlberg has developed high standards of craftsmanship. The many suc-

FEATURE ISSUE STUDY TRIP October 2006 PUBLICATION Arkitekten no. 7, 2007

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Venice Biennale 2008.

FORSIB

RESEARCH IN INTEGRATED PRODUCT DELIVERIES The concept of Integrated Product Deliveries is being discussed with growing intensity and interest in the construction industry. Many people see Integrated Product Deliveries as a possible way to resolve many of the problems in construction and as a decisive means of improving the quality, image and productivity of construction. A few companies in the construction sector and related industries have achieved impressive results by applying the principles of Integrated Product Deliveries. LK have increased their turnover by 3040 % per year for their IHC controls; Rockfon have launched a ceiling system that gives them a unique position on the market; American Power Conversion have reduced the production lead time for delivery of a complete infrastructure system for large data centres from 400 days to 16 days; Philips Consumer Electronics have reduced the time to market for new products by a factor of 4, and SCANIA has been the most profitable company in its industry for a number of years and ascribes its success to the fact that it uses systems thinking both in its products and in its business processes.

sum up the players’ perception and assessment of Integrated Product Deliveries: • We are not used to investing in product and process development; we develop products and methods during construction projects, not in separate development projects.

• It is difficult to develop products for an entire market; how do we identify the needs?

• Architects, consultants and clients demand customised solutions and do not bother with standardised solutions.

• Delivering system products means that we have to market ourselves differently and to different decision-makers.

• The use of system products will mean that our business area and our role expand and assume parts of other players’ roles. This calls for new skills and new models for positioning in the value chain.

• The Danish construction market is too small for investment in product and process development, and it is too unstable.

Many things would therefore indicate that the use of Integrated Product Deliveries offers very great potential. However, the examples are sparse, and for most companies action it is still a long way from discussion to action. A number of parties in the construction industry indicate that the concept of Integrated Product Deliveries has not been clarified adequately and that there is a lack of operational methods for the actual development of a company towards the utilisation of Integrated Product Deliveries.

The comments can be summarised by saying that the use of Integrated Product Deliveries implies that companies have to develop products for an entire market and generally invest more resources in the development of products and business processes than they are accustomed to today where a large part of the development work takes place in the individual projects. The use of system products means that companies’ position in the value chain changes, which presents a new string of challenges, both internally and in relation to suppliers, customers, consultants and authorities.

Why is it relevant to conduct research on Integrated Product Deliveries?

In the dialogue with the different players in the construction industry, a number of comments recur, which to some extent

REPORT

The focus in this report is on clarifying what research effort needs to be delivered in order to support the change process towards the use of Integrated Product Deliveries. Thus, the purpose is to determine the need for knowledge , but not to produce the actual knowledge.

PROJECT PERIOD 2006 – 2007 PUBLISHED 2007 EDITORS Lars Hvam and Niels Henrik Mortensen CO-AUTHORS Anne Beim, Per Kortegaard et al. FUNDING Funded with support from Realdania

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Space grid nodes, Dongdaemum Design Plaza. Zaha Hadid Architects.

ARCHITECTURE AND MASS CUSTOMISATION The aspiration of the project is to investigate and provide an insight into the product industry’s most recent development through the business and production strategy of mass customisation, thus providing a point of entry to the opportunities and problems related to the implementation of these or corresponding strategies in the construction industry, and in particular the impact of these strategies on development and/or recapturing/retention of architectural qualities. The ambition is not to a great extent to give conclusive answers, but primarily to expose and discuss the questions associated with this problem complex in order to point out specific critical conditions that require further attention in connection with continued development and research within the area.

The project is preliminary work, which will hopefully form the basis for an actual, subsequent research project, which will aim to show more comprehensively how mass customisation strategies can be implemented in the field of architecture.

The project therefore consists, on the one hand, of a mixture of relevant statements and quotes that have been gathered

from mass customisation theorists and practitioners, and, on the other hand, of a continuous discussion and the relationship of these to the construction industry. This is supplemented by attempts at drawing examples primarily from the Danish construction industry, which contain or resemble mass customisation strategies. These examples from the construction industry mainly consist of references to specific buildings and/or building systems and products, websites and relevant literature and prepare the ground for a deeper investigation, which has not been possible within the economic and time limitations of this projects. However, several of the buildings referred to have previously been analysed in preceding research work at CINARK: ‘Architectural Quality and Industrial Building Systems – the Shell Structure in Current Danish Multi-­­storey Housing’ by Beim, Sánchez Vibæk and Ryborg Jørgensen, which it would be an advantage to read in connection with the present report.

The publication is aimed at a wide target group within the profession: architects, engineers, manufacturers, developers, contractors, researchers and others who have professional contact with the subject field. The publication should therefore be seen as both a tool for practitioners and a contribution to the theoretical debate. Furthermore, the publication is intended to be useful as teaching material in the postgraduate part of the architectural degree programmes and in the Master in Industrial Architecture programme (MIA), which organisationally comes under CINARK.

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PROJECT PERIOD September 2006 – May 2007 PUBLISHED 2007 AUTHOR Thomas Ryborg Jørgensen FUNDING Funded with support from Boligfonden Kuben Foundation

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LIQUID STONE

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Liquid stone is a poetic and expressive term for concrete, which is a mixture of cement, sand and water. Technically, the concrete material has undergone rapid development over the last couple of decades in terms of strength, toughness, insulation capacity, durability and finish. In design, increasingly advanced, digital design programs have made it easy for architects to create expressive forms and spatialities in the virtual world. Considerable development in mathematics and scientific disciplines combined with powerful digital tools for the calculation of structural engineering have gradually got on ‘speaking terms’ with the design programs. Despite these improved conditions, construction with concrete in Denmark has remained practically unchanged since the construction boom of the post-war years. It is about time that the production-related part of this construction triad of technology, design and production is also developed, so that the ‘free’ design idiom can also be realised in a financially viable way. It is a challenge to raise the construction industry to an international level in relation to the use of new production techniques.

With this publication, we aim to create an overview of the development and use of concrete both in a historical and architectural/design perspective and in terms of the development of specific concrete technologies and forms of production. Based on the work of a number of innovative architects and engineers on ‘liquid stone’, we suggest directions for the future constructional development of concrete, which may help realise some of the material’s unexploited architectural potential. We focus particularly on exposed concrete surfaces, new reinforcement and types of formwork, flexible prefabrication and material optimisation. The starting point is the basic property of concrete, the fact that it can be adapted to any form in its liquid condition. With the publication’s catalogue as a basis, it is natural to discuss how to rethink the concrete element, expand the use of in-situ concrete and introduce new reinforcement and formwork technologies.

A large part of the publication consists of a catalogue of projects that represent an interesting angle on the use of concrete – particularly built examples, but also research or study projects. It also includes examples of technologies from completely different industries, which could be transferred to construction with concrete. The examples are divided into three chapters according to use of the materials in Structure, Form and Surface.

The basic structure and the publication’s title, ‘Liquid Stone’, have been borrowed from a large American exhibition about concrete in contemporary architecture. ‘Liquid Stone’ ran for 18 months in 2004-06 at the National Building Museum in Washington DC. The catalogue’s naïve focus on facets of the use of concrete mimics an immediate division of the composite material’s individual components.

On the basis of the composite material’s components and their different properties, we select one theme for each example and describe it in words and images. Rather than presenting a few in-depth reviews of projects and technologies, we have chosen to include many references with brief descriptions. With this approach, we wish to introduce as many references as possible to the reader who can explore further independently. The selection of examples is not intended as a complete mapping of concrete’s current and possible fields of application, but we would encourage reading across the different scales, ages and degrees of complexity of the examples.

REPORT / PUBLICATION PROJECT PERIOD 2006 – 2007 PUBLISHED 2007 AUTHOR Anne Mette Manelius FUNDING Knud Højgaard’s Foundation, Danmarks Nationalbanks Jubilæumsfond

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GLOBALISATION! THREAT OR OPPORTUNITY? The project addresses the theme ‘Tomorrow’s construction industry – new markets, new roles and a different division of work’, focusing on how the construction industry organises itself as a flexible and competitive industry within the framework conditions that will apply in an international market in the future. The project was initiated by the Danish Academy of Technical Sciences’ theme group on Construction and Urban Structure.

The debate in recent years over the problems of the construction industry has only occasionally and peripherally considered the process of change as a process of internationalisation. In order to address this, the project looks at the extent to which investors, clients, consultants, manufacturers of construction products, distributors and practitioners are becoming internationalised, and how the expected development will take shape and be assessed.

The purpose is to set markers for the construction trades and to identify areas where knowledge is lacking: How will the tensions and challenges that characterise business development and mobility in Europe right now affect us, and in what ways can we adapt to new conditions – including the adaptation of educational programmes and other skills development? The project puts the consequences of the expected development into perspective, contributes new knowledge and inspiration, and offers recommendations about the need for research, knowledge building in companies and new initiatives in the educational system.

The project work is based on direct dialogue between the affected parties and resource people with expertise in the issues that are addressed. The dialogues have been organised as closed consultations, open meetings, a concluding conference, and the steering committee’s meetings. The consultations have included the project’s entire subject circle (markets, roles and division of work), and to the greatest possible extent cover the entire spectrum from the private housing market to subsidised construction and construction of commercial and institutional buildings.

The complete process, analyses and assessments along with the conclusions and recommendations are presented publicly in a report. The target group is decision makers and players associated with construction and planning: companies, organisations, authorities and politicians, as well as research institutions and the educational system.

REPORT / SEMINAR / PUBLICATION PROJECT PERIOD 2006 – 2008 SEMINAR April 2008 PUBLICATION 2008 PROJECT MANAGER The Danish Academy of Technical Sciences CONTRIBUTION Anne Beim

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Renovation of the Urban Housing Development. JJW Architects. Photo: JJW Architects.

PROJECT DESIGN AND DESIGN STRATEGY IN-HOUSE TRAINING COURSE AT JJW

Course description Project design and design strategy: architectural tools for understanding and more deliberate use of specific working methods among architects.

Context The course is an outcome of the ‘New Industrialisation’ course for 4th-year students in 2005, which was established in collaboration with the Danish Architecture Centre.

Description In connection with the research project entitled Quality Measures in the Architectural Design Process, a theoretical action model has been prepared on how to approach a given project, typically in an architectural firm, but also in other design-related contexts. The model can be used analytically to what extent and to how high a degree design strategies are used deliberately, both at a general level and in relation to a specific project. The model can also be used to create awareness of, discussion about and opportunity to choose between specific approaches to a project before it is started.

The course takes its starting point in a widespread need for a more systematic and articulated working process in the architectural profession. This should be seen in the light of the industrial context that impacts the work of architects to an increasing extent, but which they can also influence, The latter, the active influence, requires a higher degree of awareness about the values and qualities the architect favours and how he aims to achieve them.

Course The course is organised as a workshop that alternates between presentations, introductions and practical exercises.

Based on a set assignment, the course participants test, both individually and in groups, how the theoretical action model relates to practice, and how it can be used actively in connection with the elaboration of an overall project design and a special design strategy.

From the introduction at JJW The desire for continued streamlining and industrialisation of the construction industry confronts the architectural profession with major and new challenges. New supporting technological opportunities in the form of computer-controlled design and production processes facilitate alternative architectural solutions and different forms of communication and collaboration between the construction industry’s parties than the ones we are familiar with. Industrial production requires carefully planned and coordinated process phases in which all elements are described in detail, and where there is no room for great changes along the way. This entails a precisely described sequence, which is far removed from project work in a traditional architectural firm.

Closer collaboration with the industry does not mean that architects must throw away effective architectural processes or that we are now have to become ‘building designers’ who are invited at the end of a project and who only handle superficial, aesthetic questions. Architects have a lot to offer to the industry, for example by virtue of an ability to think

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COURSE HELD January 2007 PROJECT MANAGER Anne Beim

across different scales, relate various problems to a wider context, and last, but not least, an ability to design.

However, if architects are to challenge industry’s premises, they need to be more aware of what approach is being used, how resources are to be used (knowledge, staff, etc) and which working methods will be applied in order to reach set targets. In other words, it is a question of intention, role and end result. It should be said, though, that there are many ways of approaching a given problem, which can all lead to good architectural results.

Modern architectural work is characterised by a high pace of work, which makes great demands on the staff’s professional skills and on the precision and quality of the project proposals that are prepared. Project progress depends on many different factors, such as project programme requirements, form of tendering, finance, etc, and the project can therefore change significantly as it advances. For this reason, it is im-

portant to be well prepared by having clarified all aspects of a given problem and by being able to come up with alternative solutions quickly and in a qualified manner. This makes demands on the way of working and on the specific methods, processes and strategies that are used.

The working method for project preparation (from ideas contest to design-and-build contracts) can vary greatly from one architectural firm to another, but there is no doubt that new forms of cooperation and dynamic process tools and strategic objectives are gaining ground at the cost of the ‘old-fashioned model’, where it might just be one man working on his project from beginning to end – from whole to detail.

The new reality of the architectural profession combined with increased industrialisation of construction mean that it is becoming ever more important to be aware of how to approach a project and organise collaboration and draw on the best resources within companies.

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SmartWrap. KieranTimberlake.

CREATIVE SYSTEMS The development of systems has always been one of the central elements in the architectural creation process. This is where rules are defined that control and structure not only the construction process, but also the building’s design and architectural expression. Today, we face new challenges and new systems must be developed as forms of production change and construction becomes more industrialised. It is important not to think of systems as limitations, but rather as challenges – as positive contributors to the creative process. New rules must be formulated to create a closer interplay between architecture and the construction processes in order to create high-quality architecture.

With the Creative Systems conference and exhibition, CIN­ ARK focuses on systems as a productive dimension in the creative process by inviting four international speakers who, each in their own field, have worked on the development of systems.

Architect Stephen Kieran, KieranTimberlake, USA Partner at the architectural firm KieranTimberlake, which is one of the most notable firms in the USA. This firm successfully combines practice with research in a way that enriches architecture, while at the same time generating significant input to the discussion about tomorrow’s construction processes.

Professor Mark West, University of Manitoba, Canada Manager of the Centre for Architectural Structures and Technology (CAST) at the University of Manitoba in Canada. The centre is known for its work on the development of new ways of thinking about forms of concrete element production. In recent years, Mark West has been developing a new casting technique based on flexible membranes, which replace traditional wooden casting moulds. The new technique facilitates a more flexible casting process, opening up for a series of new possibilities for the design of concrete elements to be used in construction.

Professor Ludger Hovestadt, ETH, Switzerland Since 2000, Professor Hovestadt has headed Computer Aided Architectural Design (CAAD) at ETH in Zurich, one of the most progressive research environments in the field of digital media and modes of computer-based fabrication. CAAD focuses on the digital model’s encounter with reality, aiming to expand the limits for the way in which we perceive and develop systems in modern technology.

Senior Curator Matilda McQuaid, Cooper-Hewitt, USA Matilda McQuaid has distinguished herself on the international exhibition stage with a number of exhibitions for the Cooper-Hewitt Museum in New York, where she is also senior curator. A significant focal point in her exhibition work has been traditional craftmanship as a way of generating new technologies. By transferring familiar craft methods to an industrial context, it is possible to develop new forms of fabrication and thus new materials applications.

SEMINAR / EXHIBITION / ARTICLE PROJECT PERIOD 2007 SEMINAR September 2007 PUBLICATION Arkitekten no. 14, 2007 FUNDING Funded with support from the Boligfonden Kuben Foundation, Realdania, Aase and Ejnar Danielsen’s Foundation

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Restaurant in Suzhou, China. TM Studio.

Feature issue, Arkitekten, 2008

CHINA

CRAFTSMANSHIP, TRADITION AND RENEWAL In the autumn of 2007, CINARK made a study trip to four cities in eastern China: Beijing, Nanjing, Suzhou and Shanghai. The purpose of the trip was to study modern architecture in China with a particular focus on how Chinese architectural tradition is reflected in a new industrial context. In other words, to learn how China is heading towards a new industrialised building culture. Noticeably, while the processes behind the planning and programming of architecture in China is becoming more technologically refined, even completely new prestige buildings are constructed very traditionally, using bamboo scaffolding, wooden wheelbarrows and a vast number of construction workers.

The material from the trip was gathered into a feature issue of the journal Arkitekten, which was published in April 2008 with the following articles:

Thomas Bo Jensen: Kinas dilemma [The Chinese dilemma] Humanist neo-industrialisation or maximum growth – a brief introduction to the dillemmas that China is curently facing.

Anne Beim: Fra globale markedstendenser til lokal vinduesproduktion [From global market trends to local window production] China is undergoing rapid and total modernisation. What is the effect of this, not only on the Chinese society and construction tradition, but also in a global perspective?

Mette Jerl Jensen and Thomas Bo Jensen: Den grå teglsten og Dongs House Restaurant [The grey brick and Dongs House Restaurant] Through three millennia, the Chinese have used fired bricks – starting about 2,000 years before bricks were introduced in Northern Europe. It therefore makes good sense to look for inspiration in their use of brick, both in a historical and in a contemporary perspective.

Jesper Nielsen: Åget i Shanghai [The Shanghai yoke] The yoke represents a view back into a past, which no one in China is likely to want back. However, it also serves as a reminder that the more basic resources can unite sustainability and smart design through optimisation and new applications.

Johannes Rauff Greisen: Tempelknuder [Temple nodes] Maybe the tectonics of the traditional Chinese pagodas holds a key to the definition of a Chinese characteristic that is readable in a modern-day context.

FEATURE ISSUE STUDY TRIP October 2007 PUBLICATION Arkitekten no. 5, 2008

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Analysis of stair systems related to shell structure typologies: VM Houses, The Flexible House, Comfort House.

ARCHITECTURAL QUALITY AND INDUSTRIAL BUILDING SYSTEMS The publication Architectural Quality and Industrial Building Systems – the Shell Structure in Contemporary Danish Multi-­ storey Housing takes its starting point in a number of current problems and research results from two earlier research projects carried out at CINARK: ‘Quality Measures in the Architectural Design Process – with a Focus on Industrialised Construction’ and ‘Integrated Product Deliveries in Construction – a Report for Work Purposes’.

The publication elaborates on the overall quality concepts that are dealt with in the former projects, and it also relates to the proposals for change that are presented in the latter report, including system typologies, construction processes and forms of delivery. The project behind the publication was

planned as one of two parallel studies that focus on ‘the product side’ and ‘the process side’ respectively in the manufacture of industrialised architecture.

The project constitutes an architectural analysis of current building systems, with examples of shell structure systems for multi-storey housing, while the other project is described as a sociological observation study focusing on the process­orientated part of the project work of architects and designers. Unfortunately, the latter project has not yet found funding, and initially the ‘product analysis’ will have to stand alone. However, we do not think that this weakens the results of the project, as it has been completed as an independent project.

The publication addresses a wide target group of practitioners in the construction industry: consultants, manufacturers, contractors and clients. As such, it is intended as a tool – a simple ‘overview’ for the construction industry’s practising parties which makes it possible to zoom in on vital aspects that are crucial to the development of industrial building systems (the shell structure). It is also a contribution to the professional research field that studies barriers and potential in relation to architectural quality.

It is expected that the report can be used as teaching material at postgraduate level in the architectural degree pro-

RESEARCH / PUBLICATION PUBLISHED 2007 AUTHORS Anne Beim, Kasper Sánchez Vibæk, Thomas Ryborg FUNDING The Ministry of Culture’s Research Pool, Boligfonden Kuben, Knud Højgaard’s Foundation, Lilian & Dan Fink’s Foundation

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The Comfort House construction system, Blækhuset in Vanløse. Lundgaard & Tranberg Architects. Photo: Jens V. Nielsen.

gramme, in the engineering degree programmes at the Technical University of Denmark and Aalborg University, and in vocational college programmes that also focus on industrialised construction. In a long term perspective, the idea is that the report can also be used as teaching material in the future Master in Industrialised Architecture (MIA) programme, which will be offered at the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts, School of Architecture.

For quality assurance of the project, a monitoring group has been in place with key professional profiles who work with the subject field in research and development contexts. They are Lennie Clausen, MSc Engineering, PhD, Project Manager at ‘Byggeriets Fremtid’ (the Future of Construction), the Realdania Foundation; Finn Hakonsen, Architect MNAL, Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Architecture and Fine Art, NTNU; Charlotte Bundgaard, Architect, PhD, Institute of Architectural Design, Aarhus School of Architecture; Inge-Mette Kirkeby, Architect, PhD, Senior Researcher, Department of Energy and the Environment, the Danish Building Research Institute; Peter Sørensen, Architect, Associate Professor, Institute of Architectural Technology, the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts, School of Architecture.

Project description Most often, books about modern industrialised construction technology and the development of building systems is based on a technical, rational point of view that focuses on quantities, production costs and profitability. This publication aims to speak with a different voice by focusing on architectural quality and on the (architectural) potential that can stimulate innovative development of industrialised building systems and thus establish a wider and better platform for the debate and, not least, the creation of a robust and interesting industrialised architecture.

The publication looks at the shell structure in contemporary Danish multi-storey housing, as it is in the choice and allocation of the shell structure’s components – materials, building system, structural principles – and its organisation that the seed is sown for the architectural opportunities that can subsequently be deployed. The shell structure must be considered as determining for the scope of variation and flexibility regards the design of rooms and housing type and in terms of how buildings can be laid out mutually and related to a wider urban or landscape context, and to the degree of sustainability in an environmental and human sense.

Based on a number of current buildings and projects that represent six fundamental typologies, the publication describes the development trends that characterise shell structures in Danish multi-storey housing. And while this may, perhaps, come as a surprise to some people, a somewhat traditional and backward-looking picture is emerging as regards choice of materials, building systems and building design. There is a shortage of innovation and opportunities for experimentation – and the few who achieve good and interesting results tend to do so in spite of, rather than due to, financial support or political visions. The publication is therefore highly relevant in the light of the construction boom that is currently taking place in the housing market – and in relation to the amount of multi-storey housing that is being built or which is planned for most Danish cities.

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THREE WAYS OF ASSEMBLING A HOUSE RESEARCH / PUBLICATION

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PROJECT 2007 – 2009 PROJECT MANAGERS / AUTHORS Anne Beim, Jesper Nielsen, Kasper Sánchez Vibæk FUNDING Funded with support from PUCA, France – The French Governmental Secretariat for Planning, Urbanism, Construction and Architecture

Factory visit with French partners at Moelven, Sweden.

The book ‘Three Ways of Assembling a House’ reviews the use of industrial system solutions in current Scandinavian construction practice – a field that is still in its infancy and which therefore requires an architectural discussion of which direction it should be developed into.

The book, which is based on an extensive research project, discusses strengths and weaknesses in a number of scenarios and stresses the importance of focusing on something other and more than merely the physical system solution.

Matters such as user requirements, a holistic architectural approach and project or business organisation are at least as important in relation to procuring sustainable industrialised system products and system concepts. This book urges reconsideration of how industrial solutions can actually be implemented in buildings. Its aim is to inspire practical as well as theoretical development of a new construction culture with new industrial solutions that can go hand in hand with architectural originality. The book is published in English, and directed broadly at the parties in construction.

The report consists of two main parts: Part 1 is a preliminary discussion of the three main themes: architectural quality, user involvement and mass customisation.

Part 2 is the main report Three Ways of Assembling a House.

This part focuses on specific industrialised building systems and subassemblies and uses these examples as a framework for a conceptual discussion of industrialised building systems and assemblies.

Through the ERABUILD research programme, the present research has been connected to parallel projects carried out by the Technical University of Chalmers, Department of Architecture, in Sweden and the IPRAUS research unit at the Ecole Nationale Supérieure d’Architecture de Paris-Belleville in France. The exchange between the projects was realised through meetings, common excursions and company visits.

This book is the final result of the research project Architectural Quality, User Requirements and Mass Customisation in Industrialised Building Systems. The research was carried out by CINARK – the Centre for Industrialised Architecture, at the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts, School of Architecture in Copenhagen. Preliminary studies and data collection were started in spring 2007 and the project was finished by the end of 2008.

THREE WAYS OF ASSEMBLING A HOUSE

Centre for Industrialised Architecture

The task was at first to provide knowledge and an assessment of Scandinavian industrialised and prefabricated building systems applicable to multi-storey housing developments.

The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts School of Architecture

The research was funded by the French governmental secretariat for Planning, Urbanism, Construction and Architecture (PUCA) within the framework of the inter-European ERA­ BUILD research programme.

CINARK RESEARCH THE ROYAL DANISH ACADEMY OF FINE ARTS SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE PUBLISHERS

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The Kolumba Museum in Cologne. Peter Zumthor.

BRICKS The purpose of the report is to create an overview of the paths that are worth pursuing in the development of brickwork in relation to a new industrialised building practice. The project is to contribute to the establishment of a new and experimental field of knowledge which ensures that brickwork continues to be considered a natural part of the buildings of tomorrow.

Since the late Middle Ages, clay brick has been one of the preferred construction materials in Denmark. The quality of brick-based construction has, however, been greatly challenged, for instance after the energy crisis in the 1970s.

There are also specific challenges in the bricklaying industry, as the construction industry today is investing heavily in improving productivity through industrialised developmen such as manufacturing, system products or pre-fabricated buildings.

The report aims to examine concepts such as technology transfer, ie the transfer of knowledge or technology, and among other things, it is to find out which other technology, and also seeks to identify other tehcnological breakthroughs in the field of other materials and products that may be worth transferring or combining with brick materials. This opens up new opportunities in brickwork construction.

further studies. The publication is written for parties in the construction industry, architects, engineers and bricklayers, but also for architectural students, bricklayer’s apprentices and anybody else with anyone interest in brickwork.

The project work that forms the basis for the publication has been part of the research field at CINARK. With CINARK’s overall focus on architectural potential in the development of industrialised construction it is only natural also to include aspects based on materials technologies, including bricks and brickwork. The report forms the basis for a forthcoming industrial PhD project with the title ‘Revitalisation of the Brick Wall’.

In connection with the issuing of this publication, thanks are due to Jørn Buch Andersen, Alderman of the Bricklayers’ Guild of Copenhagen; the Award Master of the Bricklayer’s Guild of Copenhagen represented by Master Builder Jørgen Andersen; Architect Johan Fogh, Royal Building Inspector; Professor Tage Lyneborg; Professor Bjørn Nørgaard, Sculptor; Architect Thomas Bo Jensen, Associate Professor, PhD; Architect Søren Bøgh, Editor, and Architect Lene Tranberg.

Thanks are also due to Knud Højgaard’s Foundation, Boligfonden Kuben Foundation and Margot and Thorvald Dreyer’s Foundation for support in the issuing of the publication.

The publication was prepared at the initiative of the Bricklayers’ Guild of Copenhagen, which requested an overview of the development of brickwork globally, but particularly at a national level. This applies to both the industry and brickwork. The intention is to provide an overview of some of the architectural potential for the development of brickwork for the future, as well as an overview of some of the research results that have been published about brickwork and the bricklaying industry. The publication seeks to gather and present extracts from selected studies, reports and books that have formed the basis for brickwork research over the past 10-15 years, and then suggests possible directions for

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PROJECT PERIOD December 2007 – October 2008 PUBLISHED 2008 AUTHOR Mette Jerl Jensen FUNDING The Bricklayers’ Guild of Copenhagen

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Lattice brickwork by Nini Leimand and Mette Jerl Jensen.

CINARK at Bella Center.

SCANDBUILD

EXHIBITION AT BELLA CENTER

As the financial crisis unfolded across the globe, with serious negative implications for the construction industry in Denmark too, CINARK was invited to participate in the inter-­ Scandinavian trade fair ScandBuild in 2008. The trade fair was to be held in the spring of 2009 in the Bella Center in Copenhagen. At the time, ScandBuild was one of Scandinavia’s largest construction trade fairs, organised by Sydexpo AB, who work geographically independently, organising trade fairs where there is a demand. Sydexpo organise both professional and public-interest trade fairs and are active in industries such as construction, automotive, agriculture and forestry as well as the public sector. Scandbuild aimed to show the entire spectrum of construction, and the exhibitors present at the fair made it possible to follow the entire construction process, right from the architect’s CAD drawings through to completion. The exhibitors were manufacturers of construction materials and equipment and suppliers of services for the construction industry. Leading large and small Scandinavian and European companies were represented at the fair.

CINARK was offered 100 m2 right next to the entrance to the Centre Hall. The centre thus had a unique opportunity to display research and to gain direct contact with visitors from the construction industry. The exhibition featured two overall themes. One theme consisted of results from CINARK’s industrial PhD students’ work, displaying models on a 1:1 scale. The other theme focused on CINARK’s many publications, which were presented on large exhibition panels. During the three days that the exhibition lasted many visitors stopped by and had a detailed discussion about the role of research in relation to the practice in the construction industry.

The exhibition showed a great need for sharing experience and exchanging ideas as to how we can collaborate across research environments and the construction profession.

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PROJECT PERIOD 2008 – 2009 EXHIBITION April 2009

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BRICKWORK OF TOMORROW 70

Swiss Pavillon. Venice Biennale 2008.

The project ‘Tomorrow’s Brickwork’ aims to revitalise brick facing as a brick wall by placing it in a contemporary context, whilst at the same time focusing on the inherent merits of brick by examining new technologies, new construction methods and new brick components that can promote a new brick architecture. A special aspect of the properties of bricks and brickwork is associated with the aesthetics of the brickwork, and Denmark has a long-standing tradition for working with the texture and outstanding patination capacity of brickwork. The introduction of brick facing (a non-load-bearing outer wall made of brick) in connection with concrete carcass structures has resulted in a marked reduction in the aesthetic potential of the brickwork. Today, brick facing appears as an undifferentiated industrial product and the wide range of options for using the textural, aesthetic and thermal characteristics of brick is not being utilised fully.

Project description The idea and objective of this industrial PhD project is to revitalise brick facing as brick walls. This can be achieved by pinpointing an architecture that is fundamentally cohesive, and which is based on a structural integrity with clear principles and concepts. The missing cohesion today between the outer and inner walls has created a string of problems for the wall’s structural, aesthetic and thermal qualities, resulting in a less attractive appearance. A number of new vital initiatives at national and international level aim to counter these problems through the development of new brick components, new technologies and various forms of optimised brick wall structures.

The industrial PhD project is in line with the new initiatives, albeit with particular emphasis on the brick wall as a semantic (meaning-bearing) unit in both a historical and a modern light. The project aims to draw attention to good examples from modern brickwork traditions and contribute to an understanding of brick as a complex construction material that

can meet present-day demands in a relevant and forward-­ looking way. The brick facing as such is therefore justified and there is no point in considering it as merely a watered down version of yesterday’s homogenous brick wall (Architect MAA PhD Nini Leimand in The Architectural Potential of Block Masonry, 2007).

The project investigates three types of buildings within the field of the study, each of which is representative of a thought-through contemporary solution in the aesthetic and structural integration of brick facing. The buildings are studied from three aspects: new brick components, brickwork as thermal mass and technological development. The project analyses how and why the brick facing in the buildings studied does not seem to be made from a uniform industrial product but actually manages to accentuate the brickwork’s texture and its aesthetic and structural values without exceeding the budgets that apply to modern-day building projects.

The aim of the project is to develop a conceptual framework that can support and enhance the inherent qualities of the brick wall, and at the same time point towards new development paths for brick as a principal architectural element.

Brick facing must be developed further into actual brick walls as a systemic structure. It must be open to technical conditions that facilitate a greater variety of ornamentation such as horizontal or vertical relief effects, varying casings, coursings, joint thickness, formats etc, combined with the utilisation of functional aspects including heat accumulation and sound or light regulation.

The success criterion for the project is to communicate and raise awareness about the inherent qualities of the brick wall and expression options in the light of current construction-­ related and industrial conditions. It is also the project’s objective to influence attitudes among bricklayers, construction engineers, architects and architectural students, thus generating renewed interest in brick as a versatile and richly faceted construction material that offers relevant and unsentimental answers to today’s demands, and which as such is just as competitive as other construction materials.

INDUSTRIAL PHD PROJECT PROJECT PERIOD 2008 – 2011 DEFENCE November 2011 PHD FELLOW Mette Jerl Jensen SUPERVISOR Thomas Bo Jensen BUSINESS PARTNER Lene Tranberg, Lundgaard & Tranberg Architects FUNDING Funded with support from the Bricklayers’ Guild of Copenhagen and the Danish Agency for Science, Technology and Innovation

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TEXTILE FORMWORK FOR CONCRETE 72

Concrete trial with textile formwork. Anne Mette Manelius.

Textile formwork for concrete Woven textiles can be used as a flexible, strong, lightweight and affordable alternative to conventional methods of casting concrete. The method has great prospects for the design and production of concrete structures. Textile formwork for concrete is a new formwork technology that presents a number of important and untested perspectives for architectural design, the property of the materials, structural optimisation, production methods and resource minimisation. The aim of the project is to develop new textile formwork systems and formwork methods as an alternative to conventional formwork for concrete casting.

Widely accessible textiles can be used for concrete casting in formwork that can be rolled up and transported in a few sports bags. The method offers great potential as regards design, handling, economy and sustainability.

The industrial PhD project’s main hypothesis By linking advanced, existing materials technologies in the concrete and textile industries with experience from experimenting research environments in textile-formed concrete structures in a new application-orientated context, this project aims to contribute to fulfilling a whole range of untapped architectural potential for concrete.

Simple, low-tech production/construction concepts are developed through architectural development work (West) and based on theory formation in works with minimal structures (Gaudí, Nervi, Isler, Dieste and Otto) and advanced materials technologies in textile formwork and concrete, respectively.

The research project will primarily concentrate on architectural aspects regarding new structural types, design options and texture (including perceived and experienced quality).

Secondarily, the project will point out sustainable and financial aspects concerning minimisation of materials, production and transport costs and physical building properties – all in a new Danish industrial context in collaboration with the project’s business partners: an architectural firm and a contractor, and in mutual exchange between these parties.

The research question is: When combining combining advanced technologies in textiles and concrete in an industrialised, buildable context, how can architectural perspectives regarding structure, form and surface be achieved? Several perspectives have not yet been investigated fully – in regard to architectural form, tactility, optimisation of materials used, production methods and possible connection to existing practice and form systems etc.

INDUSTRIAL PHD PROJECT PROJECT PERIOD 2008 – 2011 DEFENCE July 2012 PHD FELLOW Anne Mette Manelius SUPERVISOR Anne Beim BUSINESS PARTNERS Rolf Carlsen, Pihl & Søn; Mads Kaltoft, Schmidt, Hammer & Lassen Architects FUNDING Funded with support from the business partners and the Danish Agency for Science, Technology and Innovation

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Three dimensions of integrated complexity.

Cellophane House. MoMA New York. KieranTimberlake.

SYSTEM STRUCTURES IN ARCHITECTURE CONSTITUENT ELEMENTS OF A CONTEMPORARY INDUSTRIALISED ARCHITECTURE

The PhD study examines the role of system design, system thinking and system concepts in modern industrialised construction. A main area of focus is on how this world of ideas is articulated in architecture. System design, system thinking and system concepts are here understood as concepts relating to tectonic patterns, platform architecture, building standards, integrated product deliveries and mass customisation.

Preparation level.

Standardisation level.

Service level.

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The thesis introduces the concept of system structure as a part of the architectural design process, and as a way to articulate a system level in architecture and construction, located between general construction technology and concrete architectural solutions.

A central part of the PhD project consists of a conceptual model that partly analyses and illustrates this system level, and partly allows for active use by system structures as part of the architectural design process. The model is intended as a tool for understanding the complex reality in construction and architecture through alternative optics that captures and describes a coherent whole of interdependent elements rather than a way to describe each of these in detail. Thus, it offers a system approach to construction and architecture that can be used in the discussion of how contemporary construction can be defined as an ‘assemblage’. The overall aim is to facilitate more active involvement of construction industry directly in the architectural design process and from the earliest design stages.

PHD PROJECT PROJECT PERIOD 2008 – 2011 DEFENCE January 2012 PHD FELLOW Kasper Sánchez Vibæk SUPERVISOR Jesper Nielsen SECONDARY SUPERVISOR Anne Beim FUNDING Funded with support from Realdania

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Principle for the building system, Flexibo.

BUILDING

WITH THE FUTURE IN MIND

This book looks at some of the most important challenges that are facing the Danish construction industry today, at a time where stricter requirements on buildings’ energy consumption meet an increasing level of industrialisation and streamlining of the construction process. One of the key issues raised here is: How do we ensure that the result of this meeting becomes holistic architectural solutions of a high quality that take the entire life of the building into account?

The question is based on a wide definition of architectural sustainability, which considers not only a building’s technical physical life and possible reuse, but also its use over time.

Seeing the constructional solutions in the light of time, context, sociality and cultural significance seems crucial when architectural quality is to be specified and assessed.

These conditions are analysed through a series of case studies of well-known contemporary residential buildings in Denmark.

The first series of case studies is a historical review of residential buildings that were supported by distinctive architectural visions from the second industrialisation wave in the 1960s and 1970s. What can we learn from history, and how do we avoid repeating the sins of the past? These are the questions that are addressed.

The second series of case studies applies a new view to modern industrialised residential buildings from 2004 to 2011 through the development and testing of a new analytical tool. The tool maps the potential opportunities that are embedded in the buildings, and it is applied to discuss the opportunities and limitations of different structural solutions as a setting for different lifestyles, both when they are established and during their lifetime.

The book identifies key issues that exist in current construction practice, and indicates specific conditions that call for attention if the desire is to build in an architecturally sustainable way both now and in the future. The book communicates the results that were generated through the research project ‘Architecture between Sustainability and Neo-industrialisation’.

RESEARCH / PUBLICATION

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PROJECT PERIOD 2008 – 2011 PUBLISHED March 2012 PROJECT PARTICIPANTS / AUTHORS Anne Beim, Ulrik Stylsvig Madsen, Tenna Beck FUNDING Funded with support from the Boligfonden Kuben Foundation, Aase & Ejnar Danielsen’s Foundation and the Ministry of Culture’s Research Pool

77

Facade experiments. Exploration of tectonic principles. Søren Nielsen.

ADAPTIVE ARCHITECTURE

AND SUSTAINABILITY

Bracket for hanging of facade elements – tectonic and technical principles.

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The aim of the research is to translate resource saving technical principles for functional adaptation into a vocabulary of tectonic articulations at the level of building parts and components. This involves spatial and structural strategies for flexibility with technical methods for reversible assembling as the primary focus.

The practical benefits of introducing defined typologies as a research product are provided as a combination of an inspirational tool and a technical manual. The contribution to the architectural profession consists of providing examples of how resource-saving methodologies can be put into practice with significant visual identity as a result.

The interest in the architectural consequences of adaptable, lifecycle-based strategies, such as flexibility and reuse, are evoked by the necessity of focusing on reducing energy consumption in the operation of buildings throughout their lifetime. The considerable amount of energy, existing as ‘embodied energy’, has previously been disregarded in favour of the search for solutions to minimise energy consumption for building operation. Concurrently with the implementation of increasingly efficient methods for saving operational energy, an increasing need arises for taking process energy into account in architectural design.

The material evidence of the research consists of two kinds of mediated knowledge: 1. A communicative part in which the articulations from the practical implementation are systemised.

2. A generative part in which technical methods are implemented in practical schemes.

The purpose of the research is to identify and exemplify specific potential available for the architectural practicing profession when methods for salvaging embodied energy are employed. When designing for reuse, change and disassembly, a range of specific articulation types is provoked as a consequence of technical solutions and requirements. Social qualities deriving from the same methods, such as potential for user participation and configurative choice on multiple levels are a very important long-term perspective but will not be the main focus of the research.

How the mediations of the technical and tectonic principles are used and produced is then tested and exemplified.

As for Vandkunsten, the project is expected to strengthen and consolidate the position of the firm as a reliable supplier of housing and human settlements that are environmentally, socially and aesthetically durable. Commercial research may serve as a substitute for the architectural competitions which have been a major driving force in product development in the field of housing.

As regards architectural education, the project is expected to strengthen research training in sustainability-related and user-­ centered design strategies and to provide models that demonstrate and discuss the concept of ‘Open Work / Open Systems’. Finally, the project is intended to contribute to the repertoire of building types and options in industrialised architecture.

INDUSTRIAL PHD PROJECT PROJECT PERIOD 2008, expected to be concluded in 2016 PHD FELLOW Søren Nielsen SUPERVISOR Olga Popovic Larsen CO-SUPERVISOR Anne Beim BUSINESS PARTNER Jens Thomas Arnfred, Tegnestuen Vandkunsten FUNDING Funded with support from the business partner and the Danish Agency for Science, Technology and Innovation

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80

Loan desk at the library at TU Delft.

THE BUILDING MANUAL 2.0

The numerous new types of construction materials and components combined with changed legislative requirements clearly show that the construction process has become increasingly complicated and faces completely different, restrictive requirements as compared with the time when the first edition of the Building Manual was published (1948).

Today’s requirements for example regarding energy reduction, accessibility, rainwater management in connection with buildings, and an increased focus on limited material resources call for a renewed view of the constructional field.

Often, architectural details are only searched for on the manufacturers’ own websites, which means that even experienced users of digital interfaces fall short when it comes to searching for a complete overview of specific directions that match their artistic motivation with a building technology, building physics or building culture reason for choosing the particular solution.

Questions that can be raised here include: • What specific knowledge does the student and thus the future practising architect need in order to be able to grasp the extent of materials, processes and structures in a construction project?

• What type of knowledge is absolutely necessary for the architectural student to achieve qualified and detailed insight into construction solutions, for instance to create a building section?

By focusing on architectural sustainability, is it then possible to illustrate and disseminate solutions in terms of building physics and construction based on current research and practical experience, so that the student, and thus the future practising architect, is equipped for the complex interplay between architecture and building construction?

The Building Manual 2.0 is to serve as a platform for a collection of currently applied architectural and technological subjects. The graphical layout of the book should make it possible to update it in a relatively uncomplicated (inexpensive) way. The idea is that it should be useful as a reference work that students and their supervisors can refer to at the drawing board. The objective is thus to prepare the ground for a more reflected and future-proofed use of the materials, structures and processes that characterise long lasting architecture.

REPORT / RESEARCH PROJECT PERIOD 2008 – PROJECT MANAGERS Nini Leimand, Anne Beim, Mette Jerl Jensen

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Tautra Monastery. Jensen & Skodvin Architects.

INPUT FOR A NEW

NORWEGIAN ARCHITECTURAL POLICY When the ‘New Norwegian Architectural Policy’ was launched in 2009, CINARK – with its particular focus on the construction industry’s practices and production – was used as a reference. The Centre was singled out for its activities, which also reach into a Nordic construction context, and for demonstrating ways in which research, teaching and communication can trigger development in architecture and the architectural profession.

In collaboration with the Norwegian Culture and Church Department and the Norwegian Research Council, an international conference was held at DogA, the Norwegian Design and Architecture Centre, in May 2009. Anne Beim was invited to present CINARK’s work. Other speakers at the conference included key persons from research and practice, including Tyler Brûlé, Chief Editor of Monocle/Wall Paper; John Thackara, Ecology Philosopher; Beatriz Colomina, Professor at Princeton University, and Kjetil Trædal Thorsen, Architect and Partner at Snøhetta.

A summary of Anne Beim’s presentation from the conference follows below.

LECTURE CONFERENCE 2009 SPEAKER Anne Beim

Architecture and effectiveness By nature architecture is based on polyhistoric knowledge.

The processes from conception of the design to the completion of building construction are complex and time-consuming. In addition well-planned architecture is concerned about proper use of resources and about creating suitable physical environments for human beings. Altogether architecture involves fundamental questions of how we as human beings take action and are part of this world.

Yet, the contemporary construction industry is calling for more efficient ways of manufacturing, better planned or more controlled processes and construction solutions of much higher technical quality. The car industry has been used as a role model for decades. However, the construction industry is much more complex in terms of its stake­holders, lifecycle and cultural context. Therefore it is important to discuss how the growing use of industrialised manufacturing processes and new computer aided production technologies in the construction industry challenge the classical role of the architect and may lead to new industrial aesthetics in architecture. Questions that are crucial to address are: Why should architects be part of this development and how can they be integrated in ways that strengthen their professional identity and position? What sorts of potential seem to be provided by this critical change in the construction industry? Should we as architects strive for efficiency – in order to manage resources for economical benefit – or should we rather strive for effectiveness in terms of achieving sustainable solutions?

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Coffee bar at TU Delft. Built from washing machine parts. 2012 Architecten.

114L. Installation work. Henrik MennĂŠ.

RE WORKING ARCHITEC TURE 84

Under the heading Reworking Architecture, CINARK has focused on industrial and architectural strategies in relation to the pressing needs for more sustainable solutions in construction. The international seminar series is organised around three themes, each of which addresses this topic in its own way.

Patchwork How can we as architects reduce resource consumption and control very complex construction processes by looking at the building as a patchwork of individually optimised systems?

James Timberlake, Architect and Partner, KieranTimberlake Søren Nielsen, Architect and Partner, Tegnestuen Vandkunsten Jan Buur Frederiksen and Ask Hesselager, Process Consultants, Enemærke & Petersen Peter Bertram, Architect, PhD, Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts, School of Architecture

SEMINAR SERIES

Trashwork What happens to architectural visions if we can only build with materials that are reused from existing buildings? Is it possible to envisage a new way of practising that is based solely on reuse?

Jan Jongert, Architect and Partner, 2012 Architecten Jan Brandis, Chairman of the Demolition Section, the Danish Construction Association Trashformaciones, art and demolition collective Anne Sigrid Nordby, Architect, PhD, AsplanViak (formerly NTNU) Autowork Can parametric and automated production (re-)create a more direct connection between design and structure and thus give the architect new options?

Fabian Scheurer, Co-owner, Design to Production Henrik Menné, Danish artist Kai-Uwe Bergmann, Architect and Partner, BIG.

THREE SEMINARS 24 November, 1 December, 8 December 2009 PROJECT MANAGERS Anne Beim, Jesper Nielsen, Kasper Sánchez Vibæk, Rikke-Julie Schaumburg-Müller, Ulrik Stylsvig Madsen

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ARCHITECTURE /ROBOT/CONCRETE

ARCHITECTURAL POTENTIAL IN THE USE OF INDUSTRIAL ROBOTS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF CONCRETE BUILDINGS

This PhD project combines three fields – architecture, concrete buildings and robot manufacturing – in a crossfield that is treated with a view to finding, developing and demonstrating architectural opportunities in the use of industrial robots in concrete construction. The problem is the distance between vision and realisation options found in concrete construction, partly since concrete surfaces and building details have become standardised, and the craft-based formwork that we know from earlier times has become too expensive.

buildings and increasing the symbolic value of concrete. The production technology in focus is robot milling of formwork for concrete. When compared with other digital production technologies, robot milling proves competitive.

The PhD project alternates between theory and practical experiments and between its project-specific domain and a more general domain, which represents the surrounding world and general practice in the construction industry. The PhD project conducts four experiments, using robot milling to investigate the opportunities for:

Digital tools are gaining ground in construction, but the new technologies are moving faster in other building materials than concrete. The robot is the ultimate digital manufacturing tool, and the hypothesis is that the robot could be a key to breaking with conformity, producing unique concrete

INDUSTRIAL PHD PROJECT

86

PROJECT PERIOD 2009 – 2012 DEFENCE April 2013 PHD FELLOW Johannes Rauff Greisen SUPERVISOR Thomas Bo Jensen BUSINESS PARTNER Mette Glavind, Danish Technological Institute, Concrete Centre FUNDING Funded with support from the business partner and the Danish Agency for Science, Technology and Innovation

Prototype for media screen. Light conductor cables integrated into concrete facade. Johannes Rauff Greisen.

1. New concrete surfaces 2. New concrete structures 3. Going deep into the concrete surface for building material composition 4. Making reliefs in the concrete surface using the work patterns of the production technology applied The experiments show that robot manufacture of formwork can release untapped moulding potential in concrete in terms of building technology. The combination of CAD-CAM software as a visualisation tool and industrial robots as a manufacturing tool can serve as a link between the architectural design process and the process of realising the construction project. The PhD project has also strengthened the link ‘the other way round’ – from physical production to the digital model – by improving and developing the use of milling and casting simulation options, so that it is now easier to see, discuss and document the visual expression of the final result before starting production.

Robot technology facilitates, through a dedicated materials process, the precise positioning and angling of optical fibres, so that these, embedded in concrete and linked to information technology (by Dupont Lightstone), can create images on concrete surfaces.

At one end, the scale is expanded by the introduction of fine detailing and light-emitting elements on the surface, which are so small that they become part of the texture. At the other end of the scale, the architectural use of coarser milling is introduced – the ‘CAM fingerprint’. So far, the goal has been to achieve the smoothest milling possible. Purposeful use of coarse milling is therefore something new, and consists in working deliberately with the robot’s work patterns, which are set out as an only partially controlled technology imprint.

This autonomous CAM fingerprint can be interpreted as a neo-industrial digital ornament that shares its origins with ornaments from earlier times – both the crafts-based intended ornaments and the more random materials-conditioned ornamentation. The PhD dissertation leaves the origins open and concludes that, on the face of it, resource economy and practice related to coarse milling are considerably closer to existing concrete building culture than smooth milling. The PhD project thereby brings the robot’s formwork options closer to practical concrete construction, as architecturally applied CAM fingerprints can reduce milling times and the final production costs.

Media screen at work.

The PhD project shows that the industrial robot technology can be used to realise geometries that stem from both structural and architectural visions. The robot can ‘reintroduce craftsmanship’ and be used to reinterpret some of the architectural features that are known from the time before the industrialisation of construction. These architectural features may be three-dimensional surfaces, specific reliefs or unique details, and the reinterpretation facilitates new neo-industrial idioms that expand the scale of concrete.

The robot’s ‘CAM fingerprint’ consists of the milling tool’s work pattern, which is set out on the formwork’s surface, leaving a technology imprint on the concrete surface. The CAM fingerprint is thus used as a relief in an urban space concept (designed by SLA), consisting of a ‘meltwater landscape’ in concrete.

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loping

more ere inxperi-

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more ravage. The chairs were therefore made even heavier, so that they were too heavy and unmanageable to use as missiles. “…It is so he avy, that you do not steal it, that is a part of the EXECUTION UDFØRELSE nish).

Constroversy III During the process of drawing and building there seemed to be no further controversies.

PROJEKTERING

DESIGN

KONKURENCE

DESIGN COMPETITION

he arxuded PROGRAMMERING

PREPARATION OF BRIEF

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e even 88

[1.7]

FOLLOW-UP

OPFØLGNING

Information model

ion/motive

ANT map of controversies

k Theory Diagram

But as the project was handed over to the municipality the architect has felt disappointed with the maintenance of Prags Boulevard. 700

can decide who will maintain them. “… becaus you can not agree on whom has to maintain the Danish). Therefore the main architectural mois less useful.

Example of course paper. Case: Prags Boulevard.

BUILDING PRODUCTION AND LOGISTICS TEK5

During the period 2009 to 2014, CINARK was responsible for the planning and running of the graduate course TEK5, which focuses on the radical process of change to which the construction industry’s processes, products and organisation are subject. This makes great demands on architects to be able to master the rules dictated by given production conditions through knowledge about processes and the use of specific tools (digital and analogue) and at the same time be innovative in relation to them. Many different players and conditions influence and are in turn influenced in the creation of an architectural project. This fact has to be incorporated as a condition in the design process.

TEK5 introduces students to the actual terms of present-day construction. The background to, the consequences of and the options contained in these conditions are also analysed critically with a particular focus on what they mean to the architect’s role as a player in a wider context.

The objective of the course is to build knowledge about forms of cooperation, legislation and industrial and IT-based design and production processes. The course has been divided into two parts: a case study, in which an architect, an en-

gineer, a client and a contractor who have been involved in a recent project are interviewed, and a role-play based course about a specific assignment that thematises contemporary construction industry and production conditions and give the students experience of design strategy and awareness of the architect’s role(s).

Through their assignment papers, the students have to demonstrate: • Understanding of contemporary and future construction production: the various parties in the construction industry, organisation and forms of contract, project structure and logistics.

• Hands-on experience with basic methodologies and theoretical tools for case study and technology analysis.

• Hands-on experience with various strategic approaches in relation to innovative design.

• The ability to identify the context and the processes in which a project is produced, and the connection between them and underlying visions about design and use.

• Understanding of the concept of BIM (Building Information Modelling), its implications for information exchange in construction, and current legislation in the field.

• Knowledge of the use of specific analogue and digital tools that support the process.

TEK5 was developed in collaboration with staff from Institute 2 and Institute 4.

COURSE FOR POSTGRADUATE STUDENTS PERIOD 2009 – 2014 PROJECT MANAGERS Anne Beim, Katrine Lotz, Olga Popovic Larsen PROJECT PARTICIPANTS Kasper Sánchez Vibæk, Odilo Schoch, Bjarne Rüdiger, Ulrik Stylsvig Madsen, Katja Bülow, Emanuele Naboni

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Windows for prefab construction. Myresjö.

SYSBYG

RESEARCH NETWORK KADK, DTU AND AAA SYSBYG is a research network with participation from the Technical University of Denmark, Aarhus School of Architecture and the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts, School of Architecture. The research network develops and coordinates new knowledge about integrated product deliveries in the construction industry and serves as an overall framework for a number of key PhD projects.

The purpose of the network is to develop and disseminate new knowledge in the field of new industrial architecture and construction in Denmark through a focus on development and integrated product deliveries. The intention is to include and test state-of-the-art technology and to focus on design and sustainability as well as on new forms of production and organisation in the fields of architecture, production and business. The network works with integrated product deliveries in a wide sense, including the development of theory, methodology and specific projects from ‘subsystems’ via ‘spatial systems’ to ‘building systems’. This applies to both the conceptual level and the actual development level. The network’s purpose is realised in close collaboration between the involved parties, precisely in order to exploit the synergy that can emerge based on our varied professional expertise, which represents a broader professional image.

The governing idea behind the establishment of a strong network between the three research environments and the parties in the broader network is to accelerate the development and use of integrated product deliveries. Secondly, it is the intention to establish – and achieve – synergies between the projects that are part of the network, the different expert competences and the many other projects that are taking place in Denmark and internationally.

The network is to reach out to a number of other institutions and private companies with whom we are already collaborating, thus developing into a widely founded knowledge centre. The ambition is that over time the network develops into the ‘central forum’ in Denmark for research and development of integrated product deliveries.

At the set-up of the network, five subprojects were launched: 1. The development of integrated product deliveries based on methods for systematic product development.

2. The development of the actual delivery process based on system products.

3. The house as a integrated product delivery.

4. System design.

5. Sustainability in relation to the system delivery concept, and by virtue of the renovation perspective, the project will look at architectural and cultural aspects in terms of construction. The ‘critical eye’ of the network, which maintains the premise for the entire network – i.e. that considerations about resource management, architectural quality and human well-being must always be at the centre of attention for the network.

Aspects that will be included in all the projects are: • Sustainability in terms of energy consumption, use of material, production, operation, maintenance and disposal, which must be a key aspect of any analysis, proposal and outcome of individual projects.

• Health – in the widest sense, in production (safety/environment etc), installation/construction, indoor climate etc.

• Barriers – each project will also focus on the barriers that prevent accelerated development and use of integrated product deliveries.

NETWORK PROJECT PERIOD 2010 – 2014 PROJECT MANAGERS Lars Hvam, the Technical University of Denmark, Per Kortegaard, Aarhus School of Architecture, and Anne Beim PROJECT PARTICIPANTS / PHD Kasper Sánchez Vibæk, Jan Schipull Kauschen FUNDING Funded with support from Realdania

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Diagram of building component lifetimes. Jan Schipull Kauschen.

SUSTAINABLE INTEGRATED PRODUCT DELIVERIES FOR RENOVATION AND NEW BUILD

Global climate change and increased awareness of the scarcity of resources mean that resources and energy optimisation require special attention in modern construction and architectural project work.

Industrial manufacturing focuses on optimum use of finance, time and labour as well as material-related and technological resources – and also one recognised recognised assessment methods such as LCA and standards for sustainable construction. It would therefore seem an obvious choice to apply a sustainable way of thinking in relation to the integrated product deliveries concept, which focuses on optimised processes and product development.

The project investigates how integrated product deliveries can be developed with architectural sustainability as a key parameter – practically as a dogma.

In this connection, architectural sustainability is defined as follows: “Construction of a high architectural quality, which gives consideration to people, the environment and resources – both during the construction of the building and in relation to its later use and operation”.

This goal is currently receiving widespread attention among stakeholders in the construction industry, and in particular among architects.

The project is primarily focusing on renovation, as the project’s definition of architectural sustainability covers the entire span from creation, use/operation/replacement/renovation to disposal. The project has a concept-clarifying character and is built on a number of specific cases from the project field of the business partner JJW Architects.

The PhD project is one of several PhD projects under the SysByg Research Network, and it therefore also relates to the PhD project entitled ‘System Structures in Architecture’.

INDUSTRIAL PHD PROJECT

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PROJECT PERIOD 2010 – 2013 (defence 2015) PHD FELLOW Jan Schipull Kauschen SUPERVISOR Anne Beim BUSINESS PARTNER Ole Hornbæk, JJW Architects FUNDING Co-funded by Realdania, KADK and the industry partner

3-10 years

80-200 years

concrete

∞

gas

80-100 years

(raw) material level

20-30 years

selant

60-150 years

glas 80-100 years aluminium

wood

60-150 years

wood 60-150 years

aluminium

20-30 years

5-7 years

paint

larch wood rubber 20 years PE steel aluminium 100+ years

20 years

80-100 years

lifespan: 20 years

20-40 years

balcony

construction

40-100 years

insulation

long lifespans, depends on raw material

80-200 years

concrete

20-40 years

20-40 years

80-200 years zinc tile parquet slate slate 30-150 years 20-80 years 20-40 years tile stone wood 30-60 years 40-80 years 80-200 years 30-80 years fibreconcrete concrete wood 30-80 years 10-25 years tar board support wood 5-15 years 10-30 years support 20 years 40-60 years carpet linoleum wall 40-60 years paper paint support 3-10 years 40-60 years plaster board 20-40 years support

ETICS

40-60 years

window component level

60-150 years

steel

glas pane 40 years

building material / sub-component level

laquer 10-40 years cardboard glue 60-150 years 20 years wood

20-60 years

cladding

30-40 years

80-200 years

40-60 years

60-200 years

construction flooring 5-150 years ceiling 5-150 years

20-80 years

60-200 years

roofing/cladding construction 40-150 years doors construction 5-20 years interior 3-40 finish insulation years windows

30-40 years

20 years

interior finish 5-20 years

element level

facade

lifespan: 40-100 years

shorter lifespans, depends mostly on use and location and combination with other materials

decks

lifespan: 40-200 years

walls lifespan: 20 (5) -200 years

various lifespans, depends mostly on replacement cycles of components

roof lifespan: 20-50 years

element x

BUILDING

building level

lifespan varies strongly (depends on location, use, components,materials, value, fashion, key elements (e.g. construction) have greater influence than components or raw materials)

1-500 years

Wall elements, Moelven.

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Own summer house in Frösakull. Bruno Mathsson.

TOWARDS A TECTONIC SUSTAINABLE BUILDING CULTURE During the period from 2010 to 2013, researchers from CIN­ARK, Aarhus School of Architecture and the Danish Building Research Institute / Aalborg University worked on the project ‘Towards a Tectonic Sustainable Building Culture’. The project was supported by the Danish Council for Independent Research and was headed by Anne Beim.

The starting point for the research project was the hypothesis that a building’s architectural quality is closely related to its tectonic structure and expression. The term tectonics is familiar from geology, but it is also a concept with a long tradition in architecture. Here, it means the design and joining of building elements into a whole and thus the relationship between idea, action, technique and construction, or at a higher level ‘the unity of method and objective’. As a basis for the creation of architecture, this understanding and building culture are facing great changes, and a thorough investigation of obstacles and opportunities would seem to be needed if a holistic and sustainable architecture is to be upheld. One of the greatest challenges is the current global resource situation and climate crisis which in recent years have made many countries introduce stricter requirements in relation to energy consumption in construction. This also applies to Denmark, where the Danish Parliament has adopted future reductions of 25% in 2015, towards the final target in 2020 when energy consumption in new construction is to be reduced by 75% from present-day levels.

These energy demands will radically change the design of future buildings and cannot be met simply by, for example by introducing stricter insulation standards or requiring maximum airtightness. Measures such as these will have unfortunate consequences for architectural expression, construction solutions, for indoor climate and the way in which buildings are able to adapt to changing needs over time.

Another challenge is the continually growing industrialisation and its effect on products and processes in construction.

A shift from solutions based on craftsmanship towards computerised manufacturing processes leaves behind an ‘assembly architecture’ crying out for an updated theoretical foundation and a new understanding of practice, not only among architects, but among all stakeholders in the construction industry. New industrial forms of production and mindsets establish special frameworks for architectural creation, and a reinterpreted concept of tectonics will have take this into account.

As part of the project, a symposium was held in the spring of 2012 on ‘Tectonic Practice and Thinking in Architecture’, followed by the symposium ‘Towards an Ecology of Tectonics’ in the autumn. The project was concluded with the anthology ‘Towards an Ecology of Tectonics – the need for rethinking construction in architecture’, which was published in the autumn of 2014.

RESEARCH PROJECT PERIOD 2010 – 2014 PROJECT PARTICIPANTS Anne Beim (main responsible), Thomas Bo Jensen, Ulrik Stylsvig Madsen, Tenna Beck (Project Assistant), Karl Christiansen, Aarhus School of Architecture, Charlotte Bundgaard, Aarhus School of Architecture, Ole Egholm Pedersen, Aarhus School of Architecture, Claus Bech-Danielsen, Danish Building Research Institute / Aalborg University

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Workshop with Master students from the University of Seoul.

SUSTAINABLE FUTURES ARCHITECTURAL ANSWERS In the autumn of 2011, the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts, School of Architecture, was invited by the Danish Embassy in Seoul to participate in a series of activities (conference, exhibition and workshop with Master’s students) with the purpose of promoting Danish sustainable architecture and green technologies in South Korea. The first event was a conference on sustainable architecture, which was held in collaboration with the Korea Institute for Registered Architects (KIRA). Anne Beim and CINARK were invited to represent the School of Architecture and to speak at the conference.

The dialogue about sustainable architecture is a natural extension of the Danish-Korean Green Growth Alliance, which was established during President Lee Myung-bak’s state visit to Denmark in May 2011. The visit was to become the opening for Danish architects, consultants, etc to make contact with the companies that make Korea the world’s seventh largest building and construction nation.

Both Danish and Korean architects participated in the conference in order to exchange ideas and professional experience. Representatives from the Korean construction sector also participated, as did people from relevant public organisations and educational institutions.

On the second day of the conference Anne Beim introduced CINARK and ‘Examples of Danish green architecture and technical solutions’ with her lecture ‘Sustainable Futures – Architectural Answers’. On the third day, a workshop was held with students from the Sustainable Architecture Academy at the University of Seoul. Anne Beim taught along with Professor Sun-Young Rieh, AIA, Arch.D. Concurrent with the conference, the Danish Embassy had organised an exhibition of the participating Danish architects’ projects as well as selected projects from research at CINARK and the Institute of Architectural Technology and the prize­winning projects from the student competition ‘Sustainable Living’, which was held at the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts School of Architecture in 2009.

CONFERENCE / WORKSHOP / EXHIBITION PROJECT PERIOD September - November 2011 PROJECT PARTICIPANTS Anne Beim, Jan Schipull Kauschen, Kasper Sánchez Vibæk, Emanuele Naboni, Peter Andreas Sattrup, Ulrik Stylsvig Madsen FUNDING Funded with support from the Danish Embassy in Seoul

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Autarki solid wood pavilion at KADK campus 2011-2013.

AUTARKI 1:1 In the autumn of 2011, CINARK designed and built a full scale experimental pavilion in cross-laminated solid wood on the lawn of the Campus. The experiment was primarily an investigation into the material and derived construction principles that was to demonstrate the range of possibillities offered by the material. The objective was to verify, by means of an optimised and simplified construction process in combination with an experimental approach to the technical properties of the material, that it was possible: to build in a simpler way, improve reusability and reduce energy in the building.

Autarki (autarchy) means ‘self-sufficiency’ in Greek and refers to the fact that a house is constructed so that, in principle, it has no energy added from outside. The idea is that the pavilion is heated solely by solar heat and the heat that is derived from the human activity that takes place inside it. In practice, however, a small amount of heat was supplied from outside by the artificial lighting in the building and a computer which gathered measuring data for temperature, light intake and air humidity – but no heat was added from conventional heat sources.

In order to avoid adding heat from external energy sources, while at the same time ensuring that the house was ventilated with as little an energy loss as possible, part of the experiment consisted in integrating a specially designed heat exchanger that was driven exclusively by natural convection.

The pavilion is constructed in accordance with a double shell principle, where both the outer and the inner skin are made of cross-laminated solid woodslabs, and with a cavity in between, which is insulated with wood fibre insulation. This means that, in principle, the building behaves like a thermos flask, as there are only very few connection points and therefore only a few cold bridges.

The intention with the project was not to demonstrate a building system which could be instantly applied in actual building projects. Instead, the objective was to show the tectonic potential offered by cross-laminated solid wood – a material that has yet to gain ground in Denmark. Some of the studies and initiatives that were carried out would not be profitable outside the framework of the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts School of Architecture. As a research project, the objective was that this tectonic prototype would challenge existing perceptions and the framework for wood construction, and hopefully help verify some options that would otherwise not be considered.

By building at a scale of 1:1, both staff and students have had the opportunity to follow the construction process and subsequently study the material’s and the building’s thermal and indoor climate qualities. In August 2013, KADK decided to donate Autarki to the freetown of Christiania, where it now serves as a shoe shop. The agreement with Christiania is that students and staff from the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts School of Architecture can come and visit the pavilion in future as part of their studies. In this way, the experiment continues and it is possible to observe at close range how the building is doing over time as regards durability and use.

RESEARCH / DEMONSTRATION PROJECT PROJECT PERIOD 2011 – 2013 MOVE TO CHRISTIANIA August 2013 PROJECT MANAGERS Jesper Nielsen, Daniel Reinert, Rikke-Julie Schaumburg-Müller, Nina Belokonskaia, Anne Beim, Nikolaj Callisen Friis, Svend Jacobsen, Finn Ørstrup FUNDING Funded with support from The Carl Bro Foundation, Rationel Vinduer, Infra, Moelven, Icopal, Bosch, NKT and Homatherm

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Interior with convection-driven heat exchanger.

Autarki solid wood pavilion at Christiania 2013. Photo: Kirstine Autzen.

85 mm cross-laminated solid wood 300 mm wood fibre insulation 34 mm cavity 81 mm cross-laminated solid wood

Section model showing the structure of the building.

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TECTONIC PRACTICE AND THINKING IN ARCHITECTURE

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Årsta Church. Johan Celsing Architects.

Photo: Johan Celsing Architects.

Sorø Art Museum. Lundgaard & Tranberg Architects.

Photo: Lundgaard & Tranberg Architects.

Workplace, Venice. Studio Mumbai.

Photo: Studio Mumbai.

Tautra Convent. Jensen & Skodvin Architects.

Photo: Jensen & Skodvin Architects.

At the symposium TECTONIC Practice & Thinking in Architecture, internationally recognised architects from Scandinavia and India presented examples from their practices of how tectonic thinking can be applied to achieve a more sustainable, qualified and holistic architecture.

Architecture based on tectonic principles speaks about its creation from the overall contextual framework to the embedded meaning. This includes the ideas that shape the programme, the expression in precise structural solutions, and the building’s wear and decay over time. Tectonic thinking involves a certain hesitation towards random structural solutions and thus a critical resistance to passing fads determined by financial interests in the construction industry or by architecture’s changing discourses. Contemporary construction practice, and thus the physical design of architecture, will be facing challenges in the future caused by challenges caused by serious climate change, high energy requirements and the ongoing industrialisation of construction. A key question in the current architectural debate is how a tectonic approach can address and meet these challenges.

Keynotes • Børre Skodvin Architect/Partner, Jensen & Skodvin Architects • Johan Celsing Architect/Partner, Johan Celsing Architects • Peter Thorsen Architect/Partner/Director, Lundgaard & Tranberg Architects • Bijoy Jain Architect/Founder, Studio Mumbai The symposium had its origins in the collective research project Towards a Tectonical Sustainable Building Culture, which was anchored at CINARK, Aarhus School of Architecture and the Danish Building Research Institute and supported by the Danish Council for Independent Research.

SYMPOSIUM SYMPOSIUM March 2012 PROJECT MANAGERS Anne Beim, Ulrik Stylsvig Madsen, Tenna Beck FUNDING Funded with support from the Danish Council for Independent Research for Culture and Communication

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Autarki full scale corner section 1:1 Prototyping Architecture Exhibition, London.

Fabric Formwork. Prototyping Architecture Exhibition, Nottingham.

PROTOTYPING ARCHITECTURE PART ONE

In 2013, CINARK was invited to participate in the international exhibition event Prototyping Architecture which took place at Nottingham University and at the Building Centre in London. As part of Prototyping Architecture, an international conference was held at the Building Centre, where a number of CINARK’s researchers submitted papers and presented their research. The exhibition Prototyping Architecture was curated by Professor Michael Stacey, who at the time headed the Architecture and Tectonics Research Group at the University of Nottingham, in collaboration with the Building Centre Trust. The exhibition was part of an initiative that aimed to create collaboration between research and practice by developing new building components and integrated product deliveries and eventually new forms of production that can form the basis for sustainable architecture.

CINARK participated in Prototyping Architecture with a selection of materials and prototypes from the Centre’s research projects. Projects included in the exhibition: Learning from Autarki – A full scale project which studies architectural options in the use of cross-laminated solid wood. The project, which was initiated by former Head of CINARK, Jesper Nielsen, has been developed further into a test site for the thermal properties of the building by the following staff/architects: Nikolaj Callisen Friis, Tenna Beck and Jan Schipull Kauschen.

Tectonics of Adaptability – Looks at the architectural consequences of adaptive, lifecycle-based strategies, including flexibility and reuse. This is tested through specific facade construction designs. Ongoing industrial PhD project by Søren Nielsen, Vandkunsten.

Fabric Formwork – Concrete as material and process – A project that examines the architectural options of reusing textiles for concrete formwork. Completed industrial PhD project by Anne Mette Manelius, Pihl and SHL Architects.

Optical Fibre Concrete – Examines the architectural options of robot-manufactured moulds for concrete construction. Ongoing industrial PhD project by Johannes Rauff Greisen, Danish Technological Institute, Dupont Lightstone.

EXHIBITION

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EXHIBITION AT NOTTINGHAM UNIVERSITY October – December 2012 EXHIBITION AT BUILDING CENTRE LONDON January – March 2013 PROJECT PARTICIPANTS Anne Mette Manelius, Johannes Rauff Greisen, Søren Nielsen, Nikolaj Callisen Friis FUNDING Funded with support from Danmarks Nationalbanks Jubilæumsfond, the Danish Embassy London

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TOWARDS an ECOLOGY of TECTONICS

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Poster from second symposium. Photo: Ole Egholm Pedersen

In the autumn of 2013, the research project Towards a Tectonically Sustainable Building Culture held its second symposium under the title Towards an Ecology of Tectonics, to which the following theorists of architecture: • David Leatherbarrow, Professor at the University of Pennsylvania School of Design • Jonathan Hale, Associate Professor at the University of Nottingham • Fredrik Nilsson, Professor at Chalmers University of Technology were invited to debate with these representatives of the Danish architectural profession: • Natalie Mossin, Chair of the Danish Architects’ Association • Søren Nielsen, Partner at Tegnestuen Vandkunsten • Lars Juel Thiis, Partner at CUBO Architects The pivotal point for the discussions was how we architects should approach an ecological mindset in architecture which focuses on the crucial connection between the individual person’s well-being and environmental conditions. By focusing on the consequences of the way in which people interact with the surrounding environment, it is possible to develop

House 1+2. Taka Architects.

greater awareness of the interdependency between part and whole – between the individual person’s life and systems of nature.

The focus on the connection between part and whole also constitutes the core of tectonic thinking and practice. A deep appreciation of the natural processing and use of construction materials can create a strong creative focal point for the development of a building’s structures. Architecture based on tectonic principles tells us the story of its creation by clarifying the connection between the individual construction detail and the overall building structure.

Defining cultural ecology as part of a tectonic discourse anchors the way in which we construe our physical surroundings in a wider context, where it is seen as an integrated part of the natural systems. This introduces a new ethical dimension in the way we as architects design houses, where understanding of the correlation between the materials used and the ecosystems they are linked to becomes a guiding principle in architectural design.

Exhibition In connection with the symposium, an exhibition was held which in words and images presented research topics from the project Towards a Tectonical Sustainable Building Culture.

The exhibition was later presented in a modified version at Arkitekternes Hus in Copenhagen in collaboration with the Danish Architects’ Association.

SYMPOSIUM SYMPOSIUM November 2012 PROJECT MANAGERS Anne Beim, Ulrik Stylsvig, Tenna Beck FUNDING Funded with support from the Danish Council for Independent Research for Culture and Communication

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Lindevang Transformer Station. Gottlieb & Paludan Architects.

Service centre Gardemoen. Jensen & Skodvin Architects.

BONDING BRICK As part of the research project ‘Towards a Tectonically Sustainable Building Culture’, the Bonding Brick symposium focused on contemporary brickwork. Nine European architects who have all in recent years stood out due to their innovative thinking in brick architecture were invited as speakers. The symposium’s starting point was the fundamental finding that contemporary brickwork is suffering from poor utilisation of the constructional properties of brick. It also lacks tectonic conciseness, to a great extent because a complex of norms and requirements has undermined the opportunities to work with the architectural and artistic means of brickwork.

These very themes – the constructional aspect, the tectonic aspect and brickwork standards – were opened for discussion through the seminar’s nine presentations and the panel discussions. One of the symposium’s conclusions was that the demand for sustainability may be exactly what it takes to wrench brickwork out of the straightjacket that it has been held in for decades. The sustainability concept has created new interest in the physical properties of materials, including thermal, moisture-regulating and lifetime-related properties, which are among the most important properties of brick. With this attention comes a renewed interest in the tectonic options offered by small compact bricks.

Two of Norway’s most interesting architects, Børre Skodvin (Jensen & Skodvin) and Knut Hjeltnes, presented a number of examples from their own practice of all-masonry buildings where cavity walls of varying thickness are used thermally and tectonically, and (in Knut Hjeltnes’ case) where built-in niches and shelves are made possible by walls with a thickness of up to 84 cm. It should be stressed that here we are talking about brickwork with raw brick rabbets and wall ties 2-3 bricks deep – the so-called diaphragm walls, which were discussed at the symposium. It is particularly interesting for a Danish circle to shed light on the experience from Norway.

Norway is not particularly well-known for its brickwork.

Nonetheless, a remarkable architectural environment has developed in Norwegian construction over the last 10-15 years, where a number of architects have started working with brickwork. Not to jump on a fashion bandwagon, but rather to allow the material’s many tectonic and building physics aspects, to come into play in a dynamic architecture that match applicable legislative requirements.

It would therefore seem that time is working in favour of the many unexploited qualities of bricks. In Norway, where they have strict of building regulations similar to the Danish ones, they have placed health – rather than density – at the top of the value pyramid in construction. This has provided an efficient tool for the negotiation of dispensations from regulations about for example cold bridges and energy limits.

SEMINAR SEMINAR November 2012. The seminar is part of the research project ‘Towards a Tectonical Sustainable Building Culture.’

PROJECT MANAGERS Thomas Bo Jensen, Mette Jerl Jensen FUNDING Funded with support from Dreyer’s Foundation and Martha and Paul Kernn-Jespersen’s Foundation

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Private house. Knut Hjeltnes.

The diaphragm wall is also used artistically and concisely in Johan Celsing’s compact, yet sophisticated Åsta Church in Stockholm, where the wall apertures in particular benefit from the opportunities for displacement and reliefs that the thick walls and the raw brick rabbets offer. Johan Celsing represents an artistic approach to architecture where low-key and hushed, often slightly strange detailing goes hand-inhand with square, monumental features.

Under the heading ‘Interlacing Masonry’, the architect Nini Leimand went through her own works with a combination of brick blocks and brick facing. This stirred quite a few reactions from the audience, as in terms of finance, energy, indoor climate and, not least, architectural freedom, specific perspectives appeal directly to current needs for innovative thinking in the brickwork area. It may seem absurd to highlight structurally load-bearing brickwork at a time where faith in the layered structure is not up for discussion. But here, it is also worth bearing in mind that a strong concrete industry with a highly developed and competitive catalogue of concrete elements have been a contributing factor as brickwork as a cohesive structure has been pushed into the background.

Based on the presentations about ‘the tectonics of cladding’

by German architect Udo Garritzmann, the second half of the seminar was dedicated to modern urban brick facing construction. How can one, within the limits of current financial and constructional requirements, create tectonically sophisticated brickwork that can match the cities’ older context?

The Danish architect Jesper Gottlieb (Gottlieb Paludan Architects) presented some of the architectural firm’s brickwork claddings of technical buildings in the Copenhagen area.

Over the years, the company has proved capable of enhancing the limited opportunities that exist in any construction assignment for creating tectonically articulated and precise facade expressions. Through tiny, subtle differences, the brickwork design of the firm stands out as classic examples of how brick facing can be articulated in a very rich manner.

The question about the expansion joint was a key theme of the seminar, as its critical division of construction elements represents a frontal attack on the idea of the brickwork’s cohesive, interlaced nature. Børre Skodvin and Jesper Gottlieb both showed some fine examples of how the movement

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joint can become an architectural advantage in the overall building design if it is integrated for example as vertical light apertures or shadow lines in the brickwork – or as a ‘wrinkle’ in the facade, as Børre Skodvin expressed it poetically.

Jan Peter Wingender from the Netherlands (Wingender Hovenier Architects) who has designed a number of residential buildings in Amsterdam stresses that the problem with the brick facing’s vulnerability to tension has been given serious consideration. This has led to some very dynamic facades with serial offsets and relief effects which unsentimentally form part of the historical city’s rhythmic facade pattern. Here there is another lesson to be learnt by Danish architects who have a preference for flat facades and to some extent seem to have forgotten that brick is a three-dimensional building material. Stephen Bates (Segison Bates Architects) showed similar ideas with the Finsbury Park development in north London. Here, the Victorian buildings have a vertical rythmic pattern due to offset brick panels and brickwork divided into sections. In this way, the houses are a reminder of their association with ‘the city’s basic element’, which to Stephen Bates determines whether contemporary architecture becomes meaningful.

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The system structure for Cellophane House by Kieran Timberlake.

Two different views of knowledge in projects.

From Kasper Sánchez Vibæk’s section.

Building materials and standard components

T4 T4 T4 T4 T4 T4 T4 T4 T4 T4 T4 T4 T4

1. Concrete 2. BM 3. M2O 4. Sciame/sub 5. Foundation 6. T0, Sciame

1. Polycarbonate plates 2. BM 3. OTS 4. 3form 5. Flooring 6. T1, Kullman + T0 Team 1. Double sided tape 2. BM 3. OTS 4. 3M 5. Various 6. T1, Kullman + T0 Team 1. Aluminum Grate 2. BM 3. C2F 4. Burgess Steel 5. Walways, balconies, roof 6. T1, Kullman + T0 Team 1. Exterior paint 2. BM 3. OTS 4. ICI Paints 5. Steel connectors 6. T1, Kullman

1. Interior shading 2. BM 3. OTS 4. 3M 5. Smart wrap facade panels 6. T1, Kullman 1. Bolts and fasteners 2. BM 3. OTS 4. Burnett 5. Various 6. T1, Kullman

1. Polypropylene plates 2. BM 3. OTS 4. CPI Daylighting 5. Roof and Canopy 6. T1, Kullman 1. Acrylic panels 2. BM 3. OTS 4. Total Plastics 5. Stairs and drain pans 6. T2, Capital Plastics 1. Interior wall panels 2. BM 3. OTS 4. 3form 5. Interior partitions 6. T2, Kullman

1. PET film 2. BM 3. OTS 4. DuPont Teijin 5. Smart wrap facade panels 6. T2, Universal Services Ass. 1. Photovoltaic film 2. BM 3. OTS 4. Power film 5. Smart wrap facade panels 6. T2, Universal Services Ass. 1. Copper tape 2. BM 3. OTS 4. Manufacturer?

5. Smart Wrap facade panels 6. T2, Universal Services Ass.

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Traditionelt syn på viden i projekter Sub-assemblies and system components

PROJEKTSPECIFIK

GENEREL

Systemsbaseret syn på viden i projekter PROJEKTSPECIFIK SYSTEMSPECIFIK

T3 T3 T3 T3 T3 T3 T3 T3 T3

Assemblies (IPD’s by system)

1. Insulated glass units 2. COM 3. CM/M2O 4. Berkowitz 5. Curtain wall and N-facade 6. T0, Sciame/sub Chunks (IPD’s by zone)

1. Plumbing accesories 2. COM 3. OTS 4. AFNY 5. Bathrooms 6. T1, Kullman

1. Curtain wall panels + door frames 2. KOP 3. CM/M2O 4. Schüco 5. Curtain wall and N-facade 6. T1, Kullman

Building (tiers nested on site)

1. Steel connectors 2. COM 3. CM 4. Maspeth Welding 5. Structural frame 6. T1, Kullman

T0 T0 T0 T0

1. Foundation 2. ASM (of BM) 3. CM 4. Sciame 5. MoMa-site 6. N/A

1. Electrical fixtures 2. KOP 3. OTS 4. Philips 5. Interior + exterior 6. T1, Kullman

T2 T2 T2 T2 T2

1. Ventilation fans + louvers 2. COM 3. OTS 4. Greenheck/Del Ren 5. Ventilation shaft 6. T1, Kullman

1. Staircase 2. KOP 3. CM 4. Capital Plastics 5. Interior stairway 6. T1, Kullman

1. Fixtures 2. COM 3. OTS 4. Duravit 5. Bathrooms 6. T2, Kullman

1. Bathroom pods 2. KOP 3. M2O/CM? 4. Offsite Solutions/Kullman 5. Bathrooms 6. T1, Kullman

1. Aluminum Extrusions + steel connectors 2. COM/KOP 3. OTS 4. Bosch/Airline Hydraulics 5. Structural frame 6. T2, USA + T1/T2, Kullman

1. Partition walls 2. ASM 3. CM 4. Kullman 5. Interior 6. T1, Kullman + T0 Team

1. Appliances 2. COM/KOP 3. OTS 4. Miele/Valcucine 5. Kitchen 6. T0, Valcucine

1. Smart Wrap facade panels 2. ASM 3. CM 4. Universal Services Ass. 5. E+W Facades 6. T1, Kullman + T0 Team 1. Kitchen cabinets 2. KOP 3. M2O 4. Valcucine 5. Kitchen 6. T0, Valcucine

T1

1. Chunks 2. KOP (17 units) 3. CM 4. Kullman 5. Cellophane House 6. T0, Sciame

1. Final fit-out (partition walls + glazing + int. SM-panels) 2. ASM (of ASM+COM) 3. CM 4. Team (Sciame, Kullman, KT) 5. Walways, balconies, roof 6. T1, Kullman + T0 Team 1. Chunk Assembly 2. ASM (of KOP) 3. CM 4. Sciame 5. MoMa-site 6. N/A

1. Kitchen installation 2. ASM (of KOP) 3. M2O 4. Valcucine 5. Cellopphane House 6. N/A

GENEREL

SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION

THROUGH THE USE OF INTEGRATED PRODUCT DELIVERIES

CINARK

This book summarises the seminar ‘Sustainable Construction through the Use of Integrated Product Deliveries’ held

by CINARK and the SYSBYG research network, which also includes researchers from the Technical University of Denmark and Aarhus School of Architecture.

defined as a resource-conscious approach to construction in connection with project preparation, execution, operation/ maintenance, upgrading and disposal? What can industry and a higher degree of productification of deliveries in construction offer in this context?

With its articles from several contributors, the book focuses on how sustainability in construction can be furthered by the use of integrated solutions such as integrated product deliveries or other product-like deliveries. The following questions could be asked: What do industrial integrated product deliveries have to do with sustainability if this concept is simply

One of the great potentials of integrated product deliveries in connection with sustainability lies in the possibility of managing complexity in construction. This can be achieved through integrated product solutions that carry major parts of the design and project planning work from project level to product level. This makes it possible to gain better control of both production processes and materials flows, which can be optimised and – as expressed, for instance, in the industrial ecology mindset or the more commercial concept of cradle­to-cradle – optimally constitute closed circuits that facilitate a justifiable use of natural resources and manmade solutions.

CeNteR FOR INdUStRIel ARKIteKtUR

cinarK

– center for industriel arKiteKtur

Bæredygtigt Byggeri - gennem anvendelse af systemleverancer

– er et forskningscenter ved institut for arkitekturens teknologi, Kunstakademiets arkitektskole

Bæredygtigt Byggeri gennem anvendelse af systemleverancer

CINARK FOCUS 9 788778 303066

centret udvikler, samler og koordinerer forsknings- og undervisningsaktiviteter, som angår den industrielle arkitekturs tilblivelse med fokus på bæredygtige løsninger. centret har således til opgave at indkredse, formulere og revidere de særlige begreber, væsenstræk, metoder, processer og produkter, som kendetegner en bæredygtig industriel arkitektur. Hensigten er at belyse såvel grundlæggende som aktuelle, problemstillinger og udviklingspotentialer. centret satser på et tæt samarbejde med byggeindustri og byggeerhverv.

The use of adaptable integrated product deliveries can thus create room for a closer focus on architectural and ecological cohesion rather than getting lost in details. Finally, integrated product deliveries considered as separate building parts can, for example at the time of demolition or renovation, be reused as whole entities or in parts for new buildings or reconstruction. This would mean that both the manufacturing process and embedded design work would be reused, offering an alternative sustainability perspective.

PUBLICATION PROJECT PERIOD 2012 – 2013 PUBLISHED December 2013 EDITOR Kasper Sánchez Vibæk CONTRIBUTIONS FROM Anne Beim, Kasper Sánchez Vibæk, Jan Schipull Kauschen, Søren Lyngsgaard, Jesper Nielsen and Søren Rasmussen

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Housing project, exhibition model. Richard Rogers.

ARCHITECTURAL PRACTICE, METHOD AND MANAGEMENT

Design strategies as an answer to the challenges of the welfare society are going from strength to strength in practically all areas. Methods and competencies of architects and designers are rapidly increasing in areas that have previously been characterised by more technological approaches and traditional scientific methods.

At the same time, the same working methods and practices are seemingly under pressure from a number of ‘difficulties’ in everyday architectural practice. They are all familiar with requirements for standardised, digital formats of communication, increased demands for documentation and evidence-based decisions, wider inclusion of subject areas and interest groups in all phases etc.

More than ever, there is a need for architects to give an account of what their contribution to the quality of the process and the architectural outcome, both to further societal understanding of good architecture and good design and to present arguments in favour of professional immersion, which is necessary for good architecture to evolve.

And not least in order for knowledge about the relationship between the profession’s methods and its conditions to be converted into teaching at the schools of architecture in a relevant way.

In the course of 2012, the cluster ‘The Design, Methodology and Management of Architecture’, which is based at the School of Architecture, examined what sort of research into the current practices of architecture can contribute in this field.

Good examples of research into architects’ practice already exist, but no particular research area has yet been established at the School of Architecture which can contribute to deeper knowledge about how the architectural profession actually practises as part of the construction industry, and thus to the debate about how professionalism is undergoing change.

The object of the cluster is to gather reflective practitioners and researchers at the School of Architecture in order to specify problems based on their own experience, and to formulate them in a way that can make them the objects of research.

RESEARCH CLUSTER 114

PROJECT PERIOD January 2012 – March 2013 PROJECT MANAGER Katrine Lotz

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Transformation of a power plant into a culture and sports centre. Nordkraft, Aalborg. Cubo Architects.

OPEN PROCESS OPEN WORK

In collaboration with the Codesign cluster at the School of Design, CINARK has formed the research network Open Process – Open Work. Researchers from the two research centres have studied and discussed the following issues: Can we, in the future, create spaces through a more open process where the user is involved actively in the design of a product or a building? And will we thereby be able to create more open and dynamic architectural works that will to a greater extent be able to develop and change over time?

The network has explored a number of common case studies with a focus on the open design process and open work as a method and result in relation to the way in which the public sector creates new dynamic spaces for citizens. Anne Beim (CINARK) and Thomas Binder (Codesign) have main responsibility for the research network.

The Rentemestervej Library. COBE Architects.

RESEARCH NETWORK

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PROJECT PERIOD: October 2012 – September 2014 PROJECT PARTICIPANTS Anne Beim, Ulrik Stylsvig Madsen, Kasper Sánchez Vibæk, Thomas Binder, Eva Brandt, Christina Lundsgaard FUNDING KADK

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Astrid Mody during prototype mounting.

Photo: Frederik Petersen.

Prototype exhibited at Leth & Gori Exhibition. Photo: Stamer’s office.

TEXTILISATION OF LIGHT

ARCHITECTURAL RESEARCH OF LIGHT PHENOMENA IN TEXTILES Imagine that light were not form- or material-bound but could be woven, draped, moulded or 3D-printed. Imagine that artificial light, just as daylight, were vividly present in our cities, buildings or spaces in a way that created a variety of images, shapes and spatial experiences for the residents.

Imagine that a light pixel were not merely an image-creating element but could be space-creating. Imagine that a light pixel were able to encourage poetic and material notions of transparency, light and shadow, rather than a language that is linked to advertising.

The objective of the project is to develop new conceptual, aesthetic and material-driven notions into LED technology in an architectural practice as a response to the dominant digital, screen-related connections. The ambition is to explore and show how, using LED technology, a pixel can be transformed into a three-dimensional, space-creating element with textile properties. To develop the LED technology, not on the basis of what technology can do, but on the basis of the architect’s spatial vision, in order to create a light idiom where idea, experience, material, space and resident are all considered.

The project, which is a collaboration between Philips Research (the Netherlands) and KADK, is anchored in architectural practice and design-driven. It is placed in the research field Constructive Design Research / Research through Design, due to its focus on spatial structures, which contributes knowledge in relation to design criteria for the field.

INDUSTRIAL PHD PROJECT

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PROJECT PERIOD 2012 – 2015 to be defended in early 2016 PHD FELLOW Astrid Mody SUPERVISORS Jesper Nielsen, Mette Ramsgaard Thomsen INDUSTRY PARTNER Koen van Os, Philips Corporate Technologies, Research, the Netherlands FUNDING Co-funded by the industry partner and KADK

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Almen Bolig +, ONV Arkitekter. Photo: Jens V. Nielsen.

SUSTAINABILITY IN DANISH SOCIAL HOUSING THE USER FOCUS

The idea with this multiple case study is to investigate the relation between man, sustainability and architecture. The focus is on the user dimension, behaviour and sustainable housing. A triangle can be set up between architecture, sustainability and the relationship to the user. Subsequently the project will have the interest of the mutual relations. How does the user relate to architecture and sustainability, how is the everyday life of the end-user in relation to architecture, and finally, how does the user appreciate sustainability. The research should help architects, so new knowledge can be used in upcoming architectural design processes.

The research will be done in cooperation with various social housing associations in Denmark. The cases are located in Denmark and they are selected with a maximum of variety.

Both new and renovated buildings are studied, so users can be interviewed before and after sustainable renovation. A maximum variety of user involvement in political decision-making, the design process and operation phases will also be displayed.

Documents such as building permits, residents´ information, operating and maintenance manuals will be analysed. The qualitative methods will be face-to-face and focus group interviews with administrators, facility managers, caretakers and end-users in the different housing estates. The narrative stories should partly present specific and general experiences across the cases.

PHD PROJECT PROJECT PERIOD 2012-2016 PH.D. FELLOW Jan Johansson SUPERVISOR Torben Dahl CO-SUPERVISOR Jesper Ole Jensen , SBI (Danish Building Research Institute) FUNDING KEA – Copenhagen School of Design and Technology

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PROTOTYPING ARCHITECTURE PART TWO

The E-book of the conference Prototyping Architecture brings together the work of architects, engineers, manufacturers, product designers, research teams and artists sourced from around the world. Placing a particular emphasis on research and experimentation, authors show how prototyping can inform architecture with maquettes, models and fullscale trial assemblies. The importance of prototyping in architecture in terms of achieving high quality construction is also examined. Essays by international leaders in contemporary architectural prototyping and design are included.

The book documents the exhibition Prototyping Architecture, which was first shown at Wolfson Hall at the University of Nottingham in 2012 and then moved to the London Building Centre Gallery in 2013, where the international Prototyping Architecture conference was held. The final stage of the exhibition was at the Design at Riverside Gallery and the University of Waterloo, 2013 for the ACADIA 2013 Adaptive Architecture international conference, Cambridge, Ontario.

Fabric Formwork – Prototyping Concrete as Material, Process and Content; by architect Anne-Mette Manelius, PhD. Robot Manufactured Formwork for Doubly Curved Concrete Surfaces with Precisely Embedded Optical Fibres Displaying Live Images; by architect Johannes Ruff Greisen, PhD, Lars Nyholm Thrane and Claus Pade.

AUTARKI: Coupling a full-scale Cross Laminated Timber Building Prototype with Parametric Energy Simulation to Investigate Scenarios for Energy Self-Sufficiency; by Emanuele Naboni, Jesper Nielsen and Alessandro Maccarini.

Low-Cost Prototyping of Comfortable and Healthy Homes in Tanzania; by Emanuele Naboni, Rasmus Bruun, Konstantin Ikonomides, Lorenz von Seidlein and Jakob Knudsen.

CINARK participated in the Prototyping Architecture conference at the Building Centre in London from 21 to 23 February. CINARK contributed to the authoring of four conference papers that were included in the E-book:

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PUBLISHED March 2013 CONTRIBUTORS Anne Mette Manelius, Johannes Rauff Greisen, Emanuele Naboni, Anne Beim, Ulrik Stylsvig Madsen, Tenna Beck ; edited by Jan Schipull Kauschen

Fabric Formwork – Prototyping Concrete as Material, Process and Content.

By Anne-Mette Manelius.

AUTARKI: Coupling a 1:1 Cross Laminated Timber Building Prototype with Parametric Energy Simulation to Investigate Scenarios for Energy Self-Sufficiency. By Emanuele Naboni, Jesper Nielsen and Alessandro Maccarini.

Robot Manufactured Formwork for Doubly Curved Concrete Surfaces with Precisely Embedded Optical Fibres Displaying Live Image.

By Johannes Rauff Griesen.

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Svartlamoen social housing. Trondheim. Brendeland and Kristoffersen.

WOOD! IN A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE? As part of CINARK’s focus on materials (see also “Mur Sten” / Walls and Bricks and “Flydende Sten” / Liquid Stone), a report was written and a symposium held on the subject of wood in construction. The purpose was partly to give an account of how wood is used in Danish architecture, partly to encourage a debate about what role wood ought to have in the building culture of tomorrow.

Publication Wood is a purely natural material; it is easily accessible and a renewable resource, and for these and other reasons it has been used in construction for thousands of years. Its diverse textural properties and the numerous ways of usage and design it offers are highly important in an architectural context.

But most important of all, wood unequivocally has a number of advantages as regards its sustainable properties. There are currently many factors indicating that wood will have a renaissance in construction; new types of wooden products and construction techniques have been developed, and there

is a clear need for building more sustainably than we have done until now. This applies not only to prudence in the consumption of resources such as materials and energy in construction, but also, and equally important, to the development of solutions that prevent increasing pollution of the environment.

The primary purpose of this publication is to encourage debate and initiatives in the construction industry. Taking its starting point in a series of interviews and cases, the publication aims to shed light on the state of wood construction in Denmark. The intention is thus to provide examples and discuss how wood is used in architecture and construction in Denmark – although we have chosen to include foreign projects in order to expand the discussion. In the publication, we deal with practical examples of different forms of wood construction in Denmark. We look at some of the possibilities and perspectives that the individual products, different construction techniques and finished wooden buildings represent. The selected cases serve the purpose of providing some general statements about what wooden buildings can look like. The use of wood in construction can roughly be divided into three groups: What is on the outside of the building (facade cladding, external doors, window frames etc), what is inside the building (floors, ceilings, partition walls, panels, doors, furniture etc) and what is in between (structural parts such as rafters, wall plates, posts, solid wood elements, etc), The publication looks at the intermediate layer

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SYMPOSIUM November 2013 PUBLICATION 2013 PROJECT PARTICIPANTS Nikolaj Callisen Friis, Anne Beim, Natalie Georg Jensen AUTHORS Nikolaj Callisen Friis and Kasper Sánchez Vibæk

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– ie the structure. When speaking of ‘wood construction’ in this publication, the reference is therefore to buildings in which the load-bearing structures are made of wood.

few international archtiects had ben invited.

The publication is neither an account of wood’s technical properties nor a collection of instructions as to how wood can be used as a building material. Construction with wood is a sizeable field of knowledge, which is already well documented, and the idea is not to cover this entire field but to describe current trends that are interesting in an architectural context. It is the intention to contribute to a varied discussion and thus potentially to better and more sustainable use of wood in Danish architecture and construction in the future.

Part 1 – Political agenda Anne Beim, CINARK Lene Dammand Lund, Rector at KADK Martin Lidegaard, Minister for Climate, Energy and Building Martin Einfeldt / Træ Er Miljø

Symposium The agenda for the symposium was to focus on the potential of wood as a part of a sustainable development of construction. Based on different examples and points of view, which range from production conditions over fire requirements and maintenance to architectural ambitions, the goal of the symposium was to create an overview of the field and to encourage debate and initiatives in construction. The purpose was to discuss how wood is used in construction in Denmark, and in order to provide a wider perspective for the discussion a

Production hall, Taasinge Træ.

Programme

Part 2 – Wood in construction Jesper Hoffmann / Scandi Byg, manufacturer of housing units Søren Rasmussen / ONV Architects Søren Nielsen / Vandkunsten Architects Part 3 – The properties and potential of wood Anders Bach Vestergaard / DBI (Danish Institute of Fire and Security Technology) Majbrit Hirche / NTNU Olga Popovic Larsen / KADK Part 4 – Learning from abroad Olav Kristoffersen / Brendeland & Kristoffersen Architects Sadie Morgan / dRMM Architects

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Winding Wall. Tectonic study of brickwork’s potential. Thomas Bo Jensen.

WINDING WALL The purpose of Winding Wall is to identify tectonic, functional and constructional attributes in the ‘diaphragm wall’, which is a homogeneous cavity wall structure with fixed wall ties that stabilise the wall crosswise. The thick wall leaves plenty of space for insulation. The thickness of the wall can be varied depending on the orientation of the wall and requirements for load-bearing capacity. This creates tectonic musicality, opening up ways of treating the wall spatially – as a piece of furniture with built-in nooks, niches and shelves.

The diaphragm wall is not dependent on any materials other than brick and mortar. The homogeneous structure has health and lifetime advantages that modern layered structures cannot compete with.

The brickwork The wall is based on a thickness of 2½ bricks (59 cm), which is reduced to thicknesses of 2 bricks (47 cm) and 1½ brick (35 cm). The bond is a special variation of an old traditional monk bond consisting of one course of stretcher-stretcher-­

header and one pure stretcher course. The headers form vertical wall tie columns that cut through the walls at regular intervals as transverse, stabilising stringers. Winding Wall has adopted this bond, but with a non-uniform distance between the wall tie columns, depending on structural needs.

The structure’s basic module measures 60 x 60 cm, which is the smallest possible exact square that can be formed using Danish standard wall measures. All length and height measures, apertures and niches go into this 60 cm module, consisting of 9 courses measured vertically and 2½ bricks measured horizontally.

The vertical wall tie columns reflect the wall’s structural syntax, meaning that in every place where half a brick can be seen in the bond there is an inner connection between the outer leaf and the inner leaf. The tectonic image that appears in the latticework of the surfaces thus becomes the concrete expression of the wall’s structural syntax. In a sense, this also applies to the brick arches over the apertures and niches, which are structurally necessary as no materials other than brick and mortar are permitted.

The mortar Winding Wall is constructed using a viscous, wet-mixed lime mortar that hardens under the influence of air, as it absorbs and binds carbon dioxide. This chemical process causes the continual reformation of lime crystals during moisture absorption and drying. The mortar can therefore be said to have self-healing properties. Its crystalline properties are kept alive in a constructional and aesthetic sense. In contrast to modern-day cement mortar, the lime mortar also has the advantage that expansion joints can be avoided and that the bricks can be reused after demolition.

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PROJECT PERIOD 2013 – 2014. The project is part of the research project ‘Towards a Tectonical Sustainable Building Culture’. PROJECT MANAGER Thomas Bo Jensen FUNDING Funded with support from Margot and Thorvald Dreyer’s Foundation

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Facade with opening shutters. Loblolly House. Kieran Timberlake.

MATERIAL ECOLOGIES IN ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN In the spring of 2014, CINARK offered the course TEK5 – Material Ecologies in Architectural Design. The course focused on the concept of Material Ecologies, which points towards increased attention to the way in which materials are used and reused in architecture and the built environment.

This raises the following question: How can we as architects work proactively with sustainability in the architectural design process?

The outcome of the students’ fieldwork has been gathered in a publication that investigates and discusses how Danish architectural firms develop strategies in the field of sustainability, and how this affects both their working processes and the final architectural result – the finished building.

The publication presents analyses of seven Danish architectural firms selected to represent different approaches to sustainability, right from small recently started enterprises to some of the most established firms in this field.

Each of the selected architectural practices was studied by a group of students. The studies are organised and presented using a pre-defined template. First, a brief introduction of the individual architectural firm is given. Second, a mapping of its strategies in the area of sustainability based on interviews with 1-2 members of the drawing office staff is presented. There then follows a case study of a specific building project with a focus on the sustainable measures in the process. Finally, the students reflect on the different strategies and working methods of the architectural firms.

Material ecologies in architectural Design

GRADUATE COURSE / PUBLICATION PROJECT PERIOD February – May 2014 PUBLICATION 2014 PROJECT MANAGER Ulrik Stylsvig Madsen

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Gallery built from recycled materials. Rake Visningsrum, Trondheim. Photo: Marius Waagard.

SETTLEMENT, ECOLOGY AND TECTONICS The graduate programme Settlement, Ecology & Tectonics is part of the School of Architecture’s new structure, which was implemented in the autumn of 2014. The programme is linked directly to the research conducted by CINARK and is headed by Frans Dewniak, teaching associate professor, and Professor Anne Beim. The basis for the graduate programme is close collaboration between research and practice, where the students develop skills that will enable them to act in a reflecting way with appreciation for the societal and ethical responsibility that is associated with the architectural profession. Through a combination of academic knowledge gen-

A modern seaweed house on the island of Læsø.

Tegnestuen Vandkunsten. Photo: Helene Høyer Mikkelsen.

eration and artistic practice, each student becomes capable of defining his/her own professional profile.

Settlement, ecology and tectonics combined encompass a professional field that focuses on understanding architectural work in a wider context. It is about creating and strengthening correlations – about linking complex parts into robust wholes. The three themes included in the programme are therefore not independent subjects for specialisation; instead, they combine to create a special way of approaching architecture, which opens up to new questions and alternative understandings of architecture.

Settlement – What does settlement mean to creating ­spaces for people in a wider social and cultural context? How do we develop cities and ways of living that provide for the individual’s well-being, while at the same time safeguarding the collective communities and Earth’s ecosystems, not only here and now, but also for future generations?

Ecology – A holistic understanding of resources, in which nature is seen as a cohesive system of interdependent parts in a healthy balance. How does this understanding affect the processes and methods of the construction industry? – How do we create architecture in interplay with nature?

Tectonics – A field of knowledge that deals with building culture, where focused analyses and design methods create clear links between part and whole. How do we create building structures that address the ecological and societal challenges that we are facing socially, culturally and in terms of construction technology?

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PROJECT PERIOD 2014 – HEADS OF PROGRAMME Frans Drewniak and Anne Beim

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House Stonemann. Ireland. Richard Murphy Architects.

Towards an Ecology of Tectonics – the need for rethinking construction in architecture

TOWARDS AN ECOLOGY OF TECTONICS

THE NEED FOR RETHINKING CONSTRUCTION IN ARCHITECTURE As a conclusion of the project Towards a Tectonical Sustainable Building Culture, the anthology TOWARDS an ECOLOGY of TECTONICS – the need for rethinking construction in architecture was published by Edition Axel Menges in the autumn of 2014. The publication combines articles written by speakers at the two symposiums held as part of the research project and by the research group. The anthology is structured around three themes, which focus on different aspects within the field.

building culture. How do we as architects ensure that these solutions become integrated parts of the building design, thus supporting the tectonic intentions? In other words, can technology be an integrated part of the building as a whole?

Fredrik Nilsson: Making as Practice Ulrik Stylsvig Madsen: Constructing Immediacy Peter Thorsen: Practice as a Constructional Craft!

Ole Egholm Pedersen: The Tectonic Complex of Concrete Charlotte Bundgaard: Ready-mades Revisited

CULTURAL ECOLOGY An ecological view of the world links the individual’s well-being to his or her surrounding environment. How can this view create the basis for an architectural practice that anchors ecological principles in a social and cultural context? And can it lead to new cultures based on ecological values?

David Leatherbarrow: A Study in Cultural Ecology Karl Christiansen: Nature, Culture, Tectonics of Architecture Claus Bech-Danielsen: Sustainable Architecture: An Abstract Culture’s Search for Concrete Roots Børre Skodvin: The Complexity of Realness

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALISED Today’s construction industry is facing a significant transformation towards more industrialised construction processes.

Are we able to accommodate these challenges by focusing on the tectonic potential in traditional construction methods and thereby retain manufacture as the core of architectural practice?

Bijoy Jain: Praxis Thomas Bo Jensen: The Poetry of Brickwork Johan Celsing: Gravity and Clemency Jonathan Hale: Cognitive Tectonics: From the Prehuman to the Posthuman

INDUSTRIALISED CRAFT New technologies with a focus on energy performance play a key role in the endeavours to create a more sustainable

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PUBLICATION

PUBLISHER Edition Axel Menges EDITORS Anne Beim, Ulrik Stylsvig Madsen EDITORIAL GROUP Charlotte Bundgaard, Karl Christiansen, Thomas Bo Jensen, Ole Egholm Pedersen CONTRIBUTORS Claus Bech-Danielsen, Johan Celsing, Karl Christiansen, Charlotte Bundgaard, Jonathan Hale, Bijoy Jain, Thomas Bo Jensen, David Leatherbarrow, Ulrik Stylsvig Madsen, Fredrik Nilsson, Ole Egholm Pedersen, Børre Skodvin, Peter Thorsen PUBLICATION 2014 FUNDING FKK and KADK, Institute of Architectural Technology

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Construction site at Ecole Nationale Supérieure d’Architecture de Paris-Belleville.

THE USE AND MANAGEMENT OF RESOURCES

The aim of the project is to help optimise the use of material resources in construction by paying attention to increasing the share of recycled and upcycled building materials (referred to as recycled materials) and reducing the use of virgin materials.

Environmentally harmful substances should be identified as early in the process as possible and as close to the source as possible, and then be removed or separated. This is for the purpose of later having the opportunity to recycle building materials that hold slight contamination. The intention is to map and analyse what barriers the increased recycling and use of recycled materials will have in new building materials in relation to approval of building materials such as CE marking, standards of indoor climate and DGNB certifications.

The project aims to gather and communicate this knowledge to consultants, architects, public waste disposal managers, environmental companies, clients, construction workers and contractors.

The data will be collected in a Material Atlas that hopefully will be of benefit to all parties involved in the Danish construction industry. Two to five specific initiatives and ideas will be pointed out through the design concept catalogue. In the long term, the catalogue may help provide an even better handling and use of material resources in construction.

CINARK contributes by guiding and supervising two groups of students from the SET Master Programme that are working in collaboration with two architectural firms that are experts in the field of the topic. The results of these professional project studies will be included in the overall project.

RESEARCH PROJECT PROJECT PERIOD 2014 – 2016 PROJECT PARTICIPANTS Anne Beim, Ulrik Stylsvig Madsen and Line Kjær Frederiksen (in collaboration with the Danish Institute of Technology) FUNDING InnoByg, KADK

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Facade structure in Bregenz Kunsthalle. Peter Zumthor. Photo: Thomas Bo Jensen.

COST PROJECT

ADAPTIVE FACADES NETWORK

Multifunctional and adaptive building envelopes can provide step-change improvements in the energy efficiency and economic value of new and refurbished buildings, while improving the wellbeing of building occupants. They therefore re­ present a significant and viable contribution to meeting the EU 2020 targets.

There is a critical mass of European knowledge, expertise, resources and skills in the fields relevant to adaptive facades, but the research efforts across the multi-disciplinary topics and the wide range of novel technologies are scattered across several R&D centres in Europe. COST Action aims to harness this knowledge and will thereby generate new ideas and concepts at a fundamental and product/system development level.

methods. The work of this COST action is expected to form the basis for exploiting recent technological developments in adaptive facades and energy efficient buildings, and will help to train the future generation of facade R&D professionals in Europe.

CINARK/KADK participates together with other universities and industrial partners: Lucerne University of Applied Science & Arts, Arup Deutschland GmbH, Hafen City University Hamburg, TU Darmstadt, TU Munich, DTU, University of Aalborg, University of Zagreb, Permasteelisa S.p.A., Politecnico di Torino, NTNU/ZEB, TU Eindhoven, TU Delft.

This will be achieved by creating a research network with a strong multidisciplinary approach, involving academics, industrial partners from the facade supply chain, and other stakeholders. COST Action will facilitate the sharing of experimental data, the development of modeling and simulation techniques, and the sharing of common evaluation

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PROJECT PERIOD 2014 – 2018 PROJECT PARTICIPANT Anne Beim FUNDING Funded with support from EU Cost Network

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Exhibition model, housing project at Centre Pompidou. Richard Rogers.

DAYLIGHT, HEALTH AND IMPROVEMENTS FOR WELL-BEING GLASS AS A BASIS FOR SUSTAINABLE TRANSFORMATION OF RENOVATION OF HOUSING

The project aims to create qualified solutions and increased value through renovation and alteration of housing by focusing on daylight, indoor air quality and human well-being. The project examines how glass in the design of the building envelope (facades and windows) can contribute to improving user value through the increased comfort and well-being of residents, while the buildings’ and dwellings’ aesthetic and experiential qualities are increased. Glass is one of the key materials when dealing with the expression and function of the building envelope, which can also help to reduce energy consumption and increase comfort. Glass is a durable and recyclable material with a good sustainability profile.

The project will identify how the use of glass and the design of the building envelope and windows for renovation can create architectural quality and value. This will be done by gathering knowledge among building stakeholders, particularly among residents but also among professionals: real estate developers, builders, consultants, manufacturers and contractors. The study will focus at selected buildings as case studies to clarify how various concepts of renovation are experienced and work with respect for daylight, indoor climate, energy and well-being – and thus define the concepts of housing quality and well-being.

The results of the case studies are to be used subsequently to define recommendations and instructions for renovation of housing for the benefit of residents, building owners and other stakeholders. It will therefore be possible to use the results to develop new renovation concepts that can be used for development projects in cooperation with stakeholders in the building industry.

PHD PROJECT PROJECT PERIOD 2015 – 2018 PHD FELLOW Torben Thyregod SUPERVISOR Anne Beim CO-SUPERVISOR Peter Andreas Sattrup FUNDING GI (The Landowners’ Investment Foundation), VELUX A/S, DOVISTA A/S, KADK

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Demolition of the Bl#6CF229.

THE TECTONICS OF RE-USE DESIGN FOR UPCYCLING

The PhD project asks how the construction industry can become better at recycling – where can more resources and values be preserved for the future?

The PhD project is to investigate and develop architectural design methods so that both future and already incorporated construction materials are considered in a long-term perspective and can be reused with ease in (new) architectural contexts with attention to people and the environment. The project focuses on two key aspects.

Design for Upcycling: Explore and develop various design methods that can be included in the early design phase, with a view to preserving the value of building components, including the embedded energy that is used during production, the functional (technical) value of new usage, and the aesthetic, cultural and historical values.

Life / Lifecycle: Sustainable solutions and upcycled materials are to be developed as a part of Danish architecture with a focus on total costs, the environmental consequences of the full life of construction materials and components and cultural and aesthetic values rather than on the predominantly short-term focus on construction economics. Furthermore the PhDproject explores whether architectural values can be preserved and economic and material sustainability can be obtained through building-specific energy renovation.

PHD PROJECT PROJECT PERIOD 2015 – 2018 PHD FELLOW Henriette Ejstrup SUPERVISOR Anne Beim CO-SUPERVISOR Ulrik Stylsvig Madsen FUNDING KADK

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Letterfrack furniture college.

WOODEN MATERIALS’ TECTONIC POTENTIAL

FOR IMPLEMENTATION IN INDUSTRIALLY MANUFACTURED BUILDING SYSTEMS

As practice-oriented research, the project aims to develop design principles that can be included in the development of new building systems in wood to be used particularly in dense/tall structures. The principles will be studied across models, drawings and text and compared with adequate theories. The aim is to: • Shed knowledge on the conceptual shift of wood from ‘raw material’ to ‘construction material’ and its potential impact on system-based structures to elaborate architectural and sustainable entities.

• Clarify how new technologies in wooden structures can change the tectonic characteristics of wooden materials from being light filigree to being heavy and massive.

• Study the tectonic potential of new wooden materials and test construction approaches to the use of wood in different building scales and densities that can be implemented in practical production.

• Study the production of wood materials and technology in selected manufacturing companies. Methodological principles will be developed through case studies and empirical studies in the industry.

Through case studies, surveys and analyses of building cultures, technologies and trends in wooden construction will be ‘transformed’ into a tectonic building atlas based on existing building culture. The atlas will include: • A study of the fundamental architectural issues that arise from the principles of the practice-oriented research. For example, in the form of an array of categories of design principles such as plates / columns / beams, joints / constraints / fasteners, column-beams / frames / assemblies facing tectonic strategies for example as flexible spaces, sustainable materials, lightness, modularity.

• A case-based mapping of regional wooden building cultures and their applied technologies.

• A study of new wooden materials’ relation to our culture, including existing divisions of materials in light versus heavy, wood, concrete, bricks etc; an array of new wooden materials’ actual properties in relation to the perceived characteristics (e.g. fire, stability and durability) The project’s goal is to develop models that contain architectural strategies and tools that can be used to develop new building systems in wood.

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PROJECT PERIOD 2015 – 2018 PHD FELLOW Kristine Sundahl SUPERVISOR Anne Beim CO-SUPERVISOR Carsten Møller, Danish Institute of Fire and Security Technology (DBI) FUNDING Danish Institute of Fire and Security Technology (DBI), Innovation Fund Denmark

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B_CAMP, Recycling Off Shore industry, Housing, Stavanger, Helen & Hard, 2004.

NORDIC BUILT – STED SUSTAINABLE TRANSFORMATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN

NEW SUSTAINABLE BUILDING OR REFURBISHMENT CONCEPTS

Design quality for sustainable construction and renovation needs to be dramatically improved. Increasing knowledge and improving solutions now reduces the risk of failures later.

This project targets innovation in design solutions and design processes for renovation and transformation. The main aims are: a) To develop innovative generalisable solutions for system design in construction, renovation and transformation; b) To create innovative design methods using ICT for decision support combining energy efficiency, environmental design and lifecycle thinking; c) To boost knowledge creation by creating a Nordic innovation platform for construction, renovation and transformation in architecture.

The project will be linked to architectural education through courses and workshops as part of the Master programme Settlement, Ecology & Tectonics at KADK. CINARK will work to develop the ’Project research model’ that is currently being tested as part of the InnoByg project where students are working in collaboration with architectural firms that are experts in the topic field. The results of these professional projects studies will be included in the overall project.

The outcome is to be practical application and further development of processes and tools for the Nordic Built Charter, for example innovation in system solutions (products), in ICT supported design methods (service) and knowledge management. The results will be disseminated in project cases, reports and conferences.

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PROJECT PERIOD 2015 – 2018 PROJECT MANAGEMENT Anne Beim, Ulrik Stylsvig Madsen COLLABORATING PARTNERS CINARK/KADK, DTU, NTNU, Chalmers, Vandkunsten Architects, White, OEPPAA, Helen & Hard, Studio Granda. FUNDING Nordic Built & KADK

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Farum Midtpunkt. Fællestegnestuen.

ARCS

ARCHITECTURAL QUALITY IN THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT

What is the purpose of ARCS? The overall purpose of ARCS is to improve architectural quality in the built environment for the benefit of human development and well-being, as well as to achieve more holistic management of our natural resources. By making the concept of ‘architectural quality’ specific and operational, the desire is that it can be incorporated to a greater extent into the working procedures of public authorities (municipalities) and clients, and that it will become anchored in the mind of the individual citizen (user).

What is ARCS? ARCS is a four-year project that consists of both research and communication activities, which will result in actual tools and a joint operational knowledge bank, particularly to be used by Denmark’s municipal authorities. The combination of tools and a knowledge bank is intended to be used in relation to general strategic planning, concrete municipal construction projects and dialogue with the citizens.

Brief description The basic concept behind the project framework is called ARCS, because it is about Aesthetics, Resources, Context and Sociality. The ARCS project will gather the most comprehensive material available so far about the physical building environment’s impact on the well-being of Danish people.

The studies are both innovative and unconventional, as a part of the data collection will be carried out among citizens in Danish municipalities who will also be involved directly in the project. The selected municipalities are spread across the five regions of Denmark with a particular focus on the rural districts.

Today, the municipalities hold the main responsibility for setting requirements on (and approving) the design and quality of our buildings, cities and green areas, and thus on the societal value they will have for future generations.

The ARCS studies will increase the focus on architectural quality and the impact of the physical building environment in Denmark: The impact of the physical framework on human well-being will be mapped, and this can strengthen the municipalities’ housing, social, building cultural and green profile. With specific tools at their disposal, the municipalities will be able to work with, communicate, discuss and improve their own effort and at the same time compare this with the efforts of others.

RESEARCH / COMMUNICATION PROJECT PROJECT PERIOD 2015 – (pending application) PROJECT MANAGERS Anne Beim, Ulrik Stylsvig Madsen, Kasper Sánchez Vibæk, Tenna Beck COLLABORATING PARTNERS Danish Architectural Association, Danish Clients Association and Local Government Denmark, Danish Building Research Institute

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Bregenz housing estate.

Research shows that bad planning (utilisation) of our rural, urban and residential areas, inappropriate technical solutions and limited opportunities for developing social contexts contribute significantly to lacking human well-being and unnecessary resource waste. While the number of, for example, poorly insutlated houses and outdated housing have been decreasing, the number of buildings with poor comfort, locked solutions without flexibility, and building cases with shoddy work or failures in both newbuild and reconstruction is rising. A lot of research has been done on the financial and societal consequences of these mutually dependent factors, but there is a lack of knowledge and documentation about what efforts – at an overall planning level and specific building level – actually make a difference in a forward-looking perspective. The ARCS studies strengthen the scientific foundation for the future work with the creation of attractive, sustainable and cohesive constructional environments. It would be an advantage to process this foundation further, for example by including it in the work of Green Building, Council Denmark and the DGNB-DK certification scheme. A purposeful and active dissemination of the project would also create both dialogue and continual anchoring of the basic principles of the ARCS concept.

Partners The ARCS project is coordinated with the Danish Architects’ Association, which works intensively on encouraging all Danish municipalities to adopt an architecture policy. The ARCS project’s approach to architectural quality can obviously also support this work. The project takes its organisational starting point in existing research environments at KADK and is managed by researchers from the Institute of Architectural Technology / CINARK. A monitoring group has already been established consisting of key people from, among others, Local Government Denmark, the Danish Clients’ Association, the Danish Building Research Institute and the Danish Architects’ Association. These organisations have also agreed to participate in collaboration on the project.

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International perspectives Although it would seem to fall outside the scope of the described project, it would – in a long-term perspective – be an obvious choice to introduce the ARCS concept in an international context. At a European level, we believe that the ARCS concept as a work tool can easily be adapted to regional conditions. The knowledge that is gathered through the ARCS studies, on the other hand, will be relatively locally anchored.

When establishing the concept in a different regional context, it will therefore be necessary to gather knowledge about the local conditions. However, it is judged that the actual ARCS concept contains a great potential for not only national but also regional and international development of the field of architectural quality.

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PUBLISHED BY THE ROYAL DANISH ACADEMY OF FINE ARTS SCHOOLS OF ARCHITECTURE DESIGN AND CONSERVATION EDITORS ANNE BEIM, NIKOLAJ CALLISEN FRIIS AND ULRIK STYLSVIG MADSEN PHOTOS ALL PHOTOS © CINARK, UNLESS OTHERWISE STATED GRAPHIC DESIGN NIKOLAJ CALLISEN FRIIS AND JENS V. NIELSEN PRODUCTION PRODUCTION FACILITIES ISBN 978-87-7830-378-3 COPYRIGHT © THE ROYAL DANISH ACADEMY OF FINE ARTS SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, CINARK 2015 WWW.CINARK.DK

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Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts School of Architecture Philip de Langes AllĂŠ 10 1435 Copenhagen K www.cinark.dk

Det Kongelige Danske Kunstakademis Skoler for Arkitektur, Design og Konservering Arkitektskolen

CINARK 10

Centre for Industrialised Architecture